Atlas determinant "From earth to sky". Trees and shrubs.  Types of trees, their description, photos, interesting facts The tallest tree is Hyperion

Sign No. 6: Dismemberment of the leaf (leaf blade). According to this feature, all plants included in the determinant are divided into 11 categories:

1 - Simple one-piece: sheet is called simple if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its dissection. Whole the sheet is called if the incisions do not exceed one quarter leaf blade:

2 - Simple triple-lobed: sheet is called simple vaned sheet. triple - the bladed sheet has three blades:

3 - Simple palmate-lobed: sheet is called simple if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its dissection. vaned the sheet is called if the depth of the notch more than a quarter and less than a half sheet. At palmately - bladed leaf lobes and cuts come out as if from one point and the number of leaf lobes more than three:

4 - Simple cirro-lobed: sheet is called simple if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its dissection. vaned the sheet is called if the depth of the notch more than a quarter and less than a half sheet. Peristo - bladed sheet has cuts located along the central axis of the sheet:

5 - Simple triple-divided: sheet is called simple if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its dissection. separate . triple - a split sheet has three parts:

6 - Simple pinnatipartite: sheet is called simple if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its dissection. separate sheet is called in case the incisions exceed half of the blade, but do not reach the midrib or base of the leaf. Peristo - a split sheet has cuts located along the central axis of the sheet:

7 - Simple triple-dissected: sheet is called simple if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its dissection. Dissected the leaf is called if the incisions reach to the midrib or base of the leaf. triple - a dissected leaf has three lobes:

8 - Complex ternary: difficult leaflets complex sheet . Tripartite leaf has three leaflets:

9 - Complex finger: difficult a leaf is called when it consists of several leaf blades, which are called leaflets complex sheet . Palmate A leaf has three to seven leaflets:

10 - Complex paired: difficult a leaf is called when it consists of several leaf blades, which are called leaflets complex sheet . Pinnate Parno pinnate is a leaf that does not have a terminal leaflet (in contrast to the unpaired, ending with one leaflet, see item 11 of this feature). Often in place of the final leaflet there is a spine or antennae:

11 - Compound pinnate: difficult a leaf is called when it consists of several leaf blades, which are called leaflets complex sheet . Pinnate The leaf has many leaflets located on an elongated petiole. unpaired pinnate is a leaf ending with one unpaired leaflet:

EcoGuide: Guide to Ecosystems
EcoGuide: Guide to Ecosystems

Computer atlas-determinant trees and shrubs in the middle zone of the European part of Russia
V autumn-winter period
(determinant for buds and shoots in a leafless state)

Determinant represents computer program, which "produces" a list of defining morphological features, characteristic of all objects of the given Atlas-determinant. In this determinant, 16 signs () are used as determinants.

To work with the determinant, the user needs to select features (in any order) and answer options (feature values) - referring to his object (naturally, he should be in front of the researcher). In this case, on the right side of the screen, a list of all species included in the Determinant database will always be visible. With each answer, the number of species in this list will decrease until it comes to two or three, or ideally one.

Textbook, or Handbook of Plant Morphology, contains information about the morphological structure of the objects included in the guide. With regard to this determinant, the reference book includes information about shoot morphology And kidney morphology(see for example the sample below),

Computer determinant woody plants Can purchase in our non-commercial online store.
There you can purchase colored laminated key tables: trees in summer and trees in winter, shrubs in summer and shrubs in winter, and similar graphic dichotomous determinants-walkers: trees in summer , shrubs in summer , trees in winter and shrubs in winter .

Application.

List of woody plant species included in the guide:
(views are given in alphabetical order)

Full descriptions and thumbnail images of all species included in this guide can be viewed/downloaded in sections Abstracts And Nature Ecosystem site.

Computer identification of woody plants Can purchase in our non-commercial online store.
There you can purchase colored laminated key tables: trees in summer and trees in winter, shrubs in summer and shrubs in winter, and similar graphic dichotomous determinants-walkers: trees in summer , shrubs in summer , trees in winter and shrubs in winter .

List of defining features and their meanings:

Perhaps no country in the world is as rich in forests as Russia. Legends are made about the trees of the forest, poems and songs are dedicated to them. Forest trees and shrubs are the "lungs" of our planet, thanks to the endless forest expanses, the air is saturated with oxygen, and harmful carbon dioxide impurities are actively absorbed from the atmosphere.

Below you will find out which trees are often found in the forests of central Russia, and you can see how they look in the photographs.

Trees growing in the forest: pine, spruce and larch

Such names of Russian trees as pine, spruce and are familiar even to preschoolers, they are one of the most common in our country.

forest tree Scotch pine (Pinus silvestris L.) distributed in the European part of Russia, in the Urals, in Siberia, as well as in other regions.

Pine reaches 20-40 meters in height. Trees have slender trunks covered with red-brown bark. The crown of young trees is cone-shaped, while that of old trees is wide and rounded.

In trees growing in the forest, the crown is highly raised, and in those growing on open places the crown is low.

In medicine, unopened spring buds of pine, needles, resin are used. They contain essential oil, resins, starch, tannins, vitamins. Pine oil has antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, general stimulating properties.

Norway spruce(Picea abies Karst) distributed almost throughout Russia. Forest breed.

Spruce reaches 30-35 m, there are trees 50 m high and up to 1 m in diameter. Spruce grows all its life, the maximum age of spruce is 300 years.

It is an evergreen forest conifer with a shallow root system.

Shade-tolerant, in a dense forest the crown is preserved in the upper part of the tree, and in trees growing in open places, the crown starts from the ground itself.

European larch(Larix decidua) common in Siberia and Far East Russia.

Larch grows up to 50 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter. Lives 300-400 years.

This kind forest trees has a cone-shaped crown. root system deep. Does not tolerate waterlogging.

The needles are annual, soft. Flattened, bright green, located on elongated shoots in a spiral, and on short ones - in bunches.

Cones are egg-shaped, 1.5-3.5 cm long, ripen in autumn in the year of flowering. Mature cones open either immediately, or - having overwintered - in early spring. Seeds are small, ovoid, with tightly attached wings. Fruiting begins at the age of about 15 years.

Larch wood is elastic, durable, resinous, very resistant to decay.

What trees grow in the forest: fir, cedar and juniper

The following photos and names of Russian trees, which are not inferior in importance to pine, spruce and larch, are fir, cedar and.

fir(abies) distributed in the European part of Russia, in Siberia, in the Caucasus.

Tree 40-50 m in height, trunk diameter about 1 m. Lives 500-700 years.

The crown is pyramidal. The bark is light gray, sometimes with a reddish tint.

The needles are flat, located in two rows, comb. The upper side is dark green, the lower side is with white stripes.

Fruits for 25-30 years.

Siberian cedar(Pinus sibirica) - evergreen tree 30-44 m in height, trunk diameter about 1.5 m. Lives up to 500 years.

The crown is multi-apex, dense.

The needles are dark green with a bluish bloom, 6-14 cm long, soft, triangular in section, growing in bunches, five needles in a bunch.

Mature cones are large, elongated, ovoid, first purple and then brown, 5-8 cm wide, up to 13 cm long.

Each cone of this forest tree species contains from 30 to 150 seeds - cedar "nuts".

Common juniper (Juniperus communis) found almost throughout Russia.

Evergreen coniferous multi-stemmed tree or shrub 2-6 m in height.

The crown is multi-apex, dense.

The needles are sharp-needled, located in whorls of three needles, which are pressed against the shoot and stick out to the sides.

"Fruits" of juniper, cones, green at first, in the second year blue-black with a bluish bloom and resinous pulp.

Cones are used in cooking as a seasoning and for the production of tinctures. Pine needles and cone berries are used for smoking fish and meat.

Trees in the forests of central Russia with photos and names: oak, birch and linden

Of course, everyone knows such names of trees in central Russia as oak, birch and linden.

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) reaches a height of 20-40 m. It can live up to 2000 years, but usually lives 300-400 years.

The name of such a tree in Russia as common birch (Betula pubescens), is strongly associated with our country. Birch grows throughout the European part of Russia, in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the mountains of the Caucasus, is one of the symbols of the state.

Reaches 25-30 m in height and up to 80 cm in diameter. The bark of young trees is brownish-brown, and from 8-10 years it turns white. Lives up to 120 years.

The root system of birch is highly developed, but does not penetrate deep into the soil.

Leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, 3.5-7 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide.

The tree is monoecious, but the catkins are dioecious. Fruiting catkins 2.5-3 cm long, on pubescent legs, seed scales 3-5 mm wide, ciliated along the edge.

Leaves and buds are used in folk medicine.

Linden heart-shaped, or small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) distributed in the European part of Russia, especially in the Urals.

20-38 m tall with a tent-shaped crown.

The bark is dark, furrowed on older trees.

The leaves are alternate, heart-shaped, long-petiolate, serrated, green above, bluish below.

The flowers are regular, bisexual, with a double five-parted perianth, up to 1-1.5 cm in diameter, yellowish-white, fragrant, collected in drooping corymbose inflorescences of 3-11 pieces. Blooms from early July 10-15 days.

The fruits of this tree of the forests of Russia are spherical, pubescent, thin-walled, one- or two-seeded nuts. The fruits ripen in August - September.

Linden blossom is used as a flavoring agent in perfumery, in the production of cognacs and liqueurs, and as a substitute for tea.

Honey plant. Linden honey has long been considered the best in terms of taste and healing qualities.

What trees are found in the forest: aspen, maple, elm and beech

The following photos and names of central Russia, which are not inferior to the rest in their significance, are aspen, maple and beech.

Common aspen, or trembling poplar (Populus tremula) widely distributed in temperate and cold regions of Europe and Asia.

Aspen has a columnar trunk, up to 35 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter.

Lives 80-90, rarely up to 150 years.

The bark of young trees is smooth, light green or greenish-gray, cracking and darkening with age.

The leaves are rounded or rhombic, 3-7 cm long, sharp or obtuse at the apex, with a rounded base, crenate margins, pinnate venation.

The fruit is a very small capsule.

Bees collect pollen from aspen flowers in April, and glue from blossoming buds, which is processed into propolis.

Aspen is credited with the ability to drive away evil spirits.

Norway maple, or sycamore maple (Acer platanoides) - deciduous tree height 12-28 m with a dense spherical crown.

The bark of young trees is smooth, gray-brown, darkens and cracks with age.

The leaves are simple, palm-shaped, opposite, with 5-7 serrated, coarsely serrated lobes, pointed at the ends of the lobes, glabrous, up to 18 cm in length.

Elm, or elm (Ulmus)- Predominantly deciduous plant. The height reaches 40 m with a trunk diameter of 2 m, some species grow as a shrub. The crown is wide-cylindrical with a rounded top to compact-spherical.

Life expectancy is 80-120 years, live up to 400 years.

European beech, or European beech (Fagus sylvatica)

Deciduous tree up to 30-50 m tall with a slender columnar trunk up to 1.5 m in diameter (centuries-old trees up to 3 m), ovoid or wide-cylindrical crown.

Lives 500 years, sometimes up to 950 years.

Leaves are elliptic, broadly pointed towards the base and towards the top, 4-10 cm long, 2.5-7 cm wide.

In autumn, the leaves are yellow, then brown, fall off at the end of October.

Nuts are used in food: in their raw form they in large numbers harmful, it is better to use them fried.

All about forest trees hornbeam and ash

What other trees grow in the forest in Russia? This section of the article describes hornbeam and ash.

Hornbeam ordinary, or European (Carpinus betulus)

Tree 7-12 m high, sometimes up to 25 m. Trunk up to 40 cm in diameter, ribbed. The crown is dense, cylindrical. The bark of young trees is silver-gray, deeply cracking with age.

The leaves are oval, pointed, up to 15 cm long, 5 cm wide, dark green above.

Made from hornbeam musical instruments, veneer, tool handles, parquet.

Poplar (Populus)

Genus of fast-growing trees of the willow family. Large trees with a height of 40-45 m and a trunk diameter of up to 1 meter.

The genus includes about 90 species.

Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)

Distributed in the European part of Russia.

A tree 20-30 m high and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. The crown is highly raised, openwork.

The bark is grey. The leaves are pinnate, consist of 7-15 leaflets. The leaves are lanceolate, bright green above and light green below. Flowers small, bisexual.

Honey plant.

Types of forest trees willow and alder

Speaking about what trees are found in the forest, of course, it is worth mentioning willow and alder.

Willow(Salix) represents a tree up to 15 m high or less tall shrub. There are about 170 species of willows.

Due to the ability to give adventitious roots, willows are easily propagated by cuttings.

Leaves alternate, petiolate.

The stem is branched, the branches are thin, twig-like, flexible, brittle, with matte or shiny bark.

The flowers are dioecious, small, collected in dense inflorescences. They bloom before the leaves open.

The fruit is a capsule that opens with two flaps.

Willow bark and twigs from some shrub willows are used to make basketry.

Alder measured, or sticky alder (Alnus glutinosa)- a tree up to 35 m high, with a trunk up to 90 cm in diameter. The crown is pyramidal.

Lives up to 80-100 years.

The root system is superficial.

The leaves are opposite, simple, rounded, 4-9 cm long, 6-7 cm wide.

blooms in early spring until the leaves appear. The fruit is a cone 2 cm long and 2-2.5 cm wide.

Forest shrubs wolfberry, heather, wild rosemary and hazel

Wolfberry ordinary, or wolf's bast(Daphne mezereum)- deciduous, slightly branched, 60-120 cm high, shrub growing in the form of a small tree.

The fruits are red oval drupes with spherical shiny seeds. Fruits in late July - August.

All parts of the plant, especially the fruits, contain poisonous juice.

heather (Calluna vulgaris) grows in the European part of Russia, Western and Eastern Siberia.

Evergreen, strongly branching shrub with small triangular leaves.

Honey plant. Heather honey is a good antiseptic.

wild rosemary (Ledum)- an evergreen shrub, about ten species grow on the territory of Russia.

The leaves and branches of wild rosemary emit a sharp intoxicating smell, cause dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes loss of consciousness.

Common hazel, or hazel(Corylus avellana)- deciduous, woody shrub, 2-7 m high. The crown is ovoid or flat-spherical. The bark of the trunks is smooth, light, brownish-gray.

The leaves are rounded, 6-12 cm long, 5-9 cm wide, usually narrowed at the apex.

Staminate catkins up to 5 cm long; covering scales densely pubescent, anthers glabrous, with tuft of hairs above.

The nut is almost spherical or somewhat elongated, 1.8 cm long, 1.3-1.5 cm in diameter.

Atlas of ornamental trees and shrubs

Konovalova T.Yu., Shevyreva N.A.

The choice of trees and shrubs offered to gardeners is so huge that it is not surprising to get confused. How reliable is this or that species or variety in our conditions? Does it require shelter for the winter? The answers to these and many other questions can be found in the book by Natalia Shevyreva and Tatiana Konovalova, research fellows at the Main botanical garden RAN.

The uniqueness of this atlas lies in the fact that you will draw from it information about both ornamental trees and shrubs already known to gardeners, and about the newest varieties. The color of the foliage (variegated, yellow, red, bluish or silver) and the originality of its shape will help you navigate the book.

Ten years ago, the authors wrote the book " decorative trees and shrubs." Her second edition, called "Atlas ...", has been heavily revised. The new version is distinguished by a large number of species and varieties. In addition, plants that did not pass the test for decorativeness and winter hardiness were excluded from the book.

Norway spruce and Scots pine are the best known conifers. Cedar pine grows in Siberia. People often call her Siberian cedar. Larch is different from others coniferous trees soft, falling needles for the winter. Fir - similar to spruce, but the needles of the fir are flat, with two rows of stripes below. When we hear the name "maple", we imagine a tree with large, beautifully carved leaves.

Norway spruce And Scotch pine- the most famous coniferous trees.

Cedar pine grows in Siberia. In the people it is often called the Siberian cedar.

Larch differs from other coniferous trees in soft needles falling for the winter.

Fir- it looks like a spruce, but the needles of a fir are flat, they have two rows of stripes from below.

When we hear the title maple", imagine a tree with large, beautifully carved leaves. However, there is Tatar maple with oval leaves with small protrusions, American maple, in which each leaf consists of 3 or 5 individual leaflets.

Dear readers!

All materials from the site can be downloaded absolutely free of charge. All materials are checked by antivirus and do not contain hidden scripts.

The materials in the archive are not watermarked!

The site is replenished with materials based on the free work of the authors. If you want to thank them for their work and support our project, you can transfer any amount that is not burdensome for you to the site account.
Thank you in advance!!!