Why do birds need a beak research paper. Birds and their amazing beaks. Associations. Material with photos and crossword puzzles. MOU Stavrovskaya secondary school

Each bird has its own food and its own way of getting it. And for each method, its own “tool” is needed. They are the beak. The bird's beak is its mouth. True, sometimes the beak is called the nose, but this is not true. The nasal openings of birds are located at the base of the beak.

What shapes and sizes are not the beaks of birds!

Long and short, narrow and wide, straight and crooked, sharp and blunt, strong and weak.

Among the many factors external environment that birds have to deal with important role belongs to food. Food is one of the main factors in the evolutionary development of organisms. Depending on the living conditions, the type and nature of food, birds developed ways to obtain it. This especially affected the structure and size of the organs with which birds can catch prey, eat and digest it: teeth, beaks, pharynx, stomachs. A special role belongs to the beak. After all, it is the bird's beak that primarily captures food.

« Beak - a horn formation from two elongated closing jaws» - such a definition of the beak can be found in explanatory dictionary S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Shvedova.

Most birds obtain and eat food with their beaks. Only some predators first grab prey with their claws, and then they torment them with a sharp hooked beak.

The short strong beak of a chicken, a rooster is very good for picking up grains, insects, worms. The nightjar's beak is outwardly very small. And when it opens it - a huge mouth. This is because his jaws are elongated. Such a large mouth helps nightjars to catch prey on the fly and swallow it alive.

Many birds - herons, storks, cormorants, pelicans, flamingos can swallow quite large prey whole. Storks, for example, swallow fish, frogs, moles, lizards, and mice. On occasion, they can also swallow a chick of a small cake.

With a large and sharp beak, the heron quickly catches and pierces prey, defends itself well from enemies. Curving a long neck, she puts her beak up, with a bayonet. Not every predator dares to rush at her at this time - straightening her neck with lightning speed, she poke him with her beak so that she would discourage attack for a long time.

At the pelican, or woman-bird, to mandible huge beak is attached to a large leather bag. During the hunt, full pelicans place the caught fish in it - in reserve.

The woodcock, a forest sandpiper, with its beak not only captures and eats food, but also searches for it. Its beak is very long, longer than the entire head. With its beak, the woodcock examines every bump for prey. He “feels” with his beak where food lies in the ground. At the end of the beak, it has small tubercles covered with soft skin. Under them are the endings of very sensitive nerves. The woodcock bird catches the slightest shaking of the earth from worms and insect larvae with its beak. He sticks his beak into the ground and already knows where to turn it, where to grab the worm. The beaks of ducks and sandpipers are equipped with the same sensitive nerves.

The beaks of birds have undergone various modifications in the process of evolution. This is natural. Everything changes, and so do the beaks.

Proverbs about bird beaks

Every bird is fed with its beak.

A bird of prey is recognized by its beak, a person with a sharp mind is recognized by words.

Interesting about birds. Riddles of the structure of the beak of birds. Associations.

Birds and their amazing beaks. Material with photos and crossword puzzles.

Purpose: this material can be used in full for high school as part of the lesson, in part, with children of preschool, younger school age; will be useful for educators, teachers, educators additional education, for bird lovers.

Target: enriching knowledge about birds

Tasks:

Expand children's knowledge about birds

Develop observation, imagination, memory, associative thinking

Develop fine motor skills, eyeball ...

Cultivate interest in problem solving

Cultivate love and careful attitude to birds and to all living things.

Considering birds, we always pay attention not only to its size and color, but also to its beak. Each bird has a unique beak. Its structure depends on the environment in which the bird lives and what, and most importantly, how it eats.

At birds of prey usually hooked, sharp beaks capable of tearing prey.

In granivorous birds, beaks are short, strong, helping the bird to break and crush seeds and grains.

Insectivorous birds have sharp and rather thin beaks.

Birds living in the water are distinguished by flat beaks with plates and teeth.

And there are birds that have very unusual beaks. You can’t confuse birds with such beaks with anyone and you will immediately remember.

During a conversation with children about birds, you can offer to compare the beaks of birds with the objects they look like, as well as lead the children to particularly memorable associations.

Crossbill: the beak is similar to scissors with curved ends. The crossbill pulls out the seeds from the cones, lifting the scales with the ends of the cruciform beak.

Flamingo: the beak looks like a colander. The bird filters water through its beak in search of crustaceans, algae, mollusks, insect larvae.

Hoopoe: the beak resembles tweezers. With his beak, the hoopoe picks in the ground and after he finds insects, larvae, worms, he kneads them for a long time with his “tweezers” and only after that swallows them whole.

Woodpecker: the beak is similar to a jackhammer. The woodpecker hollows out the bark of trees in search of insects and their larvae, and also pecks at cones, “processing” nuts on stumps.

Bullfinch: the beak resembles pliers. It crushes the seeds, buds and berries of plants.

Parrot: beak like wire cutters. It chews nuts and seeds with its beak.

Hummingbird: beak like a straw for a cocktail. With its help, the bird sucks in the nectar of flowers.

Heron: the beak resembles a surgical clamp. The beak is sharp with a serrated edge, which helps the bird to snatch fish and amphibians from the water.

Nightjar: beak, like a big net. In flight, the bird opens its beak wide and catches insects with the help of bristles surrounding the beak.

Pelican: beak like a bucket. The pelican catches fish by scooping it up with its beak like a ladle.

Spoonbill: the beak resembles a strainer. The bird moves its beak from side to side under water in search of prey and captures small aquatic inhabitants.

Golden eagle: beak like secateurs. The golden eagle tears apart its prey, tearing off and swallowing small pieces.

Avocet: the beak looks like a sapper's probe. Avocet searches for invertebrates in the water, as well as insects, crustaceans, seeds aquatic plants. With its beak, it moves from side to side and feels the muddy places of small reservoirs.

Kingfisher: beak, like a pike, a spear. The bird looks out for small fish, insects, sometimes frogs, tadpoles from the air, then dives and more often not just catches, but pierces its prey with its beak, then removes it from its beak, throws it up, catches it with its beak and then eats it whole.

Dead end: the beak resembles a net with hooks. Surprisingly, the puffin can continue to catch fish without releasing the already caught fish from its beak. With his tongue, he directs the fish deep into the beak, as if stringing it on a skewer and catching it on the hook-thorns located on the upper part of the beak, and continues to hunt for the next fish.

Task number 1

For those who have been very attentive during the study of this material, it will not be difficult to solve the following puzzle.

To solve it, it is necessary to enter in the cells the names of birds whose beaks are similar to the depicted objects.

Then find the beginning of the puzzle (arrow) and, moving along the lines from letter to letter, read folk wisdom.

“Every bird is full with its beak” - this is how folk wisdom says.

Task number 2

Name the eight birds shown in the pictures and write their names in the boxes.

Then pay attention to the letters in the purple squares and write them separately in order. You will read the name of the ninth bird - one of the most mysterious creatures on the ground.

This is a shoebill or a royal heron. This bird eats fish, catches frogs, snakes and young turtles. Kitoglav has great patience. Without moving, with his head lowered into the water, he patiently waits for a fish to appear nearby.

Sometimes he walks very slowly and carefully in the thickets of reeds until future prey appears on the surface. Then he immediately spreads his wings and rushes forward, trying to catch the victim with his large beak with a sharp hook at the end. After a successful hunt, the bird first separates the prey from the plants, and then swallows the edible part.

Task number 3

You can invite children to dream up and draw pictures depicting objects that the beak of a shoebill looks like.

Baidakov Vladislav

The study will introduce what bird beaks are and why they are so different. It turns out that birds do not need beaks for beauty. They vary in shape, size and strength. it depends on what the birds eat, how they get food and on living conditions.

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MOU Stavrovskaya secondary school

Vladimir region, Sobinsky district

Individual research project

Why nature

gave the birds

different beaks?

Fulfilled

1st grade student

Baidakov Vladislav

2010

1. Designation of the problem.

I read the book by V. Bianki "Whose nose is better?" I really liked her. I decided to study this issue in more detail.

It turns out that the beaks of birds are completely different! It became very interesting to me what beaks the birds living in different countries, and why nature "gave" birds such amazing beaks.

Target:

1. Find out what beaks birds have.

2. Find out why birds have different beaks?

3. Preparation for the creation of the project.

I read articles about birds in the encyclopedia "Atlas of Animals" translated from French by V. Naydenov, articles by T. A. Shorygina "Birds: what are they?", complete encyclopedia"Animals" Shkolnik Yu.K. , examined a lot of pictures, photographs depicting birds.

Mom helped me find interesting information on the Internet.

4 Why did nature "give" birds different beaks?

Birds acquired beaks gradually - at first they were with teeth, and then they became toothless. At modern birds there are no teeth, but the beaks are very different in shape and size and adapted for their different uses. How are the beaks of various birds arranged?

1. Probably, you have watched more than once how a duck, having lowered its beak into the water, “clicks” loudly. Do not think that she is just having fun, no, she catches crustaceans floating in the water, insect larvae, takes out the seeds of aquatic plants. The inner edges of the duck's beak are equipped with rows of horny lamellar denticles. When the beak is closed, the teeth of the upper jaw fit into the gaps between the teeth of the lower jaw. The large fleshy tongue of a duck is covered at the edges with a cornea and is also dotted with teeth. Together with the teeth of the jaws, the fringed tongue, like a "whalebone", forms a frequent sieve. The duck tongue, like a piston, sucks water through a slightly ajar beak, then closes it and squeezes the water through a sieve, on which the smallest aquatic organisms- her food. Ducks also need their beak and tongue for touch. They help them to hunt "by touch" at dusk and at night.

2. In Asia, Africa, South America and Southern Europe, beautiful pale pink flamingo birds are found along the banks of shallow muddy saltwater reservoirs. Flamingos Long neck, long legs and wide webbed feet, with which it is very convenient to walk on viscous silt. The flamingo's beak is very interesting. Small, flat on top, it is bent down at an obtuse angle, as if broken. Between the jaws is a huge tongue, seated with long and thin papillae. Hunted

flamingos go like this: they will go into the water knee-deep, or even belly-deep and lower their heads deep under the water, and use their beak like a scoop - they rake in liquid silt. Then, slightly opening the beak, they filter the silt through the papillae of the tongue, which detain small aquatic animals - crustaceans, worms, mollusks. Notably, the flamingo chick hatches with a "normal", uncurved beak.

3. Otherwise, the beaks of birds - fish hunters are arranged. The inhabitants of Antarctica - penguins - are very skillful anglers. They swim and dive, raking the water with their wings, which serve as powerful flippers, and steer with their legs extended far back. Penguins catch fish by catching it in the water and grabbing it with a strong and sharp beak. To keep slippery and nimble prey they are helped by the tongue and palate, completely seated with hard horny processes.

4. The beak of puffins looks funny. It is short and thick at the base, just like a fire hatchet. The dead end, which has an unusual colored beak, was nicknamed the "clown" and the "sea parrot". Puffins nest on the Northern Islands Arctic Ocean. With their strong beaks, they dig long holes in the frozen ground, lay eggs in them and hatch chicks. Newborns are very voracious, and parents constantly carry small fish to them. The hunting grounds of puffins are usually far from the nest, and if the parents dragged one fish at a time, the chicks would have to starve. But dead ends are "tricks". Having caught a fish, they turn it across in their beak, pushing it to the corner of their mouth and pressing their tongue against the palate: now the bird can fish again. This bird is a diver, it grabs several fish with its beak at once and hurries to feed its children. Therefore, those returning from

Fishing puffin fish tails and heads protrude from the beak in all directions.

6. But the pelican's beak is flat on top and ends with a hook. The lower part consists of thin flexible bones, on which, like a frame, a leather bag is stretched. The pelican will open its beak - the bag is stretched, it turns out a real "net", with which he draws fish. It is necessary for the pelican to close its beak - and the fish is trapped. However, before swallowing it, the fisherman slightly opens his beak and, lowering it down, pours out the water.

7. Many birds have been fishing since summer. Having tracked down the prey, they rush down, half-folded wings, and, penetrating under the water, grab the fish with their strong beak, pointed and bent at the end. This is how gulls, frigates, petrels, albatrosses hunt.

8. Beaks various forms happen to waders. Our largest sandpiper, the curlew, has a long, thin, and downwardly curved beak. The curlew hunts in swamps or along the shores of muddy lakes, deeply launching its beak into damp soil. The end of its beak is so sensitive that the curlew, without seeing it, easily detects a swarming larva or a worm making its way underground. Having felt the prey, he pulls it to the surface and then swallows it.

Woodcock, snipe, great snipe and tiny harrier also probe the soil with their beak. Only their beaks are not curved, but straight.

9. It would seem, what special beak do granivorous birds need? Peck yourself and peck. Some birds do just that. Chickens, pigeons pick up grains on the ground and swallow

them entirely. It is clear that they manage with the most primitive beak. But for small grain eaters - a sparrow, a siskin, a goldfinch - a grain of wheat is already too big; before swallowing, it has to be crushed.

At the sparrow, the beak is dressed on top in a horn sheath with sharp cutting edges. The bottom of the beak is slightly smaller than the top, and when the beak closes, the cutting edges slide one over the other. In the middle of the palate there is a horny protrusion, and two depressions stretch along the sides. The tongue is covered with a cornea and is spoon-shaped. Having seized several grains, the sparrow uses its tongue to feed them to the cutting edges of the beak. Here the grain is crushed and only then swallowed.

10. The amazing beak of permanent residents winter forests spruce crossbill - very strong, thick, laterally compressed. The tip of the upper part of the beak is bent down with a hook, and the lower, stronger part of the beak is bent up, so we get a beak in the form of a cross. It allows you to quickly and easily peel from pine and fir cones seeds are the main food for crossbills.

11. A real chisel is a woodpecker's beak. He hammers dry wood so that chips fly around. Firmly clinging to the bark with its claws, the woodpecker rests on the trunk with a stiff tail and, throwing its head back to the full, strikes the tree with its beak. With such work, it is not difficult to get a concussion, so the woodpecker's cranial bones are stronger than those of other birds. Having made a hole, the woodpecker launches a sticky tongue into it and pulls out insects or larvae.

12. The beak of a hoopoe is not as strong as that of a woodpecker, and therefore it cannot peck. It is rather a pair of tweezers that allows you to pull various invertebrates from the soil or from a tree. For the same purposes, it uses its beak and rook.

13. The beaks of birds that feed on pollen and flower nectar are exceptionally diverse. Nectarivorous birds are usually armed with a long thin beak, curved in the shape of a flower; beaks that feed on pollen are coarser and shorter. The language is also different. In those sucking nectar, it is folded into one or two tubules; those who eat pollen have a tongue covered with bristles or spoon-shaped, and sometimes dissected into fringes and similar to a brush. The most interesting of the birds that feed on flowers are hummingbirds.

14.B tropical forests South America you can meet a beautiful, brightly colored bird - a toucan. The main attraction of the toucan is its beak. The bird itself is no larger than a goose, and its beak reaches a length of thirty centimeters and a width of more than ten. It would seem that with such a huge beak it is difficult to fly. Nothing happened, the toucan flutters like a lark. It turns out that his beak is very light - the upper stratum corneum is very thin, and inside it is porous, like foam.

The main purpose of the toucan's beak is to deal with large tropical fruits. In addition, it helps the toucan to scare off enemies - after all, not every predator dares to attack a bird with such a formidable-looking weapon.

15. Birds of prey have a powerful, short, strongly curved beak with a hook at the end. The upper part of the beak is wider than the lower one and has sharp cutting edges. Its main purpose is to tear apart prey; birds of prey finish off a wounded victim with it. These include eagles, falcons, vultures. But the most remarkable among them, of course, is the golden eagle. He is so big and strong that he can even handle a wolf.

5. Self-analysis of project activities

Having studied the material found, having considered various illustrations, I concluded:

1. Birds do not need beaks for beauty.

1. The beaks of birds are different in shape, size, strength.

1. It depends on what the bird eats, how it gets food, and on living conditions. First of all, birds use their beaks to obtain food for themselves and their chicks.

1. Birds also use their beaks as tools for building a nest, as musical instrument, for cleaning their feathers and even as a weapon.

RESEARCH

Birds And their beaks

Did the job:

Malysheva Tanya

Neshchiplenko Zhenya

Introduction 3

Chapter 1

1.1 External structure birds 4

Chapter 2

2.1 Variety of birds 5

2.2 Features of the structure of the beak 5-6

2.3 Beak shapes 6-8

Conclusion. 9

Bibliography. 10

Application.

Introduction

Birds are the first and most reliable helpers of man. Defenders of our forests, fields, orchards and orchards. We cannot do without birds, but birds also need our help. hungry and cold winter you need to feed the birds.

Object of study – species composition birds.

Subject of study - beaks.

Goal of the work – to expand and enrich knowledge about birds and their beaks.

Tasks:

Get to know the diversity of the world of birds;

Study the lifestyle of birds;

Learn how and what birds eat;

What are the shapes of the beaks.

Hypothesis - we assume that birds do not need beaks for beauty, they need them for getting food and are connected with the conditions of their life, therefore they are different.

CHAPTER 1

1.1 External structure of birds.

Wherever you go now, you will meet birds everywhere. And once upon a time there were no birds at all on Earth. Only snakes and lizards lived - there was an era of reptiles. One of the ancient lizards became the ancestor of the bird. The scales gradually turned into feathers, the front paws into wings. And the first bird flew into the air. This is how the class of birds appeared.

Birds- a class of vertebrates, their body is covered with feathers and the forelimbs are modified into flight organs - wings. Birds use their hind limbs to move around. Thus, birds, unlike all other terrestrial vertebrates, are bipedal animals. The behavior of birds is much more complicated. Birds choose a convenient place for a nest, find suitable material for its construction, build nests and incubate chicks, feed and protect them from enemies. The lifestyle of birds and their behavior depends on:

Climate (temperature);

Sveta;

food and conditions for obtaining it;

nesting conditions;

population density and competition.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Variety of birds.

Each species lives in a strictly defined area. They even fly over ice-covered poles. Since birds fly, and many also swim and dive, they can often be seen in the open seas. They hunt for marine animals, diving after them or snatching living creatures from the water on the fly.

All Europe is covered with forests. That is why most of the birds here are forest birds. The inhabitants of the forests are woodpeckers, tits, blackbirds, warblers and crossbills, and blackbirds, big tits and finches, moreover, inhabit our parks and gardens.There are no outlandish things in the bird kingdom!

CONCLUSION: Birds live where they have enough food and nesting space. In the garden with tall trees and lush grass, overgrown with shrubs, many convenient places for nests and a variety of insects, seeds and fruits.

2.2 Features of the structure of the beak.

Let us dwell on the most important features of the beak of birds.

The bird's nose, like most animals, helps to navigate the world of smells.

All animals use their noses to find food. It has been proven that sea birds, fulmars and petrels, can smell fish from three kilometers away. But albatrosses smell the bait (a piece of fat) as far as thirty kilometers away.

The bird's nose is not only a nose, but also a mouth. In birds, it performs the same function that lips and teeth perform. Conclusion: thus, each bird has a beak that best suits its lifestyle.

2.3 Shapes of beaks.

Birds were taken from different types. Birds eat both plant and animal food.

For example, birds of prey and scavengers who eat the meat of dead animals, he powerful, curved and sharp designed to tear prey to pieces (Annex 1). The hawk needs just such a beak. At herons and storks, beak - peak, long and thin, which allows you to get food from the bottom of reservoirs in shallow water, from under stones and in dense thickets of shrubs (Appendix 2).

At sandpiper the beak is also slightly different. He and an awl and tweezers. Runs its beak through fallen leaves into soft damp earth, grab a worm there and pull it out (Annex 3).

Beak hummingbird Very thin, that with its help they extract nectar from flowers (Appendix 4).

Small forest birds like a sparrow, a tit, a chaffinch, short and round- they need it in order to peck the seeds of plants (Appendix 5).

Forest doctor - woodpecker the beak is needed to hollow trees and extract harmful bugs and larvae from under the bark. He even hollows out a hollow for a nest with such a beak in a dry tree. Therefore, he needs a very strong beak, straight and sharp. He thick, short and straight, adapted for chiselling dry trees (Appendix 6).

Crossbill It has crisscrossing beak (Appendix 7). You can’t catch a fly with them, you can’t peck a grain from the ground. But after all, the crossbill doesn’t need this, it guts the bumps with its “pliers”.

Parrot - he has a beak - a third leg, formidable weapon. (Appendix 8) It can bite the wire with its beak and show signs of attention.

Rook - catches fish from the summer, immerses its beak in loose ground. (Appendix 9)

Flamingo is a beautiful bird, uses its beak like a scoop. (Appendix 10)

Thus, each bird has a beak that best suits its lifestyle. Its shape depends on the method of obtaining food, therefore, it allows you to judge the feeding habits of the bird (table 1)

Bird beak shape.

Table 1

form

bird species

application

Long

Stork, heron, toucan, hatchet.

Honey plant, hummingbird.

Pelican.

Thick - get food from the water, from under the rocks

Thin - extract nectar, pollen.

Sochkom - to fish

Average

Eagles, hawks.

Swifts, swallows.

Woodpeckers.

Curved break food.

Wide catch on the fly

Strong, straight, sharp - extract from under the bark

short

Tit, sparrow, chaffinch.

Crossbill.

Owls.

rounded - peck seeds.

criss-cross - gut the cones.

With a hook.

Beak shapes of various birds can be seen in application 10.

CONCLUSION: insectivorous birds have thin and sharp beaks,

in granivorous - thick and blunt. For birds - fishermen - with a net, for a woodpecker - with a chisel. The bird's beak "jack of all trades" - pinches, grabs, crushes, grabs, defends and attacks. Weaves nests, cleans feathers, turns eggs in the nest, feeds chicks and sings songs.

CONCLUSION

In our work, we tried to study the species composition of birds. Understand: why is the shape of the beak so diverse?

After examining the species composition, we came to the conclusion that the need to eat a certain kind food depends on the shape of the beak. The beak in birds performs the same function that the lips and teeth of mammals perform: with its help they grab and absorb food, dig in the ground, clean feathers, build nests, feed chicks and defend themselves.

The beak is long or short, bent up or down, spoon-shaped, serrated or with crossed jaws. (Appendix 11)

Its shape depends on the method of obtaining food characteristic of the species, therefore it allows us to judge the feeding habits of the bird.

Thus, each bird has a beak that best suits its lifestyle.

Therefore, only those birds that feed on grain fly to our dining room, bread crumbs and all that we can offer them. And these are tits, sparrows and bullfinches.

LITERATURE

1.Children's encyclopedia. Animal Kingdom. Moscow. Onyx 21st century. 2000.

2. Ilyichev V.D. Animal life. Volume six "Birds" M, ENLIGHTENMENT, 1986

3. Koshurnikova R, Yurmin G, Dmitrikh A. Pochemuchka M, PEDAGOGY 1990

4. Naumov D.V. Zoology Textbook for grades 6-7 M, ENLIGHTENMENT, 1985

5. Paul Bennet and Barbara Taylor. Living planet M, ROSMEN 2008

6. Sladkov N. Birds. Ornithology in pictures M, CHILDREN'S LITERATURE, 1984

Annex 1

Annex 2

Annex 3

Sandpiper

Appendix 4