Andrey Sakharov short biography. Academician A.D. Sakharov. Sudden departure of A d Sakharov biography

The name of Academician Sakharov is familiar to everyone, regardless of their type of activity. Extremely broad horizons of the scientist and the field scientific interests determined not only many useful scientific discoveries, but also the active socio-political position of Andrei Dmitrievich.

Sakharov is mostly known as an inventor hydrogen bomb. But few people have heard about his participation in exposing the policy of persecuting geneticists (the so-called “Lysenkoism”) in the founding of the “Moscow Committee of Human Rights,” as well as the fact that he won the Nobel Prize for his contribution to strengthening peace.

Perhaps such an active civic position, as well as a wide range of interests, determined the scientist’s brilliant discoveries and inventions. Although he himself liked to emphasize the importance of his wife, who inspired his inventions.

Childhood and youth

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921. Paternal grandfather Ivan Nikolaevich Sakharov grew up in the family of a priest, and he himself became a lawyer. The father of the future scientist, Dmitry Ivanovich, continued his grandfather’s work. He participated in political rallies, for which he ended up on the list of students expelled from Moscow University.

When Dmitry Ivanovich settled down, he married Ekaterina Alekseevna. He got a job as a physics teacher, first at a Moscow gymnasium, and then at the Communist University, which trained personnel for the party administration. His wife, Ekaterina Alekseevna (nee Sofiano), comes from a military family of Greek origin.

Andrei Dmitrievich recalled that his paternal grandmother Maria Petrovna became the heart of the family and the keeper of the hearth. My father was passionate about science, which could not help but be passed on to Andrei and his brother, and in free time played music. The family lived in a communal apartment with close and distant relatives.

At first, the boy was educated at home, but only in the 7th grade did he go to school. Despite Andrei’s isolation and reluctance to communicate with his peers, his comrades invited him to a mathematical circle, first at school, and then at Moscow University.

Although the young man was successful in mathematics, he often solved problems correctly, but intuitively, without a clear explanation. Therefore, in the 10th grade, Andrei left the math club and took up physics. Details of Sakharov’s youth became known from the memoirs of the scientist Akiva Moiseevich Yaglom, who studied with Andrei Dmitrievich.

Taking into account the interests young man, as well as his father’s passion for physics, Andrei entered the Moscow State University to the Faculty of Physics. Then the war began, so the students were evacuated to the safety of Ashgabat. For six months after graduating from university, young Sakharov worked in a small town in Vladimir region distribution, and then harvested timber near the village of Melekess (modern Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region).

What Andrei saw during that period (the hard life of the common people) left a deep imprint on the soul of young Sakharov. While doing hard work, the young man really wanted to be useful to the front and received a patent for a device he invented for monitoring the cores of armor-piercing shells.

Physics

On the eve of 1945, Andrei Sakharov decided to connect his life with science and entered graduate school at the Physics Institute. Igor Evgenievich Tamm became the young scientist’s scientific supervisor. Three years later, Sakharov defended his Ph.D. thesis on the topic “Towards the theory of nuclear transitions of the 0 → 0 type.”

Then Andrei, under the patronage of his scientific supervisor, began work at the Moscow Energy Institute, where the young scientist was involved in secret scientific developments concerning the prospects for creating thermoelectric nuclear weapons. Considering the condition cold war and the arms race with the United States, Sakharov’s work was of truly enormous scientific and practical interest.

In 1950, Sakharov and his scientific adviser Tamm developed the theory of a magnetic thermonuclear reactor, which revealed the specifics of thermonuclear fusion. This discovery helped Andrey write his doctoral dissertation in relatively early age– the scientist was barely 32 years old. At the same time, Sakharov was recognized as a Hero of Socialist Labor for his contribution to science.

Andrei Dmitrievich's developments allowed the Soviet Union to compete with the Americans in the creation of nuclear weapons. Although in Sakharov’s plans his developments were supposed to serve exclusively peaceful purposes, the scientist intended to use the possibility of nuclear fusion to invent fuel for nuclear power plants.

Then Sakharov was transferred to a specialized secret laboratory, where a number of outstanding scientists worked on the creation of super-powerful weapons to balance the forces of world leaders. For a long time, Andrei Dmitrievich believed that he was working for the sake of preserving peace.

In 1952, the United States conducted the first tests of thermonuclear weapons on an island located in Pacific Ocean. In response, the USSR intensified scientific developments own weapons of this type, tests of which took place on August 12, 1953 in the area of ​​​​the city of Semipalatinsk (now the city of Semey, the territory of modern Kazakhstan). The tests, carried out under the supervision of the Americans, were only a search for weapons; they investigated the principle of operation of thermonuclear fusion processes, and the Soviet Union, albeit a year late, created a full-fledged thermonuclear bomb.

The first hydrogen bomb, produced in the USSR and called RDS-6s, was the result of many years of research by Andrei Sakharov, but had a number of significant shortcomings, which required further research and improvement. The next design embodied by Andrei Dmitrievich unofficially began to be called the “Sakharov Puff Puff”, since the design of the bomb was a charge consisting of atomic, radioactive elements, surrounded by layers of heavy elements.

Working on creating thermonuclear bomb, Sakharov simultaneously gave a course of lectures on nuclear physics at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. For the hydrogen bomb designs he developed, Sakharov was awarded the title of academician in 1953. The famous physicist played a significant role in this.

Despite a certain level of social isolation in which Andrei Dmitrievich lived and worked, he scrupulously followed the latest scientific achievements in other fields of science. So Sakharov was one of the scientists who signed a letter sent to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee Communist Party Soviet Union.

The letter expressed concern among the country's best minds about the state of development of biology in the USSR, namely genetics. The result of the letter was the removal of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko from scientific activity. Considering that Lysenko’s work caused the USSR to lag behind world science, the contribution of Sakharov and other scientists to the development of genetics is difficult to overestimate.

Public and political figure Valentin Mikhailovich Falin in his memoirs says that Sakharov, after testing the hydrogen bomb, suddenly realized the threat of this type of weapon to civilization, the world's population and the environment.

In August 1963, Academician Sakharov, for the first time in his biography, openly opposed the development and testing of nuclear weapons, initiating the signing of the Nuclear Weapons Test Ban Treaty. Such a prominent public position of the scientist became the reason for his conflict with the authorities. In the 1960s, the KGB became interested in the academician, and Sakharov himself joined the ranks of the leaders of the USSR Human Rights Movement and gained fame as a dissident.

In 1966, Andrei Dmitrievich, in collaboration with 24 scientists and cultural and artistic figures, wrote letters about the inadmissibility of rehabilitation. And 2 years later, after the publication of Sakharov’s book “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom” in the USA, the scientist was removed from further research at another classified facility. At the same time, on the basis of common socio-political views, Sakharov met.

Continuing to conduct socio-political activities instead of scientific ones, in 1970 the academician initiated the creation of the Moscow Human Rights Committee. At the same time, Andrei Dmitrievich’s colleagues at the USSR Academy of Sciences condemned Sakharov’s views in newspaper publications.

Only Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich wrote open letter about victims of persecution, where he supported Sakharov as a valuable scientist. Meanwhile, the academician continued to be active in politics and even wrote the book “On the Country and the World,” for which he later received the Nobel Peace Prize.

Personal life

Deprived of the opportunity to conduct scientific activities, Sakharov concentrated on political processes over dissidents, during one of which he met Elena Georgievna Bonner, whom he later married. She became the second wife of the famous scientist. Elena Georgievna, half Jewish, half Armenian by origin, shared her husband’s rebellious views. Before meeting Andrei Dmitrievich, Elena Georgievna had already been married to Ivan Vasilyevich Semyonov, from whom she gave birth to two children. Bonner's son and daughter live in the United States.

The first wife of the academician was Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva, in whose marriage Andrei Dmitrievich had three children. Klavdia Alekseevna died a year before Sakharov met Elena Bonner. Having remarried, the academician left his younger children from his first marriage in the care of his elders, and he plunged into politics.

The academician’s own son, Dmitry, harbored a deep resentment in his soul against his father for his betrayal. In an interview, Dmitry says that after marrying Elena Bonner, Andrei Sakharov forgot about his own children, and Bonner’s son from his first marriage called himself the heir and son of the great academician.

Andrey Dmitrievich focused on new family, leaving the children from his first marriage to deal with their problems on their own. Dmitry recalls that even in the most difficult moments he was not there. Child photo with their father - this is all that remains for Dmitry and his sisters as a memory of such a dear and so distant person at the same time.

In 1980, Andrei Dmitrievich, together with Elena Georgievna, was detained and sent into exile. The place where the sentence was served was the city of Gorky ( Nizhny Novgorod). Former colleagues at the Academy of Sciences openly criticized Sakharov for his appeals to the US leadership with a request to expand atomic weapons against the Soviet Union.

In 1986, simultaneously with the beginning of the perestroika period, Academician Sakharov was rehabilitated and returned to Moscow. Upon his return, Andrei Dmitrievich again took up science, although he no longer made such significant discoveries, and also made a number of trips abroad, during which he met with American and European leaders.

Death of Andrei Sakharov

On the eve of Sakharov's death, he organized a major political strike, emphasizing that this was only a preliminary action. This action became a reason to consider Andrei Dmitrievich’s death violent, that is, a murder for political reasons.

According to the second version, which is also supported by the scientist’s son, Sakharov’s death was accelerated by his second wife Elena Bonner. Elena Georgievna more than once encouraged her husband to go on a hunger strike, knowing about his heart problems, age and how refusing to eat could affect Sakharov’s health.

Bonner’s goals often include the desire to help her children from her first marriage living in the United States, as well as to get rid of the academician who is giving up his rebellious political positions, and in the eyes of the public to become a victim of the harsh regime of the USSR.

In the winter of 1989, Andrei Dmitrievich felt unwell, and died on December 14. The official cause of death is considered cardiac arrest. In memory of Sakharov’s contribution to science, an asteroid was named after the academician, and museums named after Sakharov were opened and operate.

Awards and achievements

• Nobel Peace Prize (1975)
• Hero of Socialist Labor
• The order of Lenin
• Anniversary medal "For Valiant Labor"
• Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War" Patriotic War 1941-1945."
• Medal "Veteran of Labor"
• Jubilee medal "Thirty years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
• Jubilee medal "Forty years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
• Medal "For the development of virgin lands"
• Medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"
• Order of the Cross of Vytis
• Lenin Prize
• Stalin Prize

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, world famous scientist and public figure, born May 21, 1921 in Moscow. His parents are Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova and Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, a physics teacher, author of a number of textbooks and problem books on physics, as well as many popular science books. Subsequently, Dmitry Ivanovich was an assistant professor in the department of general physics at the physics department of the Lenin Moscow State Pedagogical Institute.

In 1938 he entered the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. In 1941, after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, he was drafted, but did not pass the medical examination and was evacuated along with Moscow State University to Ashgabat, where in 1942 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics. He was invited to remain at the department and continue his education. Andrei Dmitrievich refused this offer and was sent by the People's Commissariat of Armaments to work in Ulyanovsk at a defense plant. During the war years, Andrei Dmitrievich made inventions and improvements to control the quality of armor-piercing cartridges. The control method he proposed was included in a textbook called “Sakharov’s Method”. While working as an engineer, A.D. Sakharov also independently engaged in scientific research and completed several scientific works in 1944-1945. In January 1945, he entered graduate school at the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (FIAN), where his supervisor was Academician I.E. Tamm. He graduated from graduate school, defending his thesis in November 1947, and until March 1950 he worked as a junior researcher. In July 1948, by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, he was involved in the creation of thermonuclear weapons. Andrey Dmitrievich began research on nuclear issue against your will. Later, having already started working, he came to the conclusion that this problem needed to be dealt with. Similar research was already underway in the United States, and A.D. Sakharov believed that a situation in which the United States would become the monopoly owner of thermonuclear weapons should not be allowed. In this case, the stability of the world would be jeopardized. The problem of creating Soviet thermonuclear weapons was successfully solved, and A.D. Sakharov played an outstanding role in creating the thermonuclear power of the USSR. He held a number of leadership positions - last years position of deputy scientific director of a special institute. While working on the creation of thermonuclear weapons, A.D. Sakharov simultaneously put forward and developed, together with his teacher I.E. Tamm, the idea of ​​​​using thermonuclear energy for peaceful purposes. In 1950, A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm considered the idea of ​​a magnetic thermonuclear reactor, which formed the basis for work in the USSR on controlled thermonuclear fusion.

A.D. Sakharov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times (in 1953, 1956 and 1962); in 1953 he was awarded

USSR State Prize, and in 1956 - the Lenin Prize. In 1953 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was then 32 years old. Few people were elected academician so early. Subsequently, A.D. Sakharov was elected a member of a number of foreign academies. He is also an honorary doctor from many universities.

While working on the creation of hydrogen weapons, A.D. Sakharov at the same time realized the great danger that threatens humanity and all life on Earth if these weapons are put into use. Even the test explosions of nuclear weapons, which were then carried out in the atmosphere, on the surface of the earth and in water, posed a danger to humanity. For example, atmospheric explosions led to contamination of the atmosphere and the fallout of radioactive fallout at large distances from the test site. In 1957-1963, A.D. Sakharov actively opposed the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in water and on the surface of the earth. He was one of the initiators of the Moscow international treaty about prohibition nuclear tests in three environments. In the early 70s, funds mass media in our country they began a massive campaign against A.D. Sakharov. His statements were distorted, and slanderous materials were published about him and his wife. Despite this, A.D. Sakharov continued his social activities. In 1975, he wrote the book "About the Country and the World." In the same year he was awarded

Nobel Peace Prize. In his Nobel lecture “Peace, Progress, Human Rights,” outlining his views, he noted that “the only guarantee of peace on Earth can only be the observance of human rights in every country.” The awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to A.D. Sakharov was accompanied by a new wave of disinformation and slander against him.

In 1979, immediately after the entry of troops into Afghanistan, A.D. Sakharov

issued a statement against the move, saying it was a tragic mistake. Soon after this, he was deprived of all government awards and on January 22 of the same year he was exiled without trial to the city of Gorky. He spent 7 years in exile, minus a few days. Access to him during these years was kept to a minimum; he was isolated from the Soviet and world community. During Gorky's exile, A.D. Sakharov held three hunger strikes, physical measures were used against him, and during the hunger strikes he was isolated even from his wife. Despite colossal difficulties, A.D. Sakharov continued his Scientific research and social activities. He writes statements in defense of political prisoners in the USSR, articles on disarmament problems, and on international relations.

In December 1986, A.D. Sakharov returned to Moscow. He performs at international forum“For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind,” which proposes a number of disarmament measures aimed at moving forward negotiations with the United States (these proposals were implemented, which made it possible to conclude an agreement with the United States on the destruction of intermediate- and shorter-range missiles). He also proposes concrete steps in reducing the army in the USSR and effective measures to ensure the safety of nuclear power plants. Then A.D. Sakharov works in Physical Institute them. P.N. Lebedev Academy of Sciences of the USSR as chief researcher. He was elected a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, continues Active participation in public life. In the fall of 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR informed A.D. Sakharov that the issue of returning government awards to him, which he was deprived of in 1980, was being considered. HELL. Sakharov refused this until the release and complete rehabilitation of all those who were convicted of their

beliefs in the 70s and 80s. He was elected honorary chairman public council All-Union Society "Memorial".

His public activities were aimed at ensuring that perestroika was carried out actively and consistently, without delay, and that it became irreversible. In 1989, after an election campaign of unprecedented duration and intensity, A.D. Sakharov became a people's deputy of the USSR from the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was one of the founders and co-chairs of the largest parliamentary group - the interregional parliamentary group, uniting the most active, progressive-minded deputies. Without exaggeration, we can say that as a result of his parliamentary activities, he became one of the main political figures in our country. In the last months of his life, he prepared a draft of a new Constitution of the USSR, based on the principles of democracy, respect for human rights, and the sovereignty of nations and peoples. A.D.

Sakharov is the author of many brave political ideas, often ahead of their time, and then gaining increasing recognition. Sakharov died on December 14, 1990, after a busy day of work at the Congress people's deputies. Hundreds of thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great man.

The first meetings of A.I. Solzhenitsyn and A.D. Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov and Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn met for the first time on August 26, 1968 - a few days after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries.

Academician, three times Hero of Socialist Labor and “father of the hydrogen bomb” A.D. Sakharov only recently, in May 1968, acted as a dissident, publishing his first large memorandum “Reflections on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom” with a call for the development of democracy and pluralism. This speech quickly brought Sakharov fame both in the Soviet Union and in the West. But he still had almost no connections, not only with dissident groups, but even with writers and scientists outside the large but closed group of atomic scientists.

Solzhenitsyn received world fame much earlier, back in late 1962, after the publication in Novy Mir of the famous story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” - the first true book about Stalin’s camps published in the USSR. This publication was part of the “de-Stalinization” policy carried out after the 22nd Congress of the CPSU, and at meetings of party leaders with cultural figures, not only Nikita Khrushchev, but also Mikhail Suslov shook Solzhenitsyn’s hand and warmly welcomed the appearance of “Ivan Denisovich.” Solzhenitsyn took the path of open opposition to the regime only in May 1967, publishing an “Open Letter to the IV Congress of the Union of Soviet Writers” protesting against censorship and political persecution of Soviet writers. At the same time, Solzhenitsyn’s great novel “In the First Circle” was sent to the West for translation and publication. Solzhenitsyn, unlike Sakharov, had many friends and acquaintances among writers, but he kept to himself and avoided any dissident circles.

The occupation of Czechoslovakia was a big shock not only for dissidents, and now, at the end of August 1968, both Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov, not wanting to remain silent, decided to somehow combine their efforts. The idea of ​​a meaningful protest that could be supported by several dozen of the most famous intellectuals of that time, as they say, was in the air.

Unexpectedly, a very emotional and deep text was proposed by film director Mikhail Ilyich Romm. Sakharov was ready to join him, but did not want his signature to come first. Late in the evening of August 23, academician Igor Tamm signed this document, and several other scientists followed his example. Sakharov wanted to go to Tvardovsky, but, as it turned out, Alexander Trifonovich did not even appear at the editorial office of Novy Mir these days, did not meet with anyone, and then Andrei Dmitrievich asked his friends about Solzhenitsyn, who, as it turned out, was looking for him himself. meetings.

Solzhenitsyn arrived in Moscow from Ryazan on the evening of August 24 to get acquainted with the situation and support the general protest. He devoted the next day to meetings with different people, and on August 26, in compliance with all the rules of secrecy, I met and had a long, one-on-one conversation with Sakharov. Of course, this meeting could not be completely hidden from the KGB:

Sakharov at that time was not only a classified, but also a protected scientist; back in the early 1960s, he decisively refused open security, but could not prevent covert escort. However, apparently, the “authorities” learned little about the content and nature of the conversation that took place, and only much later did both Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov write about this important meeting for them in their memoirs.

“I met Sakharov for the first time at the end of August 1968,” Solzhenitsyn recalled, “shortly after our occupation of Czechoslovakia and after the release of his memorandum. Sakharov had not yet been released from his position as a top-secret and especially protected person. From the first sight and from the very first words, he makes a charming impression: tall stature, perfect openness, a bright, soft smile, a bright gaze, a warm-throated voice. Despite the stuffiness, he was old-fashioned and caring, wearing a tight tie, a tight collar, and a jacket that was only unbuttoned during the conversation—obviously inherited from his old-Moscow intellectual family. We sat with him for four evening hours, which was already quite late for me, so I didn’t think well and didn’t speak well. The first feeling was also unusual - here, touch it, in the bluish jacket sleeve lies the hand that gave the world the hydrogen bomb. I was probably not polite enough and too persistent in my criticism, although I realized this only later: I did not thank him, did not congratulate him, but criticized, refuted, and disputed his memorandum. And it was precisely in this bad two-hour criticism of mine that he conquered me! - he was not offended in any way, although there were reasons, he did not persistently object, he explained, he smiled faintly in confusion - but he was not offended even once, not at all - a sign of a great, generous soul. Then we tried to see if we could somehow make a statement on behalf of Czechoslovakia - but we couldn’t find anyone to gather for a strong performance: all the eminent ones refused.”1

And here’s what Sakharov wrote: “We met at the apartment of one of my friends. Solzhenitsyn with the living blue eyes and a reddish beard, temperamental speech of an unusually high timbre of voice, contrasting with calculated, precise movements - he seemed like a living bundle of concentrated and purposeful energy. I mostly listened attentively, and he spoke - passionately and without any hesitation in his assessments and conclusions. He sharply formulated what he disagreed with me about. We cannot talk about any convergence. The West is not interested in our democratization, it is confused with its purely material progress and permissiveness, but socialism can completely destroy it. Our leaders are soulless automata, they cling their teeth to their power and benefits, and without a fist they will not loosen their teeth. I downplay Stalin's crimes and in vain separate Lenin from him. It is wrong to dream of a multi-party system; a non-party system is needed, because every party is violence against the beliefs of its members for the sake of the interests of the bosses. Scientists and engineers are enormous strength, but there must be a spiritual goal at the core; without it, any scientific adjustment is self-deception, a path to suffocation in the smoke and burning of cities. I said there was much truth in his remarks, but my article reflected my beliefs. The main thing is to point out the dangers and possible way their elimination. I count on people's goodwill. I don’t expect a response to my article now, but I think it will influence minds.”2

From the point of view of expressing protest against the invasion of Czechoslovakia, the meeting ended inconclusively; it was not possible to prepare any general document; Strong pressure was put on Igor Tamm, and he withdrew his signature. After that everything fell apart. But the controversy that had begun continued.

A little later, Solzhenitsyn outlined his comments on the memorandum “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom” in writing and handed them over personally to Sakharov, but did not allow them into Samizdat. It was an extensive" letter, covering more than twenty pages and beginning with the highest praise for Sakharov, whose fearless and honest performance is "a major event modern history" Solzhenitsyn did not like, however, that Sakharov in his treatise condemned only Stalinism, and not the entire communist ideology, for “Stalin, although very mediocre, was a very consistent and faithful successor of the spirit of Lenin’s teaching.” There is, according to Solzhenitsyn, no “world progressive community” to which Sakharov addressed. There is not and cannot be “moral socialism”: “in extolling socialism, Sakharov is even excessive.” All this is “hypnosis of an entire generation.” Sakharov misses the importance of “living national forces and the vitality of the national spirit” in our country, and reduces everything to scientific and technical progress. Hopes for convergence are also absurd: this prospect is “rather bleak: two societies suffering from vices, gradually drawing closer and turning into one another, what can they give? - a society immoral across the board.” Intellectual freedom will not save Russia, just as it did not save the West, which “has choked on all types of freedoms and appears today in weakness of will, in darkness about the future, with a torn and depressed soul.” While criticizing Sakharov, Solzhenitsyn did not offer anything. “It will be reproached,” he wrote at the end of his letter, “that while criticizing Academician Sakharov’s useful article, we ourselves did not seem to offer anything constructive. If so, let us consider these lines not a frivolous end, but only a convenient beginning of a conversation.”3

But Sakharov did not respond to Solzhenitsyn in the same way as to some other famous dissidents and public figures in the West who decided to express their comments and wishes to the author in writing. memorandum. In 1969, a serious illness, and then the death of the scientist’s first wife, Claudia Alekseevna, unsettled him for a long time. He dated almost no one.

Sakharov returned to both scientific and social activities at the beginning of 1970, he actively participated in many actions of the human rights movement, and became acquainted with many of its leaders. At the beginning of May of that year, a new, very lengthy meeting with Solzhenitsyn took place.

This time the subject of discussion was Sakharov's new large memorandum - a letter to the leaders of the Soviet Union L.I. Brezhnev, A.N. Kosygin and N.V. Podgorny, dedicated to the problems of democratization Soviet society. Solzhenitsyn, according to Sakharov, gave this document a “much more positive and unconditional” assessment than Reflections; “He was glad that I had firmly taken the path of confrontation.” However, Solzhenitsyn resolutely refused to participate in campaigns to protect people subjected to political repression. “I asked him,” Sakharov recalled, “if anything could be done to help Grigorenko and Marchenko. Solzhenitsyn snapped: “No! These people went to the ram, they chose their fate themselves, it is impossible to save them. Any attempt may cause harm to them and others.” I was overcome with cold from this position, which was so contrary to immediate feeling.”4

Nevertheless, already in June 1970, both Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn, independently of each other, publicly and decisively protested against the forced psychiatric hospitalization of Zhores Medvedev, whom both of them had known since the fall of 1964. It was a short but very intense and successful public campaign.

In the fall of 1970, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature - the fourth for Russian literature after Ivan Bunin, Boris Pasternak and Mikhail Sholokhov. Solzhenitsyn was inspired, but at the same time extremely concerned by the scale of the newspaper and political campaign launched against him, which extremely complicated his life and daily contacts. He decided to cancel his trip to Stockholm for the award ceremony and for some time did not know how to behave and what to do. His fame in the world grew, but Solzhenitsyn himself later called 1971 “the passage of an eclipse, an eclipse of determination and action”5. He refused to sign the letter drawn up by Sakharov to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the abolition of the death penalty in our country, stating that participation in such collective actions would interfere with the implementation of those tasks for which he felt responsible. After this, Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn did not meet or talk with each other for more than a year.

PHOTO CARD

FROM FAMILY

His father Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov is a physics teacher, the author of a well-known problem book and many popular science books. Grandfather Ivan Nikolaevich. Sakharov, the son of an Arzamas priest, was a sworn attorney of the Moscow District Court, participated as a defense attorney in many criminal and political trials, was a member of the Cadet Party and an elector from it in the 2nd State Duma, one of the compilers of the collection “Against the Death Penalty”. Grandmother Maria Petrovna Sakharova (ur. Domukhovskaya) was born on the estate of her noble parents in the Smolensk province.

Mother of A.D. Sakharova Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) is the daughter of the hereditary military man Alexei Semenovich Sofiano, who retired in 1917, according to the age qualification for the rank of lieutenant general, the great-granddaughter of a native of the Greek island of Zeya, who accepted Russian citizenship and received the nobility during the reign of Catherine II.

Maternal grandmother Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano (ur. Mukhanov) came from an old noble family of Mukhanovs, known in generational paintings since the 17th century. Godfather A.D.S. there was a famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser. (For more information about the ancestors of A.D.S. see “Banner”, 1993, No. 12.)

Andrei Dmitrievich spent his childhood and early youth in Moscow. The family lived in an apartment that his grandfather had once rented and which became communal after the revolution. A.D.S. received his primary education at home; his father taught him physics and mathematics. He studied at school from the seventh grade; After graduating in 1938, he entered the physics department of Moscow University. In the summer of 1941, due to health reasons, A.D.S. was not accepted into the military academy, where many of his classmates were enrolled. After graduating from the university with honors in 1942 in Ashgabat during evacuation, he was sent to the disposal of the People's Commissariat of Armaments. Since 1942 A.D.S. worked at a cartridge plant in Ulyanovsk as an engineer-inventor, had a number of inventions in the field of product control methods. In 1943, Andrei Sakharov married Klavdiya Alekseevna Vikhireva (1919-1969), in 1972 he married Elena Georgievna Bonner (born 1923).

At the end of 1944 A.D.S. entered the correspondence graduate school of the FIAN (Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences named after P.N. Lebedev), at the beginning of 1945 he was transferred to full-time graduate school. His scientific supervisor was Igor Evgenievich Tamm, later an academician and Nobel laureate. Soon after defending his Ph.D. thesis in 1948, A.D.S. was enrolled in a research group dealing with the problem of thermonuclear weapons. Sakharov is often called the "father of the hydrogen bomb", but he believed that these words very inaccurately reflected difficult situation collective authorship. Since 1950 A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm began to work together on the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction (the idea of ​​magnetic plasma confinement and fundamental calculations of controlled thermonuclear fusion installations). These works were reported in 1956 by I.V. Kurchatov at a conference in Harwell (Great Britain) and are considered pioneering. In 1952, Sakharov put forward the idea of ​​magnetic cumulation to obtain superstrong magnetic fields and in 1961 - the idea of ​​laser compression to obtain a pulsed controlled thermonuclear reaction. Sakharov owns several key works in cosmology (“Baryonic asymmetry of the Universe”, “Multi-leaf models of the Universe”, “Cosmological models of the Universe with the turn of the arrow of time”), works on field theory and elementary particles. In 1953 A.D.S. was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Sakharov considered the speeches in 1956-1962 to be the beginning of his public activities. against nuclear testing in the atmosphere. A.D.S. - one of the initiators of the conclusion in 1963 of the Moscow Treaty banning nuclear tests in three environments (atmosphere, space and ocean). In 1964, Sakharov spoke out against Lysenko and his school. In 1966 he took part in a collective letter against the revival of the cult of Stalin. In 1968, he wrote a long article, “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom,” in which he substantiated the need for convergence - the reciprocal rapprochement of the socialist and capitalist systems - as the basis for progress and the preservation of peace on the planet. The total circulation of this article in the West reached 20 million. After its publication, Sakharov was removed from secret work in the closed city of Arzamas-16, where he spent 18 years. In 1969 he returned to scientific work at FIAN. At the same time, Sakharov transferred his savings - 139 thousand rubles. - Red Cross and for the construction of an oncology center in Moscow.

In November 1970, Sakharov became one of the founders of the Human Rights Committee. In subsequent years, he spoke out in defense of prisoners of conscience and basic human rights - the right to receive and impart information, the right to freedom of conscience, the right to leave and return to one's country and the right to choose one's place of residence within the country. At the same time, he spoke a lot on disarmament issues, being the only independent professional expert in this field in the countries of the socialist camp. In the summer of 1975 he published the book “About the Country and the World.” In October 1975 A.D. Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize: “Sakharov fought uncompromisingly and effectively not only against abuses of power in all their manifestations, but with equal energy he defended the ideal of a state based on the principle of justice for all. Sakharov convincingly expressed the idea that only the inviolability of human rights can serve as the foundation for a genuine and durable system international cooperation"(determination of the Nobel Committee of the Storting of Norway dated October 10, 1975).

In his Nobel lecture, given in Oslo, E.G. Bonner on December 10 of the same year, Sakharov argued: “Peace, progress, human rights - these three goals are inextricably linked; it is impossible to achieve any one of them while neglecting the others.”

On January 22, 1980, Sakharov was exiled to Gorky without trial. At the same time, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times (195.3, 1956, 1962) and by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the State (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes. Sakharov's exile was apparently related to his strong opposition to the invasion in December 1979. Soviet troops to Afghanistan.

In Gorky, despite the severe isolation, he continued public performances. The article “The Danger of Thermonuclear War,” a letter to Leonid Brezhnev about Afghanistan, and an appeal to Mikhail Gorbachev about the need to free all prisoners of conscience had a great resonance in the West. In Gorky A.D.S. He went on indefinite hunger strikes four times due to the KGB’s pressure on his family. There, the KGB authorities twice stole the manuscripts of his memoirs, scientific and personal diaries. During the “Gorky years” A.D.S. made and published four scientific works. He was returned from Gorky in December 1986.

In February 1987, Sakharov spoke at the international forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind” on the issue of disarmament - he proposed the principle of dividing the “package” (i.e., considering the issue of reducing the number of Euro-missiles separately from the problems of SDI), which two weeks later was received by Gorbachev. On this forum A.D.S. He also spoke in favor of reducing the USSR army and on nuclear energy safety issues.

In 1988 A.D. Sakharov was elected honorary chairman of the Memorial Society and put a lot of effort into getting it recognized by the authorities. In March 1989, he was elected people's deputy of the USSR. As a member of the Constitutional Commission, Sakharov prepared and presented a draft of the new Constitution on November 27, 1989; Its concept is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to equal statehood with others.

A.D.S. was a foreign member of the Academies of Sciences of the USA, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and honorary doctor of many universities in Europe, America and Asia.

Andrei Dmitrievich died on December 14, 1989 and was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow.

During Sakharov’s life in the USSR, only his articles and interviews from 1987-1989 were published on public issues. 1990 was the year our society first became acquainted with the memoirs and journalistic heritage of Andrei Sakharov. But 1991, the year of Andrei Sakharov’s seventieth birthday, became even more so. During these years, his memoirs “Memoirs” (“Znamya”, 1990, Nos. 10-12; 1991, Nos. 1-5) and “Gorky - Moscow, then everywhere” (“Znamya”, 1991, No. 9) were published -10), book by E.G. Bonner about Gorky’s exile “Postscriptum” (M.: Interbuk, 1990), collections of articles and speeches “Peace, progress, human rights” (M.: Soviet writer, 1990) and “Anxiety and hope” (M.: Inter-Verso , 1990), interviews were published (Zvezda, 1991, Nos. 1, 5, 10). The collections “Constitutional Ideas of Andrei Sakharov” (Moscow: Novella, 1990), “Andrei Dmitrievich. Memories of Sakharov" (M.: Terra, 1990), "Andrei Sakharov. For and against" (M.; Pik, 1991), "A. D. Sakharov through the eyes of colleagues and friends. Sketches for a scientific portrait. Freethinking" (M.: Mir, 1991), "Sakharov Collection" (M.: Kniga, 1991), "And One Warrior in the Field" (Yerevan; Louis, 1991), the brochure "Man and Legend. Image of A.D. Sakharov in public opinion. All-Union survey of VC and OM. March!991" (M.: Information agency "Data", 1991). Andrei Sakharov's books “Memoirs” and “Gorky - Moscow, then everywhere” have been translated into English, German, French, Italian, Danish, Dutch and Japanese.

Text Elena Bonner

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Soviet theoretical physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Public figure, dissident and human rights activist; People's Deputy of the USSR, author of the draft Constitution of the Union Soviet Republics Europe and Asia. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1975. For his human rights activities, he was deprived of all Soviet awards and prizes and in 1980 he and his wife Elena Bonner were expelled from Moscow. At the end of 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev allowed Sakharov to return from exile to Moscow, which was regarded in the world as an important milestone in ending the fight against dissent in the USSR.

Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a physics teacher, author of a famous Russian problem book, mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) is the daughter of hereditary military Greek origin Alexei Semenovich Sofiano - a housewife. My maternal grandmother Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano is from the family of Belgorod nobles Mukhanov.

The godfather is the famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser.

He spent his childhood and early youth in Moscow. Sakharov received his primary education at home. I went to school from the seventh grade.

...we went to meet Andryusha Sakharov. My brother and I liked the guy, and we dragged him into the school math club at Moscow State University. And in the ninth grade (which means, apparently, in 36-37 academic year) together with him we went to the school mathematics club, which was led by Shklyarsky. ... Andryusha Sakharov, although a strong mathematician, turned out to be not very adapted to this style. He often solved the problem, but could not explain how he came to the solution. The decision was correct, but he explained it in a very abstruse way, and it was difficult to understand him. He has amazing intuition, he somehow understands what should happen, and often cannot properly explain why it turns out this way. But just at atomic physics, which he then took up, it turned out to be what he needed. There (at that time, in any case) there were no strict equations and mathematical techniques did not help, but intuition was extremely important. ... By the way, in the 10th grade Sakharov no longer went to the math club. When we asked him why, he replied: “Well... if there was a physics club at Moscow State University, I would go, but I don’t want to go to a math club.” Perhaps he had no love for rigor. He was, indeed, more of a physicist than a mathematician.
A. M. Yaglom

At the end high school in 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow State University.

After the start of the war, in the summer of 1941, he tried to enter the military academy, but was not accepted for health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors.

Sergei Vasilyevich Vonsovsky told, from the words of I. E. Tamm, how Tamm and Leontovich took an exam on the theory of relativity from student Sakharov - and gave him a C. Then, almost at night after the exam, Tamm called Leontovich and said something like: “Listen, this student said everything correctly?! It’s you and me who didn’t understand anything - it’s us who need to give C’s! We need to talk to him again." So Sakharov became Tamm’s student.
M. I. Katsnelson

In another presentation of this story, the exam takes place during graduate school; together with I. E. Tamm, S. M. Rytov and E. L. Feinberg take the exam, and Sakharov receives only a “B”.

In 1942, it was placed at the disposal of the People's Commissar of Armaments, from where it was sent to the cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. In the same year, he made an invention to control armor-piercing cores and made a number of other proposals. At the end of 1944, he entered graduate school at the Lebedev Physical Institute (scientific supervisor - I. E. Tamm). Employee of the Lebedev Physical Institute. Lebedev remained until his death. In 1947 he defended his Ph.D. thesis. At the request of academician Tamm, he was hired by MPEI.

In 1948, he was enrolled in a special group and until 1968 he worked in the field of development of thermonuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to the scheme called “Sakharov’s layer”. At the same time, Sakharov, together with I.E. Tamm, carried out pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reactions in 1950-1951. At the Moscow Energy Institute he taught courses in nuclear physics, the theory of relativity and electricity. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1953). In the same year, at the age of 32, he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, becoming the second youngest academician in history at the time of his election (after S. L. Sobolev). The recommendation that accompanied the submission to academicianship was signed by Academician I.V. Kurchatov and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences. B. Khariton and Ya. B. Zeldovich According to V. L. Ginzburg, nationality played a certain role in the election of Sakharov immediately as an academician - bypassing the level of corresponding member

In 1953, at the suggestion of Igor Evgenievich Tamm, I was elected to the core. He also proposed electing Andrei Dmitrievich as a corresponding member, but he was immediately elected to academician. Why? They needed a hero - a Russian. There were enough Jews: Khariton, Zeldovich, your interlocutor. I will say so that there are no misunderstandings: I am not at all jealous of Sakharov, I am not going to cast a shadow on him, but, historically speaking, he was greatly inflated along the military line - for nationalist reasons. He - national hero, really, really let everyone down later.

“He lived for too long in some extremely isolated world, where they knew little about events in the country, about the lives of people from other walks of life, and even about the history of the country in which and for which they worked,” noted Roy Medvedev.

In 1955, he signed the “Letter of the Three Hundred” against the notorious activities of academician T. D. Lysenko.

According to Valentin Falin, Sakharov, trying to stop the ruinous arms race, proposed a project for the deployment of super-powerful nuclear warheads along the US maritime border:

A.D. Sakharov generally proposed not to serve Washington’s strategy of ruining the Soviet Union with an arms race. He advocated placing nuclear warheads of 100 megatons each along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. And if there is aggression against us or our friends, press the buttons. This was said to him before a quarrel with Nikita Sergeevich in 1961 due to disagreements over testing a thermonuclear bomb with a yield of 100 megatons over Novaya Zemlya.

According to Sakharov's calculations, as a result of the explosion of such a bomb, a giant tsunami wave will form, destroying everything on the coast.

Human rights activities

All people have the right to life, liberty and happiness.
A. D. Sakharov. Constitution (Draft). Art. 5.

Since the late 1950s, he has actively campaigned for an end to nuclear weapons testing. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty banning tests in three environments. A.D. Sakharov expressed his attitude to the question of the justification of possible victims of nuclear tests and, more broadly, human sacrifices in general in the name of a more optimal future:

…Pavlov [State Security General] once told me:
— Now in the world there is a life-and-death struggle between the forces of imperialism and communism. The future of humanity, the fate and happiness of tens of billions of people over the centuries depends on the outcome of this struggle. To win this fight, we must be strong. If our work, our trials add strength to this struggle, and this is highest degree so, then no sacrifices of trials, no sacrifices at all can have meaning here.
Was it crazy demagoguery or was Pavlov sincere? It seems to me that there was an element of both demagoguery and sincerity. Something else is more important. I am convinced that such arithmetic is fundamentally invalid. We know too little about the laws of history, the future is unpredictable, and we are not gods. We, each of us, in every matter, both “small” and “big,” must proceed from specific moral criteria, and not from the abstract arithmetic of history. Moral criteria categorically dictate to us - do not kill!

Since the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. Has been under KGB surveillance since the 1960s, subjected to searches and numerous insults in the press. In 1966, he signed a letter from twenty-five cultural and scientific figures to the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee L.I. Brezhnev against the rehabilitation of Stalin. In 1968, he wrote the brochure “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom,” which was published in many countries. In 1970, he became one of the three founding members of the Moscow Human Rights Committee (together with Andrei Tverdokhlebov and Valery Chalidze). In 1971, he addressed the Soviet government with a “Memoir”. In the 1960s and early 1970s, he went to the trials of dissidents. During one of these trips in 1970 in Kaluga (the trial of B. Weil - R. Pimenov), he met Elena Bonner and married her in 1972. Sakharov himself later wrote in his diary: “Lucy told me (the academician) a lot that I would not have understood or done otherwise. She’s a great organizer, she’s my think tank.” In the 1970s - 1980s, campaigns were carried out in the Soviet press against A.D. Sakharov (1973, 1975, 1980, 1983)

On August 29, 1973, the Pravda newspaper published a letter from members of the USSR Academy of Sciences condemning the activities of A.D. Sakharov (“Letter of 40 Academicians”). On August 31, 1973, the Pravda newspaper published a “Letter from Writers” condemning Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn. In September 1973, in response to the persecution that had begun, the mathematician was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. R. Shafarevich wrote an “open letter” in defense of A.D. Sakharov. In 1974, Sakharov held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR. In 1975 he wrote the book “About the Country and the World”. In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Soviet newspapers published collective letters from scientists and cultural figures condemning political activity A. Sakharov. In September 1977, he sent a letter to the organizing committee on the problem of the death penalty, in which he advocated its abolition in the USSR and throughout the world. In December 1979 and January 1980, he made a number of statements against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, which were published on the editorial pages of Western newspapers.

The spiritual renegade, provocateur Sakharov, with all his subversive actions, has long placed himself in the position of a traitor to his people and state

« TVNZ", 02/15/1980

On January 22, 1980, on the way to work, he was detained and then, together with his wife Elena Bonner, exiled without trial to Gorky, a city that was closed to visits by foreign citizens at that time. Sakharov himself connected the exile with his speeches against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. At the same time, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor and by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes (also the Order of Lenin, the title of member of the USSR Academy of Sciences was not deprived). In Gorky, Sakharov spent three long hunger strikes. In 1981, he, together with Elena Bonner, endured the first, seventeen-day sentence - for the right to visit her husband abroad for Liza Alekseeva (the Sakharovs' daughter-in-law). In big Soviet encyclopedia(published in 1975) and then in encyclopedic reference books published until 1986, the article about Sakharov ended with the phrase “In recent years, he has retired from scientific activity.” According to some sources, the formulation belonged to M. A. Suslov. In July 1983, four academicians (Prokhorov, Scriabin, Tikhonov, Dorodnitsyn) signed a letter “When they lose honor and conscience” condemning A.D. Sakharov.

In May 1984, he held a second hunger strike (26 days) to protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. In April-October 1985 - the third (178 days) for the right of E. Bonner to travel abroad for heart surgery. During this time, Sakharov was repeatedly hospitalized (the first time was forcibly on the sixth day of the hunger strike; after his announcement to end the hunger strike (July 11), he was discharged from the hospital; after its resumption (July 25), two days later he was forcibly hospitalized again) and force-fed (they tried to feed, sometimes it was successful). During the entire time of A. Sakharov’s exile, a campaign was going on in many countries of the world in his defense. For example, the square, a five-minute walk from the White House, where the Soviet embassy was located in Washington, was renamed “Sakharov Square.” “Sakharov Hearings” have been held regularly in various world capitals since 1975.

He was released from Gorky exile with the beginning of Perestroika, at the end of 1986 - after almost seven years of imprisonment. On October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and the exile of his wife, again (previously he turned to M.S. Gorbachev with a promise to focus on scientific work and stop public appearances, with the proviso: “except in exceptional cases” if his wife’s trip for treatment is allowed) promising to end his public activities (with the same proviso). On December 15, a telephone was unexpectedly installed in his apartment (he did not have a telephone during his entire exile); before leaving, the KGB officer said: “They will call you tomorrow.” The next day, M. S. Gorbachev actually called, allowing Sakharov and Bonner to return to Moscow.

Arkady Volsky testified that while he was Secretary General, Andropov also wanted to return Sakharov, as stated by Volsky: “Yuri Vladimirovich was ready to release Sakharov from Gorky on the condition that he would write a statement and ask for it himself... But Sakharov [refused] flatly: “Andropov hopes in vain that I will ask him for something. No repentance." Later, when Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Central Committee, he personally dialed Sakharov’s number...” Academician Isaac Khalatnikov wrote in his memoirs that Andropov told Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, who was busy with Sakharov being exiled to Gorky, that this exile was the most “mild” punishment, when other members of the Politburo demanded much more severe measures. On December 23, 1986, together with Elena Bonner, Sakharov returned to Moscow. After returning, he continued to work at the Physical Institute. Lebedev as chief researcher. In November-December 1988, Sakharov's first trip abroad took place. He met with US Presidents R. Reagan and George W. Bush, French Presidents F. Mitterrand, and British Prime Minister M. Thatcher.

In 1989 he was elected people's deputy of the USSR, and in May-June of the same year he participated in the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses. On June 2, according to Leonid Batkin’s description, a “terrible and amazing scene” played out in the hall when seven deputies from the podium called Sakharov’s interview with the Canadian newspaper Ottawa Citizen about the fate of Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan a “provocative prank”, the purpose of which was “humiliation” honor, dignity and memory of the sons of their Motherland." After which, Yuri Vlasov recalled, “with an insignificant exception, the audience stood up, shouted and applauded those who from the podium accused Sakharov of slander... it was not easy even just to remain seated.” The congress was broadcast live on television, and on the same day Sakharov received hundreds of messages, the senders of which expressed support for him. Sakharov's speeches at the congress were more than once accompanied by slamming, shouts from the audience, and whistling from some of the deputies, whom historian Yuri Afanasyev, one of the leaders of the MDG, and after him the media characterized as an aggressive-obedient majority.

In November 1989 he presented the “project new constitution", which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to statehood. (See Euro-Asian Union). The only publication during his lifetime was “Komsomolskaya Pravda” (Vilnius) on December 12, 1989. December 14, 1989, at 15:00 - Sakharov’s last speech in the Kremlin at a meeting of the Interregional Deputy Group (II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR).

He died on the evening of December 14, 1989 from sudden cardiac arrest in his apartment on Chkalova Street. He was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow.

Sakharov is the author of original works on particle physics and cosmology: on the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, where he connected baryon asymmetry with the nonconservation of combined parity (CP violation), experimentally discovered during the decay of long-lived mesons, symmetry violation during time reversal, and nonconservation of baryon charge ( Sakharov considered proton decay). A.D. Sakharov explained the emergence of inhomogeneity in the distribution of matter from the initial density disturbances in the early Universe, which had the nature of quantum fluctuations. After the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation new analysis fluctuations in the early Universe was made by Ya. B. Zeldovich and R. A. Sunyaev and independently of them by J. Peebles with J.T. Yu. Zeldovich and Sunyaev predicted the existence of peaks in the angular spectrum of the distribution of cosmic microwave background radiation. Discovered by astrophysicists in the 2000s in the WMAP experiment and other experiments, the acoustic oscillations of the cosmic microwave background radiation (“Sakharov oscillations”) are an imprint of the very density perturbations that Sakharov theoretically described in his 1965 work.

He has worked on muon catalysis (1948, 1957), magnetic cumulation and explosive magnetic generators (1951-1952); put forward the theory of induced gravity and the idea of ​​the zero Lagrangian (1967), the study of high-dimensional spaces with different numbers of time axes (“Cosmological transitions with a change in the metric signature”, JETP, 1984), “Evaporation of mini-black holes and high-energy physics” (“Letters in ZhETF", 1986).

Predicting the development of the Internet

In 1974, Sakharov wrote:

In the future, perhaps later than 50 years from now, I envision the creation of a worldwide information system(VIS), which will make available to everyone at any moment the contents of any book ever published anywhere, the contents of any article, and the receipt of any certificate. VIS should include individual miniature request receivers-transmitters, control centers that control information flows, communication channels including thousands of artificial communication satellites, cable and laser lines. Even partial implementation of the VIS will have a profound impact on the life of every person, on his leisure time, on his intellectual and artistic development. Unlike TV, which is the main source of information for many contemporaries, VIS will provide everyone with maximum freedom in choosing information and require individual activity.
A. Sakharov

The Internet became a socially significant phenomenon in the mid-1990s, after Sakharov’s death, but much earlier than 50 years after the above article was written.

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 8, 1980, he was deprived of all state awards, including the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor. By Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 22 of January 8, 1980, he was stripped of his titles

Chino del Duca Award (1974)

Nobel Peace Prize (1975)

Leo Szilard Prize (1983)

Thomall Prize (1984)

Elliot Cresson Medal (1985);
Awards from foreign countries, including:

Surrounded by people, he is alone with himself, solving some mathematical, philosophical, moral or global problem and, reflecting, thinks most deeply about the fate of each specific, individual person. And here it seems appropriate to me to recall one of Zoshchenko’s stories. A person was treated rudely at a wake. The author says, reflecting on what happened, that when transporting glass or a car, the owners draw “Do not throw” or “Be careful” on them. Further, Zoshchenko argues this way: “It wouldn’t be a bad idea to write something in chalk on a little man, some kind of rooster’s word - “Porcelain” or “Easier”, since a person is a person.”

It seems to me that Andrei Dmitrievich different periods throughout my life and in very different ways, but I was always looking for the “cock’s word” for all of humanity and for every person: “Be careful! It’s beating!”

Just think, in a country where any person was valued no more than a fly! And it’s even better if it’s like a fly - bang and gone! Otherwise, it will fall into the hands of a boy who takes pleasure in tearing off its wings and legs before slapping it - in this country and in all countries of the world, demand the abolition of the death penalty and remind every person: be careful! is beating! I doubt that Andrei Dmitrievich read Zoshchenko’s story, but with any unjust violence against a person, he cried out to the authorities and the world: be careful! is beating!
L. K. Chukovskaya

A.I. Solzhenitsyn, while generally highly appreciating Sakharov’s activities, criticized him for missing “the opportunity for the existence of living national forces in our country,” for excessive attention to the problem of freedom of emigration from the USSR, especially the emigration of Jews.

A. A. Zinoviev ironically called him “The Great Dissident” in a number of his books.

“I don’t believe a man who abandoned his children from his first wife and is now starving because his son’s daughter-in-law is not allowed to go abroad new wife"(A.P. Alexandrov)

A negative assessment of Sakharov is found in the communist, far-right and Eurasian press. Some publicists (for example, A.G. Dugin) consider A.D. Sakharov an enemy of the USSR and an assistant to the United States in geopolitical confrontation.

Bibliography

A. D. Sakharov. About the country and the world. - New York, 1976
A. D. Sakharov. Anxiety and hope. - M., JV "Inter-verso", 1990
A. D. Sakharov, Memoirs (1978-1989). New York, 1990 htm
A. D. Sakharov, “Gorky, Moscow, then everywhere”, New York, 1990 htm
A. D. Sakharov. Peace, progress, human rights. - L., Soviet writer, 1990
A. D. Sakharov, Memoirs in two volumes. Moscow, Human Rights 1996 htm
Constitutional ideas of Andrei Sakharov. M., Novella, 1990. 96 pp., 100,000 copies. ISBN 5-85065-001-6
Edward Kline. Moscow Committee of Human Rights. 2004 ISBN 5-7712-0308-4 htm
Yu. I. Krivonosov. Landau and Sakharov in the developments of the KGB. TVNZ. August 8, 1992.
Vitaly Rochko “Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov: fragments of biography” 1991
Memoirs: in 3 volumes / Comp. Bonner E. - M.: Vremya, 2006.
Diaries: in 3 volumes - M.: Vremya, 2006.
Anxiety and hope: in 2 volumes: Articles. Letters. Performances. Interview (1958-1986) / Comp. Bonner E. - M.: Vremya, 2006.
And one warrior in the field 1991 [Collection / Compiled by G. A. Karapetyan]
E. Bonner. — Free notes on the genealogy of Andrei Sakharov
Nikolay Andreev. “The Life of Sakharov”, 2013, M. “New Chronograph”. Biography.

Andrei Dmitrievich was born in 1921 in Moscow, in the family of a physicist and a housewife.

The future academician spent his childhood in Moscow. He received his primary education at home, and went to school only in the 7th grade. After graduating from school (in 1938), Andrei Dmitrievich entered the Faculty of Physics at Moscow State University.

In 1941 he tried to join the army, but his request was rejected by the military registration and enlistment office: he was not suitable for health reasons. In 1942, he was forced to evacuate to Ashgabat. In the same year, he completed his studies and was assigned to a military plant in Ulyanovsk.

Scientific activity

As it says short biography Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich, in 1944 he entered graduate school (his scientific adviser was his teacher from Moscow State University I.E. Tamm), in 1947 he defended his thesis and began working at Moscow Power Engineering Institute, from 1948 - in a secret group that was developing thermonuclear weapons.

In 1953, he defended his doctoral dissertation and immediately became an academician (academician I.V. Kurchatov himself interceded for him), bypassing the degree of corresponding member. At that time he was only 32 years old.

Sakharov the human rights activist

From the late 50s - early 60s, Sakharov sharply changed his position towards nuclear weapons. He advocated for its ban. In 1961, the scientist quarreled with N. S. Khrushchev over nuclear weapons tests on Novaya Zemlya, took part in the development of the “Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in Three Environments,” became the leader of the human rights movement in the USSR and opposed the rehabilitation of I. V. Stalin, signing an open letter to L. I. Brezhnev.

At this time, the KGB was constantly watching him, he was being “harassed” by the press, his house and dacha were constantly being searched, as they were trying to accuse him of spying for the United States.

In the late 60s and early 70s he began to publish abroad, actively condemning the “Stalinist terror”, the USSR invasion of Czechoslovakia, political repression, persecution of cultural figures, and censorship. At this time, he was openly interested in dissidents and went to trials. At one of them he met Elena Bonner, his future wife.

In 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Exile to Gorky

In 1980, Sakharov was sent into exile in the city of Gorky (at that time “closed”). There he continued to work, although he was deprived of all titles and awards. He was published abroad, which caused condemnation in his homeland. During his exile, he went on hunger strike several times, standing up for his daughter-in-law and wife. At this time, a campaign was being waged in the West in defense of Sakharov.

Return to Moscow and political work

In 1986, Sakharov and his wife returned to Moscow. His complete rehabilitation is the work of M. S. Gorbachev, although Yu. Andropov also thought about his return from exile. In Moscow, he returned to work, continued his human rights activities, and in 1988 he traveled abroad for the first time: he visited England, France and the USA. Sakharov met with such political leaders as M. Thatcher, F. Mitterrand, D. Bush and R. Reagan.

In 1989, he was elected as a people's deputy and participated in the First Congress of People's Deputies, began work on a draft of a new constitution, and actively spoke. In his last speeches, he directly stated that it was necessary to withdraw Soviet troops from Afghanistan.

Death

Other biography options

• Various objects in 33 countries of the world are named after Sakharov: the USA, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Switzerland and others.
• It is difficult to give an unambiguous assessment of Sakharov’s biography, but he himself understood perfectly well that he was more likely to deserve the public’s condemnation than its praise.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Subsequently - a public figure, dissident and human rights activist; People's Deputy of the USSR, author of the draft constitution of the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1975.

For his human rights activities, he was deprived of all Soviet awards and prizes and was expelled from Moscow.

Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a physics teacher, author of a famous problem book, mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) - the daughter of hereditary military Greek origin Alexei Semenovich Sofiano - is a housewife. My maternal grandmother Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano is from the family of Belgorod nobles Mukhanov.

The godfather is the famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser.

He spent his childhood and early youth in Moscow. Sakharov received his primary education at home. I went to school in the seventh grade.

After graduating from high school in 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow State University.

After the start of the war, in the summer of 1941 he tried to enter the military academy, but was not accepted for health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors.

Scientific work

At the end of 1944, he entered graduate school at the Lebedev Physical Institute (scientific supervisor - I. E. Tamm). Employee of the Lebedev Physical Institute. Lebedev remained until his death.

In 1947 he defended his Ph.D. thesis.

In 1948, he was enrolled in a special group and until 1968 he worked in the field of development of thermonuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to the scheme called “Sakharov’s layer”. At the same time, Sakharov, together with I.E. Tamm, carried out pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reactions in 1950-1951. At the Moscow Energy Institute he taught courses in nuclear physics, the theory of relativity and electricity.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1953). In the same year, at the age of 32, he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, becoming the second youngest academician in history at the time of his election (after S. L. Sobolev). The recommendation accompanying the nomination to academicianship was signed by academician I.V. Kurchatov and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Yu.B. Khariton and Ya.B. Zeldovich. According to V.L. Ginzburg, in the election of Sakharov immediately as an academician - bypassing the level of corresponding member - nationality played some role:

In 1953, at the suggestion of Igor Evgenievich Tamm, I was elected to the core. He also proposed electing Andrei Dmitrievich as a corresponding member, but he was immediately elected to academician. Why? They needed a hero - a Russian. There were enough Jews: Khariton, Zeldovich, your interlocutor. I will say so that there are no misunderstandings: I am not at all jealous of Sakharov, I am not going to cast a shadow on him, but, historically speaking, he was greatly inflated along the military line - for nationalist reasons. He is a national hero, but he really let everyone down later.

“He lived for too long in some extremely isolated world, where they knew little about events in the country, about the lives of people from other walks of life, and even about the history of the country in which and for which they worked,” noted Roy Medvedev.

In 1955, he signed the “Letter of the Three Hundred” against the notorious activities of academician T. D. Lysenko.

According to Valentin Falin, Sakharov, in an attempt to stop the ruinous arms race, proposed a project to station super-powerful nuclear warheads along the American maritime border:

A.D. Sakharov generally proposed not to serve Washington’s strategy of ruining the Soviet Union with an arms race. He advocated placing nuclear warheads of 100 megatons each along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. And if there is aggression against us or our friends, press the buttons. This was said to him before a quarrel with Nikita Sergeevich in 1961 due to disagreements over testing a thermonuclear bomb with a yield of 100 megatons over Novaya Zemlya.

Human rights activities

“All people have the right to life, liberty and happiness.
A. D. Sakharov. Constitution (Draft). Art. 5. "

Since the late 1950s, he has actively campaigned for an end to nuclear weapons testing. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty banning tests in three environments. A.D. Sakharov expressed his attitude to the question of the justification of possible victims of nuclear tests and, more broadly, human sacrifices in general in the name of a more optimal future:

“...Pavlov [State Security General] once told me:
- Now in the world there is a life-and-death struggle between the forces of imperialism and communism. The future of humanity, the fate and happiness of tens of billions of people over the centuries depends on the outcome of this struggle. To win this fight, we must be strong. If our work, our trials add strength to this struggle, and this is extremely true, then no sacrifices of trials, no sacrifices at all can matter here.
Was it crazy demagoguery or was Pavlov sincere? It seems to me that there was an element of both demagoguery and sincerity. Something else is more important. I am convinced that such arithmetic is fundamentally invalid. We know too little about the laws of history, the future is unpredictable, and we are not gods. We, each of us, in every matter, both “small” and “big,” must proceed from specific moral criteria, and not from the abstract arithmetic of history. Moral criteria categorically dictate to us - do not kill! »

Since the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR.

In 1966, he signed a letter from twenty-five cultural and scientific figures to the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee L.I. Brezhnev against the rehabilitation of Stalin.

In 1968, he wrote the brochure “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom,” which was published in many countries.

In 1970, he became one of the three founding members of the Moscow Human Rights Committee (together with Andrei Tverdokhlebov and Valery Chalidze).

In 1971, he addressed the Soviet government with a “Memoir”.

In the 1960s and early 1970s, he went to the trials of dissidents. During one of these trips in 1970 in Kaluga (the trial of B. Weil - R. Pimenov), he met Elena Bonner, and in 1972 he married her. There is an opinion that the departure from scientific work and switching to human rights activities occurred under her influence. He indirectly confirms this in his diary: “Lucy told me (the academician) a lot that I would not have understood or done otherwise. She’s a great organizer, she’s my think tank.”

In the 1970s - 1980s, campaigns were carried out in the Soviet press against A.D. Sakharov (1973, 1975, 1980, 1983).

On August 29, 1973, the Pravda newspaper published a letter from members of the USSR Academy of Sciences condemning the activities of A.D. Sakharov (“Letter of 40 Academicians”).

In September 1973, in response to the campaign that had begun, mathematician Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences I. R. Shafarevich wrote an “open letter” in defense of A. D. Sakharov.

In 1974, Sakharov held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR.

In 1975 he wrote the book “About the Country and the World”. In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Soviet newspapers published collective letters from scientists and cultural figures condemning the political activities of A. Sakharov.

In September 1977, he sent a letter to the organizing committee on the problem of the death penalty, in which he advocated its abolition in the USSR and throughout the world.

In December 1979 and January 1980, he made a number of statements against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, which were published on the editorial pages of Western newspapers.

On January 22, 1980, on his way to work, he was detained and then, together with his wife Elena Bonner, exiled to the city of Gorky without trial. At the same time, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor and by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes (also the Order of Lenin, the title of member of the USSR Academy of Sciences was not deprived). In Gorky, Sakharov went on three long hunger strikes. In 1981, he, together with Elena Bonner, endured the first, seventeen-day trial - for the right to visit her husband abroad for L. Alekseeva (the Sakharovs' daughter-in-law).

In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (published in 1975) and then in encyclopedic reference books published until 1986, the article about Sakharov ended with the phrase “In recent years, he has retired from scientific activity.” According to some sources, the formulation belonged to M. A. Suslov. In July 1983, four academicians (Prokhorov, Scriabin, Tikhonov, Dorodnitsyn) signed a letter “When they lose honor and conscience” condemning A.D. Sakharov.

In May 1984, he held a second hunger strike (26 days) to protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. In April-October 1985 - the third (178 days) for the right of E. Bonner to travel abroad for heart surgery. During this time, Sakharov was repeatedly hospitalized (the first time was forcibly on the sixth day of the hunger strike; after his announcement to end the hunger strike (July 11), he was discharged from the hospital; after its resumption (July 25), two days later he was again forcibly hospitalized) and forcibly fed (tried to feed, sometimes it was successful). During the entire time of A. Sakharov’s exile, a campaign was going on in many countries of the world in his defense. For example, the square, a five-minute walk from the White House, where the Soviet embassy was located in Washington, was renamed “Sakharov Square.” “Sakharov Hearings” have been held regularly in various world capitals since 1975.

Liberation and final years

He was released from Gorky exile with the beginning of perestroika, at the end of 1986 - after almost seven years of imprisonment. On October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and the exile of his wife, again (previously he turned to M.S. Gorbachev with a promise to focus on scientific work and stop public appearances, with the proviso: “except in exceptional cases” if his wife’s trip for treatment is allowed) promising to end his public activities (with the same proviso). On December 15, a telephone was unexpectedly installed in his apartment (he did not have a telephone during his entire exile); before leaving, the KGB officer said: “They will call you tomorrow.” The next day, M. S. Gorbachev actually called, allowing Sakharov and Bonner to return to Moscow.
Arkady Volsky testified that while he was Secretary General, Andropov also wanted to return Sakharov, as stated by Volsky: “Yuri Vladimirovich was ready to release Sakharov from Gorky on the condition that he would write a statement and ask for it himself... But Sakharov [refused] flatly: “ Andropov hopes in vain that I will ask him for something. No repentance." Later, when Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Central Committee, he personally dialed Sakharov's number..." Academician Isaac Khalatnikov wrote in his memoirs that Andropov told Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, who was busy with Sakharov being exiled to Gorky, that this exile was the most “mild” punishment, when other members of the Politburo demanded much more severe measures.

On December 23, 1986, together with Elena Bonner, Sakharov returned to Moscow. After returning, he continued to work at the Physical Institute. Lebedeva.

In November-December 1988, Sakharov's first trip abroad took place (meetings took place with Presidents R. Reagan, G. Bush, F. Mitterrand, M. Thatcher).

In 1989, he was elected as a people's deputy of the USSR, in May-June of the same year he participated in the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, where his speeches were often accompanied by slamming, shouts from the audience, and whistling from some of the deputies, who were later the leader of the MDG, historian Yuri Afanasyev and the media characterized it as an aggressively obedient majority.

In November 1989, he presented a “draft of a new constitution”, which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to statehood. (See Euro-Asian Union)

December 14, 1989, at 15:00 - Sakharov’s last speech in the Kremlin at a meeting of the Interregional Deputy Group (II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR).

Buried at Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow

Awards and prizes

Nobel Prize - 1975 Nobel Peace Prize (1975)
Hero of Socialist Labor - 1954 Hero of Socialist Labor - 1956 Hero of Socialist Labor - 1962
Order of Lenin - 1954
Jubilee medal “For valiant labor (For military valor). In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
30 years of victory rib.png
Jubilee medal "Forty years of victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
Medal "Veteran of Labor"
Medal "For the development of virgin lands"
Medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Vytis
Lenin Prize - 1956 Stalin Prize - 1953

Predicting the development of the Internet

In 1974, Sakharov wrote:
“In the future, perhaps later than 50 years, I envision the creation of a world information system (WIS), which will make available to everyone at any moment the content of any book ever published anywhere, the content of any article, obtaining any certificate. VIS should include individual miniature request receivers-transmitters, control centers that control information flows, communication channels including thousands of artificial communication satellites, cable and laser lines. Even partial implementation of the VIS will have a profound impact on the life of every person, on his leisure time, on his intellectual and artistic development. Unlike TV, which is the main source of information for many contemporaries, VIS will provide everyone with maximum freedom in choosing information and require individual activity. A. Sakharov"

The Internet became a socially significant phenomenon in the early 1990s, after Sakharov’s death, but much earlier than 50 years after the above article was written.

The medical report was compiled by Yakov Rapoport:

“The first stages of the autopsy of Andrei Dmitrievich’s body were somewhat “disappointing”, not meeting the expectations of pathologists to find severe damage to vital organs, for example, sharp sclerosis of the main arteries and their rupture with fatal bleeding, or extensive damage to the heart from an old or fresh heart attack, or blood clots vital arteries, or aspiration (driving into respiratory system vomit causing instant suffocation), etc. None of this set of reasons sudden death was not in an overt form.”, “Beyond expectations, the relative morphological well-being of the arteries of the coronary system of the heart was discovered.”, “The expectations of pathologists to detect the typical pathology of a chronic disease with its ending in the form of obstruction of the lumen of a large branch of the coronary system of the heart were not met. If these expectations had been justified, the question of the causes and mechanisms of Andrei Dmitrievich’s sudden death would have been quickly and comprehensively resolved. This, however, did not happen.”, “We expected clearer and more distinct morphological documentation from sudden death.”

Experienced doctor Viktor Topolyansky, based on the published autopsy results, comes to the conclusion that it is impossible to clinically understand the cause of Andrei Dmitrievich’s death and suggests that the cause of Sakharov’s death could have been arterial hypertension (hypertension) with inadequate treatment and a sudden rise blood pressure and played a fatal role.

Thus, looking through all the materials available today about the death of Andrei Dmitrievich, as well as the official conclusion of pathologists on his death (http://www.sudmed.ru/index.php?showtopic=16373), we have to assume that Sakharov is not a young man , not very healthy and, undoubtedly, after the meeting of the Supreme Council, being in a state of stress, could have died a natural death.

Grigoryants.ru›sovremennaya…gibel-saxarova/

The purpose of this article is to find out how the departure of the outstanding SCIENTIST and CITIZEN ANDREI DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV from heart attack to its FULL NAME code.

Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.

Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

18 19 41 42 59 74 77 78 92 97 114 120 130 135 148 158 177 194 204 210 213 223 247
S A K H A R O V A N D R E Y D M I T R I E V I C H
247 229 228 206 205 188 173 170 169 155 150 133 127 117 112 99 89 70 53 43 37 34 24

1 15 20 37 43 53 58 71 81 100 117 127 133 136 146 170 188 189 211 212 229 244 247
A N D R E Y D M I T R I E V I C H S A K H A R O V
247 246 232 227 210 204 194 189 176 166 147 130 120 114 111 101 77 59 58 36 35 18 3

SAKHAROV ANDREY DMITRIEVICH = 247 = DIED SUDDENLY.

247 = 130-DYING FROM... + 117-ATTACK.

247 = 223-\ 93-INFARCT + 130-LIFE\+ 24-IN\ fark\.

223 - 24 = 199 = END OF LIFE FROM INF\ arcta\.

247 = 120-END OF LIFE + 127-FROM INFARCTION\a\.

247 = DIES AFTER A HEART ATTACK.

135 = DEAD FROM...
_______________________
117 = ATTACK

135 - 117 = 18 = C\cardiac\.

244 = HEART ATTACK

18 = C\death\

244 - 18 = 226 = 170-LIFE OVER + 56-DIED.

100 = DIED FROM I\ heart attack \ = PRISON\ n \

166 = MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

136 = DIED FROM INFA\ rkta\
_____________________________
114 = DIED FROM MI\ fark\

170 = 70-LIFE + 100-OVER
__________________________________
101 = DECEASED

170 - 101 = 69 = END.

194 = SUDDEN HEART ATTACK
______________________________
70 = HEARTS

194 - 70 = 124 = END OF LIFE\ neither\.

For my regular readers, to whom I am grateful, I show how to quickly understand all this “digital mess”:

170-ANDREY DMITRIEVICH, WORRIED, LIFE IS OVER - 77-SAKHAROV = 93 = HEART ACT.

130 = ANDREY SAKHAROV, DYING FROM... - 117-DMITRIEVICH, ATTACK = 13.

93 - 13 = 80 = FROM INFA\ rkta \ = PRIST\ up \.

194-DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV, \ 93-INFARCT + 101-DEAD \ - 53-ANDREY = 141 = LIFE ENDED\ \.

141-LIFE ENDED \ + 13 = 154 = 93-INFARCT + 61-DIED\ \.

141 - 93 = 48 = DIED.

80-FROM INFA\ rkta \ + 48-DIED\ et \ = 128 = FROM HEART ATTACK.

247 = 93-INFARCT + 154-\ 93-INFARCT + 61-DIED(et)\.

247 = 154-END OF LIFE FROM... + 93-INFARCTION\a\.

That is, we clearly see that the “scenario” of the FULL NAME code includes a heart attack.

Reference:

Nazdor.ru›topics/improvement/diseases/current/…
A heart attack or myocardial infarction is irreversible damage to the heart muscle. "Mio" means muscle, "carda" refers to the heart...

DATE OF DEATH code: 12/14/1989. This = 14 + 12 + 19 + 89 = 134 = SUDDENLY DIED.

134 = 45-\ 14 + 12 + 19 \-INF(arc) + 89-DEATH.

247 = 134-SUDDENLY DIED + 113-AFTER INFA\rkta\.

252 = 135-DIED FROM... + 117-FIT.

Full DATE OF DEATH code = 252-DECEMBER FOURTEENTH + 108-FROM INFARK (ta)-\ 19 + 89 \-\ YEAR OF DEATH code \ = 360.

360 - 247-\ FULL NAME code \ = 113 = DEATH = AFTER INFA\ rkta \.

Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE = 177-SIXTY + 84-EIGHT = 261.

261 = SUDDENLY DIES FROM INFAR\ kta\.

We look at the column in the lower table:

20 = U\dies\
__________________________________________
232 = 177-SIXTY + 55-EIGHT \ b \ = SUDDEN INFARCTION of the myocardium \

232 - 20 = 212 = 116-ATTACK + 96-DYING.