Ecological situation of the native land. Research work: "Ecology of the native village." Fatezhsky district, Kursk region

V.I. Litvinova MDOU Kindergarten of a general developmental type No. 11, Tomsk
The word "ecology" has firmly entered our lives. We are witnessing the greening of all spheres of life, it includes different aspects- philosophical, economic, geographical, social, ethical, etc. From here came ecology native land, regions, cities, houses, souls, "ecological passport", "environmentally friendly products", etc. Let's remember what ecology is. "Eco" is what is outside, around us. There is a translation from Greek: "oikos" - house, dwelling, residence and "logia" - I study. Ecology is the science of the relationship of organisms and the communities they form with each other and with the environment. Simply put, ecology is the study of the environment that surrounds any Living being, including a person, and the term itself has a broader meaning.
IN Lately there have been many publications environmental theme, including about Tomsk region. This material can be used to work with children in ecology classes, because Tomsk is our habitat, which means that we are affected by the state of nature in the Tomsk region. Tomsk environmentalists offer many ways to protect nature. For example, one of the measures to improve the environment is the improvement and landscaping of populated areas - the creation of parks, squares, gardens, boulevards, street and intra-quarter landscaping, protective green areas around industrial enterprises. Necessary and species diversity plantations. This is taken care of by Gorzelenkhoz, "Botanical Garden", flower growers. The city is becoming more beautiful every year. How to protect the work of people from vandalism? One way out is to educate people with beauty.
The balance in nature is easily disturbed, the life of living beings is very fragile. We see this in our lives too: people get sick because of air and water pollution. Natural resources are depleted. How to save what little is left? How to rationally use? How to maintain and improve your environment? Knowledge about this should be given to children accessible to their sensual, emotional and mental development. It is necessary to establish a basic minimum of environmental knowledge for subsequent environmental education at school.
For several years I have been developing the topic: "Ecology of the native land." The Tomsk region has many natural areas, minerals, a diverse world of plants and animals. There are many topics for environmental research in classes with children. For example, in the Tomsk region there are many deposits of clay, sand, gravel. Properties of these objects inanimate nature you can explore to your heart's content - and sculpt from clay, and play with water by the fountain, and "catch" air in soap bubbles, and try to grind stones, imitating a tidal wave, and you can make "cakes" from sand all year round- there is a special sandbox table for this. For all these experiments there is a lot of space in the Winter Garden, not every teacher wants to arrange "such" in a group room. In my work, I use the programs of S.N. Nikolaeva, N.A. Ryzhova,
N. Kondratyeva (program "We"), other environmental manuals adapted for work in the Winter Garden. Some of the best, in my opinion, are Ecology for Children, Ecolobok, Murzilka by L.N. Erdakova. His habitat publications are very helpful in my work. The topics presented in his manuals can be developed endlessly, there are no indifferent children in the classroom. Classes are held in the Winter Garden, on the sites of the preschool educational institution. The territory of the preschool educational institution is very interesting: there are small fragments of "wild" nature, there are several pine trees, under which oil plants grow every year, there is a plot with birch trees and a small lawn where either boletus, then whites, then russula or pigs grow. These topics, of course, are also used in the classroom. The Winter Garden presents different types indoor plants, there is a "Live Corner" where a hedgehog lives, guinea pig, rabbit, hamster, turtles, parrots, fish, snails and other living creatures. Situations with animals are played out in the classroom: you can’t bring hedgehogs from the forest, because we won’t be able to find many insects for them to eat, hedgehogs sleep in winter, and it’s hot and noisy in the Winter Garden - you won’t fall asleep. We are trying to force children to behave quietly, because the Winter Garden is small forest, all animals and insects (spiders, snails, etc.) will hide from the noise, and they will not see anyone. Children are proud of the Winter Garden, it can be seen when they bring their parents and show them their favorite animal.
The entire program "Ecology of the Native Land" is divided into blocks:
"Inanimate nature". This includes topics: "Water", "Air", "Soil", "Stones and minerals", "Cosmic bodies", "Sun", "Moon", "Constellations and moon calendar"Space travel".
II. "Living nature and its relationship with non-living". Here we get acquainted with the biological objects of the Tomsk region, the city, the Winter Garden, their life cycles; freshwater ecosystems, swamps, taiga, and other forests. During the school year
a lot of practical work in the Winter Garden for caring for animals and plants, planting plants for themselves, for kindergarten, landscaping the territory of the preschool educational institution. This includes the theme "Man as a Living Being".
"The Ecology of Our Environment". Here we carry out environmental studies of the city, kindergarten, at home, work with the "Ecological Passport", the "Red Book", we talk about nature protection.
"Our planet is in danger." Here we are talking about pollution of water, air, soil; about human behavior in nature, on the street, at home; carry out environmental activities, holidays and entertainment.
Children in the classroom learn about the ecosystems of the Tomsk region, other regions of Siberia and the globe, because it's no secret to anyone that no matter where we live, we still influence the nature of the whole world. Recently, scientists and advanced people of our time have been writing about this more and more often. Aggravation environmental issues in our country and abroad threatens the existence of people all over the world. Already not only the nature of the Earth requires protection, but also humanity - as a part of this nature. Intensive educational work is needed to form an ecological culture of nature management among the population. In the education system, the foundations of ecological consciousness and culture are laid in preschool childhood. But the existing programs are mainly familiarization with the outside world. Teachers form in children a humane attitude towards living beings, this is, of course, a positive attitude towards nature, but already insufficient. We need an urgent change in people's consciousness and attitude to nature.
A few years ago, the "Red Book of the Tomsk Region" came out of print. This is an official reference book compiled by Tomsk ecologists. It turns out that 180 rare and endangered species of animals, plants, fungi need protection on the territory of the Tomsk region due to the reduction in their numbers as a result of human activity, and some species may disappear. Despite the various activities for the conservation of the nature of the Tomsk region, carried out by the employees of "Oblkompriroda", environmental organizations and the "Society for the Protection of Nature", the culture of the population is low. There are many examples of this, we will not dwell on them now.
Preschool childhood is the beginning of the formation of a person's personality, his attitude to himself and to the world around him. How small man learn to relate to the world around him, so in adult life will apply the acquired knowledge. Children are instinctively drawn to nature, to living beings. During this period of their development, they learn everything with their sense organs, they try to realize what is. Therefore, it is important to form in children a consciously correct attitude towards natural objects and phenomena that surround it. It's hard to love something you don't know. The more children learn about the natural objects of our city, region, the more carefully they will treat them, the better they will begin to understand their needs for a clean and healthy environment and food. The role of the teacher is important here - how he will present this knowledge, this knowledge will remain so, if not in the memory of the child, then somewhere in the subconscious. Our children now have a beneficial time to become aware of themselves in the world around them, when they grow up, they will have responsibilities, schooling, work, hobbies. Classes are held different ways: this is a conversation, and practical exercises, and observation, and communication with living objects. Children discuss in the classroom what house they would like to live in, what kind of yard should be near the house, what apartment, etc. During such a conversation, it is not the teacher who teaches the children how and where to live, but the children express their inner desire, the need for an environmentally friendly , aesthetic and harmonious with the nature of life. Children learn not to thoughtlessly relate to the things of nature and everyday life around them, but to find the expediency of their use, for example: to plant trees in the city for clean air; old things that are still fit to wear can be given to others; plastic utensils can be reused, etc. Children acquire practical skills and abilities. For example, plant seeds are sown. First they learn that a small plant is "sleeping" inside; then - how to "wake up" and grow it - warm it with your hands, plant it in the ground, water it, put it in the light warm place, and if you do it wrong, then the seed will not wake up. Children in the classroom get acquainted with the life of natural objects, for example, with the life of trees. How they grow, grow old, what happens to them when they grow old and fall to the ground. You can touch the trees, they are warm even in winter. A tree can help in difficult moments of life: poplar will take away sadness, birch will give joy, heal. The child learns to find help from plants. "Look at the flower, be surprised, rejoice" - these words can help us too. Thus, a harmonious relationship is established between the child and nature. Education goes through natural objects: what a beautiful moss, a bump under our feet - we won’t take it, let them stay here, they are beautiful here, here they are in place, this is someone’s home, someone’s food. Everything in nature is expedient, if you remove one link in the food chain, then an ecological catastrophe can occur. In the process of communicating with living beings, it is restored peace of mind, child health. It is especially interesting for children to get acquainted with the natural areas of the Tomsk region - their eyes light up. If you are attentive, you can see a lot and learn about what is not somewhere in Africa, but not far away, in a neighboring forest, for example, you can see a ferret, a hare. Children begin to fantasize, including themselves in various situations. This is a kind of training of correct ecological behavior.
Or work with the "Environmental Passport" - it shows all the trees and shrubs growing on the plots of the preschool educational institution, the icons of birds, insects, plants and other living creatures that live or sometimes appear on the territory of the kindergarten. Children suggest which bird or bug still needs to be marked on the "Environmental Passport".
Parents help introduce children to unique places cities, regions - these are wildlife sanctuaries, specially protected territories, natural monuments (lakes, springs, etc.), Siberian Botanical Garden, university grove, then talk about their trips. Together we discuss how to have a good rest in nature and not harm it. These are traditional resting places for Tomsk residents, gathering wild plants. No police, no environmental inspections will be enough to protect these places. We need the good will of people, ecological culture
tour and ecological outlook. How we coped with this task will be shown in the near future.
As a result of four years environmental education and education children must distinguish wildlife from inanimate; know about the life and needs of living organisms, about the ecosystems of the Tomsk region; learn to humanely treat the animals of the corner of nature, take care of the plants of the Winter Garden; have an elementary ecological culture: do not throw garbage, do not break trees, etc.

I live in a small Siberian village Kanaray. I have a street dear to me, a house, a path, favorite places in the forest, where I like to relax, wander, and watch nature. The man is rich in his roots. I want to be rich and generous in soul, I want to know my roots, I want to be proud of my land and teach my children to love and take care of it.

Bazhenov Viktor, 7th grade student

Canary is my green paradise.

There is a small place on earth

Chekunov Vadim 6th grade student

I love you, my Siberia!

Grafkina Lyudmila, 5th grade student

Ecology of the native land

Our home is our own, our common home is

I am twelve years old. I study at a regular village school. I live in amazing beautiful place: spacious fields around, glades covered with a motley carpet of flowers. What forests? Marvelous beauty!

Mironova Diana, 5th grade student

eternal beauty

Summer. Road.

Letnik and me.

I'm going for strawberries friends.

I breathe in the smell of cut grass

Forests, cones and bark,

I look around, I look...

Here is the defender of the forest ahead.

The doctor is a woodpecker on a bitch,

And worker ants

And fast chipmunks

Flowers - daisies in a row,

They are talking about something important.

And suddenly: I saw in the distance

Heads are shining with sunshine

And warm my heart.

I just can't take my eyes off

From this eternal beauty.

And the sun runs ahead

Caresses me, says:

"You come to visit more often,

Flowers of the forest you do not tear,

Sit down, talk to me

Then I'll be enough

And we will become friends."

I ran after the sun

But he didn't catch up...

(Letnik is the name of the place).

Khokhryakov Dmitry, 7th grade student

Ecology of the native land

ON THE. Nekrasov wrote: "Nowhere one breathes freely like native meadows, native fields." I fully agree with him. ,

FIRST STEPS INTO SCIENCE

ECOLOGY OF THE HOME TOWN

Section "ECOLOGY"

ZhitkevichLolita Viktorovna

9-A class

Supervisor

Municipal institution "Secondary school No. 15"

Alchevsk, Luhansk region Ukraine

A full-fledged life of society is impossible without taking into account the environmental component in any field of activity. Every person, regardless of their age and position in society, is aware of their dependence on a healthy and safe environment. I live in the city of Alchevsk, for which ecology is one of the most problematic issues.And not only because of man-made disaster on heat supply networks in 2006, after which Alchevsk was talked about all over the world, when students were evacuated to other cities of Ukraine for a month so that we would not freeze at school and at home. It's all in the past anyway. And the present worries me and still more- the future of the city. I live in it, my future children will live in it, and I want them to live for a long time. And it’s bitter to hear when visitors joke about us: “Alchevsk is a city of the young” - that is, they don’t live to old age here, or “When Zhilovka laughs, Liman cries and vice versa” - that is, different parts of the city suffocate in smoke from factory chimneys, depending from the direction of the wind. But this is true. Therefore, environmental issues are of concern to all residents of the city and we can say for sure that this is the most actual question our life. However, I will not discover anything new, it is difficult to find novelty in the work, although understanding the situation and trying to find some solutions to it, I believe, is already the beginning of a change in consciousness. And if this happens to all residents of the city, then the situation will definitely change for the better.

But first, a little about our region, the Luhansk region. Luhansk region is one of the most unfavorable regions of Ukraine in terms of environmental conditions. On the territory of the region out of 1500 enterprises and organizations of the coal, metallurgical, chemical and petrochemical industries and energy there are 106 enterprises of the coal industry alone. During the year, emissions from one enterprise average about 2 thousand tons per year. Such high rates are formed mainly due to methane emissions and waste dumps, which are prone to burning. After all, there are 537 rock dumps in the region, of which 66 are active and inactive, which are on fire. The issue of the consequences of the closure of mines is also acute - out of 109 mines liquidated throughout Ukraine, 40 mines were closed only in the Lugansk region, and this causes significant environmental degradation. The main source of air pollution remains the coal industry, whose emissions average up to 200 thousand tons annually, or up to 40% of the region's gross emissions. The second place is occupied by the energy industry - 156 thousand tons, or 30% of the regional volume. As for the emissions from the metallurgical industry, they amounted to 87 thousand tons, or 17%, and the production of coke and refined products - 23 thousand tons, or 5% of all emissions in the region. 123 enterprises use in technological process about forty thousand tons of various potent substances. About 500 thousand tons of polluted substances of three hundred names are emitted into the atmosphere annually, more than three-quarters of them are not purified. The high share of industry in economic complex areas, insufficient equipment of enterprises with dust and gas collecting devices has led to a decrease in the oxygen content in the air basin and an increase in the amount of toxic substances, the air is oversaturated with sulfuric acid gases, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, phenol, ammonia, coke oven gas, etc. factories are worn out or outdated, and poisonous gases go straight into the sky.

It's no secret that there are 7 environmentally hazardous facilities of national importance in the Luhansk region. In just 9 months of last year, almost 400,000 tons of pollutants were emitted into the atmosphere. significant impact on air pollution industrial enterprises which are located within the city. The largest load on the air basin is exerted by the enterprises of Lugansk - up to 30% of all stationary emissions, Krasnodon coal district - 22%, Alchevsk - 21%, which is associated with metallurgical production, and Lisichansk - 7%, due to the production of petroleum products.

The fact that the city is engaged in solving environmental problems is said and written in newspapers very often. Like, everything is under control. But it is worth looking, for example, at our snow, and everything becomes clear without any numbers.

Instead of snow-white snowdrifts, the streets are covered with snow mixed with soot, and it turns gray and then black on the second or third day after falling. Sometimes red dust falls from the sky, from which it is extremely difficult to wash off. The snow is covered with soot not only in the immediate vicinity of the production, but also on playgrounds, near schools, hospitals and railway station. My household duties include daily wiping the dust from the windowsills, where it collects in a black layer - with the windows closed, and many housewives wipe it in the morning and in the evening.

Perhaps the reason for this is that 25% of the industrial output of the Luhansk region is d is located on the territory of Alchevsk. However, the ecological situation in Alchevsk is catastrophic. What we breathe - for those who have not experienced it for themselves, it's hard to even imagine. Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) are exceeded for many ingredients; emissions into the atmosphere per year are more than 1 ton per inhabitant and over 2 thousand tons per 1 sq. m. km. Options for reducing the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by two city-forming enterprises - metallurgical and coking plants are considered not only by plant managers, but also by environmentalists at all levels. After all, four schools and one medical institution were in the sanitary protection zone. But the corporation "Industrial Union of Donbass" (a strategic investor of the steel plant) organized an additional "industrial zone" - launched an oxygen-converter shop with steel production of 8-10 million tons in addition to the production volume of the existing plant. In total, this is more than 15 million tons, which will be at least 40% of all steel currently produced in Ukraine. At the same time, wages at local enterprises are among the lowest in the industry; it, for example, is seven times lower than at plants in Poland and Hungary, which Alchevsk provides with metal.

Almost throughout the region, the living environment for a person is assessed as critical. The region has the lowest life expectancy in Ukraine, 85% of children are born with various pathologies and deviations, in our city the most common disease, especially in children, are bronchitis and other respiratory diseases. Therefore, the Luhansk region must be recognized as a zone of extreme environmental disaster.

I'm not talking about the water we drink. About 5 million tons of mineral salts and over 230 tons of amino and nitro compounds have accumulated in the underground aquifer. High degree pollution of the natural environment with a high population density (500 people per 1 sq. km.) leads to a high level of morbidity. H The frequency of cases of oncological diseases and tuberculosis in the city is twice the regional average. From an environmental point of view, the situation water resources even worse than the state of the air basin. Of the 284 wastewater treatment plants that are available in the region, 172 do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards, so the discharge of polluted wastewater in Alchevsk has increased 5 times.

Of course, it is difficult to combine the desire to develop the industry - and our factories are the salary of city residents, their main source of income - and reduce emissions into the atmosphere during metal production, but something needs to be done! And although the mayor of the city says: “Last year, AMK PJSC reduced emissions per ton of products from 28 kg to 25,” the air pollution in the city is still colossal, and the situation does not change significantly.

My supervisor and I obtained data from the city sanitary-epidemiological station and the laboratory of the hydrometeorological service on the degree of air pollution. For quality assessment atmospheric air the ratios of the yearly average concentrations of impurities to their average daily maximum allowable concentrations (MPC), as well as the air pollution index - API are applied. API is the total air pollution index, which is calculated from the five most common harmful substances(dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde or phenol).

The state of the atmospheric air in the city of Alchevsk was analyzed by 4 indicators (suspended matter, carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen dioxide NO 2 and sulfur dioxide SO 2 ) for the period from 1996 to 2011. Changes in the maximum one-time and average daily concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere of Alchevsk for the period from 1996 to 2011 are presented graphically in Figures 1 and 2.

font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;color:#0D0D0D">Years

Figure 1 - Maximum one-time concentrations of pollutants

font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;color:#0D0D0D">Figure 2 - Average Daily Pollutant Concentrations

Based on the analyzed data, it can be concluded that the MPC norms are exceeded for all four indicators with a growth trend, and the maximum one-time indicators give the greatest excess of the MPC norms for suspended solids, and the average daily ones for sulfur dioxide.

To calculate the API in the city of Alchevsk, we used the data of the city sanitary and epidemiological station and the laboratory of the hydrometeorological service. The API was calculated using five indicators (suspended matter, carbon monoxide CO, sulfur dioxide SO 2 , nitrogen dioxide NO 2 and phenol) for the period from 2006 to 2011.

Alchevsk recorded the highest amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere in the Luhansk region. It exceeds the norm per person by 4 times.

Figure 3 shows the values ​​of the air pollution index IZA of the city of Alchevsk for the period from 2006 to 2011 according to the city sanitary and epidemiological station and the laboratory of the hydrometeorological service.

letter-spacing:-.2pt">Figure 3 - Values IZA of the city of Alchevsk for the period from 2006 to 2011

According to the data of the hydrometeorological service, the state of the atmospheric air in Alchevsk belongs to the category "Increased air pollution", and according to the city SES - to the categories "High" and "Very high air pollution".This discrepancy in the data can be explained by the following reasons.

Firstly, at the city SES and the hydrometeorological service, the posts are located in various points(Figure 4). The posts of the hydrometeorological service (marked with blue drops on the map) cover almost the entire territory of the city on both sides of the industrial sites of AMK PJSC and Alchevskkoks PJSC. And the posts of the city SES (marked with red crosses on the map) are located almost on the same straight line and do not cover the entire territory of the city. In addition, it should be taken into account that the location of the city SES posts in the southeast direction from the source of emissions is the most polluted, therefore the API values ​​according to the city SES data are higher than according to the hydrometeorological service.

Secondly, the hydrometeorological service regularly monitors atmospheric air by the number of samples at each post, and the observations of the city SES by the number of samples can only be classified as episodic.

Figure 4 - Location of the posts of the hydrometeorological service and city SES for monitoring the state of atmospheric air

I believe that in order to improve environmental situation in the city and region it is necessary:

to revise MPC, focusing on European standards;

prevent the placement of new metal production enterprises in the city;

bring to justice and punish to the fullest extent of the law the managers and owners of enterprises that pollute the atmosphere, and fines for failure to fulfill their obligations should increase for each overdue year.

References

1. , Yatsyuk ecology and protection of the necessary natural environment. - Lviv: Afisha, 20s.

2. Brovdy V. Light, in which we want to live / V. Brovdiy, O. Gatsa, N. Kuruts // Space, Earth, Nature, Ecology, People / V. Brovdiy, O. Gatsa, N. Kuruts. - K., 1997. - S. 29-37.

3. B. Ecology. Nature-Man-Technology.: A textbook for students of tech. direction and spec. universities /, .- Under the general. ed. ; M.: UNITY-DANA, 2006.

– 43 p.

4. Report of the Alchevsk City Center for Environmental Monitoring "Development of recommendations for organizing and conducting environmental monitoring in Alchevsk" - Alchevsk, 2012. - 98 p.

5. DonSTU report « Research and impact analysis anthropogenic factors on the environment and development of recommendations for the creation of an environmental monitoring system for the city of Alchevsk" - Alchevsk, 2012. - 82 p.

6. , Batman and self-organization: Mining towns of Donbass during the period of restructuring of the coal industry: social and environmental dimensions. - Lugansk: Alma Mater, 2001.

7. Belov. According to publications from city newspapers (pages of history). Donetsk: "Donechchina", 2008.

8. Official website of the Alchevsk City Council. http://www. al. /ru/

This is a photo of snow from two days ago and streams flowing after the snow melted in the area of ​​the plant.

Olga Evdokimova

PROJECT ON ECOLOGY

"We and our grandchildren 2015» .

MBDOU kindergarten №47

Vladikavkaz

Senior group.

Educator of the first qualification category

Evdokimova Olga B.

Type project: information and creative.

Members project: children senior group, educator, parents.

Implementation period: short term.

Relevance project: Subject project« Ecology of the native land» .

IN modern conditions problem ecological education of preschoolers acquires special urgency and relevance. It is during preschool childhood that the formation human personality, the formation of the beginnings ecological culture. Therefore, it is very important to awaken in children an interest in wildlife, to cultivate love for it, to teach how to protect the world around us.

Target: Introduce children to nature native land. Formation of children's cognitive interest in nature native land, prerequisites ecological consciousness, organization of creative activity. The belief that the beauty of nature is priceless, so it must be protected.

Tasks:

Systematize knowledge about the environment.

To form elementary ideas about the relationships in nature.

Cultivate a love for nature native land perception of its beauty and diversity.

To develop the search and research activities of children.

To expand and systematize knowledge about the flora and fauna of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.

To develop a cognitive interest in the objects of the world around us through reading poems about nature, through practical activities.

Develop coherent speech, enrich children's vocabulary, figurative and variative thinking, fantasy, imagination, and creativity.

Expected results project:

Expansion of knowledge about the flora and fauna of our republic.

They will take care of nature, master the skills environmentally safe behavior in nature.

A desire to study objects of nature will be formed.

They will learn to observe individual objects of nature, to conduct simple studies of inanimate nature.

The development of curiosity in children creativity, cognitive activity, communication skills.

An object project activities:

Developing environment and work with pupils, as the basis for the involvement of senior pupils preschool age To ecological culture of the native land.

Item project activities:

The system of work aimed at the formation ecological consciousness and enrichment of knowledge of children of senior preschool age with native land, taking into account the leading principles of local history and consistency, taking into account the regional component, allows you to improve ecological work at the senior preschool age.

Stage 1 project - preparatory.

Development of an implementation strategy project;

Goal setting and task development;

Selection methodological material, development of abstracts of classes, excursions, observations;

Creation of a subject-developing environment (manuals, visual aids, photo albums).

Block "Ossetia is the most, the most". (The nature of North Ossetia and its uniqueness).

2. Block "Pirod of Ossetia".

(knowledge about nature, interconnection, diversity of the plant world).

3. Block "Animals of our the edges» .

(knowledge about typical representatives of our the edges, their adaptation to the environment; show food chains, adaptation to habitat changes).

4. Block "Let's Protect Nature".

(Problems ecology, protection).

Stage 2 project - main.

Learning poems about nature native land;

Target: Active participation children in activities environmental education.

Using verbal methods.

Conversations about the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (acquaintance of pupils with legends, fairy tales, stories, poems about our region).

Audio recordings about nature and wildlife - fixing the voices of animals and natural noises(noise of the forest, voices of birds, animals). Games "Learn by the voice of the birds",

Upbringing ecological the culture of pupils and careful attitude to nature making up a fairy tale on topic: "Forest in Trouble".

Reading fiction and educational literature - the search for new knowledge (about wild animals, about wintering birds, etc.)

Using methods of experimentation and modeling.

Experimenting with natural material - development cognitive activity natural material(volcano).

Creating layouts is a productive activity, using it in experiments.

Practical methods.

"Best feeder"

, "The Complaint Book of Nature"- Compilation of creative stories of pupils. Participation in subbotniks, in gardening of sites.

Creation of herbariums - search activity, consolidation of knowledge about plants, rules of behavior with plants. Drafting herbaria: "Trees of Ossetia". "Flowers and herbs of Ossetia".

visual methods.

Examination of illustrations, postcards, photographs - to convey to the pupils all the beauty of our the edges. "Nature of Ossetia", "Rivers of Ossetia".

Creating zones ecological environment.

Corner of educational literature (encyclopedias, fairy tales, legends, poems).

Mini-museum "My Ossetia". Photo albums, sets of postcards, booklets.

Ecological mini-laboratory. Experimental cups, filter paper, food coloring, magnifiers, natural material : pebbles, sand, leaves, branches, cones).

Working with parents.

Conversations between parents and children about nature native land.

Assistance in compiling herbariums.

Participation in equipping the mini-museum.

Replenishment of artistic and scientific literature.

Doing homework (writing stories, natural crafts) .

Stage 3 project - final.

Quiz « Native love your land and know!

Exhibition of products of children's activities (drawings).

Creation of a mini-museum "Gifts of Nature".

I. Block "Ossetia The most, the most".

1. Reveal children's ideas about nature the edges, its uniqueness.

a) Why is it unique?

b) What do you know about Ossetia?

II. Block "Animal world".

1. Reveal children's ideas about insects and birds.

a) What birds and insects move through the air?

b) Determine the essential features of birds.

c) Name the signs of insects.

d) What do birds and insects eat?

2. Reveal ideas about the animals of Ossetia.

a) What animals do you know?

b) What do they eat?

c) Which animals go into hibernation?

d) What animals change their fur coat?

3. Reveal ideas about river inhabitants.

a) Who lives in the rivers?

b) Who eats fish?

c) What fish live in the rivers of Ossetia?

d) Determine the essential features of fish (scales, fins, gills, caviar, body shape).

e) Can fish live without water?

III. Block "Vegetable world".

1. Reveal ideas about trees.

b) What are the trees and their characteristics?

2. Reveal the concept of flowers and herbs.

a) What flowers do you know?

c) Where do flowers grow?

Literature

1. E. I. Zolotova, "Introducing preschoolers to the world of animals"/ Under the editorship of N. F. Vinogradova. M.: "Education", 1988

2. Ivanova A. I. “Method of organization environmental observations and experiments in kindergarten. Allowance for employees of preschool institutions. Sphere, 2003.

3. N. A. Ryzhova, Loginova L. "Mini Museum in Kindergarten". – M: 2008

4. N. A. Ryzhova « ecological education in kindergarten "Karapuz" M.: 2001.

PROGRAM

elective subject

biology

"Ecology of the native land"

8th grade

compiled by: biology teacher

Smirnova E.V.

year 2014.

"ECOLOGY OF THE NATIVE LAND"

Explanatory note

The program of the elective biology subject "Ecology of the native land" is designed for 8th grade students and is aimed at acquiring in-depth environmental knowledge about the village of Zubovo and the Vologda region as a whole.

The main goal of the course: to study the biodiversity and ecology of the main taxa of plants, fungi, lichens and animals in typical natural communities native land; development of cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities in the process of observing the state of nature of the native land, independent acquisition of knowledge; education of love for one's land, one's country, the formation of an ecological culture of the individual.

The main objectives of the course are: to familiarize students with topical issues conservation of biodiversity in the world, Russia, Vologda region, Belozersky district and the village of Zubovo, the role of natural scientists in the study and conservation of biodiversity of the region; the development by students of knowledge about the main life forms, types of plants, fungi, lichens and animals of the “Sholsky forest reserve”, as well as about necessary measures their protection; on the measures of their use of economically valuable species in the region; study by students of environmental problems of the Vologda region; identification by students of sources of pollution of the biosphere of their native land and determination of the impact of these pollutions on human health; mastering by students the ability to work with identification cards, with determinants, laboratory equipment; formation and development of key competencies among students and satisfaction of interest in studying the nature of their native land.

The practical orientation of the optional course is implemented in various forms project activities, practical and laboratory work.

The program of the subject "Ecology of the native land" provides for 34 academic hours (1 hour per week) and includes 7 sections.

Program content:

1 Introduction (3 hours)

The biosocial nature of man and the sciences that study him. The rise of the human sciences. Influence of conditions external environment on the morphology and anatomy of plants. Botanical excursions to the forest, to the meadow, to the swamp.

Excursion. Biodiversity of the nature of the native land.

History of study medicinal plants Vologda region. Characteristics of medicinal plants of forests, swamps, meadows. Protection of rare medicinal plants.

3. The problem of environmental protection in the Vologda region (5 hours)

Ecological state of Russia and the Vologda region. Rare species plants and animals. specially protected natural areas Vologda region, Belozersky district. Tourism and nature conservation.

Practical work. Definition according to the atlases of protected areas of the Vologda Oblast.

life forms and ecological groups of plants, fungi, lichens. woody plants. Distinctive features structures of trees and shrubs. Gymnosperms. Variety and ecological groups of gymnosperms. Deciduous plants and shrubs. species composition deciduous trees and shrubs. Herbaceous plants. A type of herbaceous plant. Biodiversity, importance and protection of fungi and lichens.

Practical work. Identification of species and environmental groups gymnosperms. Identification of deciduous trees and shrubs in the territory of the village of Zubovo. Identification of the main representatives of herbaceous vegetation. Identification of fungal species and lichen types.

Practical work. The study of the diversity of plants in the reserve. Description species composition plants. Description of the species composition of amphibians and reptiles, fish of local reservoirs. Compilation of a list of birds of the local fauna. Description of the species composition of mammals of the local fauna. History of studying the nature of the Vologda region.

Excursion.

6. Shola River (3 hours)

The Shola River, its flora and fauna. Condition Research aquatic environment Shola river.

Laboratory works.

The relationship between man and the natural environment. Impact of environmental pollution on human health. Final lesson.

Project activity. Let's save the nature of our native land.

Ecology is the science of the regularities of the existence of the living world on Earth. Methods of ecological research. The problem of biodiversity conservation.

Expected Result:

students should

know:

biodiversity of the Vologda Oblast and the village of Zubovo

life forms of plants and animals in the area

species composition of the flora and fauna of their homeland

environmental research methods

environmental problems in the area

impact of environmental pollution on human health

rare plant and animal species

the importance of plants and animals and measures for their protection

be able to:

carry out practical and laboratory works, exercise project activities to conduct research, experiments and observations

work with identification cards, with determinants, laboratory equipment

analyze and draw conclusions from the information received

find possible solutions to environmental problems

be creative in problem solving

Literature:

Polyansky I.I. Botanical excursions. A guide for teachers. M., Education, 1968.

Geography of the Vologda Oblast. Textbook for students in grades 8-9 secondary school./ Edited by E.A. Skupinova, O.A. Zolotova.-Vologda: Educational literature, 2005.

Belozerye. Local history almanac. issue 2. - Vologda: "Legia" 1998.

Rare and protected plants of the Vologda region. - 1991. - 40 p.

rare plants Vologda Oblast // Specially Protected Natural Territories. - Vologda: Publishing house "Rus", 1993. - S. 180-193, 214-229.

Flora of forests // Forests of the Vologda land. - Vologda: Publishing House "Legia", 1999. - S. 137-170.

vascular plants national park"Russian North". — M.: Ed. IPEE RAN, 2004. - 62 p.

Vascular plants // Red Book of the Vologda region. T. 2. Plants and mushrooms. - Vologda: VGPU; Publishing house "Rus", 2004. - S. 9-240.

Resource characteristics of medicinal plants of the Vologda region. - Vologda: Publishing house "Rus", 2005. - 140 p.

10) Flora and vegetation // Nature of the Vologda region. - Vologda: Publishing House "Vologzhanin", 2007. - S. 173-240.

11) New finds of bryophytes in the Vologda region. 1 // Arctoa. - 2009. - Vol. 18. - P. 251-253.

12) "Biological encyclopedic Dictionary." Ch. ed. M. S. Gilyarov; Editors: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected. — M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.

Thematic plan

Research work:

Medicinal plants with Zubovo.

Purpose: to introduce the biodiversity of medicinal plants growing within the village. Zubovo, to identify their productivity, medicinal value and use among the population.

Composition and quality of water in the Shola river.

Purpose: to introduce the main indicators of water quality; show the role of water in human life; identify substances harmful to health contained in the water.

Water content in the human body. Basic requirements for drinking water. Organoleptic indicators of water. Danger of water pollution. Quality drinking water and human health. Water purification methods.

Ornithological researches of the reserve "Sholsky forest"

Purpose: to introduce the species of birds that live in the reserve near the village. Zubovo, make a list of birds of the local fauna.

Mosses and lichens of the Sholsky Forest Reserve

Purpose: to acquaint with the biological diversity of mosses and lichens of the Sholsky forest reserve. To reveal their location, significance, application among the population.