29.10.2019
Presentation on the topic "Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov." Presentation on the topic of Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov Draft new constitution of the USSR
Team 4
1.Fedosova Victoria
2.Abramova Victoria
3. Lugovsky Maxim
4. Khriptukov Nikolay
5. Muscatin Alexey
6. Fadeev Danila
7. Vitukhin Nikita
8. Alifatov Dmitry
9. Artem Krugman
10. Guskova Alina
11.Geraskin Vitaly
12.Botadeeva Natalya
13. Novikov Maxim
14. Evdokushina Daria
15. Gavrilov Daniil
16. Chadakin Kirill
Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the founders of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, three times Hero
Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and Stalin Prizes. People's Deputy
THE USSR. Laureate Nobel Prize peace (1975).
Childhood most
influences in an incomprehensible way
for the rest of our lives.
The future scientist was born in Moscow
May 21, 1921 His father was Sakharov
Dmitry Ivanovich, physicist. First
Andrei Dmitrievich studied for five years
Houses. Then followed 5 years of study
at school, where Sakharov is under
the leadership of his father seriously
studied physics, spent
many experiences.
And fell in love with physics completely
life. Andrei Dmitrievich entered Moscow State University in 1938
Faculty of Physics. After the start of the Second
World War Sakharov together with the university
went on evacuation to Turkmenistan (Ashgabat).
Andrey
Dmitrievich
got carried away
theory
relativity and quantum mechanics. In 1942
he graduated from Moscow State University with honors. At Sakharov University
was considered best student among everyone who has ever studied at this faculty. But in graduate school
refused to stay. A. D. Sakharov, becoming a specialist
in the field of defense metallurgy, was
sent to the military plant in Kovrov, and then
Ulyanovsk. Living conditions were very difficult and
work, however, it was during these years that Andrey
Dmitrievich made his first invention. He
proposed a device that made it possible to control
hardening of armor-piercing cores. Many of Andrei Dmitrievich’s works are classified.
In 1947, he completed his Ph.D. thesis “On the Theory
nuclear transitions of the O→O type" at the Physics Institute named after. P.N.
Lebedeva. Scientific supervisor, theorist Professor I.E. There M.
After the Second World War, two young scientists who were so
far from each other, settled on one problem. Why?
Gradually, nuclear spectroscopy was created. The process
construction continues today, although mainly for more
heavy and complex nuclei, as well as for highly excited states
light nuclei. However, by the end of the 30s, two unusual ones were known
case:
a)RaC'. This is the designation for the 214Po state with an excitation energy of 1.415
MeV. This designation arose due to the fact that this condition
forms a noticeable fraction of the radiation emitted from RaC, as in those days
designated 214Bi. However, γ-rays with energy corresponding to this
electron internal conversion (1.415 MeV) was not detected.
b)16O* (6.049 MeV). This condition was studied in the reaction
19
20
16
P+ F → Ne* →(α+ O,
( α+16O *.
Both of these states lead to nuclear transitions with a clearly defined
electromagnetic nature, but without γ-radiation. Sakharov's dissertation follows several directions related to
these two transitions, i.e. with a transition for RaC", where the charge Z is large, and
energy A is relatively small, and with a transition for 16O*, where Z is small and A is large.
The purpose of the work of Sakharov A.D. was to make sure that it was possible to quantify
understand all aspects of experimental data in the language of the established
theory, exclude the possibility of viewing any indications of its
inadequacy and provide some guidance where possible
look for other examples of 0 → * 0 transitions and how to best recognize them.
The first direction concerned the nuclear aspect of transitions. Here Sakharov had in
mind the case of 16O. He begins somewhat unexpectedly.
Realizing that
all the light nuclei that interest him (a, 16O, 20Ne) have N= Z= A/2, he raises
question about the possibility of a new quantum number t associated with the operation T
rearrangement of neutrons with protons. For the eigenvalue t he introduced
called "isotopic parity". He didn't connect her to the charger
independence nuclear forces. This is the first illustration of it
an unusual mind and great confidence in himself and in the power of the logic of physics. This
was an extremely great achievement for the young researcher! -
four years ahead in such a central field as nuclear physics. Sakharov was not satisfied with the ideal case of charge symmetry, so
how he understood that in the presence of a Coulomb potential in the proton-proton interaction of a state with a certain isotopic
parity can be mixed to such an extent that the concept itself
becomes useless. Therefore, he moves on to assess impurities,
which can be generated by the Coulomb interaction.
The processes studied in his dissertation have two aspects: nuclear and
electrodynamic. Nuclear models are needed to calculate their speeds.
No explanation, although his steps are justified by my above
in brief remarks, he used the Coulomb potential to
calculating the matrix element that relates the charge of a nucleon to
transition electron density. He emphasized that the process depends
only on the electron density inside the nucleus.
He then calculated velocities using Dirac plane waves to
exiting electron and positron, which is a good approximation
for 16O, where Z is small and useful for orientation.
The next step was to include the effect of the Coulomb field of the nucleus on
distribution over the expansion angle b between e+ and e". Sakharov's dissertation is completely unusual. She shows it
fundamental awareness of the importance of the principles of symmetry and selection rules.
He proposed a new selection rule, based on “isotopic parity” (the same as
charge parity) as a consequence of the charge symmetry of nuclear forces along
at least four years earlier than it was noticed in other places.
He had a modern approach to pointing out how to use
experimental data to discard possible extrapolations
established theory. For example, using experimental data, he
in several ways eliminated the deviation from Coulomb’s law for small (in
nuclear scale) distances, and ruled out the possibility that 16O(6.049)
may have quantum numbers J = 0~.
He was unusually intimately familiar with the methods of quantum mechanics for the case
three-particle states (e+ + e- + atomic nucleus), showing perfect
mastery of the details of practical calculations for the process of emission of two particles.
He managed to come up with approximations that made it possible to obtain completely
reliable estimates, an example of which is the consideration of the Coulomb
interactions e+e e- in pairwise conversion. As a young researcher, he
back in 1947 I was able to see “remote” possibilities such as direct
positronium emission. And in conclusion - again about the science that A.D. Sakharov was
infinitely devoted. In August 1989, four months before his
death, he concluded his memoirs with these words:
“Of course, finishing work on a book creates a feeling
milestone, result. “Why is this incomprehensible sadness secretly disturbing me?”
(A.S. Pushkin). And at the same time - a feeling of a powerful flow
life that began before us and will continue after
us... This is a miracle of science. Although I don’t believe in the possibility of a quick
creation (or creation at all?) of a comprehensive theory, but I
I see gigantic, fantastic achievements throughout
even just my life and I expect that this flow will not dry up, but,
on the contrary, it will expand and branch..."
"Thousands of years ago, human tribes underwent severe selection
on survival; and in this struggle it was important not only the ability
wield a baton, but also the ability to reason, to preserve
traditions, the ability for altruistic mutual assistance of members
tribe. Today, all of humanity as a whole holds a similar
exam. In infinite space there must exist many
civilizations, including more intelligent ones, more “successful” than
our. I also defend the cosmological hypothesis, according to
in which the cosmological development of the Universe is repeated in
its basic features an infinite number of times. At the same time, others
civilizations, including more “successful” ones, must exist
an infinite number of times on "previous" and "successive" to our
the world on the pages of the book of the Universe. But all this should not detract from our
sacred aspiration precisely in this world, where we, like a flash in
darkness, emerged for an instant from black nothingness
unconscious
existence
matter,
implement
demands of Reason and create a life worthy of ourselves and vaguely
the Goal we guess.”
(A.D. Sakharov, Nobel lecture) At the funeral of A.D. Sakharov academician
Dmitry Likhachev said: “He was
a real prophet. Prophet in the ancient
in the original sense of the word, that is
Human,
calling
their
contemporaries
To
moral
renewal for the future. And, like everyone
prophet, he was not understood and was expelled from
of his people."
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov as a historical figure
Slide 2
A. D. Sakharov
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov is known as the greatest scientist of our time, as the author of outstanding works on particle physics and cosmology. He owns the main idea of thermonuclear fusion. Also, the whole world knows A.D. Sakharov as an outstanding public figure, a fearless fighter for human rights, for establishing the primacy of universal human values on Earth. The political confrontation took a lot of his energy. A person of deep humanistic convictions and high moral principles
Slide 3
I know national history tells about Sakharov as the leader of the human rights movement, about his parliamentary activities. I wanted to get to know Andrei Dmitrievich better. Studying the literature about Sakharov, I set the following goal: to prove that Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov is a historical figure. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1. Talk about the personality of A.D. Sakharov, about his struggle for human rights, about his deputy activities, about the role of Andrei Dmitrievich in the development of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. 2.Prove that the “father of the hydrogen bomb” always advocated a nuclear-free world, that he was the “conscience” of the era and his life could become a moral example for humanity
Slide 4
Kurchatov and Sakharov
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, world famous scientist and public figure, born May 21, 1921 in Moscow. His parents: Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova and Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, a physics teacher, author of a number of textbooks and problem books on physics, as well as many popular science books. In 1938 he entered the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. In 1941, after the start of the Great Patriotic War, was drafted, but did not pass the medical examination and was evacuated along with Moscow State University to Ashgabat, where in 1942 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics. He was invited to remain at the department and continue his education. Andrei Dmitrievich refused this offer and was sent by the People's Commissariat of Armaments to Ulyanovsk to a defense plant. studied independently scientific research, in 1944-1945 he completed several scientific works. In January 1945 he entered graduate school Physical Institute USSR Academy of Sciences (FIAN), where his scientific supervisor was Academician I.E. Tamm. He graduated from graduate school, defending his Ph.D. thesis in November 1947, and until March 1950 he worked as a junior researcher. In July 1948, by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, he was involved in the creation of thermo nuclear weapons.
Slide 5
A.D. Sakharov
D. Sakharov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times (in 1953, 1956 and 1962); in 1953 he was awarded State Prize USSR, and in 1956 - the Lenin Prize. In 1953 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was then 32 years old. Few people were elected academician so early. Subsequently, A.D. Sakharov was elected a member of a number of foreign academies. He is also an honorary doctor from many universities
Slide 6
In 1950, A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm considered the idea of a magnetic thermonuclear reactor, which formed the basis for work on controlled thermonuclear fusion.
Slide 7
A. D. Sakharov “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of humanity”
Sakharov's social evolution did not occur simply in the course of his thoughts. Working near the top of the military-scientific pyramid, he took professional and personal responsibility for the consequences of his work. In 1958, he took responsibility for ending atmospheric nuclear testing. He calculated that even in the safest - “pure” - option, each megaton of explosion dooms a very certain number of victims - 6,600 people. It was a professional problem, but his colleagues on both sides of the global barricade found the “moral and political conclusions from the numbers” he had drawn incomprehensible. In that epic he had defeats, but there was also a victory of which he was proud - the 1963 agreement to stop above-ground testing. It took years of life experience to become convinced how much speculation and deception were contained in Soviet bright ideals. Then he began to think that all governments are worth each other and all peoples are threatened by common dangers. And finally, already opposing the Soviet regime, I came to the conclusion that the similarity here is no greater than between a cancer and a normal cell, and found a cure for social cancer in the protection of human rights.
Slide 8
Human rights group
In November 1970, the Human Rights Committee was created, one of the founders of which was A.D. Sakharov. Having previously declared general principle, according to which respect for human rights is a necessary condition not only the healthy development of our country, but also a necessary condition for peace, A.D. Sakharov did not ignore a single case of violation of human rights. He repeatedly spoke out in defense of political prisoners, against the use of psychiatry for repressive purposes, for the right to choose the country of residence and place of residence in this country, in defense of repressed peoples (in particular, for the right of the Crimean Tatars to return to their homeland). Academician Sakharov was one of the founders and honorary chairman of the Memorial Society until his death.
Slide 9
Speech at the First Congress of People's Deputies
In April 1989, Sakharov was elected people's deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences. At the Congress people's deputies In a heated discussion, all the pressing problems caused by four years of attempts at reform were raised. On most of them, Sakharov expressed his opinion. The most striking of his speeches was the proclamation of the “Decree on Power,” which abolished Article 6 of the USSR Constitution on the leadership role Communist Party. There are no more congresses of people's deputies, nor the Soviet Union. The stenographic reports have been archived; those accepted at that time have long since lost their validity. regulations, names and surnames were erased from memory. But the lessons of democracy, the achievements and mistakes of the first reformers, which it is not a sin for modern politicians to learn from, remained an invaluable asset.
Slide 10
draft Constitution
Having become a member of the Constitutional Committee in 1989, A. Sakharov decided to write his own draft Constitution. His friend and teacher I.E. Tamm said: “To write the Constitution, you need to have a life behind you, a little in your head common sense, be sure to respect those for whom it is written, and respect yourself.” Behind these words one can guess the personality of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov; in the preamble to his draft Constitution, Andrei Sakharov wrote: “The goal of the peoples of the USSR is a happy and worthy life, prosperous life. And world peace." The draft contains 46 articles, seven of them are devoted to human rights. The Project traces Sakharov's concept of the inseparable connection between human rights and peace on earth, between the survival of humanity and the openness of every society... Now this is called “new thinking”.
Slide 11
Conclusions:
1. Sakharov was the first to understand, or at least the first to say loudly, that in our age of thermonuclear weapons this confrontation threatens the sudden destruction of all life on Earth and showed a way out. 2. The struggle for human rights, which he developed, is not a philanthropic activity of idle intellectuals, but a struggle to transform our country from a dictatorship into a democratic open society, a struggle for international trust, to overcome confrontation, and for the path to disarmament. 3. He contrasted violence with good in the life of society. 4. Just as Andrei Dmitrievich did in his theoretical developments in applied physics, ending them not with a beautiful integral, but with a formula ready for use, so in his social activities he did not throw out slogans and appeals, but he himself sat down to write the draft “Constitution of the Union Soviet Republics Europe and Asia," trying to give us a sharpened tool to improve the life of our country. If his life had not ended so suddenly, he would have made this tool perfect. But after passing away, he left us a program:
Slide 12
A.D. Sakharov
Program: On intellectual freedom On cooperation On the arms race On relations between the West and the USSR
Slide 13
A.D. Sakharov - historical figure
A.D. Sakharov is a historical figure. The “father of the hydrogen bomb” always advocated for a nuclear-free world, that he was the “conscience” of the era and his life could become a moral example for humanity. His life can serve as a moral example for us. A major scientist of our time, he was the author of outstanding works on elementary physics particles and cosmology. The whole world knows Sakharov as an outstanding public figure, a fearless fighter for human rights, for establishing on Earth the primacy of universal human values. Andrei Dmitrievich is a man of deep humanistic convictions and high moral principles. He has always remained a Man with a capital M.
Slide 1
Completed by: Svetlana Radchenko, 10th grade student of the Kolyvan Secondary School, Kurinsky district, Altai Territory
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov as a historical figure
Slide 2
A. D. Sakharov
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov is known as the greatest scientist of our time, as the author of outstanding works on particle physics and cosmology. He owns the main idea of thermonuclear fusion. Also, the whole world knows A.D. Sakharov as an outstanding public figure, a fearless fighter for human rights, for establishing the primacy of universal human values on Earth. The political confrontation took a lot of his energy. A person of deep humanistic convictions and high moral principles
Slide 3
Curriculum Vitae
The course on national history tells about Sakharov as the leader of the human rights movement and about his parliamentary activities. I wanted to get to know Andrei Dmitrievich better. Studying the literature about Sakharov, I set the following goal: to prove that Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov is a historical figure. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1. Talk about the personality of A.D. Sakharov, about his struggle for human rights, about his deputy activities, about the role of Andrei Dmitrievich in the development of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. 2.Prove that the “father of the hydrogen bomb” always advocated a nuclear-free world, that he was the “conscience” of the era and his life could become a moral example for humanity
Slide 4
Kurchatov and Sakharov
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, a world-famous scientist and public figure, was born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow. His parents: Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova and Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, a physics teacher, author of a number of textbooks and problem books on physics, as well as many popular science books. In 1938 he entered the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. In 1941, after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, he was drafted, but did not pass the medical examination and was evacuated along with Moscow State University to Ashgabat, where in 1942 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics. He was invited to remain at the department and continue his education. Andrei Dmitrievich refused this offer and was sent by the People's Commissariat of Armaments to Ulyanovsk to a defense plant. He was independently engaged in scientific research; in 1944-1945 he completed several scientific works. In January 1945, he entered graduate school at the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (FIAN), where his supervisor was Academician I.E. Tamm. He graduated from graduate school, defending his Ph.D. thesis in November 1947, and until March 1950 he worked as a junior researcher. In July 1948, by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, he was involved in the creation of thermonuclear weapons.
Slide 5
A.D. Sakharov
D. Sakharov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times (in 1953, 1956 and 1962), in 1953 he was awarded the USSR State Prize, and in 1956 - the Lenin Prize. In 1953 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was then 32 years old. Few people were elected academician so early. Subsequently, A.D. Sakharov was elected a member of a number of foreign academies. He is also an honorary doctor from many universities
Slide 6
In 1950, A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm considered the idea of a magnetic thermonuclear reactor, which formed the basis for work on controlled thermonuclear fusion.
Slide 7
A. D. Sakharov “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of humanity”
Sakharov's social evolution did not occur simply in the course of his thoughts. Working near the top of the military-scientific pyramid, he took professional and personal responsibility for the consequences of his work. In 1958, he took responsibility for ending atmospheric nuclear testing. He calculated that even in the safest - “pure” - option, each megaton of explosion dooms a very certain number of victims - 6,600 people. It was a professional problem, but his colleagues on both sides of the global barricade found the “moral and political conclusions from the numbers” he had drawn incomprehensible. In that epic he had defeats, but there was also a victory of which he was proud - the 1963 agreement to stop above-ground testing. It took years of life experience to become convinced how much speculation and deception were contained in Soviet bright ideals. Then he began to think that all governments are worth each other and all peoples are threatened by common dangers. And finally, already opposing the Soviet regime, I came to the conclusion that the similarity here is no greater than between a cancer and a normal cell, and found a cure for social cancer in the protection of human rights.
Slide 8
Human rights group
In November 1970, the Human Rights Committee was created, one of the founders of which was A.D. Sakharov. Having previously proclaimed the general principle according to which respect for human rights is a necessary condition not only for the healthy development of our country, but also a necessary condition for peace, A.D. Sakharov did not ignore a single case of violation of human rights. He repeatedly spoke out in defense of political prisoners, against the use of psychiatry for repressive purposes, for the right to choose the country of residence and place of residence in this country, in defense of repressed peoples (in particular, for the right of the Crimean Tatars to return to their homeland). Academician Sakharov was one of the founders and honorary chairman of the Memorial Society until his death.
Slide 9
Speech at the First Congress of People's Deputies
In April 1989, Sakharov was elected people's deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences. At the Congress of People's Deputies, all pressing problems caused by four years of attempts at reform were raised in a heated discussion. On most of them, Sakharov expressed his opinion. The most striking of his speeches was the proclamation of the “Decree on Power,” which abolished Article 6 of the USSR Constitution on the leading role of the Communist Party. There are no more congresses of people's deputies, nor the Soviet Union itself. Verbatim reports have been written off in the archives, the normative acts adopted at that time have long since lost their force, and names and surnames have been erased from memory. But the lessons of democracy, the achievements and mistakes of the first reformers, which it is not a sin for modern politicians to learn from, remained an invaluable asset.
Slide 10
draft Constitution
Having become a member of the Constitutional Committee in 1989, A. Sakharov decided to write his own draft Constitution. His friend and teacher I.E. Tamm said: “To write the Constitution, you need to have life behind you, a little common sense in your head, be sure to respect those for whom it is written, and respect yourself.” Behind these words one can guess the personality of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov; in the preamble to his draft Constitution, Andrei Sakharov wrote: “The goal of the peoples of the USSR is a happy and dignified life, a prosperous life. And world peace." The draft contains 46 articles, seven of them are devoted to human rights. The Project traces Sakharov's concept of the inseparable connection between human rights and peace on earth, between the survival of humanity and the openness of every society... Now this is called “new thinking”.
Slide 11
1. Sakharov was the first to understand, or at least the first to say loudly, that in our age of thermonuclear weapons this confrontation threatens the sudden destruction of all life on Earth and showed a way out. 2. The struggle for human rights, which he developed, is not a philanthropic activity of idle intellectuals, but a struggle to transform our country from a dictatorship into a democratic open society, a struggle for international trust, to overcome confrontation, and for the path to disarmament. 3. He contrasted violence with good in the life of society. 4. Just as Andrei Dmitrievich did in his theoretical developments in applied physics, ending them not with a beautiful integral, but with a formula ready for application, so in his social activities he did not throw out slogans and appeals, but sat down to write the draft “Constitution” Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", trying to give us a sharpened tool for correcting the life of our country. If his life had not ended so suddenly, he would have made this instrument perfect. But when he passed away, he left us the program.
Slide 1
HELL. Sakharov is an outstanding scientist and human rights activist of our time, Gymnasium No. 13, 9th grade. Completed by: Artyomov Alexander. Scientific supervisor: Physics teacher Anastasia Aleksandrovna Dotsenko. Novomoskovsk 2012Slide 2
HELL. Sakharov and the hydrogen bomb Only those who go to battle for them every day are worthy of happiness and freedom. Goethe Introduction
Slide 3
How do Sakharov’s features combine highly? moral person, human rights activist and creator of the hydrogen bomb? Introduction
Slide 4
PURPOSE OF THE WORK: to explore who A.D. Sakharov is: an evil genius who created weapons of mass destruction of humanity or an ardent opponent of their use and a fighter for peace.
Slide 5
TASKS: Consider the life and work of A. D. Sakharov. The structure and principle of operation of the hydrogen bomb. Consequences of a hydrogen bomb explosion. A.D. Sakharov’s struggle against the use of nuclear weapons.
Slide 6
The beginning of the journey Parents A.D. Sakharova Dmitry Ivanovich Ekaterina Alekseevna The beginning of the journey
Slide 7
In the scientific world I.E. Tamm The greatest theoretical physicist, Nobel Prize laureate in physics. Since 1945 - teacher and scientific supervisor A.D. Sakharov In the scientific world
Slide 8
1948-1968. Continuous work in conditions of top secrecy and super tension, first in Moscow, then in the special secret research center Arzamas-16 near Gorky. “We were all then convinced of the vital importance of this work for the balance of power throughout the world and were carried away by its grandeur” Sakharov In the scientific world
Slide 9
The design of a hydrogen bomb The idea of a hydrogen bomb was based on physical phenomenon, which is the most common in the Universe, nuclear fusion, the formation of nuclei of atoms of heavier elements due to the fusion of nuclei of light elements. Nuclear fusion releases hundreds and thousands of times more energy than the decay of heavy nuclei. Hydrogen bomb device
Slide 10
Scheme of a hydrogen bomb by A.D. Sakharov In 1949, he proposed original idea the so-called “puff puff”, where as an effective nuclear material Cheap uranium-238 was used, which was considered waste in the production of weapons-grade uranium. The device of the hydrogen bomb A.D. Sakharov circuit of an explosive magnetic generator
Slide 11
The principle of operation of a hydrogen bomb Vitaly Ginzburg proposed lithium deuteride as a fuel. Lithium, the lightest of the solid elements earth's crust, quite accessible. Even though it was necessary to separate lithium-6 from other isotopes, producing lithium-6 was thousands of times cheaper than producing tritium. The reaction follows the formula: 6Li + n 4He + 4.6 MeV. The device of the hydrogen bomb A.D. Sakharov
Slide 12
Hydrogen bomb tests A.D. Sakharov on November 6, 1955, the first test of a hydrogen bomb was carried out. Hydrogen bomb tests A.D. Sakharov
Slide 13
Sequence of processes occurring during an explosion 1) The shell of a hydrogen bomb is the charge that initiates the thermonuclear reaction. 2) A neutron flash occurs and is created heat, necessary to initiate thermonuclear fusion. 3) Neutrons bombard the lithium deuteride insert. 4) Lithium-6 is split into helium and tritium under the influence of neutrons. Thus, the atomic fuse creates the materials necessary for synthesis directly in the actual bomb itself. 5) A thermonuclear reaction begins in a mixture of deuterium and tritium, the temperature inside the bomb rapidly increases, involving more and more hydrogen in the synthesis. 6) With a further increase in temperature, a reaction between deuterium nuclei, characteristic of a purely hydrogen bomb, could begin. The device of the hydrogen bomb A.D. Sakharov
Slide 14
The evolution of Sakharov's views Reasons Nuclear tests cause great harm to all living things. Even test explosions of nuclear weapons, which were then carried out in the atmosphere, on the surface of the earth and in water, pose a danger to humanity. For example, atmospheric explosions led to contamination of the atmosphere at large distances from the test site. The explosion of a hydrogen bomb. A mushroom cloud emerging after a thermonuclear explosion. The evolution of Sakharov’s views.
