Pygmies of Central Africa. The smallest people in the world. Getting electricity from radio waves

In the rainforests of the Ituri province of the Republic of the Congo, the shortest people on the planet live - the pygmies of the Mbuti tribe. Their average height is 135 cm. The light skin color helps them to live easily and imperceptibly in the forest shade at the level of the Stone Age.
They do not raise cattle or cultivate plants. They live in close connection with the forest, but not longer than a month in one place. The basis of their diet is collected berries, nuts, honey, mushrooms, fruits and roots, and their shape public organization determined by hunting.

Among those Mbuti who hunt mainly with bows and arrows, the group may consist of only three families, although during the honey harvest season the hunters are united in large groups required during raids - begbe. But in the west, net hunters should have a group of at least seven families, and preferably twice as many. In cases where the group already includes 30 families, it is divided.

There is plenty of room for 35,000 Mbuti in the Ituri forests. Each group occupies its own territory, always leaving a decent-sized common piece of land in the center of the thicket.

The group as a whole considers itself to be one family. And this is the main social unit, although the group does not always consist of relatives. Its composition can also change with each monthly migration. Therefore, there are no leaders and permanent leaders. In any case, all members of the group are in solidarity with each other.

On hunting, the family is divided into age groups. The older men set traps and ambush them with javelins and clubs. Young men keep at a distance with arrows in their hands, so that if the game escapes, they will kill it. And women and children are behind the young hunters, turning to face them and waiting for the caught game to be put into baskets. They carry baskets behind their backs, they are held by straps worn over their foreheads. When the group has caught game for the day, it returns to the campsite, collecting everything edible along the way. Then they cook the food on the fire.

The most heinous crime among the Pygmies is when some cunning hunter sets up nets at the time of driving the game. The main catch is in his hands, and he does not share it with anyone. But justice is restored simply and impressively. All the prey is taken from the cunning one, and his family remains hungry.

Curious Englishman Colin Turnbull decided to conduct an experiment. He really wanted to check how the pygmy would behave outside his forest. Here is what he writes: “I persuaded an experienced hunter Kenge to go with me to national reserve Ishango, into the savannah, which is teeming with game. Loaded with all provisions, got into the car and drove off. Since it was pouring rain, Kenge did not even notice that the forest was left behind. When we reached the plain overgrown with grass, my companion began to grumble: - Not a single tree, what a bad country.
The only thing that calmed him down was the promise of in large numbers game. But then he was upset again when he learned that it was impossible to hunt this game. As we climbed the slope and looked out over the plain, Kenge was dumbfounded. In front of him stretched a green plain to the horizon, merging with Lake Edward. Without end and without edge. And everywhere elephants, antelopes, buffaloes, etc. graze. Kenge has never seen anything like it.
"That meat would last for many months," he said dreamily. I got into the car and got out of it more until we left the reserve. The next day, Kenge felt more confident and said:
- I was wrong, it a good place although I don't like it. Here clear sky and the land is clean. If only there were more trees...On the way back, the deeper we drove into the forest, the louder Kenge sang. In the camp he was greeted as a hero

The Mbuti tribe are pygmies living in the east of Zaire, numbering approximately 100 thousand people and speaking the Efe language. Their gloomy reputation as ruthless hunters is distinguished by a rather peaceful way of life, compared to the warlike North Kenyan tribes. All tribes are already open, because European missionaries do not leave any ethnic group without their attention.

Mbuti pygmies change their sites every five years in order to migrate closer to civilization - near roads and rivers they can exchange their prey in the form of skins, meat, wild fruits and berries for the achievements they need cultural life- salt, matches, metal objects.

Mbuti tribe

They also became interested in clothing, so it is almost impossible to see their famous skirts made of leaves and tree bark. Mbuti make contacts for such natural exchanges with settled and civilized Bantu (translated from Swahili - "people").
Bantu is the language group of most of the Zairian tribes and many other African peoples, the literal linguistic name of which means sedentary people, tall.

Some argue that by this act the hunters expiate their guilt for depriving the forest of game and vegetation, since the pygmies have an ambivalent attitude towards hunting. It brings them joy, pleasure, and they love to eat meat, but still they believe that it is not good to take the life of living beings, because God created not only the people of the forest, but also the animals of the forest.

Children in the early age they inspire the idea of ​​dependence on the forest, faith in it, make them feel like a part of the forest, and therefore they are entrusted with the duty to kindle a redeeming fire, without which there will be no successful hunting.

The high mobility of the pygmies also leads to the unstable nature of social organization. Since the composition and size of groups changes all the time, they cannot have leaders or individual leaders, since they, like other people, can go away and leave the group without a leader. And since the Mbuti do not have a lineage system, it would be difficult to divide the leadership when once a year the group splits into smaller units. Here in the system of government also plays important role age, and everyone except children has their own responsibilities. But even children play a certain role: bad behavior (laziness, grumpiness, selfishness) is corrected not with the help of a system of punishments - it does not exist among the pygmies - but simply by ridiculing the offender. These kids are great at what they do. For them, this is a game, but through it they comprehend the moral values ​​\u200b\u200bof adult life and quickly correct the behavior of the offender, raising him to ridicule. Young people are more likely to influence the lives of adults, in particular, they may express their dissatisfaction with the group or approval of the group as a whole, rather than individuals during the religious holiday of molimo. Adult hunters have the final say in economic matters, but that's all. Elders act as arbitrators and decide on the most important issues groups, and the elderly are universally respected.

The closeness that exists between the Mbuti Pygmies and their forest world is manifested in the fact that they humanize the forest, call it father and mother, since it gives them everything they need, even life. They don't try to control the world, but adapt to it, and this is the fundamental difference between their attitude towards the forest and the attitude towards the forest of its other inhabitants - fishermen and farmers. The Mbuti technique is very simple, and other tribes that own a certain material wealth consider hunters to be poor. But such material wealth would only interfere with the Mbuti nomads, and the equipment they have satisfies their needs to a sufficient extent. They do not burden themselves with any surpluses. They make clothes from bark broken by a piece of elephant tusk, from skins and vines they make bags in which they carry children on their backs, quivers for arrows, bags, jewelry and ropes for weaving hunting nets. The Mbuti build dwellings in minutes from young shoots and leaves, cutting them open with metal machetes and knives they receive from nearby peasants. It is said that if they did not have metal, they would use stone tools, but this is doubtful - the Pygmies are gradually entering the Iron Age.

The abundant gifts of the forest can be judged at least by the kasuku tree - the resin from its top is needed for cooking, and the resin taken from the roots of the tree is used to illuminate dwellings. This resin is also applied to the seams of the bark boxes in which they collect honey. Child with early years learns to use the world around him so as not to destroy it, but only to take everything that is needed in this moment. His education comes down to imitating adults. His toys are replicas of objects that adults use: a boy learns to shoot slow-moving animals with a bow, and a girl goes into the forest and collects mushrooms and nuts in her tiny basket. Thus, children provide economic assistance by obtaining a certain amount of food, although for them it is just a game.

Thanks to a sense of interdependence and community, brought up from birth, the pygmies as a single team oppose the neighboring tribes of forest farmers, who have a completely different attitude to the forest and consider it dangerous place that must be cleared in order to survive. The pygmies trade with these farmers, not for economic reasons, but simply so that the farmers do not climb into their forest in search of meat and other forest products that the peasants always need. The villagers are afraid of both the people of the forest and the forest itself, protecting themselves from them with rituals and magic.

The only magical means of hunters is "sympathetic" in nature - it is a talisman made from forest vines, decorated with tiny pieces of wood, or mastic from ash forest fires, mixed with the fat of any animal and laid in the horn of an antelope; it is then smeared on the body to ensure a successful hunt. The idea of ​​such a talisman is simple: if the Mbuti comes into physical contact with the forest even closer, then his needs will be satisfied. These acts are more of a religious than "magical" nature, as can be seen in the example of a mother who swaddles her newborn child in a special garment made from a piece of bark (although now the mother could also get a soft cloth), and decorates the baby with vine amulets, leaves and pieces of wood, and then bathes him in forest water, which accumulates in some thick vines. With the help of this physical contact, the mother, as it were, dedicates the child to the forest and asks him for protection. When trouble comes, as the Mbuti say, it is enough for them to sing the sacred songs of the prayer ceremony, “to wake the forest with them” and draw his attention to their children - then everything will be in order. It is a rich yet simple faith, in stark contrast to the beliefs and practices of neighboring tribes.

But otherwise, the life of the Mbuti has not changed in any way, they, as in past centuries, remain the same gatherers and nomadic hunters, retaining their traditional culture.

Video: Ritual dances of African pygmies.

Pygmies (Greek Πυγμαῖοι - "people the size of a fist") - a group of undersized Negroid peoples living in equatorial forests Africa.

Testimonies and references

Mentioned already in ancient Egyptian inscriptions of the 3rd millennium BC. e., in more late time- in ancient Greek sources (in Homer's Iliad, in Herodotus and Strabo).

In the XVI-XVII centuries. they are called "matimba" are mentioned in the descriptions left by the explorers of West Africa.

In the 19th century, their existence was confirmed by the German explorer Georg August Schweinfurt, the Russian explorer V.V. Junker and others, who discovered these tribes in the tropical forests of the Ituri and Uzle river basins (various tribes under the names: Akka, Tikitiki, Obongo, Bambuti, Batva) .

In 1929-1930. P. Shebesta's expedition described the Bambuti Pygmies; in 1934–1935 the researcher M. Guzinde found the Efe and Basua Pygmies.

At the end of the 20th century, they live in the forests of Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Congo, and Rwanda.

The most ancient mention of the pygmies is contained in the story of the Egyptian Hirkhuf, a nobleman of the era of the Old Kingdom, who boasted that he managed to bring a dwarf from his campaign for the amusement of the young king. This inscription dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. e. In an Egyptian inscription, the dwarf brought by Hirkhuf is called dng. This name has survived to this day in the languages ​​​​of the peoples of Ethiopia: in Amharic, a dwarf is called deng, or dat. Ancient Greek writers tell all sorts of stories about African pygmies, but all their reports are fantastic.

Pygmies lead a hunting lifestyle. In the economy of the Pygmies, gathering, apparently, occupies the first place and mainly determines the nutrition of the entire group. Most of the work falls to the lot of women, as the booty plant food is the business of women. The women of the entire cohabiting group daily, accompanied by children, collect wild root crops, leaves of edible plants and fruits around their camp, catch worms, snails, frogs, snakes and fish.

Pygmies are forced to leave the camp as soon as all suitable plants are eaten in the vicinity of the camp and the game is destroyed. The whole group moves to another area of ​​the forest, but wanders within the established boundaries. These boundaries are known to all and are strictly observed. Hunting on foreign lands is not allowed and may lead to hostile clashes. Almost all groups of pygmies live in close contact with a tall population, most often with the Bantu. Typically, the pygmies bring game and forest products to the villages in exchange for bananas, vegetables, and iron spearheads. All groups of pygmies speak the languages ​​of their tall neighbors.

House of pygmies made of leaves and sticks

The primitive nature of the culture of the pygmies sharply distinguishes them from the surrounding peoples of the Negroid race. What are pygmies? Is it an autochthonous population of Central Africa? Do they constitute a special anthropological type, or is their origin the result of degradation of the tall type? These are the main questions that made up the essence of the pygmy problem, one of the most controversial in anthropology and ethnography. Soviet anthropologists believe that pygmies are natives tropical Africa special anthropological type, independent origin.

Height from 144 to 150 cm for adult males, skin is light brown, hair is curly, dark, lips are relatively thin, large torso, arms and legs are short, this physical type can be classified as a special race. The possible number of pygmies can range from 40 to 280 thousand people.

In external type, the negritos of Asia are close to them, but genetically there are strong differences between them.

Pygmy is a representative of one of the nationalities living in the equatorial forests of Africa. This word is of Greek origin and means "a man the size of a fist." This name is quite justified, given the average height of the representatives of these tribes. Find out who the pygmies of Africa are and how they differ from others in the hottest continent.

Who are the pygmies?

These tribes live in Africa, next to Ogowe and Ituri. In total, there are about 80 thousand pygmies, half of which live along the banks of the Ituri River. The height of the representatives of these tribes varies from 140 to 150 cm. The color of their skin is somewhat atypical for Africans, because they have a slightly lighter, golden brown. Pygmies even have their own national dress. So, men wear a fur or leather belt with a small apron made of wood in front, and a small bunch of leaves in the back. Women are less fortunate, often they only have aprons.

At home

The buildings in which representatives of this people live are made of twigs and leaves, fastening everything with clay. Oddly enough, the construction and repair of the hut here is the responsibility of the women. A man, having conceived the construction of a new house, must go to the elder for permission. If the elder agrees, he gives his visitor a nyombikari - a bamboo stick with a peg at the end. It is with the help of this device that the boundaries of the future home will be outlined. This is done by a man, all other construction worries fall on the shoulders of a woman.

Life style

A typical pygmy is a forest nomad who does not stay in one place for a long time. Representatives of these tribes live in one place for no more than a year, while there is game around their village. When the fearless animals run out, the nomads take off in search of a new home. There is another reason why people often move to a new place. Any pygmy is an extremely superstitious person. Therefore, the whole tribe, if one of its members dies, migrates, believing that the forest does not want anyone to live in this place. The dead man is buried in his hut, a commemoration is held, and the next morning the whole settlement goes deep into the forest to build a new village.

Mining

Pygmies feed on what the forest gives them. Therefore, in the early morning, the women of the tribe go there to replenish supplies. On the way, they collect everything edible, from berries to caterpillars, so that every pygmy of the same tribe is fed. This is an established tradition, according to which the woman is the main breadwinner in the family.

Outcome

Pygmies are accustomed to the traditions of their lives, which have been established for centuries. Despite the fact that the government of the state tries to educate them in a more civilized life, cultivation of the land and a settled existence, they continue to remain far from this. Pygmies, photographed by many researchers studying their customs, refuse any innovations in their everyday life and continue to do what their ancestors have been doing for many centuries.

13.4.1. pygmies

General information. Pygmies are really small in stature: adult men - 144-148 cm, women - 130-135 cm. They live in small communities. Three thousand years ago, pygmies inhabited all of Central Africa. Under the onslaught of the Bantu, they retreated further and further into the jungle and are now scattered in the form of islands in a vast area of ​​humid rainforest. Their total number is 150-200 thousand people. Pygmies are divided into ten tribal groups, differing in customs, ways of obtaining food and language. The pygmies do not have their own language; they borrowed the language from their Bantu neighbours.

Economy and life. Pygmies live in the forests by hunting and gathering. They do not know how to make stone tools and barter for iron from the Bantu neighbors. They did not know how to make fire either, and until recently they carried smoldering firebrands with them. Pygmies hunt with dogs, using a bow with poisoned arrows. Fish are caught by poisoning the water with plant poisons. They live in small villages, in glades and clearings. Huts, but rather huts, about 1 m high and 1.5–2.5 m in diameter are woven from flexible rods and covered with bark. The hearth is located in front of the hut. The clothing of men and women consists of an apron. The material is obtained from the bark of the fig tree. The bark bast is soaked and beaten in the manner of Polynesian tapa. At present, many pygmies wear cheap dresses and shorts traded with the Bantu. Each pygmy family has its own family of Bantu farmers, to whom they are obliged by tradition to help in the work in the field, to carry meat and honey. And those in return give them vegetables, fabrics, salt, knives and spearheads.

The original culture of the pygmies has been preserved in the greatest purity mbuti, living in the northeast Democratic Republic Congo in the forests of the Ituri river basin. At Mbuti and among other pygmies, there is no tribal organization, but only communities exist. According to the language and methods of hunting, they are divided into three groups: efe, sua, And aka. efe hunting with bows; sua, And aka - with networks. efe they hunt with bows in groups of five to six people: hunting alone is unproductive. Once a year they arrange a hunt by a paddock - begbe; the whole community, including women and children, takes part in it. Every married man exposes a net with a length of 9 to 30 m. Nets connected to one another are placed on the ground in a semicircle. The total length of the semicircle is about 900 m. Women and children chase animals in the nets with screams.

Food. The prey of hunters, as a rule, are small animals - duikers and monkeys. The hunt is rarely unsuccessful, and a piece of meat, although small, is guaranteed to every member of the community. But pygmies are not afraid to attack forest elephants. They hunt elephants with bows and spears, as did the Paleolithic people. Getting an elephant is a rare success, it has not been forgotten for years. Pygmies do not know how to store meat, but they exchange meat and other gifts of the forest for things useful in the household from their neighbors - Bantu farmers.

Women and children of the pygmies are engaged in gathering. Women work 10-16 hours a day. They know everything edible plants, easily recognize them. Gather mushrooms, roots, nuts, berries, fruits, edible leaves. Collect wild honey - the main product for exchange with the Bantu. Men also participate in the collection of honey. Meat makes up less than 30% of the Pygmy diet, 70% comes from gathering and vegetables from Bantu gardens. Honey provides about 14% of the calories in food. In the distribution of meat, the contribution of the hunter who killed the game or the owner of the dog is taken into account, but each member of the community receives some share of the meat. Formerly pygmies roasted meat over a fire or baked in coals, now they use pots and pans. Pygmies also eat edible insect larvae, singeing bristles in coals and sprinkled with herbs. Food is served on big leaves. All pygmies - men and women, smoke marijuana (cannabis).

Family and marriage. The pygmies do not have leaders and a council of elders, although the age and authority of a member of the community are taken into account. The opinion of men matters more than women, because they are the miners of meat highly valued by the pygmies. But the position of women cannot be called humiliated; they are even allowed into the secret society tore. Women also participate in rituals angry- the dedication of girls who have reached puberty. Pygmies take wives from other communities. The bride's community receives a ransom for her from the groom's community, because she loses labor force. Married woman maintains contact with the native community throughout life. The widow has the right to return to the community of her parents with her small children. The family consists of a husband and one, less often (in 5% of cases) several wives, and unmarried children. Usually each family occupies a hut in the camp. If a pygmy has several wives, they live in separate huts. Pygmies have a shortage of women: their neighbors and Bantu "patrons" willingly marry pygmies, without paying a ransom. Pygmy men have a negative attitude towards such marriages: the Bantu themselves do not give out their girls for pygmies.

Pygmies today. Pygmies are harmless and not seen in cannibalism. On the contrary, they themselves are game for cannibals. And not in the past, but in our days, after the overthrow of the colonial yoke. The pygmies are eaten not by neighbors, farmers, but by rebel soldiers and other partisans hiding in the forests. The revolutionaries turn the pygmies into slavery, rape women, and men are forced to go hunting and bring prey. If there is not enough meat, they eat pygmies (and peaceful Bantu). UN representatives have been sent to the Congo, but there is little they can do. In 2003, the pygmy Amuzati Nzoli said that he watched from hiding in the bushes as the rebels of the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo killed and roasted his six-year-old nephew at the stake. Before that, they defeated the Pygmy camp and killed everyone there. Nzoli was then hunting, and when he returned, he could only watch the events powerlessly. “They even sprinkled salt on the meat, as if cannibalism was a common thing for them,” Nzoli said indignantly. The pygmy ran away in horror and does not know what happened to the bodies of the other victims.

Do you know how the word "pygmies" is translated? Fist-sized people. This is the smallest people on the planet.

Most people understand the word "pygmies" as people of short stature living in Africa. Yes, this is partly true, but even African pygmies- this is not one people. Various nationalities live on the Black Continent: pygmies Batwa, Bakiga, Baka, Aka, Efe, Sua, and this is not the whole list. The height of an adult male usually does not exceed 145 centimeters, and women - 133 cm.

How do the smallest people on the planet live?

The life of the pygmies is not easy) They live in temporary villages in the forests. Why temporary, you ask? The smallest people have a nomadic lifestyle, they are constantly in search of food and look for places rich in fruits and honey. They also have ancient customs. So, if a person dies in a tribe, then they bury him under the roof of a hut and leave the settlement forever.

Near temporary villages, pygmies hunt deer, antelopes and monkeys. They also collect fruits and honey. With all this, meat makes up only 9% of their diet, and they exchange the bulk of the production for garden vegetables, metal, fabrics, and tobacco from people who keep farms near the forest.

Little people are considered excellent healers: they prepare medicinal and poisonous potions from plants. It is because of this that they are disliked by other tribes, as they are credited with magical power.

For example, the pygmies have a curious way of catching fish: first, they poison the pond, which causes the fish to float to the surface. And that's it, fishing was a success, it remains only to collect the catch. No gatherings with fishing rods on the shore or harpoon fishing. After a few hours, the poison ceases to act and again the lively fish returns to its usual life.

The life expectancy of pygmies is very short: from 16 to 24 years. People who have lived to 40 years old are real centenarians. Accordingly, they also reach puberty much earlier: at the age of 12. Well, they acquire offspring at the age of fifteen.

Still in bondage

Africa is the most controversial continent. Slavery has long been banned around the world, but not here. So, for example, in the Republic of the Congo, according to the established tradition, pygmies are inherited from the Bantu people. And these are the real slave owners: the pygmies give them their prey from the forest. But, unfortunately, a small nation is forced to endure such treatment, as the "owners" give them the products and goods necessary for survival, without which it is unrealistic to live in the forest. Moreover, the pygmies go to tricks: they can be "enslaved" by several farmers at the same time in different villages. If one owner did not give food, then, perhaps, another will make happy.

Pygmy Genocide

The smallest people for many centuries have been under constant pressure from other tribes. And here we are talking not only about slavery, but even about ... cannibalism! And in our modern world, in the 21st century. Yes, during the period civil war in the Congo (1998-2003), pygmies were simply caught and eaten. Or, for example, in one of the provinces of Africa, North Kivu, at one time a group was operating to prepare the territory for mining. And they killed and ate pygmies in the process of cleaning up. And some peoples of the Black Continent generally believe that the flesh of a pygmy will give magical power, and communication with a woman from some undersized tribes will relieve diseases. Therefore, rape happens here very often.

Of course, all this affects the life of a small nation: there are no more than 280 thousand of them left, and this figure is decreasing every year.

Why such a small stature

In fact, the miniaturization of these peoples is explained by evolution. And in different peoples, the reasons are different, scientists came to this conclusion. So, genetic analyzes have shown that in some tribes (for example, among the pygmies Sua and Efa) already in the womb, the growth limiter of the child is turned on and babies are born very small. And in other peoples (baka), children are born normal, the same as those of representatives of European races, but in the first two years they grow very slowly. All these changes at the genetic level are provoked various factors.

So, poor nutrition contributes to short stature: the body of the pygmies has decreased in the process of evolution. The fact is that they need much less food to survive than larger nations. It is also believed that the tropics also “helped” small growth: after all, body weight affects the amount of heat produced, so large nations have a much greater chance of overheating.

Well, another theory says that miniature makes life easier in the tropics, making the pygmies more nimble, because in impenetrable forests this is an excellent quality. This is how evolution helped little people adapt to lifestyle and climate.

Interesting Facts About Pygmies You Didn't Know Before

Fact #1. Many people believe that pygmies live in forests. However, this is not always the case: for example, the Twa pygmies live in deserts and swamps.

Fact #2. Moreover, some anthropologists classify dwarf peoples as pygmies, where a man’s height does not exceed 155 centimeters. In their opinion, pygmies live in different parts of the world: in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Bolivia and Brazil. Here, for example, Filipino pygmies:

Fact #3. Most of the words among the pygmies are associated with honey and plants. In general, they have lost their native language and now speak the languages ​​of the peoples surrounding them.

Fact #4. Some researchers believe that pygmies are representatives ancient people, which existed more than 70 thousand years ago.

Fact #5. Pygmies were known back in Ancient Egypt. So, black dwarfs were brought as a gift to rich nobles.

Fact #6. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, pygmy children were sold to zoos and Europe as exhibits.

Fact #7. The smallest people in the world are the Efe and Zaire pygmies. The height of women does not exceed 132 cm, and men - 143 cm.

Fact #8. In Africa live not only the most low people but also the highest. In the Dinka tribe, the average height of a man is 190 cm, and that of a woman is 180 cm.

Fact #9. Pygmies still do not use the calendar today, so they do not know the exact age.

Fact #10. A Caucasoid child at the age of 2.5 years is about the same height as a five-year-old pygmy.