15.06.2019

Caring for offspring in animals (aquatic). Plants, animals and their environment The more developed care is in an animal

The love of parents for their children knows no bounds, and this applies not only to people, but also to our smaller brothers. When children are born, we all become equal and try to give our children as much warmth and care as possible so that they do not need anything and are always full and satisfied with life.

One of the most best moms- domestic cat. Her maternal instinct makes itself felt a few days before the birth. All these days she is in search of an object for her care. After the birth of kittens, he will not move a single step away from them and will not allow anyone to approach them. Cats literally do not have a soul in their kittens, selflessly dissolving in caring for babies. The instinct of motherhood is phenomenally developed in domestic cats. At the same time, many cases are known when they fed, tenderly caring, and representatives of other families, doing this no less faithfully than taking care of their own children. People have noticed this for a long time. They began to use these animals in fur farms to feed newly born sables and foxes. A cat can take a cub of any animal under its care and leave it. And he will not be deprived of either love or care.
In one interesting study by German zoologists, an experiment was conducted on raising small chickens by a cat! The mother cat looked after them, licked them and put them to bed, hugging them to her to warm them with her warmth. When, during the experiment, a brood of chickens was attacked by a hawk, the cat, without a moment's hesitation, rushed to their defense and, even greatly inferior in "combat power" to a deadly predator, managed to save helpless babies from inevitable death!

Tigresses are not inferior in their care to cats. A mother tigress feeds her little tiger cubs with milk for up to six months, even though they are quite capable of eating meat after two months. From the second half of the first year of existence, the mother tigress begins to patiently teach the kids the tricks of hunting, without the knowledge of which the cubs would simply die in an independent life. It is interesting that the whole process of feeding and training lies entirely with the tigress - the father-tiger practically does not take part in this.

If a lioness becomes pregnant, then, shortly before giving birth, she leaves the pride, finds a shady, inconspicuous place, and offspring are born there - on average, three cubs. For the first time, their mother takes care of them, and after returning to the pride, all lionesses are equally affectionate with the cubs and do not distinguish between their own and others.
Newborn lion cubs weigh only 1-2 kg. On the 11th day they open their eyes, and on the 15th day they begin to walk. For the first two months of life, they eat only milk, but at this age they return to the pride with their mother and, in addition to milk, gradually get used to meat. At the age of 7 months (up to 10) they switch completely to eating meat. Soon they begin to accompany adult lions during the hunt, and from 11 months old they can already kill prey on their own. However, independent life is still far away: a lion cub usually does not leave a pride until the age of two or even four. Young females generally remain in the pride. The lion, as the head, remains in the territory subject to it and protects it and its cubs from the encroachments of hyenas and other lions. At the same time, the lioness, being the breadwinner of the entire pride, spends her time hunting. The upbringing of offspring from lions is completely the responsibility of the lioness. When the cubs grow up, she takes them with her, preparing them for independent life in a world full of dangers.

Elephant mothers show no less concern for their babies. Elephant bears a cub for 22 months, and then takes care of him very much for a long time. All newborn baby elephants are blind, overgrown with hair and poorly standing on their feet. They are constantly in need of help. A young mother is always helped by an "aunt" - an experienced elephant from the herd. She teaches an inexperienced mother everything related to caring for a baby. The same “aunt”, like a midwife, was next to the elephant during childbirth and assisted her. Stronger elephants have excessive curiosity and playfulness. Having played too much, they can run away and get lost. Supervision of them is a real punishment for a young mother. Therefore, not only the “aunts”, but all the female elephants of the herd feel responsible for the young. This allows you to surround the elephants with round-the-clock care.

Orangutans can get pregnant only once in 8 years, so children are very long-awaited and loved for them. The females will take care of their lives as well as their own. Female large monkeys (orangutans, gorillas, macaques and baboons) show touching care for newborns. The cub is under vigilant maternal control for a very long time. They constantly caress him, look lovingly into his eyes. The females begin to acquaint the grown-up and strengthened baby with the pack. This is very similar to human behavior. Orangutans and gorillas are very patient and never punish their cubs. They have been raising their cubs for about 10 years: they are taught to get food, distinguish edible grass from poisonous, build a nest, and beware of rain.

Bears are caring mothers, they spend several years raising their cubs. Bears are in third place after humans and primates in terms of care for their cubs. A female bear gives birth to 2-3 tiny cubs weighing about 0.5 kg each. They are blind, naked, helpless and in need of maternal care. The bear keeps the cubs warm on her belly among the wool, warming her with her hot breath. She feeds the cubs with thick milk, which she produces from the fat reserves accumulated since the summer. With the onset of heat, the grown-up cubs leave the den together with the she-bear and, under her supervision, bask in the sun and feed on what can be found in the forest at this time.
Bear cubs, who are one year old, are called pestuns. They share maternal care for little cubs. After 3-4 years, the cuddlers grow up, the kids become cuddlers themselves. The bear father does not participate in the upbringing of offspring. In the taiga, where there is an abundance of food for bears, they do not show aggression. But this cannot be said about a she-bear with a brood. It is better not to come across such an individual in the field of view at all. If a mother decides that you are a danger to her offspring, even an armed man will not be able to oppose her.

Living in very harsh conditions, polar bears, however, show a model of caring and caring for their babies. Mother bear, preparing for childbirth, is actively gaining weight, which almost doubles by the time the offspring appears! And all this only in order not to die of exhaustion after the appearance of little cubs - after all, they need not only to give birth, but also to feed them! And this is not a matter of one day.
Before giving birth, the she-bear arranges for herself a cozy lair in the snow, where she falls into half-asleep - some kind of hibernation among her mainland counterparts. In this state, childbirth occurs. Having been born, polar bear cubs are completely helpless and need round-the-clock care of their mother. This is where the added weight comes in handy. A mother bear carefully feeds her cubs for eight months, and only after that she takes them out of the den to take them to the water and teach them how to fish.
Over the next few years, the mother bear takes care of her cubs, teaching them all the tricks of life in harsh Arctic conditions, showing an example of motherly love and care for her offspring.

The beaver mother is very kind to the little ones, but at the same time she does not forget to teach them life with all rigor. To accustom them to water, the first time she has to push the resting beaver cubs into the underwater corridor by force. But this is only for their benefit, a caring female will never harm her offspring. Up to two months, the beaver, one might say, does not leave the little critters, feeds them with milk, cleans their “fur coat”. After the babies are a month and a half old, they are gradually weaned and accustomed to regular food. First, they are given soft leaves and water lilies, in addition, they are also fed with mother's milk. All members of the family take care of the cubs, protect and monitor so that they do not get into trouble.
For two years, beaver parents have been trying to teach their children everything they need in an independent life: building dams, dwellings, building pantries and how to store food for the winter, how to protect themselves from natural enemies.

A cautious fox, before the appearance of offspring, arranges its hole in the most
remote corners of the forest. In addition to the main hole, she makes several more spare ones, so that in case of danger there is where to drag the cubs. When babies are born, the mother feeds them with her milk, warms them with her body. In the first months, she leaves the hole only to eat and again hurries to the children. After two months, the cubs open their eyes and teeth erupt. Then the mother takes them by the scruff of the neck and takes them out onto the soft grass, into the sun. Fox teaches kids to be careful. As soon as the fox cubs hear a suspicious rustle, they rush at full speed and hide in
burrow. Every day the mother kicks the children out sunlight. The cubs tumble in the grass, run after each other, and the fox sits and guards. At first, the fox herself brings them food - a mouse, a frog, and when they grow up a little, the mother begins to teach them to hunt: she takes the children away from the hole and shows how to catch bugs, butterflies and mice.

The koala is Australia's cutest and most beloved marsupial. Cubs are born hairless, blind and deaf, tiny and teddy bear-like. For 5 - 7 months, children remain in their mother's bag,
feeding on mother's milk, after which they move to her back, where they live for their own pleasure for quite a long time.

Kangaroos are amazing animals. They are not only beautiful and unusual,
but also caring mothers. Even in the largest kangaroos at birth, the cub weighs less than 1 gram. The newborn crawls into the mother's pouch, where it clings to one of the four nipples. A kangaroo can produce four types of milk, depending on the age of the kangaroo. Each type of milk is produced in a different nipple. Also, she can have two kinds of milk at the same time if she has babies. different ages.
The mother takes care of the babies even after they leave the bag. Large red kangaroos have a unique feature that allows them to increase the conservation of the genus. Despite the fact that a female kangaroo usually has only one cub after mating, she can delay the appearance of another one while she is carrying the first one (while she does not need a male at all). Thus, in case the female lost her cub, or, as sometimes happens, he quickly grew up and left the mother's pouch, she can immediately begin to bear the second. This feature of delaying the bearing of a cub is also used by large red kangaroos in cases where they find themselves in adverse conditions for bearing offspring.
By the way, another interesting feature of this species is that the female kangaroo produces milk of different fat content for cubs of different ages - moreover, it can do it at the same time.

Hedgehog is a very conscientious mother. She arranges ahead of time for her children a "children's room" - a round hole underground, lined with a thick layer of dry leaves. Here 7-8 babies are born, blind, helpless, pink and soft. After two weeks, their eyes open, they grow
needles. The first days the mother does not leave the hedgehogs for a minute and feeds them with her milk. Leaving, she covers the children with grass and leaves: the kids are not visible, and they are warm in such a package. When hedgehogs open their eyes, they begin to leave the nest. They hug each other. Those who have strayed from their mother squeak plaintively, and the mother runs back and looks for them. He finds and pushes with his nose so that they do not lag behind.

Despite their ferocious appearance and remarkable strength of toothy jaws, female alligators are among the most caring mothers in the animal world. Even before laying eggs, the mother alligator carefully chooses a place for masonry. At the same time, she prepares two different places- one for future girls, and the other for boys, arranging one in a pile of rotting warm leaves, and the other, wrapping it with cool moss.
After the eggs are laid, the mother takes over the vigil, guarding her future children like a vigilant sentry. It is clear that, being under such protection, almost all eggs remain safe and sound. And immediately after little crocodiles appear from them, mom sends them all into her huge mouth! But not at all in order to have breakfast with them, but in order to deliver them to the water. Mom takes care of her children for a whole year!

Female killer whales cannot be denied vigilance. The fact is that newborn dolphins cannot fall asleep within a month after their birth. Their mothers have to adhere to the same schedule in order to be able to follow the restless offspring and protect the cubs from numerous enemies in time.
Dolphins - mothers spend a lot of time teaching their cubs various skills: how to swim correctly, catch prey, and avoid danger from predators.
Female dolphins never leave their cubs in trouble, and also adopt other people's babies who have become orphans, saving dolphins from starvation.

Continue to describe examples of manifestation maternal instinct in animals it is possible ad infinitum. One thing is clear: they, just like people, are looking forward to replenishment, take care of babies, rejoice at the success of their cubs and encourage them in every possible way.

In conclusion, I really want to remember and watch with you one of the best and kindest cartoons ever created in our country - "Mom for a Mammoth".
Soviet cartoon of 1981. Screenwriter: Dina Nepomnyashchaya. Director: Oleg Churkin. The roles were voiced by: Klara Rumyanova - a mammoth, Zinovy Gerdt - a walrus, Rina Zelenaya - an elephant and a hippo, Zinaida Naryshkina - a monkey.
There are very special cartoons that seem to be intended for children, but also melt the hearts of adults. "Mom for a mammoth" is just one of those. At the sight of a small and lost cub looking for its mother, everything turns upside down in the soul.

Mom for a mammoth is a cartoon that inspires us with the simplest and most important feelings in our lives. Feelings of love, compassion, pity, hope. It is only thanks to them that we are human.

Caring for offspring is inherent in animals at the genetic level. Sometimes, their relationship resembles a human one. The undisputed leaders here are monogamous species, where both parents are engaged in raising, feeding and protecting offspring. In polygamous animals, the main burden of feeding and raising babies lies with the female. The male does not take part in this. In a society with a female, it can only be found in mating season, but that's where it ends.

But what about the female?

Until the moment when her offspring becomes completely independent, she will feed, educate and protect the kids. These relationships can be incredibly tender, not only in mammals, but also in birds and reptiles. You don't have to look far for examples. It is enough to see with what tenderness the female treats nile crocodile to your offspring. For three months, she vigilantly guards her masonry, and practically does not leave the nest. Having heard the squeak of born babies, the female digs out the nest, pulls out the newborns from it, takes them into her mouth and transfers them into the water. She does it very gently and gently. Until the babies grow up and learn to get their own food, the mother is next to them. Although, keeping track of nimble crocodiles is incredibly difficult. For this reason, many of them become victims of predators. The mother is simply unable to protect them.

However, males also cannot be discounted. Despite the fact that most of them are not engaged in raising offspring, there are still some types of animals in which the male takes over the responsibility for raising, feeding and protecting babies. Among them, for example, can be attributed rhinoderm - the South American frog. The male carefully stores the eggs laid by the female in his mouth. But that's not all. The birth of tadpoles and their development take place in the mouth. There they will stay until they grow to one centimeter in length. Only after that the male will release them into the water.

Raises its offspring and the male club. It all starts with building a nest, searching for a female, spawning and fertilization of eggs. On this, all the duties of the female end. The rest of the work is done by the male. He guards the eggs, stirs the water above it with his fins, saturating it with oxygen, and takes care of the born fry.

The seahorse also shows paternal care for its offspring. The female lays eggs in his body bag. They will stay there until the birth of the fry.

The animals that live in large groups, can raise their offspring collectively. So, for example, whales and penguins behave. They do not divide babies into their own and others. For them, they are all the same. This method of education is both more efficient and safer. Together, it is not only easier to teach kids, but it is also easier to protect them from predators.

The collective method of raising offspring is also used by most monkeys. They organize a kind of nursery, in which several females take care of a group of babies. Well, why not? After all, in fact, in such a nursery, all the kids are relatives, since they have one father.

Such formidable predators as cheetahs also take care of their offspring. In case of danger, the female takes the babies with her teeth by the scruff of the neck and takes them to a safe place. The female hamster does the same. True, she carries babies in her cheek pockets.

As for the birds, they all bravely protect their offspring, sometimes even at the cost of their lives.

Meeting 44

Target: tell students about the reproduction of animals and caring for offspring; promote speech development logical thinking; develop a love for animals.

During the classes

I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT

II. UPDATE OF BASIC KNOWLEDGE

What are the features of animals in comparison with other animals?

What group of animals do humans belong to?

Are the forms of locomotion characteristic of terrestrial and aquatic animals?

What is the significance of the forest in the life of animals?

Prove that animals are the most developed among animals.

III. MESSAGE TOPICS AND LESSON OBJECTIVES

Today in the lesson you will learn more about the reproduction of animals and the care of offspring.

IV. STUDY NEW MATERIAL

1. Work on the textbook (pp. 117-118)

Remember! How animals have adapted to life in different environmental conditions?

What did the Wise Lesovichok tell about the reproduction of animals?

What periods in the life of animals can be distinguished during the year?

What are the most important ones?

Tell us how the animals prepare shelters for their future babies.

Is the trait common to all animals?

View photos of us. 117 and 118. Tell us what they show.

Animals give birth to children, feed them with milk. Remember how your cat or dog takes care of their cubs, how they protect their offspring. In many animals, young animals stay with their parents for a long time, adopting their experience. Thanks to this, the cubs learn to survive in nature.

conclusions

Animals feed their babies with milk and take care of their offspring. In this they differ significantly from other animals.

The most important period in the life of animals is the period of reproduction and care for offspring.

2. Physical education

V. GENERALIZATION AND SYSTEMATIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE

1. Interesting to know!

How do animals communicate with each other? Animals use different signals to communicate. They make sounds to warn of danger. For example, when a monkey sees a leopard sneaking up on a pack, it starts screaming, and the rest of the monkeys run away from danger.

Animals give an alarm signal with the help of colored spots. When a deer senses danger, it becomes alert and raises its tail. Under the tail, he has a large bright white spot - a "mirror". The rest of the deer immediately notice her and prepare to meet the enemy.

2. Research workshop

How do animals take care of their offspring?

Most parent animals worry about their offspring. For example, in some birds, chicks are born naked and helpless. They grow quickly, and therefore they need a lot of food. It is not easy for the birds - parents. Starlings, for example, bring food (insects) to their chicks 300 times a day, tits - 400 times. Subsequently, the chicks leave the nest. Although they are already covered with feathers, they still do not fly well. They cannot feed on their own. Parents feed their chicks all this time and protect them from enemies, even trying to drive cats or dogs away from chicks.

Animals take care of their offspring in different ways: they lick, protect, teach to walk, fly or swim, defend themselves, feed them with milk, and then show edible plants, learn to hunt. Usually the mother takes care of the children, but there are exceptions. Animals choose a territory in advance, carefully guard and prepare shelters for future offspring - nests, burrows, dens.

Newborn babies need food first and foremost. Mammal females feed their young with milk. For several weeks, birds must put food into the beaks of the ever-hungry chicks many times a day.

Newborn babies also need warmth. Birds keep their chicks warm for several days until they are covered with down. However, the chicks of brood birds (pheasants, chickens, etc.) are born well developed and immediately leave the nest, following their mother everywhere.

Cubs of ungulates are born fully developed and able to move independently. Mothers carefully lick them and push them with their nose, encouraging them to rise to their feet - otherwise the babies can become easy prey for predators.

Cubs of marsupials are born when only the forelimbs and mouth are well developed. Further development takes place in the mother's pouch.

Predators usually live together for several months, during which time they teach the kids everything they need for life: hunting, chasing, disguise, attack, butchering a caught carcass, etc.

The king penguins take turns taking care of the baby. The female lays one egg and passes it to the male, who incubates it. The female is stocking up on food at this time. The mother returns when the baby has hatched, and the father goes to eat. The baby is taught to store fat, swim, ride on his tummy and walk, leaning on his tail.

The cubs live with their mother for 2-3 years, together with the older cubs.

Elephants and some species of monkeys live with cubs for about 8-10 years. Almost all adult members of the group take part in the upbringing of offspring: older brothers, sisters, females without their own children. They watch the kids, feed, care for them, play with them.

VI. SUMMARIZING. REFLECTION

Make up a story about the life of some animal of your choice, the life of which you have the opportunity to observe on your own.

Project "We equip our planet"

- Think: how can we protect animals on our planet.

VII. HOMEWORK

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Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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on the topic: "Types of care for offspring"

Moscow 2014

Introduction

As you know, for a successful existence species, each generation of its representatives must leave behind offspring capable of reproduction. The success of his survival to a large extent depends on the adequacy of the behavior of the parents, which is an important factor natural selection. In the process of childbirth and the subsequent process of caring for offspring, mainly instinctive behavior is realized.

Preventive care of offspring is the care of preparing and maintaining conditions for the development of eggs and offspring, which involves changing the environment, which includes all forms of building nests, protecting the territory, nest and offspring, maintaining incubation conditions (aerating water near the laying of caviar by discus, maintaining temperature and humidity for eggs in some reptiles, incubation of eggs in birds, storage of food for larvae by some insects, etc.)

offspring care nest rearing

1. Types of care for offspring

In the animal world, there are a variety of forms of care for offspring: from complete absence to the most complex and long-term relationships between children and parents. In its simplest form, care for offspring is present in all organisms and is expressed in the fact that reproduction occurs only under conditions favorable for offspring - in the presence of food, a suitable temperature, etc.

Complete lack of care for offspring.

Most invertebrates and fish do not care for their offspring. The success of existence similar types ensures their mass reproduction.

In the vastness of the ocean, many species of invertebrates and fish, gathering in giant flocks, lay millions of eggs, which are immediately eaten by a huge variety of carnivorous creatures. The only salvation for such species is the colossal fertility, which nevertheless allows the minimum number of descendants necessary for the existence of the population to survive and live to a sexually mature state.

Hundreds and millions of eggs are calculated in many species of fish that lay their eggs in the water column. So, the female of the large sea pike living in the northern seas - molva spawns up to 60 million eggs in one season, and the giant sea fish-moon, reaching a weight of one and a half tons, throws up to 300 million eggs into the thickness of the ocean waters.

Fertilized eggs presented by chance, mixing with plankton or sinking to the bottom, die in myriad quantities. The same fate befell the larvae hatched from the eggs.

2. Carrying laid eggs on the body of one of the parents

Females of many marine animals attach laid eggs directly to their bodies and carry them, as well as hatched juveniles, until they become independent.

Similar behavior is observed in many aquatic animals: starfish, shrimp and other crustaceans.

This behavior represents the next step in the complexity of caring for offspring, but in general it is not very inventive.

In species of the first group, the number of eggs maturing in the body of a female reaches 200 million, while in starfish that take care of their offspring, the number of eggs laid does not exceed several hundred.

The shrimp bears its offspring

3. Oviposition in a previously selected or specially prepared environment by the female

The next stage of complication parental behavior is laying eggs in a suitable environment. So, before laying eggs, the fly needs to find the corpse of an animal or a piece of half-decomposed meat, which hatched larvae can eat. The nettle butterfly, peacock eye or admiral, to provide their caterpillars with the necessary food, must find thickets of nettles, and the rhinoceros beetle - a bunch of rotten foliage. The same kind of care for offspring is shown by most reptiles. Their main task is to find a place with the right level of humidity and temperature to incubate their eggs.

Most often, for this they have to dig a hole or a hole. For all representatives of this group, care for offspring ends here, and further fate laid eggs they no longer care. Strange as it may seem at first glance, but solitary wasps and bees, as well as riders, demonstrating the most complex complexes of instinctive behavior associated with providing necessary conditions for the development of laid eggs.

4. Construction of nests and their protection until the birth of offspring

A more perfect type of care for offspring can be considered the construction of a nest, the laying of eggs or caviar there and its protection until the growing young leave it. This behavior is typical for a number of fish species, spiders, octopuses, some centipedes, etc. To a similar level of care can be attributed the bearing of eggs and fry in the mouth by males of some fish, as well as eggs and tadpoles on the hind legs of a midwife toad or on the back of a male pippa of Suriname. In this case oral cavity or back act as a nest. This level is characterized by the absence of any interest on the part of parents to juveniles, which are slightly gaining independence.

5. Caring for offspring until they become independent

In many birds, the chicks hatch completely helpless and need frequent and regular feeding; some insectivorous birds feed their offspring up to 200 times a day. Sometimes parents (jays, nutcrackers, etc.) store food for future chicks from autumn. The offspring of brood birds - chickens, ducks, geese, etc. - are born independent, able to swim, walk, peck. Parents can only lead them to food, water, protect them from enemies, and warm them.

Mammal females feed their young with milk until they are able to eat other foods. In some animals, this period lasts several weeks, in others it is longer, and in great apes-- some years. Gradually, parents begin to accustom children to adult food - they show edible plants, teach them to hunt.

Many animals protect offspring from enemies. In birds, colonial nesting serves this purpose, but solitary nesting birds can also unite to drive predators away from their nests. For example, if a cat or even a person tries to climb a tree where there is a crow's nest, 10-15 birds flock to it, screaming at the disturber of the peace.

Most mammals are more excitable than usual during the parenting period. Many large wild mammals attack people precisely when they threaten the cubs or are close to them. The moose does not allow anyone to the cub, including other moose.

In many mammals and birds, cubs stay with their parents for a long time, acquiring the skills necessary for life by imitation. Parents teach cubs to choose and find food, water, and even medicinal plants, as well as shelters for sleeping or in case of bad weather. These forms of parental care are especially developed in mammals with a long lifespan. In elephants and some great apes, adolescence lasts up to 8-10 years. Not only parents, but also almost all adult members of the group take part in the upbringing of their offspring.

Older brothers, and especially sisters or just females who do not have this moment their own offspring, watch the cub, help feed it, care for it, play with it. In the event of the death of the mother, they, as a rule, adopt the orphaned cub. Such a collective form of care for offspring greatly increases the chances of its survival.

Used Books

1. http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-66154.html?page=5

2. http://www.webmechta.com/animals/757-zabota-o-potomstve

3. http://sci-book.com/osnovyi-semi/zabota-potomstve.html

4. http://biofile.ru/bio/15954.html

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Types of care for offspring

1. Complete lack of care for offspring. Most invertebrates and fish do not care for their offspring. The success of the existence of such species ensures the mass character of their reproduction. In the vastness of the ocean, many species of invertebrates and fish, gathering in giant flocks, lay millions of eggs, which are immediately eaten by a huge variety of carnivorous creatures. The only salvation for such species is the colossal fertility, which nevertheless allows the minimum number of descendants necessary for the existence of the population to survive and live to a sexually mature state. Hundreds and millions of eggs are calculated in many species of fish that lay their eggs in the water column. So, the female of the large sea pike living in the northern seas - molva spawns up to 60 million eggs in one season, and the giant sea fish-moon, reaching a weight of one and a half tons, throws up to 300 million eggs into the thickness of the ocean waters. Fertilized eggs presented by chance, mixing with plankton or sinking to the bottom, die in myriad quantities. The same fate befell the larvae hatched from the eggs.

2. Bearing laid eggs on the body of one of the parents. Females of many marine animals attach laid eggs directly to their bodies and carry them, as well as hatched juveniles, until they become independent. Similar behavior is observed in many aquatic animals: starfish, shrimp and other crustaceans. This behavior represents the next step in the complexity of caring for offspring, but in general it is not very inventive.

The number of eggs laid is inversely proportional to the level of parental care. This pattern is well confirmed by starfish, among which there are both species that lay eggs directly into the water, where they are fertilized by the sperm of several males, and species that bear eggs on their bodies. In species of the first group, the number of eggs maturing in the body of a female reaches 200 million, while in starfish that take care of their offspring, the number of eggs laid does not exceed several hundred.

4. Construction of nests and their protection until the birth of offspring. A more perfect type of care for offspring can be considered the construction of a nest, the laying of eggs or caviar there and its protection until the growing young leave it. This behavior is typical for a number of fish species, spiders, octopuses, some centipedes, etc. To a similar level of care can be attributed the bearing of eggs and fry in the mouth by males of some fish, as well as eggs and tadpoles on the hind legs of a midwife toad or on the back of a male pippa of Suriname. In this case, the oral cavity or back serve as a nest. This level is characterized by the absence of any interest on the part of parents to juveniles, which are slightly gaining independence.

5. Caring for offspring until they become independent. Long-term care for offspring is noted in some species of invertebrates and fish. Care for the offspring of social insects reaches great perfection.

Many examples different types amphibians demonstrate parental behavior. In higher vertebrates, there are different ways care for offspring, which depend primarily on the level of maturity of newborns.

In the most in general terms Among them, the following groups of parental behavior can be distinguished:

raising offspring by one female or one male;

raising offspring by both parents;

raising young in a complex family group.

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Caring for offspring in animals (aquatic). Plants, animals and their environment The more developed care is in an animal

Meeting 44

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