Peacekeeping activities of the Russian armed forces. International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces Additional materials to §26

International activity The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today are inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces. As you know, the starting point for reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 “On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure.” On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept for the development of the Armed Forces for the period until 2000. Military reform is based on a solid theoretical basis, the results of calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 90s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and the changes that have occurred in Russia itself. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.

Currently, to prevent war and armed conflicts in the Russian Federation, preference is given to political, economic and other non-military means. At the same time, it is taken into account that, while the non-use of force has not yet become the norm of international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require sufficient military power. In this regard the most important task The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war. Protecting the national interests of the state presupposes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must provide reliable defense of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities, both independently and as part of international organizations.

Security interests national security Russia is predetermined by the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world. Long-term goals of ensuring Russia's national security also determine the need for Russia's broad participation in peacekeeping operations. The implementation of such operations is aimed at preventing or eliminating crisis situations at the stage of their inception. Thus, at present, the Armed Forces are considered by the country’s leadership as a deterrent, as a last resort used in cases where the use of peaceful means did not lead to the liquidation military threat interests of the country. Fulfillment of Russia's international obligations to participate in peacekeeping operations is considered as new task Armed Peacekeeping Forces.

The main document that determined the creation of Russian peacekeeping forces, the principles of their use and the procedure for using them is the Law of the Russian Federation “On the procedure for the provision by the Russian Federation of military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security” (adopted State Duma May 26, 1995). To implement this law, in May 1996, the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree 637 “On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security.” In accordance with this By decree, a special military contingent with a total strength of 22 thousand people, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 parachute battalions, was formed in the Russian Armed Forces. In total, until May 1997, more than 10 thousand military personnel from peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out tasks to maintain peace and security in a number of regions in former Yugoslavia, Tajikistan, Transnistria region of the Republic of Moldova, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Georgia.

The military contingent was introduced into the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova on June 23, 1992 on the basis of the Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation on the principles of the peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The total number of peacekeeping troops was about 500 people. On March 20, 1998, negotiations were held in Odessa to resolve the Transnistrian conflict with the participation of Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian and Transnistrian delegations. The military contingent was introduced into the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Dagomys Agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. The total number of this contingent was more than 500 people.

The military contingent was introduced into the conflict zone in Abkhazia on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces. The total number of this contingent was about 1,600 people. Since October 1993, the 201st Motorized Rifle Division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent is more than 6 thousand people. Completion of control bodies, military units and units of the special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis through preliminary (competitive) selection of military personnel undergoing military service by contract. The training and equipment of peacekeeping forces is carried out at the expense of federal budget funds allocated for defense.

While serving as part of a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are granted to UN personnel during peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the Convention on UN Security of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the status of Military Observer Groups and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992.

The personnel of the special military contingent are equipped with light small arms. When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of allowances in accordance with the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The preparation and training of peacekeeping troops is carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural military districts, as well as at the Higher Officer Courses “Vystrel” in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region). The CIS member states concluded an Agreement on the preparation and training of military and civilian personnel to participate in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to collective peacekeeping forces.

The international activities of the Russian Armed Forces include joint exercises, friendly visits and other events aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding. Thus, in the period from July 28 to July 30, 1998, joint exercises of the Russian Navy and Navy self-defense of Japan. During the exercise, a search and rescue operation for a ship in distress was practiced. In June 1998 destroyer The "Fearless" of the Baltic Fleet paid friendly visits to the Netherlands and Belgium. The destroyer took part in festivities dedicated to anniversaries navies these countries.

To date, in official documents and diplomatic correspondence, a set of terms has developed that characterizes different variants international peacekeeping operations. Incorrect or inaccurate use of them can lead to confusion and mutual misunderstanding during PKOs (peacekeeping operations) and other UN peacekeeping operations. The developed terminology, of course, reflects the essential features of the corresponding operations that play important role during their planning and practical implementation, but an officially approved and, moreover, a universal glossary-thesaurus relating to various UN peacekeeping operations still does not exist. Its absence aggravates the difficulties of peacekeeping in general, and does not allow certain international standards to be applied to peacekeeping operations.

International peacekeeping operations are common name a wide variety of activities carried out in the interests of resolving conflicts, preventing their escalation, stopping or preventing military operations, ensuring law and order in the conflict zone, conducting humanitarian actions, restoring social and political systems damaged by the conflict, as well as life support systems. Distinctive feature peacekeeping carried out on behalf of the UN is that it is carried out under the mandate of the UN Security Council, or, according to the UN Charter, under the mandate of those regional organizations whose functions include maintaining peace and international security. Zaemsky, V.F. The UN and peacekeeping: a course of lectures / V.F. Zaemsky. - M.: International relationships, 2008. - P.78.

Almost everything known classifications These operations are divided into three blocks:

1) using predominantly non-force methods of action by the armed forces (surveillance, various shapes control) aimed at strengthening political and diplomatic efforts to end and resolve the conflict;

2) a combination of political methods with the operations of armed peacekeeping contingents that do not conduct combat operations;

3) the use of force, including military action, to enforce peace, in combination with or without political efforts.

Peacekeeping operations are divided into:

1) preventive actions (actions) to preserve peace,

2) peace operations,

3) peacekeeping operations,

4) peace enforcement operations,

5) post-conflict peacebuilding, humanitarian actions.

Operations to establish peace or encourage peace are carried out by mutual consent warring parties and, as a rule, at their request at the moment when they, independently or under the influence of international organizations or individual states, decide to stop hostilities and need the help of the international community and collective international peacekeeping forces for this. Their goal is, first of all, to assist in ending hostilities and organizing a peaceful negotiation process. Zaemsky V.F. Theory and practice of UN peacekeeping: monograph / V.F. Zaemsky. - M.: MGIMO-University, 2008. - P.158.

Peacekeeping operations are carried out with the consent of all or one of the parties to the conflict and are divided into two groups. The first includes operations that are a logical and practical continuation of peace operations, when, after reaching an agreement on a truce, negotiations begin on the peaceful resolution of conflicts. The second group consists of actions carried out to implement a previously reached peace agreement. In this case, the purpose of the peacekeeping operation, including its military side, is to directly ensure compliance with the agreement by all forces involved in the conflict.

Peace enforcement operations are the actual use of military force, or the threat of such use, to force warring parties to cease fighting and begin to establish peace. Characteristic feature their is that they can include those military actions of peacekeeping forces that are aimed at separating and disarmaing the warring parties. These military actions can be directed both against all the warring parties, and against one of them that does not agree to comply with the demands for a ceasefire. After successfully completing these tasks, that is, after the cessation of hostilities, the peacekeeping forces move on to actions characteristic of peacekeeping operations.

In the first 40 years of the existence of the United Nations (1945 - 1985), only 13 peacekeeping operations were carried out. Over the next 20 years, 47 missions were deployed.

Initially, peacekeeping operations were primarily operations to enforce ceasefire and disengagement agreements following interstate wars.

Ending " cold war" led to a radical change in the nature of UN peacekeeping operations. The UN Security Council began to establish larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions, often designed to help implement comprehensive peace agreements between parties to intrastate conflicts. In addition, peacekeeping operations began to include more and more non-military elements. To coordinate such operations, the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) was created in 1992.

The Security Council began sending peacekeepers to conflict zones where a ceasefire had not been achieved and the consent of all parties to the conflict for the presence of peacekeeping troops had not been obtained (for example, the peacekeeping operation in Somalia and the operation in Bosnia). Some tasks assigned to this peacekeeping missions, proved impossible to accomplish with the resources and personnel they had. These failures, the most painful of which were the massacres in Srebrenica (Bosnia) in 1995 and the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, forced the UN to carefully examine the concept of peacekeeping operations.

DPKO has strengthened units that provide military and police advisers to missions. He created a new unit, the Peacekeeping Best Practices Group, to review lessons learned and provide guidance to missions on gender issues; take measures to improve the behavior of peacekeepers; plan disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs; and develop methods for policing and other problems. To ensure the availability of budgetary funds for each new mission upon its establishment, a pre-mandate funding mechanism was established and the DPKO logistics base in Brindisi (Italy) received funding for procurement strategic reserves required for mission deployment. Continuous training for additional personnel in case of rapid deployment was strengthened. DPKO reorganized the UN Standby Arrangement System (UNSAS), which includes a register of specific resources of member states, including military and civilian specialists, materials and equipment, provided for the needs of UN operations. The updated UNSAS now provides for the provision of forces within the first 30-90 days of the establishment of a new operation. Grishaeva, L. The crisis of UN peacekeeping / L. Grishaeva // Observer - Observer. -2008. -№4, 47-58

In May 2006, UN DPKO led 18 peace operations in various parts of the world, in which total almost 89,000 military, police and civilian employees. As of 31 October 2006, the top ten countries contributing the most troops to UN peacekeeping operations were Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Jordan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Uruguay, Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa, which together accounted for more than 60 percent of all UN military and police personnel.

Since 1948, more than 130 countries have contributed military, police and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping operations. Since the establishment of the first peacekeeping operation, more than a million military, police and civilian personnel have served under the UN flag.

Military personnel serving in UN peacekeeping operations receive monetary allowance from the governments of their countries. At the same time, these countries receive compensation from the UN. All UN member states are required to pay their share of the costs of peacekeeping operations according to a formula they themselves set. Despite this, as at 31 January 2006, Member States owed approximately $2.66 billion in outstanding and outstanding peacekeeping contributions.

Unfortunately, the experience of UN international peacekeeping is not always successful, and the existing tools are very far from perfect. The reasons for this phenomenon are the lack of a clear legal framework for peacekeeping, the inability of the UN to effectively apply already created mechanisms for conflict resolution, and, consequently, to carry out the main functions related to the main goal of the organization, aimed at maintaining international peace and preserving collective security.

It should be emphasized that the conflicts of recent years are particularly complex and numerous. In such conditions, the ability of the UN to adequately respond to existing problems the security of peoples is greatly hampered. This is what makes many politicians and statesmen think about either the effective implementation of existing instruments of the peacekeeping process, or the development of new ones.

UN peacekeeping is a unique and dynamic tool developed by the Organization as one way to help conflict-torn countries create the conditions for lasting peace. The first United Nations peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, when the Security Council authorized the deployment of United Nations military observers to the Middle East to monitor compliance with the Armistice Agreement between Israel and its neighbors Arab countries. Since then, a total of 63 United Nations peacekeeping operations have been carried out in all corners of the world.

The term "keeping peace" does not exist in the Charter of the United Nations. Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, opined that the term should be found in "Chapter Six and a Half" of the Charter, placing it somewhere between traditional methods of peaceful settlement of disputes, such as negotiation and mediation, according to with Chapter VI, and measures of a more coercive nature, as provided for in Chapter VII.

Over the years, United Nations peacekeeping activities have evolved to meet the needs of different conflicts and a changing political landscape. UN peacekeeping objectives, which emerged at a time when Cold War rivalries often paralyzed the Security Council, were largely limited to maintaining a ceasefire and stabilizing the situation on the ground so that efforts could be made at the political level to resolve conflict through peaceful means. These missions included military observers and lightly armed troops who performed peace monitoring, reporting and confidence-building functions to maintain ceasefires and implement limited peace agreements.

Since the end of the Cold War, the strategic context of UN peacekeeping has undergone dramatic changes, allowing the UN to transform and expand its operations in the field and move away from “traditional” missions focused solely on military missions towards complex “multi-functional” operations aimed at to ensure the implementation of comprehensive peace agreements and help create the foundations for sustainable peace. Today's peacekeepers carry out a wide range of activities complex tasks, including assistance in building sustainable institutions of governance and human rights monitoring, implementing security sector reforms and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants.

IN last years The nature of conflicts has also changed. UN peacekeeping activities, initially considered as a means of resolving interstate conflicts, have increasingly to a greater extent applies to the resolution of intrastate conflicts and civil wars. Although the military is still the backbone of most peacekeeping operations, it now includes administrators and economists, police officers and legal experts, bomb engineers and election observers, human rights observers and civil affairs and governance specialists, humanitarian staff and communication experts public information. http://www.ia-trade.su

UN peacekeeping activities are in a constant state of evolution, both conceptually and operationally, to meet new challenges and respond to new political realities. The Organization is committed to enhancing its capacity to conduct and support field operations and thereby contribute to the most important function of the UN, namely the maintenance of international peace and security.

“History of the RF Armed Forces” - A set of events. The onslaught of German troops. Russian Federation. The main content of the reforms. The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 was the greatest test. Lesson plan. October Revolution of 1917. Red Guard. Military reforms during the Patriotic War. The structure of the state is changing, political system, policy.

“History of the creation of the Russian armed forces” - Military doctrine RF. The need for another military reform. Counter-terrorism operations. January 27 is the day the blockade of Leningrad was lifted (1944). Soviet soldiers paved the “Road of Life” along the ice of Lake Ladoga. Concepts of national security of the Russian Federation. General battle. Creation of a regular army.

“Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” - Troops air defense. Emblem ground forces. Flag of the Space Forces. Air Force. Space Forces. Flag of the ground forces. Naval aviation. Strategic Missile Forces. Branch of the ground forces. Structure of the RF Armed Forces. Surface ships. Fighter aircraft. Airborne troops. Air Force structure. Composition of the Navy.

“Quiz about the army” - The names of which commanders and military commanders of the Great Patriotic War You know. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. What were the names of the first Russian warriors? Russian designer, Lieutenant General. Alexander Nevskiy. Name the names of Russian commanders and military leaders. Which military ranks exist in the modern army.

"Military-industrial enterprises of Russia" - Total industrial enterprises. An idea of ​​the role of the military-industrial complex in the economy. Composition of the military-industrial complex. Attitude towards arms exports. Military-industrial complex. Message on the topic “The military-industrial complex in Russia.” Conversion. Factors of military-industrial complex placement. Production centers. Geography of military-industrial complex enterprises. Instrumentation. What is the military industrial complex.

"Russian Armed Forces" - Naval Intelligence. " Modern organization armed forces." Mathematics in the service of the army. "Armed forces during the Second World War." Math quiz. Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov is a Russian shipbuilder, mechanic, etc. Special task. Bridge over river. Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh is a Russian mathematician and mechanic.

There are a total of 36 presentations in the topic

Presentation on the subject of life safety, grade 10

Since the topic of this presentation is closely related to politics, every year it will require additions in accordance with the realities of life, and perhaps even revision. For example, in the early 2000s it was believed that relations between Russia, the United States and Western Europe inspire optimism. This cannot be said now.
The presentation was compiled in the spring of 2015, then it was clear that an introduction was being prepared Russian troops to a certain country. Now the presentation could well be supplemented with a slide about the Syrian conflict.

In our time, the state of relations between the United States, the states of Western Europe and Russia does not contribute to optimism in the low probability of a global nuclear conflict and another world war.

The constantly emerging small and large military conflicts in Europe and Asia, the countries of the “third world”, the instability of political systems in many of these states do not exclude the possibility of events developing according to an unpredictable scenario, including a major military tragedy.

Currently, to prevent war and armed conflicts, preference is given to political, economic and other non-military means.

In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war.

Protecting the national interests of the state presupposes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must provide reliable defense of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

A peacekeeping mission is established with the consent of the government of the country where it is deployed and, usually, the other parties involved, and it cannot in any way be used to support one party to the detriment of another. The most effective “weapon” of peacekeepers is their impartiality and legitimacy by virtue of what they represent international community generally.

In October 1973, by decision of the USSR government, in accordance with the UN Security Council resolution, the first group of our officers was sent to the Middle East. They were to monitor the ceasefire in the Suez Canal zone and the Golan Heights after the military operations ended there. The group was led by Colonel Nikolai Belik.

Since 1991, Russia's participation in these operations has intensified: in April, after the end of the war in Persian Gulf, a group of Russian military observers (RVN) of the UN was sent to the Iraq-Kuwait border area, and in September to Western Sahara.

Since the beginning of 1992, the scope of our military observers has expanded to Yugoslavia, Cambodia and Mozambique, and in January 1994 - to Rwanda. In October 1994, a UN RVN group was sent to Georgia, in February 1995 - to Angola, in March 1997 - to Guatemala, in May 1998 - to Sierra Leone, in July 1999 - to East Timor, in November 1999 - in Democratic Republic Congo.

Since June 11, 1999, Russian peacekeepers have been on the territory of the autonomous region of Kosovo (Yugoslavia), where in the late 90s. A serious armed confrontation arose between the Serbs and Albanians. The number of Russian contingents was 3,600 people. A separate sector occupied by Russians in Kosovo equalized Russian Federation in the rights to resolve this interethnic conflict with the five leading NATO countries (USA, UK, Germany, France, Italy).

Since 1992, South Ossetia existed as a virtually independent unrecognized state, most of whose territory, however, was controlled by the Georgian government. Security in the region was called upon to be supported by the Joint Peacekeeping Forces, created in accordance with the Dagomys Agreements of 1992 between Russia and Georgia.
In August 2008, after an armed conflict involving Georgia, Russia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the Russian leadership announced recognition of the state independence of the Republic of South Ossetia.
In total, over the period from 1992 to 2008, more than 200 Russian peacekeepers died in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

The international activities of the Russian Armed Forces include joint exercises, friendly visits and other events aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding.
Thus, in Kyrgyzstan in 2014, joint exercises of the CSTO Peacekeeping Forces “Indestructible Brotherhood - 2014” were held, in which Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Armenia and Tajikistan took part.

In the near future, Russian peacekeeping troops may be involved in the largest peace enforcement operation outside the country.