Lesson topic: "Rare and endangered species of plants and animals of Mordovia." Conducted by: Korneeva T. M., biology teacher of the Shiringush secondary school. "Biogeocenosis of the forest. Flora and fauna of the forests of Mordovia" Animals of Mordovia presentation

secondary types and occupy 51% of the forest area in Mordovia. Birch forests appear, as a rule, on the spot pine forests, although sometimes primary birch forests are found in floodplains. In the forests of Mordovia, there are mainly three types of birch: warty, fluffy and drooping, but the name white birch has become stronger among the people because of the color of the bark. Aspen forests form derived types that have replaced spruce forests and oak forests. Aspen (trembling poplar), as a breed that is more demanding on soil and moisture, takes more fertile soil. One of characteristic features aspens are very mobile leaves that come into motion even from a weak breeze. This is due to the fact that the leaf blades are attached to the end of a long, thin petiole, which is flat, strongly flattened laterally. Thanks to this shape, the petiole bends especially easily to the right and to the left, which is why aspen leaf blades are so mobile, and one gets the impression of their trembling. Aspen lives a little, its trunk is already in early age often has rot inside, mature trees are almost all rotten in the middle. For this reason, they break easily from strong wind. Aspen is of little use for firewood, as it gives little heat; it is used mainly for matches and various crafts. Its wood is of little value, therefore the aspen is called the weed of the forests.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Hare Hares tend to stick to scrub or sparse forest, avoiding open spaces. They have no permanent home. They feed at night, at dusk and at dawn. In the summer they eat cereals, leguminous plants, sedge, larch needles. In winter - small branches and bark of trees and shrubs, as well as hay around haystacks. There is a saying - "cowardly as a hare." But the hare is not so much cowardly as cautious. This caution saves him from enemies.

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Fox main feature foxes - her fluffy tail. With it, she acts as a rudder during persecution. She hides with him, curled up during the rest in a ball. Foxes go hunting at any time of the day. Their main prey is small rodents. In summer, foxes eat insects, berries and fruits of plants. At any time of the year, the fox is a mouse: it looks for the holes of field and forest mice, breaks them and eats these harmful animals.

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Wolf Wolves lead a wandering life in winter, going out in search of prey at dusk and at night. During the day, they hide in thickets of bushes and along ravines. They hunt deer, elk, cows, partridges and black grouse, pursue hares, and when there is no live prey, they feed on carrion. Wolves do not hunt alone, but together. In search of prey, wolves roam open spaces, making transitions without rest up to 50 km. The wolf eats 2 kg of meat per day, hides the rest of the food in a secluded place in reserve.

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Bear Male brown bear weighs 500-750 kg. In appearance, he is clumsy, although in reality he is very mobile and dexterous: he can quickly run, jump, swim, climb trees. Comes out in search of food in the evening. Eats young shoots, roots, bulbs, mushrooms, berries, acorns, nuts. In the forest, it spreads ant heaps, eats eggs of chicks from nests on the ground, catches small rodents, frogs. Attacks large animals. By autumn, bears get fat and go into hibernation.

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Elk Elk is a forest giant with beautiful spatulate horns. The females are hornless. Quickly moving its ears in all directions, the moose quickly catches the rustles of the forest and goes into the thickets. In summer, moose feed on succulent marsh plants and rhizomes, foliage, and young shoots. They love Ivan tea and dandelions, but do not eat berries and mushrooms, do not touch cereals and potatoes. In winter, they switch to roughage - aspen and willow branches, bark, lichens and needles.

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Deer Deer live in broad-leaved forests, preferring oak plantations where they feed on acorns. In summer they eat various herbs, leaves of trees and shrubs. Deer become the prey of wolves, especially in spring, when they are weak and cannot run fast. Young non-ossified antlers - antlers of spotted deer are used for the preparation of a medicinal product.

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Wild boar The wild boar is a very common wild animal. The closest relative of the boar is the pig. The body length of a hardened boar can range from 130 centimeters to 170 centimeters. The height of the boar can be 1 meter. Body weight usually reaches sixty kilograms. Boars have a huge head, slightly extended forward, large and long ears, the eyes are quite small, the snout has a patch. The body is covered with coarse bristles in summer, becoming thicker and softer in winter, with a larger undercoat. The dependence of the distribution of wild boars in a particular territory depends on the presence on it a large number food.

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Badger Badger - a typical representative mixed forests. It is an omnivore that lives in burrows. It is larger than a fox but smaller than a wolf. Wide paws with long claws allow him to dig holes well. They spend most of their lives in a hole, falling into hibernation, and the rest of the day they hide in a hole, at night they hunt mouse-like rodents and harmful insects.

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Beaver The beaver is the largest rodent. Beavers are nocturnal animals closely associated with water bodies. They love quiet forest rivers with high banks and thickets of shrubs and trees. Willows, aspens, poplars, birches are their main food. Beavers eat the roots and stems of water lilies, various aquatic plants, and succulent grasses. The beaver swims well thanks to its tail. On land, the tail serves as a support for him when sitting, in the water - with an oar, with his tail the beaver compacts the clay, building his hut.

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Squirrel Squirrels have an elongated body with fluffy long tail, ears are long, color is dark brown with a white belly, sometimes gray (especially in winter). Found everywhere except Australia. The squirrel is a source of valuable fur. Squirrels store nuts for the winter. Some bury them in the ground, others hide them in hollow trees. The poor memory of some species of squirrels helps preserve forests, as they bury nuts in the ground and forget about them, and new trees grow from germinated seeds. Squirrels are omnivorous: in addition to nuts, seeds, fruits, mushrooms, and green vegetation, they also eat insects, eggs, and even small birds, mammals, and frogs.

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Hedgehog Hedgehog is a predatory nocturnal animal. Dwells in mixed forests. In search of food, it sometimes travels up to 3 km per night. It feeds on beetles, earthworms, newts, frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, mice, as well as berries, acorns, fallen ripe fruits of apple trees, pears and other trees. By winter, hedgehogs get fat and fall into deep hibernation, finding refuge in dense bushes, in the recesses of the soil, covered with fallen leaves. The hedgehog wakes up only with the cessation of frost. 15 slide

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Reserves of Mordovia Mordovia State Nature Reserve named after PG Smidovich is a reserve located in the Temnikovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia, on the right bank of the Moksha River, on the border of the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests and forest-steppe. The reserve was established on March 5, 1936. Named after statesman Pyotr Germogenovich Smidovich, who paid much attention to environmental protection issues. The reserve is located on the wooded right bank of the Moksha River, the left tributary of the Oka. The main tasks of the reserve were the preservation and restoration of the forest massif of the southern spur of the taiga zone, the preservation and enrichment of the animal world. national park Smolny. The Smolny Nature Park is located on the territory of the Ichalkovsky and Bolshe-Ignatovsky regions of the Republic of Mordovia. Created to save natural complex representing ecological systems typical for Mordovia.

PURPOSE OF THE LESSON: to continue to form students' knowledge of the biogeocenoses of Mordovia, to acquaint students with the biogeocenosis of the forest, its flora and fauna; foster a sense of respect for representatives of flora and fauna.

EQUIPMENT: tables, task cards, a poster with a statement about the forest, a movie.

EPIGRAPH OF THE LESSON: “The forest is not only a hostel woody plants, it is a community of a wider order: in it not only plants are adapted to each other, but also animals to plants and plants to animals.” G. F. Morozov.

LESSON PLAN:

1. Checking homework.
2. Flora of the forest.
3. Types of forests of Mordovia.
4. Wildlife of the forest, rare plants and animals of the forest.
5. Lesson results.
6. Homework.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Checking students' knowledge.

A) frontal survey.

• What is biogeocenosis?
• Who proposed the term "biogeocenosis"?
• How is biogeocenosis different from an ecosystem?
• What types of biogeocenoses exist on the territory of Mordovia?
• What are the components of biogeocenosis?
• What are producers, consumers, decomposers?
• What is a food chain?
• What groups are water plants divided into?
• What is a swamp and what types of swamps are found in our republic?
• What types of meadows are there in Mordovia?

C) Individual tasks: card work.

Card #1

Draw a diagram of a food chain characteristic of swamps. Its components are: frog, dragonfly, water detritus (organic matter), mosquito, snake. Indicate which components of this circuit can most often be included in other power circuits.

Answer: detritus - mosquito - dragonfly - frog - already. Most often, detritus and mosquitoes are included in other swamp chains.

Card #2

Knowing the ten percent rule, calculate how much grass is needed to grow one eagle weighing 5 kg (food chain: grass - hare - eagle) and build a biomass pyramid.

II. Formation of new knowledge.

In today's lesson, we will get acquainted with a new type of biogeocenosis that exists on the territory of our republic. And with what, you yourself tell me after I read R. Rozhdestvensky's poem:

Here, in the thickets of the forest,
Where everything is sweet for the heart,
Where clean air
So sweet to breathe
Available in herbs and flowers
healing power,
For everyone who can
unravel their secret.

So, the topic of today's lesson (declaration of the topic and purpose of the lesson).

Yes, guys, nature has created a magnificent country for us - the forest. The forest meets us with a sea of ​​sounds and smells, hundreds of mysteries and mysteries. You need to be able to walk through the forest in order not only to notice the beauty around, but also to penetrate its secrets. One who walks slowly, silently sees and hears a lot in the forest.

All plants of the forest community, and there are many of them, get along well without interfering with each other. This happens, firstly, because they occupy different tiers above the ground and in the soil. In different plant communities, the number of layers is different.

Think about why five or more tiers can be distinguished in a deciduous forest, but only two in a spruce forest. (demonstration of the presentation scheme)

Trees, shrubs, grasses make up, as it were, the "floors" of the forest - its tiers. The upper, first tier, is formed by tall trees - pedunculate oak, heart-shaped linden, warty birch, smooth elm. Of particular value is the oak - a powerful, strong, majestic tree. It lives from 400 to 1000 years, reaches a height of 40m. The roots of this tree are powerful, they penetrate deep into the ground, so the oak stands firmly on the ground.

The birch reaches a height of 20-30 m, it is very decorative due to the branched openwork crown and the white bark of the trunk. This is the only tree that has a white trunk (the birch bark cells contain a special substance - betulin). If you lean against a birch, white spots will appear on your clothes, like chalk.

In the second tier there are trees of the second size - mountain ash, bird cherry, goat willow, wild apple.

The third tier of the forest consists of shrubs that form an undergrowth - common hazel, forest honeysuckle, brittle buckthorn, European spindle tree.

The fourth tier of the forest consists of tall grasses - forest chistets, spreading forest, wrestlers.

The fifth tier of the forest is represented by lower grasses - common goutweed, hairy sedge, perennial sedge, etc.

The sixth tier - mosses, mushrooms, lichens.

The tiered arrangement of plants is associated with unequal illumination. The amount of light decreases from tier to tier. The trees of the first tier receive a lot of light and very little - mosses and lichens. Shrubs do not grow in a spruce forest - the branches of fir trees retain a lot of light, it is always gloomy in such a forest.

Roots from forest plants are also arranged in tiers. This allows you to absorb water, minerals from different layers of the earth.

Second fixture forest plants to cohabitation - development at different times. In the spring in the forest, one can observe the flowering of some plant species and only the very beginning of the development of others. At the end of summer, on the contrary, the first species are already unnoticed: their leaves and stems have dried up, the seeds have crumbled. And the second enter the time of lush flowering. Linden blossoms later than all the trees in our forests.

Light-loving plant - snowdrops. They develop in the spring due to the supply of nutrients and bloom when the leafless branches of trees and shrubs freely pass the sun's rays to them.

Trees whose crowns are located above all other plants of the forest are pollinated by winds. And most shrubs have adapted to pollination by insects, since there is almost no wind under the forest canopy. But there are exceptions - hazel. It blooms when tall trees are not yet covered with foliage and the wind freely carries pollen.

An adaptation to life under trees with a lack of light is the color of the petals of herbaceous plants. In a dark coniferous forest, the white color of the corollas predominates, which is clearly visible to pollinating insects. And a plant that blooms before the leaves of trees and shrubs bloom or grows in forest glades and edges have flowers with brightly colored petals.

Interspecies relations in any community depend on the availability of food and its consumers. Food connections are the basis of the biogenic cycle in the forest ecosystem. They unite individual species of animals and plants in a community, and the more diverse the species composition of an ecosystem, the more complex the food chain.

Complex food chains occur in other groups of animals. So insects serve as food for insectivorous birds, and birds of prey feed on them.

Animals cannot live without plants and ultimately exist at the expense of autotrophs. But the plants of the forest are also closely connected with animals, as the well-known arborist G.F. Morozov said: “The forest is not only a hostel of woody plants, it is a hostel of a broader order: it contains not only plants adapted to each other, but also animals to plants and plants to animals.” (Presentation demonstration)

III. Types of forests in Mordovia.

The forests of the republic are represented by the following main types (student presentations by types of forests):

Pine forests occupy 29.7% of the area of ​​all forests and are represented mainly by Scots pine. These are lichen pine forests, lingonberry-heather, bilberry-lingonberry, green moss pine forests, long mosses, sphagnum pine forests, the names of which are given by the dominance in the undergrowth and grass cover of the corresponding plant species. Soils pine forests poor in organic matter, due to the lack of massive leaf fall. Yes, and gradually falling needles do not create soil humus and even inhibit the germination of seeds of forest plants. Therefore, such forests are poorly represented by shrubs, and mosses and lichens are found among herbaceous plants. We also have complex (or mixed) pine forests, where oak, linden, birch grow in the tree layer, along with pine, and mountain ash, buckthorn, euonymus, hazel and others grow in the undergrowth. Due to the regular leaf fall of deciduous species, the soils here are rich in humus, therefore, such forests are rich in herbaceous vegetation (lily of the valley, lungwort, strawberry).

spruce forestsV the republic is not much, about 0.5%, and they are confined to the northwestern part (Temnikovsky, Tengushevsky districts). It is there that the southern border of the range of Norway spruce passes. spruce forests, like pine trees, are classified into groups according to their predominance in the undergrowth. Greatest economic importance have spruce forests-green moss, blueberry-lingonberry. We have compound spruce forests (oak and linden-oak forests), brook and lowland spruce forests.

Broad-leaved forests (oak forests) used to occupy vast territories in our republic, but now they are preserved in the form of small massifs on fertile soils in the central and eastern parts of the republic (about 17.5% of the forest area).

The main forest-forming species is the pedunculate oak, usually accompanied by Norway maple, small-leaved linden, common ash and other forest species.

Herbage is plentiful in such forests due to the very rich nutrients soil and is represented by May lily of the valley, lungwort, species of kupena, common goutweed. According to the dominance of species in the undergrowth, oak forests are distinguished maple-sedge-grass, maple-linden-swallow, maple-linden-forb and floodplain oak forests growing near rivers on floodplain loams with excessive moisture. Floodplain oak forests form mixed communities with alder, elm, in the grass cover there is dioica nettle, meadowsweet and others. Oak forests are the most valuable, species-rich forests of our republic, and it is a pity that their area continues to decrease, and the oak of seed origin is replaced by coppice with lower quality wood.

Birch and aspen forests (small-leaved) are derived or secondary types and occupy 51% of the forest area in Mordovia. Birch forests appear, as a rule, in the place of pine forests, although sometimes primary birch forests are found in floodplains. In our forests, there are mainly three types of birch: warty, fluffy and drooping, but the name white birch has become stronger among the people because of the color of the bark.

Aspen forests form derived types that have replaced spruce forests and oak forests. Aspen (trembling poplar), as a breed that is more demanding on soil and moisture, occupies more fertile soil. One of the characteristic features of the aspen is its very mobile leaves, which come into motion even from a weak breeze. This is due to the fact that the leaf blades are attached to the end of a long, thin petiole, which is flat, strongly flattened laterally. Thanks to this shape, the petiole bends especially easily to the right and to the left, which is why aspen leaf blades are so mobile, and one gets the impression of their trembling. Aspen does not live long, its trunk often has rot inside at an early age, almost all mature trees are rotten in the middle. For this reason, they break easily in strong winds. Aspen is of little use for firewood, as it gives little heat; it is used mainly for matches and various crafts. Its wood is of little value, therefore the aspen is called the weed of the forests.

IV. Fauna of the forests of Mordovia,

The fauna of the forests of Mordovia is diverse. Most of the species of insects recorded in our republic are found here, you can find many hymenoptera, butterflies, beetles. Some of the nicknames are listed in the Red Books - these are mnemosyne butterflies, swallowtail, many types of bumblebees.

The forest litter is also rich in species of invertebrates; a huge number of microorganisms develop here.

Among the amphibians in the forests live: moor and grass frog, spadefoot, green and gray toad, listed in the lists of rare and endangered species.

All six species of reptiles are found in the forests. On the outskirts there is a nimble lizard, along the edges - a viviparous lizard, in humid forests it is already ordinary, there are copperheads, brittle spindles.

The birds of the forests of Mordovia are also represented by a great variety. In the forest you can meet the small and motley woodpecker, nuthatch, wryneck, siskin, carduelis, hazel grouse, black grouse and many other birds. Some species are listed in the Red Books.

Mammals of forest biogeocenoses are divided into several ecological groups:

Wood-climbing. They spend most of their lives in trees, getting food there, arranging nests for reproduction and rest, and fleeing from squirrels and martens.

Mammals leading a semi-arboreal, semi-terrestrial lifestyle - forest dormouse, hazel.

Species leading a terrestrial lifestyle. These are elk, sika deer, roe deer, forest polecat, many species of mouse-like rodents.

Underground mammals are also found in the forest - various types of shrews, moles. Many species of forest animals are of commercial importance.

Conclusion: from all of the above, we can conclude that the fauna of Mordovia is diverse, but many of them have become rare and therefore are listed in the Red Book.

v. rare plants forests of Mordovia.

To keep the beauty native earth,
To save plants and flowers,
All endangered species
They are now listed in the Red Book.
There is sleep-grass and lungwort,
Beautiful water lily, adonis,
Lady's slipper and lily of the valley,
Spring is a wonderful herald-primrose.
The Red Book is a book of anxiety.
Know that all the plants in it are touchy.
You don't need to tear them, friends! Protect them always!

(demonstration of the presentation of rare plants with teacher's comments)

Lily Saranka. It grows in small groups in sparse upland oak forests, broad-leaved forests and birch groves, preferring soils rich in humus. Blooms in late June - July. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Iris is leafless. Grows in light forests, preferring chernozems or dark gray soils. Blooms in May - June. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Love is green-flowered. Grows in moderately humid, broad-leaved, small-leaved, mixed forests, upland oak forests. Seeds germinate only in the presence of fungi within 2-4 years; seedlings lead an underground lifestyle. For 3-5 years, the first leaves appear, and the plant blooms for 9-11 years, usually in June - July. The plant lives on average 20-27 years, propagating mainly by seeds. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Anemone forest. Grows on rich black soil and dark gray soils, along the edges of steppe upland oak forests. Blooms in May - June. Plants grown from seeds bloom in 5-8 years. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Pulsatilla opened Perennial. Grows in dry sparse pine forests on poor sandy soils and steppe chernozem slopes. Blooms in April - May. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Spring Adonis. Light-loving plant growing on steppe slopes, thickets of shrubs and edges of steppe oak forests. Blooms in late April - early May. Flowering and fruiting occurs when reaching 15-20 years of age. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

The lady's slipper is real. It grows in coniferous and mixed forests, on the outskirts of swamps, as well as in mountain oak forests and birch forests. It blooms at 15-21 years of age, in late May - early June. The most numerous populations are in Simkinsky nature park Bolynberezniki district. Listed in the international Red Book.

Lady's slipper speckled. Grows in coniferous and mixed forests, slopes of forested ravines and river valleys on moist soils. Blooms in late May - early June. It was first discovered in the 80s of the XX century in the vicinity of the biological station of the Mordovian University in the Bolshebereznikovsky district.

Russian hazel grouse. Bulbous ephemeroid. Grows in sparse broad-leaved forests, forest clearings, forest edges, in well-warmed places with relatively abundant moisture and rich soil. Blossoms for 4 years of life in the second half of May. It occurs in the Lyambirsky district and in the vicinity of the city of Saransk.

Siberian scilla. Grows in deciduous forests. Ephemeroid. Blooms at the end of April. A significant population is located in the vicinity of the village of Samaevka, Kovylkinsky district.

VI. Rare animals of the forests of Mordovia.

Take care of these waters, these lands,
Even a small bylinochku loving.
Take care of all the animals inside nature,
Kill only the beasts within you.

(Demonstration of the presentation of rare animals with teacher's comments)

• Swallowtail (insect class)
• Mnemosyne (insect class)
• Grass frog (class amphibians)
• Copperhead ordinary (class reptiles)
• Black stork (bird class)
• Golden eagle (bird class)
• Owl (bird class)
• Small Vespers (mammals class)
• Red deer (mammalian class)
• European bison (mammalian class)

VII. Lesson results.

So, guys, in today's lesson we got acquainted with the biogeocenosis of the forest, its flora and fauna. We learned that many plants and animals have become rare through the fault of man and therefore are listed in the red books.

Everything in our polysyllabic measure is interconnected, nature is fragile and vulnerable, and the consequences of a rude and thoughtless attitude towards the animal and plant world can be catastrophic. But we only have one planet. One for all earthlings. And there won't be another. (last slide of the presentation)

If we are destined to breathe the same air,
Let's all unite forever.
Let's save our souls
Then we on earth will save ourselves!

N. Starshinov.

VIII. Homework. Paragraph 18.

Commercial fishing in the reservoirs of the republic, with the exception of pond farms, is not carried out. None of the potentially commercially valuable species in natural water bodies of the Republic of Mordovia has a normal abundance.

Biological resources of the land of the republic

Flora. Plants.

The flora of the Republic is rich and varied. It is currently an alternation forest areas with arable land and small areas of steppe meadows or meadow steppes. Forests occupy an area of ​​744.3 thousand hectares, which is 27% of the territory of the republic.

The western part of Mordovia is located in the zone of coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests; shrub and meadow steppes predominate in the central and eastern regions. The flora includes more than 1230 species of vascular plants from 495 genera and 109 families. Of these, 4 species of club mosses, 8 - horsetails, 18 - ferns, 3 - gymnosperms, the rest - flowering plants. Dominated herbaceous plants, the number of species of trees and shrubs is small. The main forest-forming species are: pine, spruce, larch, pedunculate oak, ash, sycamore maple, elm, warty and downy birch, alder, small-leaved linden, black poplar.

Types of forests in Mordovia.

The forests of the republic are represented by the following main types (student presentations by types of forests):

Pine forests occupy 29.7% of the area of ​​all forests and are represented mainly by Scotch pine. These are lichen pine forests, lingonberry-heather, bilberry-lingonberry, green moss pine forests, long mosses, sphagnum pine forests, the names of which are given by the dominance in the undergrowth and grass cover of the corresponding plant species. The soils of pine forests are poor in organic matter, due to the lack of massive leaf fall. Yes, and gradually falling needles do not create soil humus and even inhibit the germination of seeds of forest plants. Therefore, such forests are poorly represented by shrubs, and mosses and lichens are found among herbaceous plants. We also have complex (or mixed) pine forests, where oak, linden, birch grow in the tree layer, along with pine, and mountain ash, buckthorn, euonymus, hazel and others grow in the undergrowth. Due to the regular leaf fall of deciduous species, the soils here are rich in humus, therefore, such forests are rich in herbaceous vegetation (lily of the valley, lungwort, strawberry).

There are few spruce forests in the republic, about 0.5%, and they are confined to the northwestern part (Temnikovsky, Tengushevsky districts). It is there that the southern border of the range of Norway spruce passes. Spruce forests, like pine forests, are classified into groups according to their predominance in the undergrowth. The greatest economic importance are spruce forests-green mosses, bilberry-lingonberry. We have compound spruce forests (oak and linden-oak forests), brook and lowland spruce forests.

Broad-leaved forests (oak forests) used to occupy vast territories in our republic, but now they are preserved in the form of small massifs on fertile soils in the central and eastern parts of the republic (about 17.5% of the forest area).

The main forest-forming species is the pedunculate oak, usually accompanied by Norway maple, small-leaved linden, common ash and other forest species.

Herbage is plentiful in such forests due to the very nutrient-rich soil and is represented by May lily of the valley, lungwort, species of kupena, common gout. According to the dominance of species in the undergrowth, oak forests are distinguished maple-sedge-grass, maple-linden-swallow, maple-linden-forb and floodplain oak forests growing near rivers on floodplain loams with excessive moisture. Floodplain oak forests form mixed communities with alder, elm, in the grass cover there is dioica nettle, meadowsweet and others. Oak forests are the most valuable, species-rich forests of our republic, and it is a pity that their area continues to decrease, and the oak of seed origin is replaced by coppice with lower quality wood.

Birch and aspen forests (small-leaved) are derived or secondary types and occupy 51% of the forest area in Mordovia. Birch forests appear, as a rule, in the place of pine forests, although sometimes primary birch forests are found in floodplains. In our forests, there are mainly three types of birch: warty, fluffy and drooping, but the name white birch has become stronger among the people because of the color of the bark.

Aspen forests form derived types that have replaced spruce forests and oak forests. Aspen (trembling poplar), as a breed that is more demanding on soil and moisture, occupies more fertile soil. One of the characteristic features of the aspen is its very mobile leaves, which come into motion even from a weak breeze. This is due to the fact that the leaf blades are attached to the end of a long, thin petiole, which is flat, strongly flattened laterally. Thanks to this shape, the petiole bends especially easily to the right and to the left, which is why aspen leaf blades are so mobile, and one gets the impression of their trembling. Aspen does not live long, its trunk often has rot inside at an early age, almost all mature trees are rotten in the middle. For this reason, they break easily in strong winds. Aspen is of little use for firewood, as it gives little heat; it is used mainly for matches and various crafts. Its wood is of little value, therefore the aspen is called the weed of the forests.

The following new species of vascular plants have been recorded in the flora of Mordovia - the three-spike club moss (Bolypebereznikovsky district), the shield-leaved coffee pot (Bolshebereznikovsky district), the indigenous sedge (Tengushevsky district), the steppe plantain (Dubensky, Bolshebereznikovsky districts). The flora of Mordovia thus includes 331 species of vascular plants from 532 genera and 113 families. Among them, there are 5 species of club mosses, 8 species of horsetails, 18 ferns, 3 gymnosperms, and the rest are 296 flowering or angiosperms.

Rare plants of forests of Mordovia.

Lily Saranka. It grows in small groups in sparse upland oak forests, broad-leaved forests and birch groves, preferring soils rich in humus. Blooms in late June - July. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Iris is leafless. Grows in light forests, preferring chernozems or dark gray soils. Blooms in May - June. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Love is green-flowered. Grows in moderately humid, broad-leaved, small-leaved, mixed forests, upland oak forests. Seeds germinate only in the presence of fungi within 2-4 years; seedlings lead an underground lifestyle. For 3-5 years, the first leaves appear, and the plant blooms for 9-11 years, usually in June - July. The plant lives on average 20-27 years, propagating mainly by seeds. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Anemone forest. It grows on rich chernozem and dark gray soils, along the edges of steppe upland oak forests. Blooms in May - June. Plants grown from seeds bloom in 5-8 years. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Pulsatilla opened Perennial. Grows in dry sparse pine forests on poor sandy soils and steppe chernozem slopes. Blooms in April - May. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Spring Adonis. Light-loving plant growing on steppe slopes, thickets of shrubs and edges of steppe oak forests. Blooms in late April - early May. Flowering and fruiting occurs when reaching 15-20 years of age. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

The lady's slipper is real. It grows in coniferous and mixed forests, on the outskirts of swamps, as well as in mountain oak forests and birch forests. It blooms at 15-21 years of age, in late May - early June. The most numerous populations are in the Simkinsky natural park of the Bolynebereznikovsky district. Listed in the international Red Book.

Lady's slipper speckled. Grows in coniferous and mixed forests, slopes of forested ravines and river valleys on moist soils. Blooms in late May - early June. It was first discovered in the 80s of the XX century in the vicinity of the biological station of the Mordovian University in the Bolshebereznikovsky district.

Russian hazel grouse. Bulbous ephemeroid. Grows in sparse broad-leaved forests, forest clearings, forest edges, in well-warmed places with relatively abundant moisture and rich soil. Blossoms for 4 years of life in the second half of May. It occurs in the Lyambirsky district and in the vicinity of the city of Saransk.

Siberian scilla. Grows in deciduous forests. Ephemeroid. Blooms at the end of April. A significant population is located in the vicinity of the village of Samaevka, Kovylkinsky district.

New localities of species included in the Red Book of Russia have been discovered: feather grass (Lyambirsky, Atyashevsky, Ruzakovsky, Dubensky, Oktyabrsky districts), venus slipper (Atyashevsky district), helmet-bearing orchid (Kovylkinsky district), leafless iris (Kovylkinsky district). New localities of many species rare in the territory of Mordovia, including those considered extinct from the flora, were discovered: the longest pondweed (previously observed only in 1926, in 2000 found in the Tengushevsky and Zubovo-Polyansky districts), alpine pondweed (Tengushevsky district), naiads (Kovylkinsky district), yellowing onion (Chamzinsky district), tiled swordfish ( Kovylkinsky, Oktyabrsky districts), high broomrape (Chamzinsky district), intermediate Corydalis (Ichalkovsky district), Lopar broomrape (Ichalkovsky district).

Works on the inventory of the flora of specially protected natural areas continued. For example, the flora of the Atyashevsky reserve has been studied. 271 species of vascular plants from 184 genera and 56 families have been identified on its territory. Including 5 species of horsetail, 2 species of fern, 2 species of gymnosperms, the remaining 264 species are angiosperms. The leading position in the flora of the reserve is occupied by the Asteraceae, cereals, Rosaceae, legumes, cruciferous families. Herbaceous plants dominate (87.2%), woody plants account for 12.2%. 19 species are classified as rare and endangered plants in the flora of the Atyashevsky reserve: saranka lily, Kaufman, bitter gentian, Fuchs bell peach-leaved palmate root and others. Much attention is paid to identifying the remaining steppe areas. In order to get them out of economic use and privatization processes, some of these, based on a thorough study of their flora and vegetation, are recommended for protection in the status of reserves and natural monuments.

The study of adventitious flora (plants that are alien to the flora of the Republic and penetrated into the territory as a result of economic activity). The main source of introduction of adventive species is unintentional introduction (229 species), mainly with railway transport (60% of the total number of alien species found along railways). Despite the fact that resistant and non-naturalizing species (241 species) predominate in the structure of adventitious flora, the number of species that occur regularly in intact areas is growing. natural communities(25 species). Some of them appeared in the natural environment as a result of ill-conceived introduction and can serve as a source of biological pollution, for example, cocklebur cyclaena, Sosnowsky's hogweed, and field trap. Many of the advents are dangerous allergens and quarantine weeds, such as species of the genus Ambrosia.

Fauna. Animals

Due to the fact that the republic is located on the border of the forest zone and the forest-steppe, the fauna has a number of features.

The first feature is the richness of species. In Mordovia, 268 species of birds are registered, of which 70 species are classified as rare and endangered, and 10 species are included in the Red Books. In addition, 74 species of mammals, of which 35 are rare to some extent, 3 species are included in the Red Books, of animals 2 species of cyclostomes, 7 species of reptiles, 10 species of amphibians and 40 species of fish.

The second feature of the fauna of the republic is the diversity of life forms.

Here they are found as purely steppe species - an ordinary mole rat, big jerboa, spotted ground squirrel, steppe pied, and marten, capercaillie, hazel grouse and others. Many terrestrial animals associated with water: muskrat, muskrat, beaver.

The numerous combination of landscape conditions has led to the fact that various faunal complexes are adjacent to each other, the jerboa often lives next to the squirrel, etc.

Also, a feature of the fauna of Mordovia is the passage of the territory of the boundaries of the ranges of many species of terrestrial vertebrates. For example: mole rat, Vespers small and others.

In Mordovia, 63 species of mammals (of which 35 are rare), 267 species of birds (70 rare), and 44 species of fish live in the waters of the republic. The world of insects is very rich (more than 1000 species), but the diversity of reptiles and amphibians is small. The animal world consists of representatives of the forest fauna (elk, wild boar, lynx, marten, hare, capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodpeckers, thrushes, tits) and, in lesser degree, steppe fauna (speckled ground squirrel, steppe lemming, common mole rat, large jerboa).

On the territory of Mordovia, 25 species of regular migrants, 24 species of irregular migrants, and 35 species of migrants have been recorded. According to the observations of biologists, 39 species should be classified as rarely nesting: the greater spotted eagle, the greater bittern, reed harrier, saker falcon, red-footed falcon and others. About 20 bird species are classified as possibly nesting on the territory of Mordovia.

The list of animals of Mordovia, listed in the "Red Book" of Russia, consists of 32 species: desman, marmoset, European, bison, black-throated diver, black stork, osprey, golden eagle, short-toed eagle, peregrine falcon (falcon), imperial eagle, red-throated goose, white-eyed pochard, steppe harrier, white-tailed eagle, greater spotted eagle, saker falcon, steppe naya kestrel, white partridge, curlew, stilt, oystercatcher, little tern, steppe tirkushka, little tern, eagle owl, gray shrike, aquatic warbler, blue tit, common sculpin.

Of the reptiles, 4 species are considered practically lost for the nature of Mordovia: brittle godwit, common copperhead, steppe viper, viviparous lizard.

The total area of ​​hunting grounds of the republic is 2482 thousand ha, including: agricultural land - 1707 thousand ha, forest land - 719 thousand ha, water areas - 21 thousand ha. Moose, wild boars, black grouse, capercaillie, geese, ducks and other species live on the grounds.

Rare animals of the forests of Mordovia.

Swallowtail (insect class)

Mnemosyne (insect class)

Grass frog (class amphibians)

Copperhead ordinary (class reptiles)

Black stork (bird class)

Golden eagle (bird class)

Owl (bird class)

Small Vespers (mammals class)

Red deer (mammalian class)

European bison (mammalian class)

Water biological resources of the republic

The main fishery reservoirs of the Republic are the rivers Sura, Moksha, Alatyr and their largest tributaries.

Commercial fishing in the reservoirs of the republic, with the exception of pond farms, is not carried out. None of the potentially commercially valuable species in natural water bodies of the Republic of Mordovia has a normal abundance.

The Sura is a large right tributary of the Volga. For five seasons, representatives of 31 species were registered in the control fish catches. The quantitative representation of individual taxa is presented as follows:

Numerous, dominant species: bleak, top roach, golden crucian carp, silver crucian carp, common perch, rotan;

Common, occasionally numerous: pike, gudgeon, ide, barely minnow, loach, common char, loach, catfish, mustard, tench, burbot, ruffe;

The usual numerous: rudd, asp, bream, silver bream, sabrefish, carp (wild), chub, sterlet, pike perch;

Rare: white-eyed, podust, bersh, scavenger.

In general, the ichthyofauna of the middle Sura is at the stage of gradual restoration. First of all, 4 species moved from the group of rare and oppressed to ordinary ones - dace, chub, carp, sterlet. The number of numerous species doubled - 8, instead of episodically numerous almost tripled - 15 instead of 5.

Moksha belongs to more typical rivers than Sura. In its channel part there are more calm zones, overgrown backwaters with a semi- or entirely lacustrine hydro-regime. Winter freezes are not uncommon in the river. Therefore, the riverbed ichthyofauna has a mixed character - specialized (floodplain) species live next to purely rheophilic fish.

According to the diversity of fish, the basin of the river. The Moksha and the directly channel part of the river are inferior to the Sura - a direct tributary of the Volga, the economic list is represented by the following species: brook lamprey (cyclostomes), sterlet, pike, dace, chub, roach, asp, river minnow, rudd, quicksand, verkhovka, bleak, sabrefish, common gudgeon, bream, white-glazed, silver bream, common crucian carp, crucian carp, common bitterling, carp (carp), loach, char, common catfish, burbot, perch, ruff, pike perch, bersh, rotan, common sculpin.

The total species diversity of fish in the river. Moksha can be assessed as normal. The presence of environmentally sensitive representatives - sculpin, sterlet, chub, pike perch, dace, asp, minnow indicates a relatively low level of river pollution.

Recently, in Moksha in the area of ​​the city of Temnikov and below, a stable population of sterlet has formed.

17 species of fish have been recorded in the Insar river basin. In the Alatyr River, along with the species identified in the Insar River, there are bream and white bream.

In general, the Insaro-Alatyr ichthyofauna is depleted in apparent diversity with respect to the possibility of a taxonometric set of fish in rivers of this size and type. This is due to the fact that the Saransko-Ruzaevsky industrial hub is located on the Insar River, a reservoir of a relatively small flow rate, with a significant amount of wastewater discharged and a whole bunch of all kinds of pollution.

The given data in their totality allow to characterize general state ichthyofauna in the Republic as consistently improving. The most significant signs in this regard are:

an increase in the number of populations of rare and oppressed fish;

the transition of small species to the category of common ones, even in those water bodies where they for a long time absent;

decrease in the content of chemical pollutants of abiotic pollution in water bodies.

Two specially protected areas have been created on the territory of the republic natural areas federal significance(Mordovian State Reserve named after P. G. Smidovich and the National Park "Smolny"), there are also reserves and natural monuments of regional significance.

Posted Sun, 20/05/2018 - 13:57 by Cap

The Republic of Mordovia is located in the center of the Russian Plain between 42°11" and 46°45" E and 53°38" and 55°11" N on the southwestern periphery of the Volga basin in the interfluve of the Moksha and Sura. The maximum length from west to east is 298 km, from north to south - up to 140 km.

Most of the territory is located in the northwestern region of the layered-tier Volga Upland, which in the west of the republic passes into the layered Oka-Don lowland. This determines the general trend of decreasing activity of erosion-denudation processes from the southeast to the northwest (Yamashkin, 1998, 1999).

MAP and Geography of Mordovia

Botanical-geographical zoning

Based on many years of research, botanists of the Mordovian University carried out a botanical-geographical zoning of the Republic of Mordovia (Astradamov et al., 2002). In accordance with it, it is subdivided into 8 botanical and geographical regions (see fig.).

1. Boreal region with two sub-regions:

1 a. Moksha boreal subregion. The nature of the flora and vegetation is determined by the distribution of sandy Quaternary deposits. Pine and pine-broad-leaved forests with a greater or lesser proportion of spruce are widespread here. On the territory of the Mordovia Reserve there are small areas of pure spruce forests. Small-leaved forests - birch and aspen forests - predominate in clearings and on the site of fires. The area is characterized by the presence of many boreal species: common juniper, northern linnaea, phegopteris binding, white-backed protruding, broad-leaved sedge, two-seeded sedge, hedgehog sedge, kumanika, alpine pondweed, cereal pondweed, dull pondweed. It is this region that is characterized by the presence of small transitional and raised bogs with many taiga species, such as marsh cranberries, marsh scheuchzeria, swamp sedge, string-root sedge.

1 b. Alatyr boreal subregion. The flora and vegetation of this subarea resembles subarea 1a in many respects. However, it can be noted that the proportion of spruce is less in coniferous and mixed forests. It is likely that some kind of western gravity is absent here. For example, until the prostrate shield was found here. And only in this area is the northern orchid gammar marsh so far known.

2. The Primokshansky steppe region covers a vast region of chernozems in the left-bank part of Moksha. The steppes of the region are almost completely plowed up and occupied by agricultural land. Apparently, their species composition was quite typical for northern meadow steppes. The surviving areas with fragments of steppe vegetation are confined to the slopes of ravines and gullies, to river valleys. rich by species composition steppe tracts have been preserved near the village. Surgod, Torbeevsky district, near the village. Troitsk, Kovylkinsky district. Feather grass, hairy feather grass, rich herbs are marked on them. The region is characterized by the presence in the steppe groups of steppe sage, false veronica, in the south of changeable carnation.

3. The Rudnyansky steppe region adjoins the Pochinkovsky region of the Nizhny Novgorod region and is its continuation. On the territory of the Republic of Mordovia, it is completely plowed up, the steppe vegetation has been destroyed and is represented only by individual species.

4. The Insar oak forest region covers a vast array of gray forest soils, which in the past was occupied by continuous broad-leaved forests. At present, broad-leaved forests and aspen forests in their place have been preserved in small areas. This region is characterized by Beneken's rump, prickly sedge, tall wrestler, brittle vesicle, and plain maple is found in the south of the region. The southern edges and glades of these forests are considerably steppe.

5. The Saransk steppe region covers the territories adjacent to the river. Insar. It is characterized by a high degree of development, a large percentage of the territory is occupied by settlements, industrial and agricultural enterprises. Steppe associations are preserved along the slopes of gullies and ravines. Some steppe species are noted only in this floristic region: perennial flax, pale rank, Germanic elecampane, hairy breast, squat skullcap, creeping tar.

6. The Chamzinsky carbonate region covers most of eastern Mordovia. Based on the predominance of chernozem soils in this area, it can be assumed that steppe vegetation was widespread here in the past, and leached chernozems indicate that upland oak forests were also encountered earlier. In general, this area is difficult to distinguish from the previous one. But the Chamzinsky district is characterized, first of all, by the peculiar flora of the Alatyr swell, where carbonate outcrops are widespread. Therefore, the flora includes not only steppe, but also pronounced calciphilous species: kachim highest, protozoan onosma, plain carnation, cup beetroot, Austrian astragalus, coin-leaved sunflower, hard scabiosa, ball-headed onion. In the steppe areas, meadow sage is replaced by steppe sage; in oak forests, Arnelli's sedge grows instead of hairy sedge.

7. The Prisursky pine region occupies the ancient alluvial deposits of the Sura. This area is characterized by a variety of pine forests from lichen forests on dry sandy soils, to complex pine forests with an admixture of oak and linden on rich soils and long-moss pine forests and sphagnum pine forests in conditions high humidity. There are arrays of floodplain oak forests, there are small areas thin alder forests, floodplain meadows and thickets of shrubs. Many boreal species are present here (club-shaped, year-old, flattened, blueberry willow, wintergreens, large-flowered single-flowered, marsh boletus), but there is no spruce at all, single junipers are found. On the other hand, in the flora of steppe pine forests, in the meadows along the dry manes of the floodplain, there are steppe plants (sand carnation, open lumbago, sand cinquefoil, kachim panicled, Polesskaya fescue, cornflower blueberry, hornate spirea). Black poplar, or black poplar, is common on riverbanks, and spiked currant is often found.

8. The Bolsheignatovsky steppe region adjoins the Pyansko-Sursky region of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Upland vegetation has been destroyed, its place has been occupied by fields. Steppe groupings survived only along the slopes of gullies and ravines. They noted feather grass, hairy feather grass, spring adonis, leafless iris, low almond, small glandular gerbil.

MONUMENTS OF NATURE
Monuments of nature - natural objects, complexes or parts thereof, valuable in scientific, cultural, educational, aesthetic and health-improving respects. There are 100 natural monuments registered in the Republic of Moldova. Of these, 23 complex, 36 botanical, 30 water, 8 zoological, 3 geological. The total area of ​​natural monuments is 7,563.75 hectares (0.29% of the area of ​​Mordovia).
There are 4 complex natural monuments (87 hectares) in the Ardatovsky district, including peat bog(45.5), the tract "Shmelev pond" (20.8); 2 botanical (21); zoological (18) - forest area, nesting place for gray herons and cranes; water (4 hectares) - Lake Shirokoe - the place of growth of chilim (see Rogulnikovye).
In Bolshebereznikovsky - 4 complex (1,177 hectares), including the Simkinsky landscape reserve (1,000; see Simkinsky natural park for sustainable development); 2 botanical (50); water (43.7 ha) - Lake Inerka.
In Bolsheignatovsky - complex (106 hectares) - peat bog "Progonnoye"; water - spring "Memory". In Dubyonskoye - 2 complex (88 hectares), including the Svetloe peat bog (66); 2 botanical (36.5), including the tract "Od moda" (36); zoological (161) - a forest area, a nesting place for the common crane, the habitat of the curlew and muskrat; water (10 ha).
In Elnikovsky - 2 complex (240 hectares), including the Pichingushanskoye peat bog (212); water (28) - Lake Inorka; botanical (1); 2 zoological (over 0.67 ha) nesting sites rare species birds.
In Zubovo-Polyansky - 4 complex (271 hectares), including the tract "White Lakes" (150); zoological (200) - a forest area, a nesting place for the Common Crane; water (14) - Lake Imerka; 5 botanical (2.4); geological (2 hectares) - landslide "Koshel-gora". In Ichalkovsky - zoological (1,042 ha) - floodplain meadow, nesting place for the curlew; 2 botanical (375), including a plot pine forest(358); complex (22); 4 water (21 hectares) - Lake B. Inerka, Inorka, Oak-1 and Oak-2 - places of growth of chilim. In Kovylkinsky - 3 nerds. (817.4 ha), including pine forest (613); 2 water springs - springs "Chapel" and "Keredyeshi".
In Kochkurovsky - botanical (600 hectares) - a plot of pine forest; complex (15); 2 water (13.3 ha).
In Krasnoslobodsky - 7 botanical (1,058.5 ha), including Sivinskaya (450) and Krasnoslobodskaya (365) forest dachas; zoological (200) - the "Chistoe" tract, the nesting place of the largest gray heron colony in the republic; complex (55); water (4 ha). In Romodanovsky - 2 complex (6.4 hectares); water (3.4 ha).
In Ruzaevsky, there is a complex (20 ha) Levzhinsky landscape reserve, a typical forest-steppe site unique in terms of vegetation on the southern slope of the Levzha bank and the habitat of the northern population of the European mole rat.
In Temnikovsky - 4 botanical (585 hectares), including the tract "Sanaksarskaya dacha" (319) and Emashevskaya grove (266); 4 water (121.7), including lake Bolshoye Palkino (62); 2 geological (12); zoological (5 ha) - a swampy forest area where nesting of the Common Crane has been noted.
In Tengushevsky - 5 botanical (68.3 hectares), including an oak grove (50); 2 water (31 ha). In Torbeevsky - 4 water - 3 springs and a mirror pond (70 hectares). In the Chamzinsky district - 4 water (springs), botanical (0.01 ha) - long-lived oak.
In the city of Saransk - water (Bogoyavlensky spring).

Echoes of the ancient beliefs of the Mordovians are still active: people from all over the republic, and from other regions of Russia, go to the ancient oak tree, which still grows in the thicket of the Simkinsky Natural Park.
Many are sure that it was the oak that helped them give birth to a child, maintain health and become happy.
There are many places on earth to which properties are attributed that violate the laws of nature, or the intervention of divine forces. Mordovia is no exception. Far beyond the borders of the republic, an ancient oak is known in the Bolshebereznikovsky district, according to local residents, which has healing properties and heals from infertility.
This tree is over 600 years old. Popular rumor says that it helps to give birth to healthy children, maintain family happiness and performs various cherished desires. The oak grows in the Simkinsky Natural Park of Mordovia and has not only become a local landmark, but even officially received the status of a wildlife monument in Russia.
- I learned about this oak when I studied at the technical school. My sister and I made wishes there, and they came true! Now I continue to visit the oak tree every year and take my husband with me. I ask for health and happiness for my son. And who does not believe, let him go to the oak and check!
Valentina Alexandrovna, a resident of Saransk
At the time of Baptism, the Mordovians categorically refused to accept someone else's faith (although now it is considered the most Christianized people of the Volga region. - Ed.). To commit pagan rites they had to choose secret places. It was near this tree that the people turned to their gods, held prayers and magical rites made sacrifices. It is obvious that then the belief in the special properties of this place and the tree growing on it was born.
- My husband and I did not have children for a long time, although we were married for a long time. We started thinking about adopting a child from an orphanage, but a neighbor told me about this miraculous oak tree in Berezniki. Well, I secretly went there from my husband. I arrived early in the morning, I had to wander a little and look for him. I sat down by the oak and talked to him, to myself, of course. She tied a ribbon, touched the branches of the tree, looked into the hollow, said goodbye to him. About three weeks later I decided to Once again take a pregnancy test, and then I was surprised: two strips. I went straight to the doctor and he confirmed my pregnancy.

— middle river V Penza region, Mordovia and Ryazan region, left (Oka basin).
The length of the river is 222 km, the basin area is 6500 km².
Winding, mostly forest (although there are also meadow areas) river.
Average annual water consumption in upstream(near Avdalovo) - 7.5 m³ / s.
It originates in the forests of the Penza region, 17 km southeast of Vadinsk, near the villages of Kopovka and Krasnaya Polyana in the Vadinsky district.

A 700-meter dam has been installed in the area of ​​the southeastern part of Vadinsk. The volume of the reservoir formed by this dam is 21 million m³ of water. It flows in the Penza region through the settlements of Kopovka, Vadinsk, Bolshaya Luka, Sergo-Polivanovo, Lugovoe.

It flows through Mordovia in a swampy plain, surrounded by forests. Below the village of Shiringushi, it receives the left tributaries of the Udev, Marchas, Pichkyrias and the right tributaries of the Partsa, Yavas. The last 15 km flows through the territory of the Ryazan region, the urban type Kadom.

Tributaries (km from mouth]
22 km: Shvara stream
27 km: river Tast
39 km: Yavas River
46 km: Yuzga stream
55 km: Partsa river
73 km: Sankelyan stream
78 km: Pichkyrias river
83 km: Vadaksh river
86 km: Zhuravka river
93 km: Vyachka river
109 km: Lyasma river
114 km: Marchas river
126 km: river Udyov
144 km: Kita River
157 km: Latos river
173 km: unnamed river, near the village. Tenevo
174 km: unnamed river, near the village. Tenevo
185 km: Karenka river (Kerenka, Dalnyaya)
186 km: Tyuryev creek
204 km: Kotel river

Sivin is the main river of our area. Associated with her invisible threads life of every person living in the village. And the name of the village itself comes from the river of the same name.

The Sivin River originates in the Insar region of the Republic of Mordovia. It quietly and calmly carries its waters for many kilometers.
In winter it is covered in ice. And during the spring flood, it gains strength, overflows its banks and rushes uncontrollably, showing a violent temper. Numerous tributaries help her to get rid of the ice oppression: Ozhga, Vizlyayka, Gruznoleyka, Lisina, Avgurka, Skal, Vihlyayka, Serebryanka, Kivchey and others.
Do not recognize a calm, quiet river in a stormy spring stream. She enters into an argument with everything, floods the Quay Street. At this time, it is not possible to pass or drive through it. But spring passes, and the river again enters its course.

On the banks of the river, a riot of flora. Now she winds through the forest among the giant trees, then she carries her waters in the middle of the meadows. How many are here medicinal herbs! Scarce products, but in essence come in and take it! Here is tansy, and here is a series. How many healing tinctures are made from them. And here is the hop. It improves digestion, heals gastritis, treats inflammation of the kidneys, neuralgia, sciatica. There is also a sedative - valerian, medicinal bird cherry, alder. Gets along in wet places and wild rose - and beautiful, and useful. And the banks of viburnum are also rich. How many healthy delicacies are prepared from it in folk cuisine! Fragrant strawberries grow on the elevated banks, blackberries spread along the water.
There are many thickets of willow along the banks of the Sivini. It is known to be a honey plant, a source of tannins, and animal feed. Willows do not require maintenance. They replenish their reserves quickly. Algae grows in the Sivin River. Here we will meet both the yellow egg-pod and the beautiful white water lily.

There are a lot of fish in the river: ruff, burbot, pike, rudd, perch, roach, gudgeon and others. There are many shells at the bottom. Among the algae we see many frogs and waterfowl. There are also crayfish in the river. But this indicates that the water in it is quite clean. Muskrats, beavers, and minks are settled along the banks. There are many nests of swallows - shorebirds and waterfowl.

The water of the Sivin river is used very actively. On the banks of the river there is a Republican recreation area. Many factories in Saransk and Ruzaevka have their children's health camps here. It is a pity that the camp "Solnechny" from the Ministry of Agriculture, which specialized in diseases of vision, was liquidated. There are natural baths on the river. There is also healing blue clay.

Water is also used for watering wild and domestic animals, for watering vegetable gardens, and for fishing. Large stock found in Sivini area drinking water. It is planned to build a water intake from the Sivin River to the city of Saransk. The villagers hope that this will not affect the water level in the wells.

A ridge of limestone lies along the bottom of the river. In the 70s, this stone was developed for construction.

The river is rich in its history. Along the river, the remains of mammoths, stone tools were found, which are in the school museum of local lore and testify to parking ancient man whose life is inextricably linked with the river.

She was once a navigator. Barges with products from the Sivinsky iron foundry were dragged along it and ore was delivered for smelting these products. Yes, and the mechanisms of the plant themselves were driven by a water wheel. The mill also worked on water. A dam was built. The existence of this dam, which was built in the 19th century, is reminiscent of huge embankments and an oxbow lake. Some of the embankments were used in the construction of a modern bridge in 1989. Black bog oak was mined from the river, which was the most valuable raw material for the manufacture of furniture.
From the village of Sivin, the river moves on and flows into the Moksha River. The confluence of the rivers occurs in the meadows of the Staro-Goryashinsky branch of the Alliance cooperative in the Krasnoslobodsky district of the Republic of Mordovia.

Augura River

One of the left tributaries of the Sivin River is the Augur River. It flows from the northwest, emerging from forest springs. It flows through the Old - Augur Pond and carries its waters through the meadows. The current in the river is fast. The Augur has no tributaries. It is born from forest springs and is fed by melt and rain water. There is little water in the river, but it is very clean. Shrubs, alder, bird cherry grow along the banks of the river, there are thickets of blackberries. In the floodplain of the river there are many grasses that animals feed on. In the river live such fish as perch, pike, roach. The muskrat builds its huts along the banks. There are many insects and frogs in the river. In the spring, wild ducks fly to the river and nest.
A man catches fish in it, hunts ducks. In the village of Starye Avgury, a fish farm has been established on the river, where carp, silver carp, and grass carp are bred. The fish goes on sale both in the Krasnoslobodsky district and beyond. From the thickets of willow, people choose a vine for weaving baskets.
People keep the river clean. Along the river, people do not plow the soil, do not cut down trees. At the exit from the water intake of the Staro-Augursky fishery, a primitive treatment plant was built. It is thin, technically outdated, and only natural filters: sand and small pebbles help the river to remain crystal clear when it flows into the Sivin River.

Gruznoleyka river
The Gruznoleika River originates in the deepest ravine in the north-east of the village of Sivin from many forest icy springs that flow into it from the border with Nizhny Novgorod region. The ravine, along the bottom of which the river flows, is so deep that the water in it does not freeze even in winter. The current at Gruznoleyka is slow. She has no tributaries.
The gruznoleyka flows through the village from Nagornaya Street to Naberezhnaya Street and overflows widely in a place called Buchilo, after which it flows into the Sivin River.
The river is interesting because in summer the water in it is icy. It does not warm up in the forest ravine. But in winter it often spills, and even in severe frost, forming a nasluz, which reaches two meters thick. In spring, the river changes its course and floods the gardens of Nizhnyaya Bazarnaya Street and the lower part of Kooperativnaya Street.
Shrubs grow along the banks of the river. Many medicinal herbs: mother - and - stepmother, succession. Since the water is very cold, there are few living organisms in it.

So that the water does not wash away the banks, people plant trees. They say that the most delicious tea is obtained from the water taken in Gruznoleyka. That's why they would keep the river like the apple of an eye, but ... You can often see how people throw garbage into it, household waste. Schoolchildren take care of the river. Subbotniks are held to clean the banks of debris. The geography teacher and his students planted trees along the river. The channel was deepened so that during the flood the river would not carry away the fertile soil from the gardens.
We know from the history of the village that at the beginning of the 20th century the river was blocked by a dam. A water mill was built on the river, which today only a small pond on Sadovaya Street reminds of.

Vizlyayka River
One of the right tributaries of the Sivin river is the low-water river Vizlyayka. It flows from ravines that stretch from the northeast side of the extinct village of Krasnaya Zarya and flows near the village of Srednee Pole. There is little water in the river, but it strikes with crystal clearness. Born from the purest forest springs, it carries its waters along forest ravines, along which there is no settlements, to the village Srednee Pole. After a kilometer it merges with Sivigne. The Vizlyayka has no tributaries.

Thickets of viburnum and willow stretch along the river. Muskrat lives on the banks of the river, waterfowl settle. There are no fish in the river. Vizlyayka is used for water intake for agricultural purposes. Even in winter, people cut holes and take water for drinking, washing and watering livestock.

In the spring, the river is blocked with a dam to flood the meadows for hayfields, and in the summer the dam is removed. And let a man intervene in the life of this small river, but he takes care of it. The vegetation along the banks is not cut down, water from the sewers does not get into it, the fields next to it are not plowed up. And the river pays people for their care with the purest spring water.

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SOURCE OF MATERIALS AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads.
http://zapoved-mordovia.ru/
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Native land. Between Moksha and Tesha: History of the region and modern life. - Nizhny Novgorod: Publishing House "Litera", 1998. - S. 3-9.
Yamashkin A. A. Physical and geographical conditions and landscapes of Mordovia: Proc. allowance. Saransk: Publishing House in Mordov. unta, 1998. - 156 p.
Sights of Mordovia.

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