Objects of research of the forensic doctrine of edged weapons. Forensic doctrine of edged weapons. The methodological basis of the proposed work is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, general scientific and particular scientific methods of theoretical

Edged weapons are often used by attackers to commit various criminal offenses, respectively, such weapons often become the object of forensic examination - the examination of edged weapons, the basic branch of knowledge for which is the forensic doctrine of edged weapons.

Forensic doctrine of edged weapons - this is a branch of forensic technology that studies edged weapons and products structurally similar to them, traces of their use in the commission of criminal offenses and develops techniques, methods and means for detecting, fixing, seizing and examining such objects in order to investigate criminal offenses.

Before scientific foundations such a doctrine includes data on tools of different nations and nationalities intended for inflicting bodily harm, data on military sciences, hunting science, metal processing technology and some other branches of knowledge, as well as, created within the forensic doctrine itself, a system of knowledge about the variety of edged weapons, its forensic signs, the process of researching such weapons, criteria for evaluating the identified signs and providing conclusions, and the like.

As a branch of forensic technology, the forensic doctrine of edged weapons is complex system scientific knowledge. In general, this teaching is divided into two parts. The first part includes knowledge about edged weapons, including what is relevant to criminal use, as well as traces of its manufacture, storage, transportation, and sale. The second part consists of a system of developed technical means, techniques, methods and techniques for detecting, fixing, seizing, storing and examining edged weapons and products structurally similar to it in the course of pre-trial investigation and judicial review of criminal proceedings.

Thus, the forensic doctrine of edged weapons as a branch of forensic technology consists of the following main elements:

Forensic concept of edged weapons;

Cold weapon classification systems;

Complexes of signs of each type (variety) of edged weapons;

Techniques, methods and means for detecting, fixing, seizing, storing edged weapons and items structurally similar to it during an investigative examination, search, etc.;

Methods of forensic research of edged weapons in the framework of forensic examination.

The objects of the forensic doctrine of edged weapons are:

1) edged weapons, their individual parts, blanks and semi-finished products of weapons;

2) products structurally similar to edged weapons;

3) materials, tools and other means (drawings, records) for the manufacture of edged weapons;

4) objects with traces of edged weapons.

The subject of the forensic doctrine of melee weapons includes four groups of regularities:

1) regularities in the use of edged weapons as means or tools for committing criminal offenses;

2) regularities in the formation of traces associated with the manufacture, possession and use of edged weapons;

3) patterns associated with the development of techniques, methods and means for detecting, fixing and seizing cold steel, products structurally similar to it and traces of their use;

4) patterns of forensic research of edged weapons, products structurally similar to it and traces of their use.

The concept of edged weapons, its classification and structure

Steel arms - objects and devices that are structurally designed and by their properties suitable for repeated infliction of severe (life-threatening at the time of infliction) and fatal bodily harm, the action of which is based on the use of human muscle strength and does not have a direct industrial or household purpose.

There are items that, in addition to their main purpose - inflicting bodily harm, - due to the features of their design, allow you to perform various auxiliary operations (for example, a bayonet-knife for AKM and AK-74 assault rifles is designed not only to hit a living target, but also to cut wire , including those under the influence electric current, that is, its auxiliary purpose is an engineering tool). Such items, nevertheless, belong to edged weapons, since their main purpose is not related to household or industrial purposes.

And, on the contrary, there are items that are very close to melee weapons in terms of design, size and strength characteristics, but they do not belong to melee weapons, since they have a different purpose that is not related to inflicting bodily harm (for example, a diving knife is close to a dagger , locksmith's scraper - up to a stylet, and the like), although such objects can inflict bodily harm, which are no less dangerous than those inflicted with melee weapons.

In order to establish whether an object is a cold weapon and what kind (type) it belongs to, it is necessary to know the existing systems for classifying cold weapons and their structure.

According to the design and method of causing bodily harm melee weapons are divided into:

Weapon direct action (knife, non-klink, combined);

Weapon indirect action (throwing: simple; complex). Bladed melee weapons - objects and devices, the element of which is the blade.

Bladed weapons may differ in their configuration, size, and methods of holding in the hand. Handled weapons - sabers, checkers, daggers, knives and the like. Weapons with a shaft - peaks, spears, horns. Without a handle and a shaft, however, which is attached to a firearm - needle and some bladed bayonets.

Bladed melee weapons can be with a short (up to 40 cm), medium (from 40 to 52 cm) and long (more than 52 cm) blade. The blade can have a straight shape and a curve - scimitars, sabers, checkers, some daggers and knives.

The most common in forensic practice are samples short-bladed weapons with a handle: daggers (military, hunting), knives (military, hunting, criminal), bayonets.

According to the principle of action blade cold weapons are divided into weapons: rublyachoi actions (sabers, checkers); prickly action (daggers, stilettos, bayonets, swords, rapiers); piercing rublyachoi (scimitars, broadswords, swords); piercing-cutting action (daggers, knife bayonets, knives).

Neklinkova (shock-crushing) edged weapons - objects and devices whose striking element is the shock part (parts). This type of edged weapons includes flails, combat whips, brass knuckles, percussion rings, maces and the like.

According to the design, size and nature of the use of shock-crushing edged weapons, this type of weapon can be divided into three groups:

1. Melee weapons that have a straight long rod with a weight at the end (or without it), in which the mass of the object and the radius of its swing are used upon impact (sticks, maces, cue balls, six-pointers).

2. Melee weapons, which have a rod or loop of arbitrary length, to which the shock part is attached on a special suspension, and thus, when struck, not only the muscular strength of a person is used, but the inertia force of the shock part (flails, combat whips, etc.).

3. Edged weapons that increase the force of impact with an open or clenched fist hand (brass knuckles and percussion rings, etc.).

Combined melee weapons - objects and devices in which the striking elements characteristic of various types edged weapons (for example, brass knuckles with a blade and a striking part).

Throwing melee weapons - objects and devices that are designed to hit a target at a distance.

Throwing melee weapons are divided into:

- simple throwing melee weapon (the defeat of the target is due to its contact with the object, which received a directed movement due to the direct application of the human muscular effort to it - throwing knives, shurikens, etc.);

- mechanical edged weapons (the defeat of the target is due to its contact with the projectile, which received a directed movement due to the application of human muscle effort to a mechanical device - bows, crossbows, slings, etc.).

By appointment edged weapons are divided into: combat, hunting, sports, criminal.

combat edged weapons refers to a weapon that is intended and suitable for lethal destruction of a target when solving combat and operational-service tasks by state and other legitimate military or paramilitary formations and is or was in their arsenal.

hunting edged weapons includes weapons designed and suitable for lethal defeat (including finishing off) of an animal, in conditions of industrial or sports (including spearfishing) hunting.

sports edged weapons includes weapons designed exclusively for sports competitions and training, the parameters and characteristics of which are fixed in the Competition Rules.

criminal edged weapons include handicraft or home-made items and devices that are designed to inflict bodily harm on a person and have no analogues among military and hunting weapons.

Blade length: dovgoklinkova, mid-blade, short-bladed.

According to the manufacturing method distinguish cold weapons:

a) factory-made;

b) handicraft, made by gunsmiths in the conditions of official entrepreneurial or other activities in handicraft workshops, in terms of its characteristics is close to factory weapons, but in terms of quality and (or) uniformity of external design, design and size does not meet the standards of industrial production;

c) home-made, which is made and assembled in a home-made way from parts and parts completely homemade or with the use of individual parts and parts of weapons and (or) products for other purposes of industrial or handicraft production.

Each type of edged weapons has its own set of necessary structural elements.

Bladed melee weapons usually consist of from the blade, handle and limiter (or guard). Knives are the most common type of edged weapons submitted for expert examination.

1 - handle; 2 - blade; 3 - dolo (gutter); 4 - butt; 5 - the tip of the blade; 6 - blade; 7 - limiter; 8 - subfinger notch.

The most common types of non-blade (impact-crushing) melee weapons entering the expert study are nunchaku and brass knuckles. Nunchaku consists of two or more rods made of hard material (wood, plastic), which are flexibly connected to each other in series and can equally perform the functions of both a handle and a warhead. Brass knuckles, worn on the fingers or clamped between them or the hand, is made of hard material and has a warhead (s) with or without spikes.

: 1 - emphasis for the palm; 2- warhead without spikes; 3 - opening for fingers.

: 1 - rods; 2 - z "single ring; 3 - chain.

Forensic research of edged weapons and traces of their use is a section of forensic weapons science that studies edged weapons, objects that replace and resemble them, as well as patterns of formation of traces of their use; tools and techniques are being developed for collecting and examining these objects as material evidence in the detection, investigation and prevention of crimes.

Melee weapons should include objects specially made or adapted to inflict serious bodily harm, the use and operation of which is not associated with the use of gunpowder and other explosives, according to the design and mode of operation, due to the design, which are standard samples or corresponding to historically developed types.

It should be noted that none of the definitions of edged weapons contains indications of the specific dimensions of weapons, since it is impossible to indicate any minimum dimensions weapons. Belonging to it is determined not by the specific size of the object, but by the possibility of causing them serious bodily harm, although size is one of the main features. When examining a particular object, it is necessary to indicate its size.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLD WEAPONS.

Melee weapons can be classified on various grounds:

according to the principle of action;

for the intended purpose;

according to the method and place of manufacture;

by design;

by way of action.

By operating principle all edged weapons should be divided into hand-to-hand and throwing. The source of energy during the action of hand-to-hand weapons is the muscular strength of a person. It includes weapons traditionally considered cold: sabers, daggers, maces, etc.

Throwing weapons are classified depending on the source of energy into:

a) acting directly with the help of the muscular strength of a person (spear, dart, boomerang);

b) acting from the energy of a compressed spring, compressed air, a stretched bowstring and others where the muscular strength of a person is used indirectly (knives with a flying blade, spring bows and pneumatic guns).

For the intended purpose melee weapons are divided into:

combat (military);

hunting;

sports;

criminal (criminal purposes).

The objects of forensic research are, as a rule, samples of military, hunting and criminal weapons. A sporting weapon can become such an object if it is altered in order to give it combat properties, that is, if it has turned into a criminal one.

According to the manufacturing method edged weapons can be factory, artisanal or homemade.

It is advisable to single out converted weapons into a separate group, since they have signs of both factory-made and home-made.

By place of manufacture edged weapons can be divided into domestic and foreign.

By design melee weapons can be bladed, non-bladed, combined and masked.

By way of action bladed weapons are divided into:

a) chopping (checkers, sabers, cleavers);

b) stabbing (swords, daggers, stilettos, faceted bayonets);

c) piercing-chopping (scimitars, swords, broadswords, some varieties of daggers);

d) piercing and cutting (Finnish and hunting knives, daggers, bladed bayonets, army knives and some national knives).

Depending on the length of the blade, melee weapons are divided into weapons with a long and short blade.

Non-bladed melee weapons are shock-crushing in their mode of action. It includes clubs, maces, shestopery, flails, handhelds, brass knuckles.

In forensic practice, there are combined and disguised edged weapons. Disguised weapons include weapons whose warhead is hidden and which has appearance item that is not a weapon. Bladed edged weapons are distinguished by the length of the blade. It can be short-bladed (up to 300 mm), medium-bladed (from 300 mm to 500 mm); long-bladed (from 500 mm and more).

By retention method in the hand it is divided into three groups:

With a handle (hunting knives, stilettos, daggers, daggers, checkers, etc.);

With a shaft (pikes, axes, spears, darts, etc.);

With a device for attaching to firearms.

By standards edged weapons are divided into standard and non-standard.

Standard edged weapons correspond to historically developed samples and are currently manufactured according to the established standards and requirements of GOST, i.e., factory-made technology. Non-standard bladed weapons are those that do not correspond to historically established models and are made with deviation from the norms and requirements of technology, having various original designs that can combine details of different samples of the same type of weapon.

Currently, there is a regulatory framework legalized by GOSTs, which allows certifying knives and products of foreign and domestic manufacturers that are structurally similar to edged and throwing weapons and contains stringent forensic requirements.

The regulatory framework given in these GOSTs is quite sufficient and allows for the correct and objective conduct of forensic research and examination of edged weapons.

Research.

Edged weapons become the object of forensic research in two main situations.

Firstly, when it is necessary to resolve the issue of whether the item seized in the case is a cold weapon.

Secondly, when in the process of investigating crimes on the basis of traces left after the use of edged weapons, and on the traces on the weapon itself, it is necessary to establish certain circumstances and the fact of its use by a specific person (persons).

The attribution of one or another object to cold weapons is not always indisputable and often the use of special knowledge is required to resolve this issue. Especially often such a need arises when the object seized in the case does not have pronounced signs of edged weapons and it is difficult to distinguish it from industrial and household items. The complexity of such a distinction is also determined by the fact that edged weapons are divided into various types, subspecies, types, each of which has a specific set of features that characterize its intended purpose, principle of operation and design features.

When deciding on the attribution of a particular item to a cold weapon, it is not always necessary to conduct expert research. So, it is easily recognizable, and therefore does not need to be studied for this purpose, military and sporting weapons, which have well-known forms, special markings (sabers, checkers, rapiers, stilettos, daggers, etc.). Also, brass knuckles, flails, nunchaku and other items of shock-crushing action, the use of which is prohibited by law as civilian weapons (with the exception of sports equipment), can usually be easily attributed to melee weapons. A different situation develops in the study of such criminal edged weapons as Finnish knives and daggers. Knives, daggers used for criminal purposes are most often made home-made, less often by handicraft, sometimes have significant deviations from accepted standards or contain signs different types weapons.

When conducting a study of such objects, experts rely on generally recognized standards, standard samples of edged weapons, special tables, reference albums with descriptions, drawings, drawings and photographs of such weapons. At the same time, in each case, the general shape of the weapon, the dimensions, strength and special sharpening of its blade, the shape and convenience of holding the handle in the hand, the presence or absence of a stop delimiting the handle from the blade, and other signs are taken into account.

In a forensic investigation of cold throwing weapons, it is necessary to establish the possibility of hitting a target with this object at a distance. If a throwing weapon designed to hit a target with a projectile using a mechanical device (bow, crossbow) is factory-made, then the question of its relevance to melee weapons can be resolved upon inspection. With regard to handicraft weapons, this issue is usually resolved in the process of expert research. Cold throwing weapons include items that have the following qualities: a) designed to hit a target at a distance; b) technical serviceability, i.e. suitability for throwing special projectiles; c) lethal force.

Forensic research of edged weapons is an integral part of lawsuits related to the use of edged weapons. That's why good specialist the forensic specialist should know the processes of forensic research of edged weapons and correctly apply them. For all questions regarding edged weapons, we advise you to contact criminologists and lawyers.

Forensic research of edged weapons is associated with such sections of the study as a preliminary study and a detailed study. In turn, a detailed study is divided into separate and comparative. A forensic investigation of edged weapons must be carried out in order to identify whether or not the object under study belongs to edged weapons.

To do this, you need to consider a number of signs that will help to attribute it to this type. In a preliminary study, it is necessary to determine whether the physical evidence - edged weapons is genuine. This research process should be recorded on paper. Also, all the signs that distinguish this melee weapon from the rest should be recorded there.

First of all, it is necessary to identify the color, size, any distinctive signs, for example, inscriptions detailing edged weapons. This inspection is carried out in order to determine the type of edged weapons, to attribute it to one or another group.

Usually, a forensic investigation of edged weapons is carried out according to a plan that includes detailed details. The meaning of detailing is to examine the object of edged weapons in more detail, to conduct comparative analysis and, in some cases, conduct the necessary investigative experiments.

A separate study consists in identifying a number of features that will be applied directly only to this edged weapon, which is subject to examination.

A comparative study includes the selection of features that are the most important and main. There is a comparative analysis of the type of edged weapons directly with the existing samples. Such designs may be, for example, company designs or designs listed in background information. If a number of signs are identical, then on the basis of this it is possible to attribute the studied type of edged weapons to any type.

Usually, the object under study is photographed and matches are noted on the photo. You can also find matches based on specifications compared objects.

Melee weapons produced at the factory are much easier to identify. If the weapon is homemade, then a number of difficulties may arise in this case. Here, identification is carried out according to a number of signs that could indicate that home-made edged weapons could be made by reworking factory edged weapons.

When identifying edged weapons, a distinction should be made between edged weapons and household items. Sometimes homemade edged weapons may be a semi-finished product, or have some defects, which must also be taken into account.

The conclusion of the forensic investigation of edged weapons is the direct conduct of the experiment. Here the strength of edged weapons is determined, directly to its bladed part. Experimental examination is also subject to home-made types of edged weapons, as well as converted factory samples. The completion of the forensic investigation of edged weapons is to make a conclusion about whether it is possible for this type of weapon to inflict the available stabbing or cutting blows.

Forensic weapons science is a branch of forensic technology that studies weapons, ammunition, explosives, explosive devices, as well as traces of their use, develops means, techniques and methods for detecting, seizing, fixing and researching in order to detect, investigate and prevent crimes.

The system of forensic weapons science, as a rule, includes the following parts:

1. General provisions of forensic weapons science;

3. Forensic doctrine of cold and throwing weapons;

5. Forensic explosives;

6. Forensic investigation of other types of weapons.

The objects of research of forensic weapons science are:

• firearms;
• traces of use firearms;
• accessories and ammunition for firearms;
• edged weapons and accessories to it;
• explosives;
• explosive devices and accessories to them;
• traces of the use of explosives and explosive devices;
• other types of weapons, circumstances related to their use.

Using the provisions of forensic weapons science allows you to solve many problems that arise in the process of detecting and investigating crimes:

• to establish whether the object is a weapon, and to what kind it belongs;
• whether the weapon is serviceable and suitable for firing a shot;
• identify a specific firearm by a spent bullet or cartridge case;
• establish whether the bullet and the cartridge case were parts of the same cartridge;
• set the direction, distance, sequence, number of shots;
• install mutual arrangement shooter and obstacles, etc.

The provisions of forensic weapons science are used by various subjects of disclosure and investigation of crimes in various forms:

• investigators, interrogating officers, forensic specialists and explosives experts in the course of investigative actions (investigative examinations, searches, seizures, examinations, etc.);
• specialists in the production of research in accordance with Art. 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, as well as in the implementation of operational-search activities;
• production experts forensic examinations;
• when conducting forensic records.

Forensic ballistics

Firearms are one of the main objects of forensic ballistics.

A firearm should be understood as a device designed to hit a target at a distance (or give a signal) with a projectile that receives directional movement due to the pressure of gases formed as a result of the combustion of gunpowder.

2. External (static) examination of the weapon before it is unloaded: examination of the weapon without moving it; checking the presence of objects in the bore of the weapon; search and description of individual signs of weapons; search, detection and fixation of traces on upper surface weapons (traces of a shot, traces of hands, microparticles, etc.);

3. The beginning of the dynamic inspection of weapons. Inspection of the opposite surface of the weapon and a detailed examination: search and description of the individual features of the weapon; search, detection and fixation of traces on the upper surface of the weapon (shot marks, hand marks, microparticles, etc.); taking steps to preserve traces.

4. Inspection of the weapon bed, i.e. surfaces where the weapon was located before it was moved: search and description of the individual features of the weapon; search, detection and fixation of traces on the upper surface of the weapon (shot marks, hand marks, microparticles, etc.); taking steps to preserve traces.

5. Dealing with the issue of unloading the weapon at the scene. In some cases, according to the statement of the relevant specialist, it is advisable to unload the weapon in the conditions of a forensic laboratory. Inspection of the surface of the store.

6. Fixing and packaging of the unloaded weapon on a hard flat surface in a cardboard box.

7. Search and detection at the scene of traces of the use of weapons, their examination and research: search, detection and fixation spent cartridges and bullets, their description and packaging and; search and detection of all gunshot injuries; determination of inlet and outlet openings; determination of the distance of the shot; location of the shooter.

8. Search for negative circumstances (signs) - the nomination and verification of the version of the staging of the use of weapons.

9. The final stage is the final packaging and certification of weapons, traces of a shot.

The discovered firearms, their parts, cartridges and their parts are sent for forensic ballistic examination. The weapon is submitted for examination in the form in which it was at the time of discovery.

If, for safety reasons, the firearm is unloaded during transport, the presence and location of cartridges in it should be described in detail. The protocol must contain detailed description weapons and the conditions for their detection and storage. The weapon must be packed in such a way that it cannot be damaged during transportation.

The formulation of questions when appointing a forensic ballistic examination should be carried out, if possible, after consultation with an expert ballist.

There are the following types of questions:

Non-identification (diagnostic):

• Is the item submitted for examination a firearm?
• Are the objects (cartridges) submitted for research ammunition, if so, for what type, model, caliber weapons are they intended?
• What type, model, type, caliber of firearms was the bullet submitted for examination fired from?
• Are damages on the obstacle firearms?
• What type of projectile (bullet, shot) caused gunshot damage on the barrier?
• Where are the presented cartridges made?

Identification questions:

• Was the cartridge case submitted for examination fired in a particular weapon?
• Was the bullet submitted for examination fired from a specific weapon?

Did the bullet and cartridge case submitted for research previously constitute a single cartridge?

Forensic doctrine of edged weapons

The forensic doctrine of edged weapons is a structural element of forensic weapons science that studies edged weapons, the practice of its criminal use and activities for its detection, seizure, evaluation and research in order to detect, investigate and prevent crimes.

Edged weapons are objects specially made and intended for mechanical destruction of manpower in direct contact with the target.

Melee weapons, depending on the design, are divided into bladed, shock-crushing, pole and combined, masked.

The varieties of edged bladed weapons include: knives, daggers, stilettos, daggers, bayonets, swords, broadswords, swords, rapiers, sabers, checkers, cleavers, scimitars, axes, battle axes and etc.

Varieties of shock-crushing edged weapons include: clubs, batons, maces, combat flails, flails, brass knuckles, combat lashes, combat scourges, brass knuckles, staves, pernaches, battle rings, handhelds, tonfas, etc.

Pole cold weapons are subdivided into: spears, pikes, horns, protazans, espantons, halberds, glaives, kouzes (cleavers on a pole), guisarms (combat scythes), combat pitchforks, tridents, bidents, reeds, etc.

It is not possible to indicate the exact number of types of combined edged weapons, due to a large number possible combinations, both within the same species and within different species. The most common types of combined edged weapons include: brass knuckles, brass knuckles daggers, brass knuckle stylets, chasers (axe-hammer), klevtsy (dagger-hammer, stylet-hammer), ax-mace.

Masked edged weapons are: a sword-cane, a rapier, a stiletto umbrella, a dagger-handle for switching speeds, a handheld watch and its other varieties.

According to their intended purpose, edged weapons are divided into:

1. Military (used or used in various military units and officially or were in service).

2. Service (used (used) public services for solving their tasks and included (included) in the approved list of funds approved for use).

3. Civil (used by the population for self-defense, survival in difficult conditions, fishing, tourism and sports, criminal).

By way of action:

1. Chopping (axes, axes).
2. Cutting (knives).
3. Stab (rapiers, stilettos, pikes).
4. Chopping and cutting (sabers, cleavers).
5. Chopping-piercing (swords, broadswords, swords, glaives).
6. Cutting and stabbing (daggers, knives).
7. Chopping-cutting-stabbing (scimitars, halberds).
8. Shock-crushing (brushes, maces, palms).
9. Shock-dissecting (pernachi, shestopery).
10. Tearing (fighting rings).

According to the manufacturing method:

1. Factory (industrial, factory) weapons manufactured at enterprises that have the right to manufacture them and using special metalworking equipment).

2. Handicraft (weapons made using special metal-working equipment, by master gunsmiths who have the right to manufacture such items).

3. Homemade (weapons made using the simplest plumbing tools, machines and fixtures, by persons who do not have the legal right to do so).

To conduct a forensic expert study of edged weapons, the following questions should be asked for the permission of an expert:

1. Is the item submitted for research a melee weapon?
2. By type and type, what bladed weapon is it made and in what way?

In addition, other questions may be considered:

• Is this edged weapon national and which one?
• Is this melee weapon correct?
• If it is not working properly, then what are the defects, their causes and do they affect the possibility of using this edged weapon for its intended purpose?
• Is it possible to bring this bladed weapon into a usable state?
• What materials, means, tools, equipment, technological processes necessary to bring this edged weapon into a state suitable for use?
• Do you need special (professional) knowledge, skills, skills to bring this bladed weapon into a usable condition and which ones?
• Can the parts submitted for research be part of melee weapons?
• Were parts (details) of a cold weapon of a different type, type, sample, model or household item, sports or sports and entertainment purpose used for the manufacture of this edged weapon?
• What was the original look of the melee weapons presented for research, which has undergone alteration?

Fundamentals of forensic explosives

Forensic explosives is a part of forensic weapons science that studies explosives (explosives) and explosive devices (VU), the practice of their criminal use, as well as developing means, techniques and methods for their detection, seizure, and research in order to detect, investigate and prevent crimes.

Explosives are chemical compounds or their mixtures, capable of instantaneous transformation, under the influence of an external impulse, of potential energy into kinetic energy, with the formation of a large number of gases and the release of a significant amount of heat.

Explosives are usually classified according to the form of chemical transformation, chemical nature and composition, conditions of use, sensitivity to external influences, scope, method of manufacture, etc.

According to the form of chemical transformation and at the same time according to their purpose, explosives are divided into: initiating, blasting, propelling compositions (gunpowder), pyrotechnic compositions.

Initiating explosives (or primary explosives are designed due to their increased sensitivity to the simplest initial impulses (impact, friction, thermal effects, etc.) to initiate less sensitive explosives. This group of explosives includes lead azide, mercury fulminate, etc. .

High explosives (or secondary explosives) have a high detonation velocity (up to 8.5 km/s) and the ability to carry out crushing of the contacting medium (objects) during an explosion. This is the largest group. Secondary explosives are used as the main charge of the WU. These include TNT, RDX, HMX, etc.

Throwing compositions (gunpowder) are multicomponent solid explosive mixtures capable of normal combustion in parallel layers with the formation of a large amount of gaseous products.

Pyrotechnic compositions are mechanical mixtures designed to obtain various light and noise effects.

By chemical nature and composition, explosives can be divided into individual explosives (IVV) and mixed compounds.

According to the conditions of use of explosives, they are divided into: intended for the production of explosions in aquatic environment; intended for the production of explosions on land; intended for the production of explosions in a mixed environment.

According to sensitivity to external influences, explosives are divided into: primary (initiating explosives), secondary (blasting explosives), tertiary (hidden explosives).

According to the field of application, explosives are divided into: military, industrial, dual purpose(used in military affairs and industry).

According to the manufacturing method, explosives are divided into: industrial (factory), handicraft, home-made. At the moment, explosives are produced by various terrorist groups in an artisanal way.

According to the physical state, explosives are divided into: gaseous, liquid, solid, plastic, gel-like, aerosols and dust mixtures.

According to the ability to perform work per unit of time (explosive capacity), explosives are divided into explosives: low power, medium power, high power.

Explosive devices are multi-component objects, disposable, designed to destroy a living target, tasks, structures and equipment, through mechanical and thermal effects, the functioning of which is based on the instantaneous transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy, with the formation of a large number of gases and the release of a significant amount of heat.

Explosive devices are usually classified according to: purpose, design, power, manufacturing method, response time, actuation mechanism, degree of preparedness for an explosion, the possibility of neutralization or destruction.

An explosion is a very rapid transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy, associated with a sudden change in the state of matter, in which the transition from potential energy to kinetic energy is usually accompanied by a sharp increase in pressure, the formation of a shock wave and the performance of mechanical work.

Under damaging effect explosion understand four main types of impact on the environment: blasting action; explosive action; shrapnel action; thermal action.

The blasting (crushing) action is accompanied by the destruction of structures directly in contact with the explosive device, structural elements with the formation of fragments.

The high-explosive action of an explosion is characterized by the destruction or movement of objects in space by a shock wave, which, in addition to air, also includes products of explosive decomposition of explosives. The high-explosive effect of the explosion also manifests itself in the form of ejection of soil from craters and excavations, the formation of cavities in rocks and their loosening, etc.

The fragmentation effect of the explosion is due to the defeat of objects, fragments formed during the explosion and dispersed to high speeds.

The impact on the surrounding objects of thermal radiation and hot products of the explosion is called the thermal effect of the explosion.

The place of the explosion as an object of forensic research is a set of traces of the explosion on environmental objects and includes traces characteristic of the high-explosive, high-explosive, thermal and fragmentation effects of individual elements of the exploded explosive device.

Inspection of the explosion site must begin with sequentially performed actions, which will include:

Organization, if necessary, of special and emergency rescue work, and in the presence of victims and injured, medical service workers should be called to the scene;

Fixing the situation of the scene of the incident (photo - and video filming, panoramic and nodal);

Drawing up a plan-scheme of the scene, based on the analysis general destruction and generalization of the information received, which indicates the location of the epicenter of the explosion (funnel) relative to objects that have not changed their position (wall, building, tree, etc.).

During a detailed examination, the place of the explosion is recorded by describing the presence, type, size of local deformations, dents, chips, as well as other manifestations of the destructive effect of the explosion on objects of the environment and the distance from the center of the explosion.

In the process of forensic investigation of explosive devices, explosives, traces of their use, processes and phenomena accompanying the explosion, the following issues are resolved:

1. Is the object under investigation an explosive device?
2. What is the design and principle of operation of the VU?
3. What type of ED does the subject under study belong to?
4. What is the principle of operation of the WU?
5. What method of undermining and what means of blasting are used in the investigated explosive device?
6. How is the WU made?
7. Are there explosion products and what kind of explosive at the objects seized from the scene?
8. What explosive and in what quantity was used as a VU charge?
9. In what area is this explosive used?
10. How was the investigated explosive made?
11. Is the composition of the explosive seized from this citizen similar in composition to the explosive found in the VU, seized from the scene?
12. How many explosives were used for the explosion?
13. Did the VU have a shell and which one (size, shape, material)?
14. Are not the fragments seized from the body of the victim and during the inspection of the scene, parts of the VU?
15. Are the objects found during the inspection of the scene of the incident part of the VU, if so, which one?
16. Is the explosion at the scene an explosive or explosive explosion?
17. Could an explosion have occurred under the appropriate conditions and in a given situation?
18. Did the person who made the VU have special knowledge and in what area?
19. Could the explosion of an explosive device with known parameters lead to the destruction of certain objects?
20. What is the dangerous range of the VU?

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In particular, he does not agree with the inclusion in this doctrine of provisions on the traces of the use of edged weapons, possession and use of them, considering the presence of these provisions "one of the main arguments for the inclusion of a forensic study of edged weapons in the trace examination." He believes that there is a mixture of two independent areas of forensic knowledge and gives two arguments in favor of this conclusion:

1. Trasological methods for studying traces and objects that left these traces are applied regardless of whether the object under study is a cold weapon or not. From the point of view of traceology, it is indifferent: whether the trace was left by a kitchen or hunting knife, a stylet or a metal scraper, the head of a sports dumbbell or a mace, etc., and here the subject of traceological examination also does not contain any features, the difference is in the purpose of trace-forming objects (melee weapons or not) does not affect the fundamental provisions of traceology. It is no coincidence that in a field adjacent to trace science - forensic traumatology - traces of the action of damaging tools on the human body are studied from the point of view of the nature of the damage (stab, stab-cut, chopped, etc.), regardless of whether these tools are to melee weapons.

2. The same should be said about the traces of the use of edged weapons that remain on him - the imposition of micro-objects. What's the difference - these micro-objects (microparticles) remained on the surface of the wrench, which was damaged, or the impact part of brass knuckles, flail, etc.? All these are independent areas of forensic or forensic research, which can affect the research of edged weapons only to solve their own problems and by their own methods.

Therefore, we believe that issues related to the traces left by edged weapons on any obstacles, and its identification by them, are beyond the scope of the forensic doctrine of edged weapons.

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