Instructions for making a fire and rules of conduct in case of forest fires. Types of fires: their purpose and method of making Making a fire

6th grade

Subject:"Making fire, making a fire."

Lesson objectives: 1) learn to choose and prepare a place for a fire.

2) familiarize students with the types of kindling, various types fires and mandatory rules against fire safety.

Lesson type: combined (testing knowledge and explaining new material).

Equipment: textbook, notebook, wooden blanks for making incendiary sticks or ready-made incendiary sticks, sticks for creating fires.

During the classes

Organizing time

The teacher names the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Checking homework

But in order to understand how you have mastered the material on the topic: “Arrangement of temporary shelters,” I will conduct a test.

In front of you are cards with tests. We will answer their questions. For each correct answer a token.

1 test.

What is the most important requirement for a place to build a temporary shelter (long-term camp)

A) Availability of water nearby.

B) Picturesque nature.

C) Safety of the parking area.

D) Lack of mosquitoes and midges.

2 test.

The boys from 6th "A" class set up a tent on the river bank near the water so as not to have to walk far to get water. At night they woke up from dampness. It turned out that the water in the river had risen and the tent was flooded. Why did it happen?

A) It was necessary not to sleep, but to monitor the condition of the water in the river.

B) The guys forgot to put piles under the tent.

C) The tent was placed too close to the water.

D) The tent had to be waterproof.

3 test.

What kind of shelter would you make in the taiga in winter if there is no fire:

A) Hut from spruce branches and poles.

B) I’ll break some spruce branches and make a bed out of it under the spruce tree.

B) Snow hole

D) Snow cave or den.

4 test.

During winter holidays the guys from 6th "B" went on a hike. As dusk fell, they began to prepare for the night. Knowing that it is best to make a shelter so that it is protected from the wind, the guys placed it under a canopy of rock. In the morning they woke up in a huge snowdrift. Why did this happen?

A) The wind changed direction and they were swept away.

B) At night a bear passed by and chose a den in the neighborhood, filling up the tent.

B) A lump of snow fell on the guys, falling from a rock overhang.

Well done! You have mastered the material well.

Now listen riddle

Tourists will come to their camp,

He will be divorced in the evening

It will burn for a long time,

Warm them with your warmth (bonfire)

That's right, a fire. And the topic of our lesson is “Making fire, making a fire.” Written on the board in front of you plan lesson. (read and write in notebook).

1. Fire pit

2. Making fire

3. Lighting a fire

4. Types of fires. Fire conservation.

3. Explanation of new material

Introductory word teachers

After building a shelter, you need to take care of the fire. His meaning extremely great, since this is an opportunity:

Warm up, dry clothes and shoes;

Prepare food;

Signal to rescuers;

Scare away predators;

Feel more secure, calm down.

Why is it so important to know how to choose a place for a fire?

This is the first point of our plan.

Because in the worst case, if the location is chosen incorrectly, a fire may start.

Where should you not make fires?

Answer please.

Let's get to know memo.(on the students’ desks). Read it.

You cannot make a fire in a field among dry grass, especially if the wind is blowing. The grass will catch fire, and the flames will be carried by the wind to neighboring areas of the field.

You cannot make fires in dry pine forests during the dry season.

You cannot make a fire on rocky areas during a dry period if twigs, dry grass, or dust have accumulated between the stones. The fire can spread under the rocks through these dry layers of fuel, creating a fire.

You cannot make a fire under the roots of trees, at the roots - all this can catch fire.

Remember this please.

Where can you make a fire? How do you think?

Let's take a look at the memo. Read it.

The place for the fire is prepared away from trees and bushes (no closer than 4-6 meters).

The site is thoroughly cleared of forest debris.

Removed upper layer turf.

The place is surrounded with stones (to prevent the fire from spreading)

In winter, the place is cleared of snow to the ground, the snow is trampled down, and a flooring is made from damp logs and branches.

So, we have chosen a place for the fire, now we are learning how to make fire.

Lighting a fire is an art. Life often depends on the presence of fire. There are several ways making fire using improvised means:

1. Fire can be produced using a magnifying glass, but this method will require two watch glasses, and this may not always be on hand.

2. Fire can be produced by friction. But this requires a lot of effort and requires making a bow from the trunk of a young birch tree, a drill from a pine stick and a support from a dry pine log.

The easiest way:

3. Using two hard rocks. The stones hit each other and create fire.

So, you can use any of these methods and get fire for lighting a fire.

This is the third question of our plan.

Preparation of firewood. What is suitable for this?

Gather plenty of dry firewood, brushwood and enough dry kindling before starting the fire. The best firewood for a solid fire is considered to be wood from dead pine trees, spruce trees, oak trees, aspen trees, and stumps. coniferous trees.

Kindling. What is needed for this?

Everyone knows birch bark. Ribbons of dry birch bark light up instantly. If there is no birch bark, look for fir trees.

The kindling is folded in the form of a small pyramid to make it convenient to light a fire.

You should not make a fire under tree branches: in summer they can catch fire, and in winter snow can fall from them, extinguishing the fire.

Working with the textbook. Go to page 74.

Read the memo“Preparing fuel for a fire” (p. 74.) - (students read aloud).

But we need to remember: When leaving, put out the fire, fill it with water, cover it with earth, cover it with turf.

And now we will get acquainted with the types of fires:

Types of fires on the board.

Smoke Heat Flame

(diagram on the board and writing in notebooks)

Smoke- in order to drive away mosquitoes and midges, to signal your location.

Zharova– for cooking, drying things, for heating.

Fiery– for lighting a place, heating food, boiling water.

Types of fires are shown on the board . Let's look at them.

"Shalash"

Short, dry firewood is stacked at an angle towards the center, partially resting on each other. With this design, the wood burns out mainly from above, and the flame turns out high and hot. This type of fire is convenient if you need to boil water or cook something in one bucket or pan. If you need to use several vessels, then it is better to create a “well”.

"Well"

Place two logs parallel to each other at some distance, and two more across them. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along their entire length. This fire is good in wet weather.

"Star"

Place the logs in radii from the center. Combustion occurs predominantly in the center. And as the wood burns, it should be moved towards the middle. This type of fire requires constant supervision or it will go out, so it is quite fireproof.

"Taiga"

Consists of several logs laid along or under acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent addition of firewood.

"Nodya"

This fire is made up of three large logs 2-2.5 meters long. Place two logs (the thicker the better) close together, ensuring a minimum gap between them. Kindling is placed on this gap. Once the kindling is well lit, place the third log on top. It is advisable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. A node made of thick logs can burn for several hours.

These types of fires exist. Now we will check how you have mastered the material.

4. Consolidation of the studied material

Open the textbook on page 78

1.Test. Where is the best place to make a fire? (Page 78)

2. What methods of making fire do you know? (using a magnifying glass, using friction (bow, drill, support), using two stones.

3. Fun test ( page 80)

5. Practical task “Build a fire”

From the prepared sticks, create the types of fires you know (p. 77)

6. Summing up the lesson

What new did you learn in the lesson?

And so we must remember that when leaving, the fire must be extinguished.

Giving ratings with comments. Who collected the most tokens? Who was active in the lesson?

Homework

Paragraph 16, questions for the paragraph.

If an extreme situation of autonomous existence arises, a well-timed fire can be of great benefit. It will provide an opportunity to warm up at low air temperatures, prepare hot food and drink, which is especially important if there are wounded in the group. A fire is also a purely psychological sedative, from which one breathes hope and confidence in the successful outcome of the matter. In a word, be able to start a fire anywhere and at any time. weather conditions very important.

But there are situations when none of the victims have lighters or matches, or they are hopelessly damp, i.e. one of the elements of the “fire triangle” is missing (see 1.3). In this case, you will have to make fire using one of the methods indicated in Figures 140-144.

The easiest way to get fire is to strike a hard rock (silicon, sulfur pyrite, etc.) with glancing blows with a hammer. Can be used as a chair metal objects: file, back of a knife blade, ax blade. The direction of the blows must be such that the sparks hit the

tinder is a flammable or smoldering material (Fig. 140). The success of the business depends on its quality. Therefore, tinder can be prepared in advance and carried with you in an airtight container.

You can make tinder from a piece of medical cotton wool, soaking it in a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate and drying it well. Tinder can also be made from a piece of pure wool or cotton fabric. It is dried over low heat until it begins to burn around the edges. Without allowing the fabric to ignite, it is removed from the heat and placed in an airtight package.

If there is no pre-prepared tinder, then it can be made in an extreme situation, using small dry birch bark, primary pine or cedar bark, wood dust from a trunk eaten away by insects, reed and bird fluff - in a word, everything that begins to smolder or ignite when sparks hitting them.

If possible, the tinder can be moistened with gasoline, alcohol or some other flammable material before use.

Several other methods of making fire rely on the heat generation effect of friction. The most productive of them is the drilling method. To do this, it is necessary to make a bow, a “drill”, a support and a thrust bearing (Fig. 141). A bow can be made from any branch about a meter long, with a diameter of 2 - 3 cm. A strong rope or a narrow strip from a cut belt can be used as a bowstring.

To make a support, you need to split a block of hard wood in half (the best material is dry larch). It is advisable to make a “drill” from the same type of wood. For this, a dry branch with a diameter of 1 - 2 cm and a length of 15 - 20 cm is suitable. The upper part of the “drill” should be turned in the form of a sphere or cone with an angle of approximately 60°, the lower part in the form of a cone with an angle of 30°. At the same angle on the surface of the support, 1.5 - 2 cm from the edge, make a small depression into which the “drill” is inserted with the lower end. The “drill” is pressed against the support using the thrust bearing. Therefore, it should also be made of hard wood, or better yet, use a stone with a small depression. After this, the “drill” is engulfed by the bow string.

Rotate the “drill”, moving the bow back and forth, slowly at first, gradually increasing the speed. In this case, the “drill” is not pressed too tightly through the thrust bearing to the support. First appears in the place where the smoke deepens. But the work must be continued for some time until a certain amount of brown powder appears in the recess. The heated powder may ignite at the edges of the recess. If this does not happen, then you should carefully blow the powder and apply pre-prepared tinder to it. Working together (Fig. 142), you can do without a bow. Otherwise, the procedure remains the same.

The simplicity of this method does not guarantee quick success. And it depends on many factors: the correct selection of wood, the quality of the tinder, the force of pressure on the “drill,” the weather, etc. As a rule, this method can only be successful in dry weather in the summer.

If the victims have a gun, you can set the tinder on fire with a shot. To do this, remove the bullet or shot from the cartridge, as well as part of the gunpowder. The sleeve is stuffed with cotton wool, dry moss, a ball of fabric or small birch bark. The shot is fired into the ground next to the laid tinder. You can pour some of the gunpowder onto the tinder and try to set it on fire, striking sparks with a hammer.

If the battery or batteries remain undamaged during a vehicle accident, they can be used to start a fire (Fig. 143). Short circuit positive and negative contacts will give a powerful spark that can ignite the tinder.

The task is greatly simplified in clear sunny weather. Using a camera lens, binoculars, or glasses, you can focus the sun's rays on the tinder and thereby ignite it. Having focused the rays onto the tinder, the lens should be held motionless (Fig. 144). To do this, you can prepare some kind of hand rest in advance.

There are also chemical methods making fire based on spontaneous combustion of various mixtures. In case of a vehicle accident, you can use antifreeze (radiator coolant) and potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), which should be in the car first aid kit. To do this, pour a teaspoon of potassium permanganate onto paper or fabric and drip 2 - 3 drops of antifreeze onto it. After this, the sheet must be rolled up tightly, placed on the ground, and tinder placed on top. The oxidation process produces a large amount of heat that can ignite the paper and set fire to the tinder. You should not pour a lot of liquid - this will reduce the heating rate. The heating rate also decreases when the paper is loosely folded.

The same effect is achieved by combining potassium permanganate with glycerin, which may be in medical kit as a means used to soften the skin and mucous membrane in case of disease. In this case, potassium permanganate is poured onto a dry surface, and a few drops of glycerin are dripped onto it. After the smoke appears, a few more drops of glycerin are added, which can be critical - a bright flash occurs, which sets the prepared tinder on fire.

In all cases of making fire, you should first carefully prepare. To do this, you need to prepare tinder, small kindling, small and large branches for starting a fire after the tinder ignites. A place for a fire must also be prepared.

When starting a fire, you must take into account weather conditions and try to eliminate their negative impact as much as possible. When there is wind, you need to find something quiet, closed place or build a wind barrier. It is difficult to make a fire when it rains, since the air humidity is very high and the tinder cannot be kept dry. In such a situation, methods of making fire by friction become ineffective, and if it is not possible to use another method, then you should wait until the rain stops.

Making a fire without matches requires skill, a lot of patience, and sometimes the process takes quite a long time. Once you have lit a fire, you must try to maintain it for the entire period of autonomous existence. Our ancestors did the same, treating the preservation of fire as a sacred duty. It is not difficult to maintain a fire while on the spot. Constant duty is required to maintain it (firewood should always be at hand). At night, you need to collect smoldering firebrands and coals in a pile, cover them with a layer of ash, and rake dry earth on top. In case of rain, you can cover the fireplace with an awning. In the morning, it is enough to rake the earth and ash and blow up the firebrands. After this, it is easy to light the fire again. We must make sure that in the evening we use firewood that produces good coals and does not burn out completely. You can use a knotty log or the root of a small tree for this.

It's harder to keep the fire going if the group (or one person) is on the move. Smoldering coals covered with ash can be carried in a pot, bucket or tin can. If there are no containers, another method is used. The bark of the birch is removed to its entire thickness - down to the wood. A layer of dry earth is poured onto the straightened bark, then a layer of ash. You need to lay smoldering coals on top of the ashes and cover them with a layer of ash, then with earth. After this, the birch bark must be carefully rolled into a roll, tied tightly and the ends of the roll closed with birch bark and wooden plugs (Fig. 145). Such a roll must be carried in a vertical position, protecting it from shaking.

A torch is also used, in which thin splinters are laid with dry moss and tightly wrapped in bark. Such a torch, up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long, will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

Lessonlife safety fundamentalsV 6- mclass

TeatA " Making a fire. Types of fires"

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

Introduce children to different types bonfires;
- teach students how to make fires correctly;
- develop the ability to work in groups,
- cultivate a caring attitude towards nature.
- upon completion of studying the topic, students should have the skills to make a fire.

Progress of the lesson:

1. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson

Sl.1 Today we have no ordinary activity. The topic of our lesson on the screen is “Making a fire. Types of fires"

Sl.2 .Now we will go to the magical forest, which will teach us how to make fires correctly and introduce us to the types and types of fires. And of course, when we come to the forest, we must not forget about careful attitude to nature.

2.Learning new material.

1. Functions of a fire.

Sometimes it is very important to light a fire on time.

What do you think a fire is for?

Let's see if you guessed correctly.

Sl.3

Level 4

The functions of a fire are multifaceted:

cooking food;

drying clothes;

lighting;

• repelling insects and animals;

  giving a signal.

Level 5

2. Fireplace.

So you're about to start a fire. Where should we start?

find a clearing protected from the wind;

clear the fireplace of dry grass, leaves and cover it with stones;

make flooring in deep snow and swamps.

Sl.6

3. Making a fire.

Prepare kindling (small dry twigs, dry grass, birch bark)

Place kindling on the ground;

Light the fire with 2-3 matches;

Place thicker branches on the kindling;

Follow fire safety rules.

Sl.7

4.What should you not do when making a fire?

Do not make a fire near trees;

Do not use live trees for fires;

Do not light a fire on peat bogs;

Do not leave a burning fire unattended.

Sl.8.

6. Types of fires.

You need to choose the type and type of fire according to the circumstances.

General rule: You need to stock up on more firewood in advance.

There are three main types of fires:

Fiery- for illuminating resting places and cooking food.

Zharovye - for cooking, drying things, you can warm up with it if you spend the night by the fire.

Smoke-to drive away mosquitoes and midges, as well as to signal your location.

Sl.9 photos

Level 10

7.Types of fires (practical part)

Getting acquainted with the types of fires, we will build them practically from sticks lying on your tables.

Let's imagine that our sticks are logs, or even ancient ones.

So:

1. Well - place 2 logs in parallel at some distance; across them are two more. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along their entire length. This fire is good in wet weather.

Sl.11.

2. Star - Place the logs in radii from the center. Burning occurs mainly in the center, and as the wood burns, move it towards the middle. This type of fire requires constant supervision or it will go out.

Sl.12.

3. Hut - short dry firewood is stacked obliquely towards the center, they partially rest on each other. With this design, the wood burns out mainly from above, and the flame turns out hot. This type of fire is convenient if you need to boil water or cook something in one bucket or pan. If you need to use several vessels, then it is better to use a “well”.

Sl.13.

4 .Taiga - consists of several logs laid lengthwise or at an acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent addition of firewood.

Sl.14.

5. Nodya - this fire is made up of 3 large logs, 2-2.5 m long. Place two logs (the thicker the better) close together, ensuring a minimum gap between them. Kindling is placed on this gap. Once the kindling is well lit, place the third log on top. It is advisable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. A node made of thick logs can burn for several hours.

Each of these types of fires can be both hot and fiery.It depends not only on how the fire is built, but also on the quality of the firewood:

- whether they are resinous or not;

- completely dry or with damp bark.

What types of fires do you remember?

Now build some type of fire in your place, tell the name and what it is needed for.

Sl.17.

10. Tricks for campfire.

If there are no small dry branches for kindling, it is good to use “noodles” made of rubber cut from the heels of shoes;

It is best to dry damp matches on your head: there is the least humidity;

There is no need to try to light a fire with one match; it is safer to light the kindling with two matches put together, and sometimes even three.

11. Reflection

-In what life situation do you think we can use the skills learned in our lesson?

Study questions:

1. Choosing a place and rules for making a fire.
2. Types and types of fires.
3. Methods of making and maintaining fire.

Target: Upon completion of studying the topic, students should have the skills to make a fire.

Main lesson content:

1. Functions of a fire.Slide 2.Application .

Sometimes it is very important to light a fire on time. Not alone human life in an autonomous existence the fire saved me.

The functions of a fire are multifaceted:

• cooking food;
• drying clothes;
• lighting;
• heating;
• repelling insects and animals;
• giving a signal.

2. Fireplace. Slide 3.

So, you are going to light a fire:

• determine the location;
• choose a clearing protected from the wind (if that fails, build a barrier);
• clear the fireplace of dry grass and leaves;
• cover the fire with stones (be careful, some stones, when heated, burst with a bang);
• Place several branches on the damp soil and kindling on them.

3. How to make a fire correctly.

To make a fire, you need matches and firewood. But you can’t light large logs with a match. Therefore, before you get matches, collect small dry twigs and dry grass for kindling. Birch bark is also suitable for this purpose (just do not remove it from living trees). The best kindling is thin, dry twigs, which you will see on the bottom of the trunk of a young Christmas tree or at the ends of the dried lower branches of an adult one. No wonder tourists these twigs called gunpowder. They flare up instantly and are dry even with light rain.

After preparing the kindling, prepare thicker branches. After all, as soon as the kindling flares up, you need to lay thicker and thicker branches. And then lay down thick logs.

It is more difficult to light a fire in bad weather, when it is raining or snowing. Then try to cover the kindling with something. Various artificial flammable materials - plexiglass, paper, rubber - are also useful in these cases.

The fire lit up and you felt good. But now you must monitor the fire, because it must be constantly “fed” with firewood. Firewood must be prepared in advance large quantities so that you don’t have to walk through the forest at night and collect dry wood.

To prepare firewood, it is not necessary to have a saw and an ax. There is always enough dead wood and fallen wood in the forest.

A big request to you: do not use live trees for fires unnecessarily. Plus they don't burn well.

4. Making a fire. Slide 4.

5. What not to do when making a fire.Slide 5.

6. Types and types of fires. Slides 6–11.

You need to choose the type of fire according to the circumstances. General rule: You need to stock up on more firewood in advance, so that, for example, you don’t spend the whole night searching for fuel instead of resting. We must not forget, however, that with any amount of firewood you need to constantly monitor the fire: the fire lives and changes all the time.

It is also important to know that not only direct fire heats, but also reflected fire.

You can even freeze by the fire. That is why it is necessary to combine a fire with a temporary shelter or canopy - a heat reflector. It can be both summer and winter.

In winter, a canopy is especially important, even for a short rest. And it's not difficult to do. You can use sticks or branches stuck in a snowdrift to shovel snow. It will melt and form a visor. Or you can stick strong sticks into the snow and hang a piece of polyethylene or fabric on them.

There are three main types of fires:

• fiery;
• heat;
• smoke

Fiery bonfires used for cooking, lighting the bivouac, heat– for cooking, heating, drying things. Both of them can become smoke, if you throw green grass or branches into them. They are used to repel mosquitoes, midges and to send signals.

fires much safer than flame ones, since their flame is low.

The simplest fire - “hut”. The firewood is placed over the kindling in a circle so that their upper ends touch. With this design, the flame is narrow and powerful. You can quickly boil water on such a fire.

If you need to hang two or three buckets or pots over the fire, then build a fire whose flame is wide and low. This "well", or "lattice". In order for wood to burn well, it needs oxygen. That's why Do not place firewood close to each other. If loosely stacked firewood does not burn well, fan the fire by blowing on it or waving a cap, a piece of bark, or a thick branch. In this case, the air flow should be directed not towards the flame, but under the base of the fire.

Fire pits tend to burn for a long time and produce a lot of heat. Large logs are used for them, and dry branches are used for kindling. Among them we will name “star”, “taiga” And “nodu”. In order for the logs to flare up faster, they must be hewn with an ax, that is, notches must be made on the log.

Separately, it is necessary to say about the fire “Nodya” (another name is “three logs”). Its main advantage is strong and long-lasting heat. A dead log with a diameter of more than 40 centimeters, cut into three parts 2–3 meters long, will burn in such a fire for several hours. This will allow you not to worry about firewood and practically not deal with the fire for a long time (you just need to clean the logs from time to time from ash and ashes, tapping the butt of an ax or turning them). It's easy to understand these benefits if you want to get a good night's sleep.

When laying a knot, gaps must be left between the logs; if the logs lie too tightly, wedge branches should be inserted between them. The thickest log should be on top (like the bottom of the trunk) because the top log burns faster. You need to ignite the node from the middle. It usually takes at least half an hour for such a fire to flare up.

If you are spending the night under a canopy, it is advisable to direct as much heat from the fire towards yourself as possible. To do this, you can set up a screen behind a fire built in front of the canopy. Such a fire must be monitored at night, by appointing guards for this purpose.

7. Methods of making fire. Slide 12–13.Application .

To light a fire you need matches. What if they don't exist?

You probably know that in the Stone Age fire was produced using flint, flint and tinder. The role of flint can be played by a hard stone, flint (or steel) - an ax, knife or some other object made of hard steel. Any dry, flammable material is suitable as tinder: moss, cotton wool, rotten wood, fluffy pieces of rope, finely crushed bark, bird's nests, wood dust produced by insects under the bark of dead trees.

Hitting the flint with a flint, strikes sparks. Position the tinder so that sparks fall on it. Once the tinder begins to smolder, gently fan it until a fire appears.

Do you know that, using a magnifying glass, magnifying glass, in sunny weather not difficult; ignite tinder. The convex glass collects the sun's rays on the small surface of the tinder, causing the temperature there to rise significantly, becoming sufficient for combustion. To do this, you can use lenses from optical devices: cameras, binoculars, and other devices.

You can use another method that came to us from ancient times. Insert a pointed stick into the recess of a piece of wood or bark and patiently swirl until smoke appears. Then fan the smoldering tinder, which must first be placed in the recess and near it. Some tribes at a low stage of development still use this method of making fire.

This method can be improved.

Rotation can be done using a bow. Use a rope, belt, shoelace as a bowstring...

8. Preservation of fire. Slide 14.

If there are no matches, another problem arises - how to keep the fire going. You can constantly burn a fire. Then you should have someone on duty at night. Possibly coals from a burnt fire cover with a layer of ash, blow them out in the morning and put dry kindling on them. And the fire will break out with new strength. Just try to use firewood in the evening that produces good coals, because some tree species burn out, leaving only ash.

But what if you go to a populated area and need to move after spending the night? Then you can do portable fire storage" – torch. To do this, you need to prepare bark, dry moss, and thin long splinters. Laying moss between the splinters, tightly wrap the resulting structure with bark. A torch up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

9. Tricks for campfire.Slide 15.

• If there are no small dry branches for kindling, it is good to use “noodles” made of rubber cut from the heels of shoes;
• It is best to dry damp matches on your head: there is the least humidity;
• There is no need to try to light a fire with one match; it is safer to light the kindling with two matches put together, and sometimes even three.

10. Quiz. Slide 16.Application

1. Essential item for starting a fire? (Matches.)
2. Small dry twigs, dry grass, birch bark for a fire, what is it? (Kindling.)
3. What is used when making a fire in deep snow, swamp, damp earth? (Flooring.)
4. Are smoke fires used for cooking? (No.)
5. Are fires used to signal? (No.)
6. Are flaming fires used to dry things? (No.)
7. What fire can you use to quickly boil water? (Hut.)
8. Portable fire storage? (Torch.)

11. Lesson summary.

When entering the forest, you must remember that making fires is not always permitted and not everywhere.

How to properly light a fire:

Bonfire: It’s hard to imagine any trip without it. First of all, they are necessary for a novice traveler. Sometimes even a person’s life depends on the ability to make a fire. First you need to know how to choose a place for a fire, how to prepare the site, how to prepare firewood and kindling, and, most importantly, how to light a fire in any weather conditions and at any time of the year

Selecting a location: Before making a fire, you need to choose a place for it (preferably sheltered from wind and rain by some natural shelter, for example, a rock). It is advisable that this place be close to water. The main condition is compliance with fire safety rules.

Do not light a fire under the canopy or between large exposed roots. You should also not make fires among dead coniferous wood and young growth, as well as in areas with dry grass or on scattered stones, between which a lot of hot forest debris accumulates.

Site preparation: Clear an area about a meter and a half in diameter from forest debris: grass, dry leaves. It’s even better to remove the top layer of turf, exposing the bud in an area larger than the fire itself will occupy, and, if possible, cover this area with stones. This is done in order to avoid accidental spread of fire to dry vegetation, leading to a forest fire. It is very dangerous to make a fire in close proximity to dry grass and in dry coniferous forest, where flames can spread quickly even with a slight breeze. A fire lit on peat soil easily ignites the layer of peat under the turf and it is very difficult to extinguish such a fire, since the flame can appear from under the ground only after a few days.
What if there is shallow snow on the ground? Clear the area down to the ground. Pack deep snow tightly, make a flooring from damp logs and branches.

Fuel: its correct selection is very important for the fire. Dry firewood from deciduous trees does not produce smoke, while damp or rotten wood produces little heat but produces a lot of smoke. Live birch wood is too wet. Small dry brushwood gives off a strong flame, completely burning out in a few minutes. Firewood from deciduous trees with heavy dense wood (oak)

Kindling : These are flammable materials used to quickly start a fire. For this, birch bark, dry wood chips, rotten wood from hollows, resinous pieces of coniferous tree bark and so-called “incendiary sticks”, which are made from resinous slivers of coniferous tree stumps, are used.

The kindling is folded in the form of a small pyramid, at the base of which a small hole is left, into which an incendiary stick lit from a rod is brought in.

After the pyramid flares up, thicker and thicker pieces of wood are placed on it - dry branches, dry dead wood. To keep the fire from going out strong wind or rain, it is kindled under some kind of shelter: an overhanging stone, a rock.

Wet firewood should be stacked around the fire to help it dry out faster.

Making fire: the matches must remain dry; for this purpose, the match head up to a quarter of the length is dipped in molten wax and packaged together with a piece of the “grater” in a sealed bag or pencil case. You can also make fire using a magnifying glass, glasses lenses and other pieces of glass. With the help of the sun, prepared moss, bird fluff, resinous bark, and crushed leaves are set on fire.

Due to the start of the fire season, we pay attention to fire safety measures.

In the forest it is unacceptable:

- use open fire;

- burn grass under trees, in forest clearings, clearings, as well as stubble in fields, in the forest;

- make fires in young coniferous forests, on peat bogs, cutting areas, in places with dry grass, under tree crowns, as well as in areas of damaged forest;

- use wads made of flammable or smoldering materials when hunting;

- leave oiled or soaked in flammable substances cleaning material;

- fill engine tanks with fuel, use faulty vehicles, smoke or use open fire near vehicles being refueled;

- leave bottles or glass shards behind, as they can act as incendiary lenses.

Those found guilty of violating these rules are subject to disciplinary

administrative or

criminal liability.

Rules of conduct in case of forest fire

Actions of the population in the forest fire zone:

- take a dip in the nearest body of water or cover yourself with wet clothes;

- to overcome the lack of oxygen, breathe through a wet handkerchief or dampened clothing, bend down to the ground;

- determine the direction of the wind and the spread of fire;

- Having chosen a route out of the forest to a safe place, go out only to the windward side and along the front of the fire;

- Having decided to put out a small fire, send for help to locality;

- in case of a small fire, fill the fire with water from the nearest body of water, sweep away the flames with a 1.5-2 m bunch of branches of deciduous trees, wet clothes, thick fabric;

- trample down a small fire on the ground, do not let it spread to the trees, do not leave until you are sure that the fire has been extinguished.

Emergency phone numbers: 01, 112 (cellular communications).

Fire prevention is the basis of our safety.

REMINDER

for making a fire

rules of behavior in case of forest fires.

Completed by: life safety teacher Koval A.P.

2012