Gusev Alexey Vasilievich

Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Criminalistics, Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (tel.: 886122273980)

Forensic technology as an area of ​​special forensic knowledge of criminal proceedings

annotation

The article attempts to determine the structure and content of special forensic knowledge implemented in criminal proceedings in Russia. The criteria for distinguishing special forensic knowledge from those forensic knowledge that in criminal proceedings cannot be special for persons carrying out preliminary investigation or judicial activities are described. The circle of subjects of criminal proceedings, procedurally and non-procedurally implementing their special forensic knowledge, both during the forensic examination and outside this process, has been clarified.

In the article attempt of definition of structure and the contents of the special criminalistic knowledge realized in the criminal trial of Russia is undertaken. Criteria of differentiation of special criminalistic knowledge from that knowledge of criminalistics which in criminal trial cannot be special for the persons who are carrying out preliminary investigation or judicial business are described. The circle of subjects of the criminal trial, remedially and non-procedurally realizing the special criminalistic knowledge is specified, both during expert testimony in court production, and out of this process.

Key words: criminal proceedings; criminology; forensic technology; special forensic knowledge; c forensic specialist; expert criminalist.

toy words: the criminal trial; criminalistics; the criminalistic engineering; special criminalistic knowledge; the expert-criminalist; the expert-criminalist.

modern stage in the development of criminology

C is characterized by an increase in scientific interest in the role and significance of special knowledge used in the detection, investigation and prevention of crimes. Despite wide range special knowledge implemented in the process of criminal proceedings, one of them, forensic, is most often in demand to establish circumstances to be proven. The relevance of the study of special forensic knowledge is due to its incompletely studied conceptual and specific characteristics, as well as the possibilities effective application for the purpose of collecting and examining evidence.

Lack of clear

the definition of special forensic knowledge allows scientists to interpret quite broadly their volume and the range of criminal procedural subjects who possess them. For example, it is stated: “Special knowledge in the field of criminology (techniques, tactics, methods of investigating crimes) helps a lawyer to timely detect, comprehensively examine and objectively evaluate the signs of material objects that have evidentiary value in the case...”.

A generalized understanding of all criminology as special knowledge in the system of other sciences is justified from the point of view of its universal purpose for practical implementation by those who have professional legal training. In this capacity, forensic science undoubtedly has the hallmark of special knowledge, since it is professional training in science that

technology, art or craft, which, in addition to the general features of work activity, also has its own specific characteristics characteristic of a particular profession, determines the fact of the possible relationship of any knowledge to special knowledge.

The professional knowledge of lawyers in relation to the professional knowledge of people of other professions can be considered as special. Outside this circle of people, no one possesses their forensic knowledge, formed as a result of training in forensic knowledge included in the legal education program, and if they do, it is not to such an extent as to consider them professional. This statement fully applies to such categories of lawyers as investigators, prosecutors, and judges. At the same time, one should agree with the opinion that if the person conducting the preliminary investigation does not have knowledge in the field of forensics, then he is not suitable for his position.

Despite the outwardly understandable form of reflection of special forensic knowledge, as professional knowledge of a certain category of persons, there are a number of controversial issues of its criminal procedural implementation. From the point of view of the law, special knowledge is knowledge that is not known to the person conducting the preliminary investigation or the court. Thus, all legal knowledge, including in the field of criminology, cannot be classified as special knowledge, since it is known to the person conducting the preliminary investigation or the court.

At the same time, in the practice of preliminary investigation and trial, special forensic knowledge possessed by forensic specialists and forensic experts is often used. The basis for attracting these knowledgeable persons is that they have special forensic knowledge, which, as noted above, can also be possessed by those who involve them in the process of criminal proceedings. This state of affairs makes the scientific understanding of the essence of special forensic knowledge more confusing. This is all the more aggravated due to the lack of permission in the criminal procedural law for the procedural form of implementation of special forensic knowledge by persons conducting a preliminary investigation or by the court. This ban is due to the desire

the legislator to make the criminal process objective and impartial. Therefore, in order to exclude manifestations of subjectivity or a biased approach to the case, the criminal procedure law establishes the circumstances under which persons conducting criminal proceedings are subject to recusal. This includes the ban on combining the functions of a specialist or expert with the functions of an inquiry officer, investigator, or judge.

If we proceed from a broad interpretation of all forensic knowledge as special knowledge, then it should be recognized that the ban on the procedural procedure for its implementation by a lawyer conducting a preliminary investigation or by a court is practically impossible to implement, since for the inquirer, investigator or judge this knowledge is part of his professional activity. It is impossible to prohibit the investigator from using procedural tactics investigative actions, if these investigative actions are a procedural form of obtaining and verifying evidence. We believe that the situation in which all forensic knowledge is considered as special knowledge creates the preconditions for the legislator to misunderstand its procedural or non-procedural form of implementation.

It should be noted, however, that in the system of forensic science there is such a branch of knowledge as forensic technology, which contains information borrowed from the natural and technical sciences, which qualitatively distinguishes it from the subject area of ​​jurisprudence. The emergence and development of this knowledge is inextricably linked with the use of scientific and technical means and methods in investigative and judicial activities. Being, in essence, specific form legal education, forensic technology has a direct scientific and practical function special training not only lawyers, but also forensic experts. Thus, a forensic expert should be considered a specialist in the field of traceology, ballistics, document research or identification of a person by external signs, i.e. in one of the branches or in all branches of forensic technology.

Providing a procedural opportunity to implement technical and forensic knowledge specifically to forensic experts and forensic specialists is dictated, according to

in our opinion, the understanding that their knowledge in this branch of criminology is much wider and deeper than that of lawyers. It seems that this circumstance, along with the desire of the legislator to eliminate a biased approach to resolving the case, which we already mentioned above, became the very basis for prohibiting the procedural implementation of technical and forensic knowledge by persons conducting a preliminary investigation or by the court.

Thus, it can be assumed that it is forensic technology, as a branch of forensic science, that represents a specific part of forensic knowledge, in which there are signs of special knowledge that is not fully known to persons carrying out criminal proceedings. Technical and forensic knowledge has a procedural form of implementation through the means of forensic examinations or during the non-expert process of criminal proceedings, which involves a procedural and non-procedural form of implementation of special forensic knowledge by a forensic specialist.

The specificity of knowledge in the field of forensic technology is beyond doubt, however, here too there is scientific uncertainty in understanding it as special legal knowledge. This is primarily due to the classification of legal knowledge into legal (knowledge in the field of criminal, civil law; criminal, civil, arbitration, administrative process, etc.) and special (forensic technology, forensic medicine, legal psychology, forensic psychiatry, etc.) .

As noted earlier, in legal education there cannot be knowledge that is not known to the person conducting the preliminary investigation or the court. This statement fully applies not only to all criminology, but also to such a branch of it as forensic technology, since all branches of knowledge that make up criminology (criminalistics methodology,

forensic tactics, forensic techniques, crime investigation techniques) are professional knowledge for lawyers.

At the same time, one cannot exclude the specificity of technical and forensic knowledge in the criminal procedural sense as special knowledge, which, according to the law, no one should have professional knowledge of.

interrogator, neither investigator nor judge. Recognizing the dual scientific and legal nature of technical and forensic knowledge, we believe that their consideration as special knowledge can only occur in relation to the knowledge that is acquired within the framework of special expert education (specialty 350600 - forensic examination). Persons who study technical and forensic knowledge during expert training, in terms of their level of knowledge of forensic technology, are much better aware of the possibilities for the effective use of technical and forensic tools and methods both in the production of forensic examination and in the non-expert process associated with the activities of a forensic specialist.

In this regard, we believe that, despite the study by lawyers and experts of such a branch of forensic science as forensic technology, it is given to the latter according to an in-depth scheme, leading to the sustainable formation of special technical and forensic skills. It is in this vein, recognizing the fundamental importance of forensic technology in the formation of special forensic knowledge, that we consider it necessary to make a proposal to define in forensic science an independent branch of special knowledge of criminal proceedings. It's time to move on from a broad interpretation of some special forensic knowledge. This will make it possible to unify the entire system of this knowledge, clarify the type classification, as well as the subject composition of its implementation in criminal proceedings.

Based on the above, we believe that special forensic knowledge is knowledge of forensic technology that forms the basis of forensic training of forensic experts, implemented by them during forensic examination and the non-expert process of applying special knowledge of criminal, administrative, civil and arbitration proceedings.

In order to isolate technical and forensic knowledge into an independent structure of forensic knowledge used to train experts and specialists, as well as to distinguish it from the same knowledge used to train lawyers, we consider it necessary to designate it as special technical and forensic knowledge

experts and specialists. At the same time, technical and forensic knowledge, in the scope of training lawyers, cannot be classified as special knowledge, in our opinion, since this creates confusion in the scientific understanding of the essence of special forensic knowledge, as well as in the procedural and non-procedural aspects of its implementation in criminal proceedings.

Literature

1. Ishchenko E. P. Russian criminology today // Bulletin of criminology / resp. ed.

A.G. Filippov. M., 2006. Issue. 4 (20). P. 11.

2. Sorokotyagina D. A., Sorokotyagin I. N. Theory of forensic examination: textbook. allowance. Rostov n/d, 2009. P. 75.

3. Valdman V. M. Competence of an expert in Soviet criminal proceedings: abstract. dis. ...cand. legal Sci. Tashkent, 1966. P. 23; Sokolovsky Z.M. The concept of special knowledge // Forensic science and forensic examination. Kyiv: RIO Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR, 1969. Vol. 6. P. 202; Yakovlev?Ya.M. Psychological characteristics cognitive activity of a forensic expert // Forensic collection. Riga, 1974. P. 73; Nadgorny G.M. Epistemological aspects of the concept of “special knowledge” // Forensic science and forensic examination. Kyiv, 1980. Issue. 21. P. 42; Goncharenko V.I. Use of data from natural and technical sciences in criminal proceedings. Kyiv: KSU, 1980. P. 114; Sorokotyagin I.N. Special knowledge in crime investigation. Sverdlovsk, 1984. P. 5; Lisichenko

V.K., Tsirkal V.V. Use of special knowledge in investigative and judicial practice. Kyiv: KSU, 1987. P. 19; Forensics: textbook. for universities / otv. ed. N.P. Yablokov. M., 1995. P. 374; Gusev A.V. Improving the non-expert process of implementing special forensic knowledge during the preliminary investigation. Krasnodar: KA Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2004. P. 20-21, etc.

4. Shapiro L. G. Procedural and forensic aspects of the use of special knowledge in the investigation of crimes in the economic sphere

activities. M., 2007. P. 66.

5. Scientific and practical commentary on the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation /under general. ed. V.M. Lebedeva; scientific ed. V.P. Bozhev. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M., 2004. P. 148.

6. Filippov A. G. On the concept of forensic examinations and the possibility of expanding their subject // Scientific and technical progress and the possibilities of forensic science: collection. scientific tr. / answer ed. A.G. Egorov. Volgograd, 1991. P. 18.

7. Gusev A.V. On the concept of the non-expert process of implementing special forensic knowledge in criminal proceedings // "Scientific criminologists and their role in improving the scientific foundations of criminal proceedings" interuniversity. anniversary scientific-practical conf. (on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the birth of Professor R.S. Belkin): materials: at 2 hours. Moscow: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2007. Part 1. P. 296-300; Gusev A.V. Formation of an effective mechanism for the use of special forensic knowledge outside the process of forensic examination // Current problems of criminal process and criminology: International. scientific-practical conf. (April 2-3, 2009): materials: Chelyabinsk: SUSU Publishing House, 2009. P. 288-291; Gusev A.V. Current issues correlation of the non-expert process of implementing special knowledge with the subject general theory forensic examination // Society and law. 2007. No. 3 (17). pp. 39-42, etc.

8. Sorokotyagina D. A., Sorokotyagin I. N. Forensic examination: textbook. allowance. Rostov n/D, 2006. P. 56.

9. Elagina E. V. The use of forensic knowledge as a necessary component of the activities of a prosecutor supporting the state prosecution in court // Vestn. criminology / resp. ed. A.G. Filippov. M. 2009. Issue. 2 (30). P. 63.

SOCIETY AND LAW 2010 No. 1 (28)

_ 4. Detection, inspection, fixation and seizure of firearms

and traces of a shot

_ 5. Forensic analysis of weapons and traces of their action

_ 1. General provisions of forensic ballistics

Forensic ballistics is a branch of forensic technology that develops tools, techniques and methods for detecting, fixing, seizing and studying firearms and the consequences of their use in the material situation of committing a crime to resolve issues arising in investigative and judicial practice.

New social relations in the country have caused a rapid increase in crime, its qualitative changes in the form of organized crime and an increase in the level of such dangerous attacks as murder, robbery, and banditry.

When committing these and other crimes, a wide variety of weapons are often used. Law and judicial practice define weapons as devices and objects designed to destroy a living or other target. Illegal carrying, manufacturing, storage, sale, and acquisition of weapons also form an independent crime, and in the context of an increase in the level of organized crime, it is often used to take measures to counteract the investigation.

It is becoming increasingly difficult to prove guilt in crimes such as murder, robbery, banditry, so the investigative authorities are taking the path of prosecuting dangerous criminals for less serious crimes, in particular for carrying weapons. Almost every weapon involved in criminal proceedings becomes the object of expert research, including to resolve the issue of whether the item is a weapon.

Forensic ballistics is closely related to various branches of forensic science, namely: the theory of forensic identification, operational and research photography, traceology, etc. Thus, the identification of weapons by fired bullets and cartridges is based on the scientific principles of forensic identification. The provisions of traceology on the patterns of the mechanism of formation of traces are used in forensic weapons science, taking into account the specifics of traces resulting from the use of various weapons. When photographing and expertly examining weapons, bullets, cartridges and other ballistic objects, special shooting methods developed by forensic photography are used.

Forensic weapons science is closely related to the norms of criminal law and criminal procedure. Timely detection of illegal manufacturing of weapons, as well as suppression of careless storage of firearms is a means of preventing serious crimes in our country.

Forensic weapons science makes extensive use of modern advances in physics and chemistry. In addition, this branch of forensic technology is related to forensic medicine, since all forensic medical studies of injuries on the human body caused by weapons are carried out taking into account the general and some special provisions of this industry.

Forensic weapons science is a specific concept that includes several independent classes of weapons. The basis for classification is the nature of the objects to be classified as weapons, as well as the main purpose of its use (purpose).

According to the nature of their action, weapons are divided into firearms, bladed weapons, throwing weapons, pneumatic weapons, gas weapons and signal weapons; for civilian, service, and combat (small) purposes.

Civilian firearms include weapons intended for use by citizens of the country for the purposes of self-defense, sports and hunting. Civilian weapons must exclude burst fire and have a magazine (drum) capacity of no more than 10 rounds.

Civilian weapons are divided into:

1. Self-defense weapons, namely: smooth-bore long-barreled firearms, including those with traumatic cartridges; barrelless firearms with traumatic, gas and light-sound cartridges; gas weapon(gas pistols and revolvers); mechanical sprayers, aerosols and other devices equipped with tear and irritant substances; electroshock devices and spark gaps.

2. Sports firearms with a rifled barrel, smoothbore firearms, cold bladed firearms, throwing weapons, pneumatic weapons with muzzle energy over 3 J.

3. Hunting firearms with a rifled barrel, smooth-bore firearms, including those with a rifled part length of no more than 140 mm, combined firearms (rifled and smooth-bore), including with interchangeable and inserted rifled barrels, pneumatic with a muzzle energy of no more than 25 J , cold bladed.

4. Signal weapon.

5. Cold bladed weapons intended for wearing with folk national costumes, the attributes of which are determined by the government of the country.

Service weapons are: smooth-bore and rifled short-barreled weapons domestic production with a muzzle energy of no more than 300 J, as well as smooth-bore long-barreled firearms. It excludes firing in bursts; rifled service weapons must differ from military hand-held small arms in the types and sizes of the cartridge, and from civilian ones in the formation of marks on the bullet and cartridge case. The capacity of the magazine (drum) of a service weapon must be no more than 10 rounds, and bullets for smooth-bore and rifled short-barreled weapons cannot have cores made of hard materials.

Combat (small arms) and edged weapons are intended to solve combat and operational tasks adopted in accordance with regulatory legal acts of the Russian government.

In the practice of fighting crime, there are various weapons made in factories, homemade and homemade ways. Classifying a certain item as a weapon often requires the use of special forensic knowledge. First of all, this applies to homemade, handicraft or specially made specimens (camouflaged as household or other items).

The question of classifying a specific item as a weapon does not always require expert research. Thus, military, sports and hunting weapons, which have well-known forms and special markings, are easily identified.

During the preliminary and forensic examination of weapons, identification and recognition problems are solved. For recognition tasks, weapons examination may be assigned during the study:

a) homemade items;

b) copies of foreign production;

c) standard weapons that have defects.

The following questions may be asked to authorize the examination of edged weapons:

1) whether the item seized from the suspect and submitted for examination is a bladed weapon;

2) how the item was manufactured, whether factory, handicraft or homemade;

3) whether this weapon is part of the national costume, and if so, which one;

4) what type of bladed weapon is the knife made of, etc.

Identification studies are carried out in order to obtain a specific answer to the question: is it not this weapon that left the detected trace on a particular trace-perceiving object, whether traces were left on different objects by the same weapon, etc.

Damage caused by a weapon depends on its type, mechanism of action and the material of the target struck. When inspecting the damage, the protocol notes where, on what object it was found, the size of the damage, its shape, type of edges, etc.

When a weapon is seized, the search or inspection report must reflect its external characteristics to such an extent that they can be used to judge the type of weapon. For example, in the inspection report of a bladed weapon, it is necessary to indicate its design, dimensions, completeness of its components, and the method of attaching the handle to the blade; the material from which parts of the weapon are made, its color, strength, nature of the surface (smooth, rough, jagged); the shape of the blade, sharpening of the blade and tip, whether there are depressions or stiffeners (protrusions) on the blade; limiter on the handle; What known examples does this weapon coincide with? To determine the type of weapon, it is recommended to use reference manuals and albums.

By type, edged weapons are divided into bladed and non-bladed (impact-crushing).

The main features of the design of bladed bladed weapons: the shape and size of the object as a whole and its individual parts; the presence of a blade or edge of the blade and its sharpening, the sharpness of the blade and the fighting end; the presence of a bevel of the butt; presence of a handle; presence of a limiter; presence of dollars; ratio of blade to handle length; the strength of the object as a whole and its individual parts.

Bladed bladed weapons vary in configuration, size, and method of holding in the hand. Weapons with a handle are sabers, checkers, daggers, knives, etc.; weapons with a shaft of pikes, spears, slingshots; without a handle or shaft, but needle and some blade bayonets attached to firearms. Dirks, daggers, knives and similar examples are called short-bladed weapons; sabers, checkers, broadswords, rapiers, etc. long-bladed. The blade can have a straight shape (most of the above-mentioned types of weapons) and a curved scimitar, sabers, checkers, some daggers and knives.

The most common types of short-bladed weapons with a handle in forensic practice are: daggers (military, civilian, hunting), knives (military, civilian, including national, hunting), bayonets (see. rice. 1).

The main features of the design of non-bladed (impact-crushing) weapons: the shape and size of the object as a whole and its individual parts; the presence of a striking part of the weapon and a striking surface; the presence of holes for the fingers of the brass knuckles; the presence of a handle or suspension, a rod of a mace, a flail; the presence of a support stand at the brass knuckles; the presence of lugs, a belt, and braid on the handheld; the presence of a loop at the flail; the strength of the object as a whole and its individual parts.

Stages of expert research of weapons science objects:

1) preparatory preparation of the necessary technical means, visual inspection of packaging and research objects;

2) separate study of the studied objects, free and experimental samples;

3) comparative analysis general and particular characteristics of compared objects, establishing similarities and differences, explaining the reasons for the latter;

4) evaluation of the results obtained and formulation of a conclusion.

Prospects for the development of forensic weapons science are seen in the further development of theoretical foundations, the creation of information and reference systems for weapons, the introduction of automated complexes and systems for identifying them based on traces of use, as well as establishing the circumstances of their use in the commission of a crime.

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 1. Edged weapons"

_ 2. Classification and information content of ballistic objects

Forensic ballistics is a branch of forensic science that studies and develops scientific and technical means and techniques for detecting, recording, seizing and examining firearms, ammunition and traces of their action to establish the circumstances of the crimes under investigation.

The inspections and study of weapons, ammunition and traces of their use or storage help to clarify circumstances that are important in the investigation of murders, banditry, robberies, terrorist acts, escapes from places of detention or from custody, bodily harm, desertions with weapons, illegal hunting, illegal acquisition, transfer, sale, storage, manufacture, transportation or carrying of weapons, their theft and other crimes.

The emergence of forensic ballistics dates back to the invention of firearms, with which came cases of both careless and intentional infliction of gunshot injuries. The first reliable case in Russia of doctors examining a gunshot wound on the corpse of the red-haired Danish prince Voldemar, obtained from a arquebus during a hunt in a forest near Moscow, dates back to 1644. The doctors described the results of the study as follows: “... Kravchiy was wounded from a squeak, a wound under the very right eye, and the doctors probed that wound with a probe, but did not feel the bullets, because the wound was deep, otherwise it was true that the bullet was in the head.” *(2) .

The development of methods and technical means for investigating crimes involving firearms has been slow. Only in the 19th century. scientific research has appeared in this area. The great Russian surgeon N.I. played a decisive role in the development of forensic ballistics. Pirogov. B.M. made a significant contribution to the scientific development of problems of forensic ballistics. Komarinets, S.D. Kustanovich, V.F. Chervakov and other domestic scientists.

When developing techniques and means for investigating crimes involving the use of firearms, forensic ballistics uses the general principles of military-technical sciences: ballistics and artillery. In addition, it is closely related to forensic medicine, since all forensic medical studies of gunshot injuries on the human body are carried out taking into account the provisions of forensic ballistics.

In order to protect persons and objects from criminal attacks, timely detection and investigation of crimes committed with the use of firearms, forensic ballistics studies:

1) the material part, operation of the mechanisms and the main ballistic properties of handguns and ammunition appearing in the case as material evidence;

2) identification of this weapon by fired bullets and cartridges;

3) gunpowder, their substitutes and methods for determining their classification by traces;

4) gunshot injuries, the situation at the scene of the incident and methods for establishing from them the various circumstances of the use of firearms;

5) special techniques for detecting, recording, confiscating and examining firearms, ammunition and traces of their action.

Forensic ballistics studies only those weapons that were associated with a crime event. In addition, it clarifies the conditions conducive to the commission of criminal attacks and the onset of grave consequences associated with the use of firearms, and develops, based on investigative, expert and operational practice, special measures to eliminate them.

Firearms include items intended for attack or active defense and hitting a target with a projectile and meeting the criteria of fireability, suitability and weaponability. The projectile is ejected from the barrel by the force of gas pressure, a powder charge or its substitute. Suitability The projectile has sufficient lethality to cause bodily harm. Weapon-like in its design and structural strength, the item allows you to fire more than one aimed shot.

_ 3. Classification and characteristics of handguns

In forensic ballistics, handguns used in the commission of a crime are classified according to:

1) manufacturing method;

2) purpose;

3) the internal structure of the barrel channel;

4) trunk length;

5) caliber;

6) degree of automation of the combat mechanism;

7) the number of trunks.

1. According to the manufacturing method, weapons are divided into: factory-made, handicraft and home-made.

Factory-made weapons are manufactured in industrial conditions in compliance with established standards, while handicraft weapons are usually manufactured in private workshops without complying with established standards, and in small batches or individual copies.

Homemade weapons are made by individuals using various mechanisms, improvised materials, parts of factory weapons or other devices.

2. By purpose (depending on the targets it is intended to hit), weapons are divided into: military hand-held, sporting, hunting, special and atypical.

Military hand weapons include combat rifles, carbines, automatic carbines, submachine guns, pistols (see. rice. 2) and revolvers (see rice. 3).

Sports weapons include small-caliber and other rifles, pistols and revolvers.

Hunting smoothbore and rifled bullet shotguns and self-loading smoothbore hunting carbines.

Special silent weapons, gas pistols, signal pistols, construction and installation pistols. Gas, signal and construction pistols can be classified as firearms only if they are specially adapted to cause bodily harm.

Atypical weapons of non-standard design, various shooting devices disguised as household items (shooting pens, cigarette cases, canes, etc.), homemade pistols, revolvers, sawn-off shotguns and self-propelled guns, the design of which deviates from standard weapons.

3. According to the internal structure of the barrel, weapons are divided into rifled, smooth-bore and smooth-rifled.

The bores of modern military, sporting and some types of hunting weapons are rifled. The rifling gives the bullet a translational-rotational motion, which ensures the range and stability of its flight in the desired direction. The direction of the rifling can be right or left, their number ranges from 4 to 7.

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 2. Pistols"

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 3. Revolvers"

On the inner walls smoothbore weapons there are no riflings. The accuracy of combat when firing from such weapons is ensured by the appropriate barrel design. According to this parameter, smooth trunks are divided into:

a) “cylindrical” the internal diameter of the trunk is the same along its entire length;

b) “cylinder with pressure” the barrel gradually narrows towards the muzzle;

c) a barrel with a “choke constriction” - a slight narrowing only at the muzzle of the barrel.

Smooth-cut weapons (paradox guns) have rifling in the barrel in a small area near the muzzle.

4. Based on the length of the barrel, they are distinguished: short-barreled weapons (50-200 mm) pistols, revolvers; medium-barrel (200-300 mm) submachine guns (machine guns); long-barreled (450 mm or more) rifles, carbines, machine guns, sporting rifles, hunting rifles.

5. By caliber, that is, by the internal diameter of the barrel (in rifled weapons, the caliber is indicated in millimeters and expresses the distance between opposite fields of rifling; the fields of rifling are the spaces between them), weapons are distinguished into: small-caliber up to 6.5 mm; medium caliber from 6.5 to 9 mm; large-caliber over 9 mm (see. rice. 4).

In hunting firearms, the caliber is designated differently than in rifled firearms, in particular by the numbers 12, 16, 20, etc. Historically, the origin of these numbers is related to the number of round bullets that have a diameter exactly along the bore and can be made from an English pound of lead (453.59 g). Therefore, the larger this number (caliber), the smaller the bore diameter.

6. According to the design of the combat mechanism (according to the degree of automation), weapons are divided into non-automatic, for example a rifle; automatic (self-loading), for example a Makarov pistol; automatic (self-firing), for example Kalashnikov assault rifles (AK) (see. rice. 5).

7. Depending on the number of barrels, a weapon can be single-barreled, double-barreled or multi-barrel (the latter are rare).

In forensic practice, small-sized pistols, revolvers and submachine guns most often appear, which are more convenient for criminals to carry unnoticed and use during an attack.

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 4. Main dimensions of the bore profile"

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 5. General view of the modernized Kalashnikov assault rifle"

A pistol is a short-barreled, single-shot or automatic multi-shot personal weapon with a replaceable or permanent magazine inserted into the handle, designed to kill a person at short distances (50-70 m). Some types of automatic pistols can fire automatically in short bursts with a range of up to 200 m.

A revolver is a short-barreled, multi-shot, non-automatic personal weapon with a rotating drum (magazine), the chambers of which serve as chambers. This weapon is designed to hit humans at distances of up to 100 m.

Parts of a pistol and revolver are mounted on a frame, and the mechanisms of medium- and long-barreled weapons are mounted on a stock, consisting of a butt, neck and fore-end.

In a weapon with a magazine release, the cartridge is sent into the chamber and locked there when fired by a movable bolt under the influence of a return spring. The sleeve is removed by the ejector and reflector.

Depending on the design of the weapon, trigger mechanisms consist of a trigger, a hammer or striker with a striker, a lever or rod with a sear, a mainspring and trigger spring, and a safety device (see Fig. rice. 6).

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 6. Makarov pistol system"

In addition to the usual ones, criminals have recently been using silent weapons. It is based on the well-known weapon, in which only the barrel part has been thoroughly reconstructed. This is indicated either by a special cylindrical sound muffler attached to the muzzle of the barrel, or by the presence of a sealed metal gas vent casing along the entire length of the barrel. The sound suppressor does not completely cut off the gases from the bullet before it leaves the weapon, so the shot is accompanied by a pop, which is much weaker than what is heard when firing the same ammunition from a conventional weapon. So, in the case of using a silent pistol, the sound of a shot in the immediate vicinity of the shooter resembles the crack of a broken pencil or a dry branch.

Ammunition for firearms. When firing from modern firearms, a unitary cartridge is used, which combines a bullet, a powder charge and a primer into one whole through a cartridge case. In cartridges for hunting weapons, gaskets and wads are also used.

Cartridges are live with metal projectiles and blanks with or without cardboard or other projectiles. Cartridges for firearms are classified depending on the type of the latter, on the location of the primer composition in the cartridge case and by caliber (see. rice. 7).

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 7. Name of the main parts of the cartridge"

Depending on the types of weapons in which ammunition is used, the latter are divided into rifle, revolver, pistol, rifle, intermediate (for carbines and machine guns, long- and short-barreled small-caliber weapons).

Depending on the location of the composition of the primer in the cartridge case, cartridges can be lateral, circular and central ignition (fire). Side firing cartridges with a protruding pin on the cartridge case are very rare. All modern small-caliber weapons fire circular fire cartridges. Ammo for all other types of weapons is made from the center fire.

The sleeve is a bottle-shaped, cylindrical or conical container (see. rice. 8) and is intended for a projectile (bullet, shot, buckshot), a powder charge and means of igniting it. Sleeves for military weapons There are only metal ones, and for hunting rifles also cardboard (folder) or plastic with a metal base. Small-caliber cartridge cases do not have a primer socket or primer. The impact composition in them is located inside the protruding edge along the entire perimeter.

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 8. Cartridge casings for rifled firearms"

The sleeve is divided into: a cap (bottom), a body, a ramp (the transitional part from the barrel to the body for bottle-shaped sleeves) and a front cut (the barrel cut). The case head may have the following markings: caliber; sign of the manufacturer or company; year of issue. The cartridges of hunting rifles also indicate the caliber of the weapon for which the cartridge is intended.

Depending on the design of the case head, there are protruding and non-protruding rims. The former are used in revolver, small-caliber and most hunting cartridges. For cartridges with a non-protruding rim, the diameter of the cap is approximately equal to the rim, and the annular groove is designed to engage the ejector. At the bottom of the sleeve there is a socket for the primer, an anvil and a seed hole.

Gunpowder is divided into smoky and smokeless. The components of black powder are potassium nitrate, sulfur and coal, and the basis of smokeless gunpowder is pyroxylin (nitrocellulose). The color of black powder is black, while smokeless powder can be yellow, green, etc. In shape, black powder has the form of small grains of various configurations, while smokeless powder is produced in the form of identical plates or cylinders. When burning black powder, compared to smokeless powder, much more soot is formed, and unburned powder remains.

The bullet head part of the cartridge is ejected from the bore of the firearm. It is thrown using the energy of a powder charge or its substitute.

The following parts of the bullet are distinguished:

a) tip of the head;

b) head (ogive) part;

c) leading (cylindrical) part;

d) the bottom part (bottom) of the bullet (see. rice. 9).

Bullets are divided depending on their purpose, tip shape, design, size and method of attachment in the case.

According to their purpose, bullets are either ordinary or special. Ordinary bullets are intended to hit living targets, and special-purpose bullets are designed to penetrate armor (armor-piercing), zeroing (tracer), for a combined effect: penetrating armor and igniting an object (armor-piercing incendiary). To distinguish special-purpose bullets, identification paint is applied to their head. Thus, the tip of armor-piercing bullets is painted black, tracer bullets are painted green, and armor-piercing incendiary bullets are painted black with a red border.

Based on the shape of the tip, bullets are divided into blunt-pointed, pointed, with a rounded hemispherical head and with a flat-pointed head.

According to the device, bullets are distinguished between jacketed, semi-jacketed and non-jacketed. Jacketed ones have a core and a shell, non-jacketed ones, made of lead, are mainly intended for small-caliber cartridges.

Bullets also vary in size, in particular, they have different lengths.

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 9. Shape and main parts of bullets of cartridges for rifled firearms"

Bullets also differ in the way they are mounted in the case. There are four such methods:

1) continuous crimp (tight fit);

2) coreing;

3) belt crimping (crimping the edge of the barrel);

4) segment crimp (see. rice. 10).

Bullets for smoothbore shotguns are divided into ball and cylindrical; they are designed for shooting at large animals. Ball bullets are a lead ball. Cylindrical bullets, depending on the device, are pointer, turbine and pointer-turbine. Pointer and pointer-turbine bullets consist of a metal head (lead) and a wooden or felt stabilizer. The heads of these bullets have angled leading ribs designed to give them stability and rotational motion when flying in the air. Turbine bullets do not have a stabilizer. Stability and rotational motion are ensured by a through channel with helical ribs (blades).

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 10. Varieties of fastening a bullet in a sleeve"

A shot shell consists of many lead balls of shot. Its size is set in the range from 1.5 mm, every 0.25 mm, to 5 mm. Shots with a diameter of more than 5 mm are called buckshot. In addition to factory ammunition, homemade ammunition is also used. Homemade shot is made by casting and cutting.

Traces resulting from the use of firearms. The mechanism of firing a firearm is the process of ejecting a projectile (bullet, shot) from the barrel due to the energy of gases formed during the explosive combustion of a powder charge. When a shot is fired in the barrel bore in very short periods of time (from thousandths to hundredths of a second), chemical processes of gas formation occur and develop high temperatures(up to 3500C) and high pressure.

The firing mechanism consists of three stages:

1) ignition of the powder charge, which occurs when the firing pin hits the primer of the cartridge case;

2) pushing the projectile out of the barrel due to gas pressure;

3) meeting a flying projectile with an obstacle.

To fire a shot, the weapon must be loaded. After firing, it reloads. At each of these stages (loading, firing and reloading) marks are formed.

Traces of the use of firearms and ammunition include spent bullets, shot, buckshot, wads and cartridges; traces of weapon parts on bullets and cartridges; soot from the shot on the walls of the barrel, on other parts of the weapon, bullets and cartridges, as well as changes in the obstacle that occurred as a result of the shot.

Mark-forming parts that leave marks on bullets. In non-automatic firearms, marks on bullets are left by the bullet entrance, the rifled part and the muzzle of the bore. In automatic weapons, in addition to the specified parts, marks on bullets are left by: the cartridge insert, the bends of the magazine and the lower surface of the bolt.

The bullet entrance leaves traces in the form of tracks located along the longitudinal axis of the bullet or at a slight angle to it. These marks (they are usually called primary) are formed when a bullet enters the rifled part of the barrel when it is not rotating.

The rifled part of the bore leaves marks on the fired bullets that display the characteristics of the weapon system. The latter include: caliber, flight direction and number of rifling fields, their width, depth and angle of inclination. Traces from the rifling fields are called secondary (see. rice. eleven).

The muzzle of the bore and the cartridge insertion usually do not leave marks that display the characteristics of the weapon system. If there are defects in them, traces may remain that have the meaning of signs that individualize a specific weapon (see. rice. 12).

The bends of the magazine and the lower surface of the bolt leave marks on the bullets in the form of longitudinal scratches, which individualize a particular weapon.

The mechanism of formation of marks on shot and buckshot. When fired from a smooth-bore weapon, gas formation processes occur in the barrel bore and high pressure, which press and wedge a shotgun or grapeshot projectile moving along the barrel. As a result of these phenomena, static and dynamic marks are displayed on shot and buckshot. Static traces-dents are formed from the interaction of shot with each other, and dynamic traces-traces as a result of the movement of shot and buckshot along the barrel from its inner surface. Static dent marks can be used to identify weapons in groups.

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 11. Schematic representation of marks on a bullet"

For example, when shooting from guns with choke constriction, primary and secondary marks-dents on pellets (buckshot) are sure to form. Primary dents are larger than secondary ones. They are formed from the muzzle constriction, and secondary ones from the beginning of the funnel-shaped slope of this constriction. The presence of primary and secondary dent marks on the shells indicates that the shot was fired from a gun with a choke.

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 12. Marks on bullets with different degrees of barrel wear"

To identify a specific gun, only dynamic traces formed from the walls of its barrel bore are suitable. A comparative study of the projectile recovered from the scene of the incident is carried out directly with the projectile obtained during experimental shooting.

Parts and mechanisms that leave marks on cartridges. In revolvers, marks on the cartridge cases form: the firing pin, the front cut of the breech, the recesses (hooks) of the extractor, the rear cut and the inner surface of the chambers of the drum. In pistols, machine guns and carbines, marks on the cartridge cases are formed by parts of the chamber, bolt, etc. Thus, when the magazine is filled with cartridges, marks from its lips appear on the body of the cartridges in the form of longitudinal scratches. When sending cartridges from the magazine into the chamber, the bolt, moving to the rearmost position, forms marks on the edge of the case head, and when moving forward, traces of sliding scratches may additionally appear on the case body. When a cartridge case enters the chamber, faint imprints may appear on its capsule formed by the bolt cup, and scratches from the ejector hook may appear on the rim or ring groove of the cap. Marks on cartridge cases that appear during the loading process do not always have a unique originality.

When firing a shot, marks from the walls of the chamber may appear on the case body, and marks from the bolt cup may appear on the surface of its head. Marks from the firing pin appear on the capsule. These traces are widely used in the practice of ballistic examinations. When removing the cartridge case from the chamber, a mark of the ejector hook remains on the front surface of the cap, and a mark of the reflector is left on the opposite side of the cap. These marks are important for identifying weapons (see rice. 13).

Cm.graphic object"Fig. 13. A set of traces of a firearm (with a sliding bolt) on a spent cartridge case"

Forensic ballistics- a branch of forensic technology that develops means and methods for detecting, recording and examining firearms, ammunition and traces of their use in order to resolve issues that arise during the investigation of criminal cases. The main content of forensic ballistics is the study of the movement of projectiles (bullets, buckshot, shot) in the bore of a weapon and in the air, as well as the properties of the weapon, ammunition, the firing mechanism, and traces resulting from the shot.

Issues resolved by forensic ballistics methods can be divided into three main groups:

• 1) determination of the properties of firearms and ammunition appearing in the case as material evidence (for example, whether the item seized from the detainee is a firearm; what is the system and model of the weapon presented for examination; is it suitable for shooting, etc.);
• 2) identification of weapons and ammunition based on traces of a shot (for example, whether the bullet removed from the body of the murdered person was fired from this pistol; whether the cartridge case found at the scene of the incident was fired from the weapon of the accused);
• 3) establishing the circumstances of the use of firearms: the distance from which the shot was fired, the direction of the shot, the location of the shooter and the victim, the number of shots, their sequence, etc.

When solving a number of forensic problems, the object of study is not individual physical evidence, but the situation at the scene of the incident, for example, when determining the location of the shooter. This necessitates ballistic research at the scene and careful recording of interconnected traces and signs of the use of firearms through photography, measurements and recording. In the production of ballistic research, methods of forensic photography and traceology are widely used, especially for identification purposes.

When examining traces of a shot and ammunition, spectral, X-ray and chemical analyzes are used. Gas-liquid chromatography and infrared spectrometry are used to study lubricant particles and sediment. When examining gunshot injuries on the body and clothing forensic ballistics closely related to forensic medicine.

Among the tasks solved by forensic ballistics, an important place is occupied by the establishment of essential factors for the case. properties of firearms.

The fact that an item is classified as a firearm is essential for the correct qualification of the crime, and in some cases determines the presence or absence of the crime itself, for example in cases of illegal carrying, storage, manufacture or sale, as well as theft of firearms (Articles 222-226 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The issue of whether standard factory-made weapons (military, hunting, sports) are classified as firearms is resolved through an investigative or judicial examination.

For homemade or specially adapted firearms, this issue requires expert research. During the research process, the presence of signs of such weapons listed in the previous paragraph is checked.

To determine the reliability of the weapon and the lethal force of the projectile, experimental shooting is carried out, during which the initial speed of the projectile, and from it its kinetic energy, are determined using special installations.

Determination of the type, system and model of firearms allows one to judge its essential properties: purpose, design, rate of fire, destructive power, trajectory and range of a bullet (this information is also used to determine the legality of the use of this weapon by a certain person and to establish the sources of its acquisition).

The type of firearm is understood as its class, which has related design and ballistic characteristics due to general purpose. Accordingly, a distinction is made between combat (military), service, civilian (self-defense, hunting, sports) and atypical (criminal) weapons. The system is understood as the original design of a weapon, which is given an independent name, most often by the name of the designer, for example PM - Makarov pistol, Smith-Wesson revolver, Mosin rifle, etc. Constant modernization and improvement of weapons lead to the appearance within the same system of its various designs: models or samples of weapons that also differ in the year of development or entry into service.

The most important part of a firearm is its barrel. Based on the barrel design, weapons are classified into rifled And smoothbore. Rifles are helical grooves in the bore that give the bullet a rotational motion as it passes through the barrel, which ensures greater accuracy and range. Most modern firearms systems are rifled. Smooth-bore shotguns are usually used for hunting shotguns and homemade weapon.

The length of the trunk varies long-barreled, medium-barreled And short-barreled weapon. Long-barreled weapons include military and training-sports rifles, as well as hunting rifles; to medium-barreled - military submachine guns and machine guns; short-barreled pistols and revolvers, as well as most homemade weapons; short- or medium-barreled also include sawn-off shotguns, i.e. rifles, shotguns and carbines in which part of the barrel has been removed. Shortening the barrel significantly worsens the ballistic properties of the weapon.

Also an essential feature of the barrel design is its caliber, i.e., the diameter of the barrel bore, measured in a rifled weapon between two opposite fields (protruding sections of the barrel bore). The caliber of handguns ranges from 5.6 to 11.45 mm. In hunting firearms systems, the caliber is designated differently, in particular, caliber 12 corresponds to a bore diameter of 18.2 mm, and caliber 32 corresponds to a diameter of 12.7 mm, with certain intermediate values.

Weapons differ according to their mechanism automatic And non-automatic. In automatic weapons, the operations of reloading and firing shots are carried out using the combustion energy of the powder charge. In non-automatic weapons they are carried out manually. Modern military weapons are automatic - self-propelled or self-loading. Hunting and homemade weapons are usually non-automatic.

Determining the serviceability of a weapon and its suitability for shooting becomes essential for the investigation when it is necessary to establish the possibility of a single shot or automatic firing from a given weapon in the specific circumstances of a criminal case.

It should be taken into account that the forensic criterion for the suitability of a weapon for shooting differs from the general technical one. Thus, from the point of view of weapons equipment, a weapon with defects in the sighting device, butt handle, severe wear of the barrel, etc. is subject to repair or write-off, i.e., is technically faulty. However, from the point of view of forensic ballistics, such defects do not prevent the criminal use of firearms weapons.

As a result of a forensic investigation, the following can be established:

• 1) the weapon is in good working order and suitable for shooting;
• 2) the weapon is in good working order, but in its presented form for one reason or another (frozen lubricant, barrel clogged with earth, etc.) is unsuitable for shooting;
• 3) the weapon has certain malfunctions (no front sight, weakened springs, slight swelling of the barrel, etc.) that do not prevent systematic shooting;
• 4) the weapon is faulty, but under certain conditions it is possible to fire single shots from it, for example, single shots from a machine gun in the absence of a magazine, shots from a pistol in which a nail is inserted instead of a firing pin, shots from a revolver with a faulty trigger mechanism by pulling the trigger by hand, etc. P.;
• 5) the weapon is faulty and unsuitable for shooting. First, an external inspection of the weapon is carried out and testing the interaction of its parts. In this case, X-ray or gammography of the weapon is recommended. Then the weapon is partially or completely disassembled with an examination of existing faults and their impact on the ability to fire shots. Great importance for conclusions there is experimental firing of weapons, carried out with mandatory observance of safety rules.

Establishing the possibility of firing without pressing the trigger(the so-called spontaneous shot) is essential for establishing an intentional, careless or accidental shot, on which the criminal legal assessment of the actions of the shooter depends.

Shots without pressing the trigger are possible from both faulty and working weapons. The direct cause of the shot in these cases is the action of the firing pin on the primer of the cartridge case, leading to ignition of the powder composition as a result of strong general shaking of the mechanism, falling of the weapon, impacts with the weapon or on the weapon, especially the hammer, the rear end of the firing pin or a part connected to the firing pin. The determining influence on the possibility of a spontaneous shot is exerted by the state and mechanism of action of the trigger device, which releases the firing pin, hammer or bolt that is cocked.

During the expert examination, the parts of the weapon mechanism are studied in their original state, after which the weapon is partially disassembled. Before conducting experiments, the circumstances and conditions under which a shot could have occurred at the scene of the incident are carefully studied, and expert versions are developed, verified by a series of experiments.

Restoring the cut-off markings on a weapon (number, year of manufacture, factory) makes it possible to establish the legal owner of the weapon and its connection with a previously committed crime: theft, robbery, murder.

Stamping a marking designation causes a change in the properties of the metal at the location of the designation strokes: hardness, ductility, electrical conductivity, solubility, etc. This is what the restoration techniques are based on.

After a preliminary inspection of the external parts and identification of areas where the destroyed markings were presumably located, the weapon is partially disassembled in order to detect markings on the internal parts of the weapon.

The previously examined surface is ground, polished and degreased. Chemical, electrochemical or magnetic recovery methods are then used.

Establishing the group affiliation of the source of origin of ammunition(in particular, the type, type, kind of cartridges, gunpowder, bullets, shot, buckshot, cartridges and wads) allows us to judge the type of firearm for which they are intended or in which they were used at the crime scene. If there are comparative samples of ammunition seized from the persons being inspected, group identification can be carried out or the source of origin of the ammunition can be established, which can serve as one of the proofs of the connection of such persons with the crime event.

Two types of gunpowder are used to load cartridges: smoky and smokeless. Cartridges for military weapons are filled with smokeless powder. Black powder is used in hunting weapons and homemade cartridges.

Studying the shape, size, color of unburned powder found on a damaged object (clothing, skin of a corpse, etc.), as well as the chemical composition of the soot, makes it possible to determine the type and grade of gunpowder used by criminals. This is essential for judging the type of cartridge used by the offender and for comparison with the ammunition found in his possession.

Bullets for cartridges different types differ in shape, height, caliber, presence of shell and its material. The so-called special bullets have a special device. In addition to the shell and core, these bullets have a cup filled with an incendiary, tracer or explosive substance - depending on the purpose of the bullet.

Hunting rifle cartridges use bullets, shot or buckshot. The composition of shot, especially shot of artisanal origin, is very diverse. In addition to lead, tin, arsenic, and antimony, alloys can contain many other components in various proportions.

Research into the chemical composition of the raw materials used by criminals to make pellets can provide valuable evidence by comparing the pellets found at the scene and those found in the suspect's possession. This study is carried out using spectroscopy. Its high sensitivity allows the use of even microquantities of compared materials (laser microspectral analysis). If the qualitative and quantitative compositions of the compared shot coincide, a conclusion can be drawn that it was produced at the same shot foundry. When handicraft “choke” shot is discovered, one should keep in mind the possibility of identification through traceological examination of the tool (chisel, chisel, knife, pliers, etc.) that was used to make the shot. The projectile and powder charge are held together by a cartridge case, which is a cylindrical or bottle-shaped cup made of iron or brass. Casings for hunting rifle cartridges are sometimes made of cardboard. The cartridge cases of various cartridges are very diverse in their design, method of attachment to the bullet and markings.

Spent bullets and casings found at the scene provide valuable information about the type of cartridge used by the perpetrator. Establishing the type of cartridge makes it possible to judge the system or range of systems of the firearm used, which is very important for its search, and to obtain valuable evidence when the corresponding ammunition is found on the suspect.

To determine the type of cartridge based on the spent bullet and cartridge case, their shape, height, diameter, fastening method (punching, crimping), bullet shell material and cartridge case material, weight, markings, dimensions of the ring-shaped recess, slope and edge of the cartridge case are studied. The received data is compared with existing tables and collections.

In addition to the specified parts, cartridges for hunting weapons contain wads and gaskets that separate gunpowder and shot and cover the shot. Wads in factory cartridges come in felt and cardboard. When making homemade cartridges, a wide variety of materials are used as wads: paper, tow, cardboard, etc.

Firearm identification - This is the most common forensic ballistic test. It can be carried out using shells and cartridges.

Identification of firearms by projectiles is based on the fact that when a projectile passes through the barrel, a microrelief of the barrel bore is displayed on the surface of the projectile, which, as a result of factory processing and subsequent operation, has a pronounced individuality. The formation of such individuality is facilitated by the enormous pressures developed in the barrel bore by powder gases, high temperatures, the mechanical action of projectiles, the chemical action of the combustion products of gunpowder and the decomposition of the primer composition. The marks formed on the surface of the projectile are dynamic. The mechanism of their formation is very complex. At the beginning of its movement along the bore, the bullet has only translational motion, as a result of which primary marks are formed on its surface, having a direction parallel to the centerline of the bullet. During its further movement, under the influence of the rifling fields, the bullet acquires an additional rotational movement. This leads to the formation of secondary traces in the form of bundles of traces located at an angle to the centerline of the bullet. At the same time, large defects of the barrel bore, located closer to the muzzle, destroy small traces that display the microrelief of the middle and especially the rear part of the barrel bore. Therefore, the relief features of the front part of the barrel bore are of greatest importance for identification. The microstructure of the bore acquires visible changes with each shot. Intensive use of a weapon or unfavorable storage conditions can lead to changes in the bore that, over time, can make individual identification of the weapon impossible.

The microstructure of the bore of a smooth-bore weapon is not inferior in its individuality to that of a rifled weapon. At the same time, the mechanism of formation of marks on shot and buckshot is more complex. As a result of the pressure developed by the powder gases in the barrel bore and affecting the shot charge moving along the barrel in a compact mass, the phenomena of compaction, wedging and pressing occur in it. At the same time, contact marks from neighboring projectiles and friction marks appear on the shot and buckshot as a result of their movement from the walls of the barrel bore. Contact marks can be used to determine the location of the test pellet in a charge, and marks from the bore can be used for identification. It should be borne in mind that traces from the barrel bore, or rather, part of its cylindrical surface with traces from the defects present on it, are formed only on the peripheral (adjacent to the barrel) surface of the projectile. Other surfaces may have contact marks from adjacent projectiles, which are more pronounced in the lower part of the charge.

When firing from guns with a muzzle constriction (the so-called check drilling of the barrel), at the beginning of the funnel-shaped slope of the muzzle constriction, the projectile is forced to realign. This restructuring leads to the formation of secondary marks in the form of contact spots of a smaller size, less pronounced than the primary ones, and marks from the muzzle narrowing of the barrel bore, which may coincide in direction with the primary marks or be located at a certain angle to them. The discovery of secondary marks on the shells undoubtedly indicates that the shot was fired from a barrel with a check drill.

Since the marks on the test projectile are difficult to directly compare with the bore, the weapon being tested is fired with experimental projectiles, through which images of the bore suitable for comparison are obtained. Shooting is carried out in special bullet catching devices (cotton, oil, water, etc.), ensuring complete safety of traces from the bore on the projectiles.

Generic identification of firearms by bullets is carried out by comparing data on the caliber, the number of rifling, the angle of inclination, their direction, the width of the rifling fields, and the degree of wear of the barrel bore. The coincidence of these characteristics allows us to conclude that the bullets being compared could have been fired from a gun of the same model or sample. Since the specified characteristics may coincide in different models of weapons, such a coincidence is not enough to accurately identify the model or sample of the weapon. At the same time, the detection of differences in the compared weapon in caliber, barrel design, number of rifling, their direction, established by marks on the bullets, is sufficient to categorically exclude the compared weapon without a comparative study of the individual characteristics of the barrel bore.

For the purpose of individual identification of weapons by shells, the macro- and microstructure of the barrel bore, reflected in the marks on the shells, is compared. Comparative research is carried out using comparative microscopes, sometimes photographic and mechanical scanning of the bullet surface, or by comparing previously made copies of the bullet surface.

The most effective and widespread are studies of marks on projectiles under comparative microscopes. They make it possible to combine traces of compared projectiles in one field of view (Fig. 26), use any magnification necessary for comparing projectiles, provide optimal lighting conditions, the same position of compared objects, as well as prompt photographic recording of detected matching features. General characteristics traces on a fired bullet are obtained by photographic scanning of its surface, as well as by rolling the bullet on a wax composition, low-melting metal or gelatin film. In addition, the electroplating method is used.

Information about the microstructure of marks on the surface of a bullet can be obtained using a profilograph in the form of a curve. In this form it can be transferred to the computer memory. In the future, the machine may be tasked with processing information about all experimental traces and comparing it with traces on the pool under study.

Identification of firearms by cartridge cases no less effective. Firearm marks on cartridge cases used for identification are divided into three groups: 1) marks formed during loading; 2) traces formed during the firing process; 3) marks formed when the cartridge case is removed from the weapon. The significance of these traces for identification is not the same. When loading, marks form on the case body from the lips of the magazine, the lower part

Rice. 26.

the bolt cup that sends the cartridge into the chamber, the walls of the chamber, the ejector hook that jumps over the edge of the case head. The indicated marks (with the exception of the mark from the ejector hook) have no practical significance for individual identification.

The traces created during the firing process are crucial for identification. This is explained by the fact that during the firing process, the pressure of the powder gases develops in the chamber, under the influence of which the plastic material of the cartridge case and especially the primer is pressed with great force against the front cut of the bolt and the walls of the chamber. As a result, the structure and relief features of the firing pin, bolt cup, and chamber are reflected on the walls of the cartridge case, its bottom, and especially the capsule.

When the bolt is retracted to the rear position, the ejector hook grabs the cartridge case and pulls it out of the chamber, resulting in inside the edge of the case head leaves a pronounced mark. With further movement, the cartridge case encounters the protrusion of the reflector, which leads to its ejection from the weapon. The mark from the reflector protrusion remains on the bottom of the cartridge case and can be used for identification.

Generic identification of firearms by spent cartridges is possible due to the fact that the design features of systems and models are expressed in differences in sizes, shapes and relative positions of parts of the firearm that leave marks on the cartridges. When determining the model of a firearm and carrying out its generic identification by cartridges, they study the size, shape and location of marks on the cartridge case from the firing pin, bolt cup, ejector and reflector. The obtained data is compared with relevant characteristics systems based on tables or catalogs of firearms models. Model determination and generic identification of firearms by cartridge case can be automated. To do this, the characteristics of all known systems and models of firearms are encoded and entered into the computer memory. Birth characteristics unknown weapons are compared with information contained in the system’s memory, which provides information about a specific model, system or range of systems characterized by established characteristics.

Individual identification proceeds only after a match in the generic and specific properties of the weapon being compared is established. The difference in the specified properties, for example, the method of processing the shutter cup, the size and location of the reflector and some others, is exclusive, i.e., sufficient for a negative conclusion.

Individual firearm identification is based on a comparison of the microrelief of weapon parts displayed in the traces. The traces of the bolt cup and firing pin on the primer and the bottom of the cartridge case are of decisive importance. The microrelief of traces from the ejector and reflector is also successfully used. When examining static marks of the bolt cup on a cartridge case, the technique of directly comparing them with the bolt cup (after appropriate disassembly of the weapon) can be used. A more common technique is to compare traces, for which experimental shots are fired into a cartridge case catcher. For experimental shooting, cartridges are selected that best match the cartridge case under study in terms of the material of the cartridge case, primer and manufacturing time. For control, it is useful to take cartridges made of more plastic material.

Separate analysis begins with the study of experimental cartridges, in which traces from parts of a firearm are identified, the characteristic features displayed in such traces and their stability are traced. During such research, magnifying glasses, stereoscopic instrumental and comparative microscopes are used. A cartridge case from a crime scene is subjected to a similar study, in which they try to identify the relevant features. Then they begin a comparative microscopic examination, to which all detected traces are subjected. Along with the microscopic method, a photographic research method is used. It consists in taking micrographs from the traces being compared, which are cut at characteristic points and combined. In this way, the coincidence or discrepancy of traces from the compared parts of the weapon can be traced.

Identified matches must be assessed in terms of their specificity and whether they form an individual (unique) population.

A significant place in forensic ballistics is given to establishing the circumstances of the use of firearms.

1. Was this weapon ever fired and how old is it? This may confirm the connection between the firearm and its owner and the event under investigation, and the absence of traces of a recent shot may indicate a staged suicide, for example, when a pistol is found near a corpse with gunshot injuries.

Proof that the weapon was fired is the discovery of decomposition products of the powder charge and primer composition in the barrel bore. Unburned and half-burnt powders are often found in the trunk. To determine whether they belong to a powder charge, a microscopic examination of the detected particles, a thermal test (for ignition) and a chemical analysis are carried out. The age of the shot is currently only tentatively determined from the traces of the shot. An indisputable sign of a recent shot is the smell of gunpowder smoke, which can be felt at the muzzle, chamber and from the spent cartridge case.

The smell is unstable and disappears quickly, but under favorable conditions it can last a day or more. Immediately after the shot, the barrel bore becomes coated with an intense black coating (from black powder) or a faint gray coating (from smokeless powder). Then, if the weapon has not been cleaned, depending on the water content in the air, droplets of water, islands of rust appear more or less quickly on the surface of the bore, and, finally, the surface of the bore is covered with a continuous coating of rust.

2. What is the distance from which the shot was fired? Information about this becomes essential when investigating self-harm, cases of improper use of firearms, exceeding the limits of necessary defense, when investigating murders disguised as an accident, suicides, etc.

In forensic ballistics, three shot distances are distinguished: 1) point-blank shot; 2) shot at close range; 3) shot at a long distance. When fired at point-blank range, the muzzle of the weapon comes into full or partial contact with the damaged surface. A close shot is considered to be one in which the obstacle is affected not only by the bullet, but also by powder gases, soot and unburned powder escaping from the barrel. With a long-range shot, the effect of these additional factors of the shot on the obstacle ceases.

A characteristic sign of a point-blank shot is the imprint of the muzzle of the weapon on the obstacle - the stamping mark. Along with the muzzle, other parts that are in the same plane are often imprinted: a muzzle guard, a casing, a cleaning rod. The Shtansmark allows one to judge the type and caliber of a weapon.

Hot powder gases, escaping at high speed from the barrel bore, have high kinetic energy, mechanical and thermal effects. The nature and severity of this action are determined by the composition and condition of the powder charge of smoky and smokeless powder, the length of the weapon barrel, the type of damaged surface and other conditions.

At a short distance (1-3 cm), powder gases retain the shape of the bore of a firearm and have a penetrating effect on the target. In this case, a tissue defect is formed, the dimensions of which can be several times greater than the size of the bullet and will be larger, the less elasticity of the damaged barrier. At long distances, powder gases, encountering air resistance, acquire a mushroom shape and have an explosive effect on the barrier, expressed in tears in the edges of the inlet. The shape of this tear can be linear (slit), cross-shaped or star-shaped. The size of the tear depends on the distance of the shot and the type of barrier being damaged. Thus, when shooting at cotton fabric from military pistols of 7.62 mm caliber, the explosive action of powder gases stops at a distance of 3 cm, when shooting from long-barreled military weapons (rifles, carbines) - at a distance of 9-10 cm, when shooting from hunting rifles 12 -20 calibers with factory cartridges - at a distance of 15, less often 25-50 cm.

The thermal effect of powder gases is expressed in falling, charring, burns, and in some cases, ignition of the barrier. This effect manifests itself when firing smokeless powder from military pistols from a distance of up to 10 cm, and when firing from sawed-off rifles and hunting shotguns from a distance of up to 30-50 cm.

An important sign of a close shot is the deposition of shot soot, which is formed as a result of the decomposition of the powder and primer charges. The soot of the shot is deposited on the barrier around the bullet hole in the form of a black-gray rounded spot.

When firing from modern types of handguns, shot soot is deposited on an obstacle located at a distance of no further than 30-50 cm. When shooting at multi-layered obstacles, such as clothing, shot soot can be deposited around the entrance hole and at long shooting distances (up to 900 m and more).

Signs of a close shot include powder grains and particles of gun lubricant embedded in the barrier. Most of the powder grains do not fly further than 80 cm. Lubricant particles are thrown out at 45-150 cm. When fired at point-blank range, in some cases no traces of soot and embedded powder particles are found on the surface of the damaged object, or these traces are weakly expressed. This is explained by the fact that the bulk of the powder gases rushes into the wound channel, on the walls of which the indicated additional traces of the shot are deposited.

In obvious cases, traces of a close shot are established through routine inspection. However, when the shot is fired into dark fleecy fabric, special techniques are required.

To detect powder soot, research methods in infrared rays are used: photography, photometric, spectrographic studies. To identify traces of metallization around damage when firing lead projectiles, radiography of the damage in soft X-rays is recommended. This method can also identify the area where powder soot is deposited. Ultraviolet inspection is used to detect lubricant particles.

3. What is the direction of the shot? First of all, you need to determine the inlet and outlet openings (in cases of through-hole damage). The most reliable indication of an entry hole is the presence of additional gunshot marks. The hole around which traces of fall, soot and unburned powder are located is the entrance. Valuable data for resolving this issue can be obtained by studying the structure of the hole. In typical cases, the hole has the shape of a funnel, with its wide part facing the direction of the bullet’s flight (holes in glass, wood, bone, etc.). The atypical structure of the hole is observed when fired at point-blank range and from very close distances. It should be borne in mind that the bullet entry hole does not always have round shape, or may be oval (if the object is hit at an angle) and irregular shape(when hit by deformed bullets, special-purpose bullets, when fired from sawn-off shotguns and shotguns).

Establishing the direction of the bullet's flight is facilitated by the detection of obstacle particles knocked out by the bullet in the direction of its movement.

A valuable sign of the bullet entry hole is the wiping belts (or contamination and metallization). When a bullet is introduced into an obstacle, it pushes part of the obstacle material forward and pushes it apart, leaving the particles on it on the obstacle material. As a result, a grayish abrasion belt several millimeters wide is formed around the bullet hole. The belt is formed due to various contaminants present on the bullet (shot soot particles, gun lubricant, metal particles from the barrel and the bullet itself).

The inlet and outlet openings in the glass can be identified by the fan-shaped relief of the side edges of the glass in the resulting cracks. In radial cracks, the expanding part of the fan-shaped pattern faces the direction of the bullet's flight; in concentric cracks, it faces the shooter.

Having established the entrance and exit holes in the barrier, you should move on to establishing the angle at which the bullet pierced the barrier. To resolve this issue, first of all, the angle formed by the wound channel and the damaged surface is examined. For this purpose, a straight rod of the appropriate diameter is inserted into a blind or through channel if the damaged object is of sufficient thickness, which will show the angle and direction of the bullet’s flight. Approximate data on the angle of damage can also be obtained by studying the topography of additional traces of the shot and bullet damage.

In cases of a shot at a right angle, additional traces of the shot are located in the form of a regular circle with a bullet hole in the center. When fired at an angle, additional shot marks are located in the form of an oval, and the bullet hole is not in the center, but eccentrically closer to the side from which the shot was fired. Establishing the place from which the shot was fired is carried out by sighting. Its method depends on the type and number of holes. The simplest way of sighting is sighting using a paper tube inserted into the holes in the two panes of the window frame. When the holes are located at significant distances, a thread is stretched between them, the direction of which will indicate the direction of flight of the bullet. It should be borne in mind that the data obtained in this way may be inaccurate when sighting at a distance of more than 50 m. In this case, the bullet's flight path (curve) noticeably deviates from the ideally straight line of sight.

The location from which the shot was fired can also be determined using the computational and graphical method. For this purpose, large-scale plans of the scene of the incident are drawn up with precise indications of the damage caused by the bullet on furnishings that are connected by a straight line. The horizontal projection of the plan shows the location of the bullet’s flight line relative to the furnishings (top view), the vertical projection shows the upward or downward direction of the bullet’s flight and its level (side view) (Fig. 27).

During the inspection of a damaged barrier, the surface on which there is gunshot damage, the entrance and exit holes, the wound channel, traces of the action of powder gases are examined: tears, falls, charring, deposits of powder soot and powder flakes, shot debris and other traces of a shot. By studying them, a lot of valuable data can be obtained to determine the distance and direction of the shot, the relative position of the weapon and the damaged obstacle, the location of the shot, and in some cases, the system of the weapon used. Therefore, all damaged barriers must be subjected to a thorough inspection at the place of their discovery (preferably with the participation of a forensic ballist), the data obtained is recorded, and the material evidence itself is properly seized and, if necessary, sent for examination.

When a hole is detected, its location on an object (wall, ceiling, piece of furniture, etc.) is carefully determined, for which the most accurate measurements are taken of the height of the hole above the floor or ground level, its location relative to two fixed landmarks, for example, the walls of a room, as well as regarding other objects damaged by this shot. By inspecting the surface on which there is damage, they try to identify all existing traces of a shot: abrasion marks, falling off or charring, tears, cracks, areas of powder soot, traces of lubricant, embedded powder particles. In this case, the size of the damage and zones, their shape, location on the object and relative to the main damage are noted. The inspection is carried out using a magnifying glass and a source of ultraviolet rays. The structure of the bullet channel and the traces present in the depths of this channel are carefully examined. It is necessary to detect the particles of the obstacle knocked out by the projectile and describe their nature and location. Research, measurement, description and photographing of holes and additional

Rice. 27.

L- location where the bullet was found, B - bullet holes in the partition, IN - entrance holes in the window, VL - bullet flight line, KP - area where there could be

shot fired

clear traces of a shot must be made before removing the obstacle due to a change in its original position and condition, for example, in connection with sawing out part of the obstacle, removing a bullet stuck in it, etc.

If the entire obstacle cannot be sent for examination, the part containing the traces of the shot (at least 20 x 20 cm) is cut out and photographed, orienting the location of the hole relative to the sides and parts of the object.

Gunpowder grains, especially in cases where they do not adhere firmly to a damaged barrier, should be placed in a clean test tube.

If there is a hole in the glass, it must be glued on one side to a sheet of clean paper, which will protect the glass from falling apart when removed. If the barrier is destroyed, you need to collect its parts, restoring their position, and remove them in the same way. When examining damaged clothing or shoes, their name, material, and color are described. Gunshot injuries with additional marks on the outside and inside are covered with pieces of clean white cloth and sent for examination in their entirety. Cutting out parts of clothing in these cases can significantly complicate the study. Existing clothing should not be folded along the line of existing damage, nor should it be sent for examination in a wet state.

In cases of shot damage, it is necessary to examine and record the topography of the shot deposit. For this purpose, large-scale photography is carried out and a diagram of the location of damage from pellets on the object is drawn up. Each pellet must be seized and included in the case file.

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• Introduction
• 1. Concept and objects of forensic ballistics
• 2. Methods for recording information about weapons and traces of their use
• Conclusion
• List of used literature

Introduction

To complete the test in the discipline “Forensic Science,” I chose the topic “Forensic ballistics and its importance in the investigation of crimes.” It will be considered by dividing it into smaller topics - points, which will allow us to study in more detail important aspects, such as: basic concepts such as ballistics, forensic ballistics, forensic ballistics.

This topic can be considered relevant, based only on the fact that in modern criminology more and more attention is paid to technology, both to research methods and to the technical equipment of workplaces at which the examination is carried out, therefore, the work will mainly consider methods and ways to examine physical evidence collected at the scene.

The object of the study is the totality of information that makes up forensic ballistics, which necessitates the development of methods and methods using areas of forensic ballistics.

The subject of the study is forensic ballistics as a method of solving a crime.

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the features of forensic ballistics.

When performing this test, both educational literature and regulations will be used.

1. Concept and objects of forensic ballistics

The term "ballistics" comes from the Greek word "ballo" - throw, sword. Historically, ballistics arose as a military science that determined the theoretical foundations and practical application of the laws of projectile flight in the air and the processes that impart the necessary kinetic energy to the projectile. Its origin is associated with the great scientist of antiquity - Archimedes, who designed throwing machines (ballistas) and calculated the flight path of thrown projectiles.

In Art. 1 Federal Law dated December 13, 1996 N 150-FZ “On Weapons” weapons are defined as “devices and objects that are structurally designed to hit a living or other target, or to give signals.” The concept of weapons is given in paragraph 2 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of March 12, 2002 No. 5: judicial practice in cases of theft, extortion and illegal trafficking of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices": ".. by weapon should be understood devices and objects of both domestic and foreign production, structurally designed to destroy a living or other target.” Based on this, two main characteristics of a weapon can be distinguished: structural design and intended purpose.

In operation The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation devotes several articles to criminal transactions with weapons. This is Art. 222 “Illegal acquisition, transfer, sale, storage, transportation or carrying of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices”, Art. 223 “Illegal manufacture of weapons”, Art. 224 “Careless storage of weapons”, Art. 225 “Improper use of duties for the protection of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices”, Art. 226 “Theft or extortion of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices.”

These crimes are especially dangerous when committed by organized crime groups. Weapons are used to commit particularly serious crimes: murder, banditry, robbery, etc.

Forensic ballistics is a branch of forensic technology that develops means and methods for detecting, recording and examining firearms, ammunition and traces of their use in order to resolve issues that arise during the investigation of criminal cases. The main content of forensic ballistics is the study of the movement of projectiles (bullets, buckshot, shot) in the bore of a weapon and in the air, as well as the properties of weapons, ammunition, the firing mechanism, resulting from its traces.

Firearms- this is a device structurally designed to repeatedly hit a target at a distance with a projectile (bullet, shot, buckshot), receiving directed movement due to the thermal decomposition of the gas-forming substance.

Firearms include items intended for attack or active defense and hitting a target with a projectile and meeting the criteria of fireability, suitability and weaponability. The projectile is ejected from the barrel by the force of gas pressure, a powder charge or its substitute. Suitability The projectile has sufficient lethality to cause bodily harm. Weapon-like in its design and structural strength, the item allows you to fire more than one aimed shot.

In forensic weapons science (ballistics), handguns used in the commission of a crime are classified according to:

1) manufacturing method;

2) purpose;

3) the internal structure of the barrel channel;

4) trunk length;

5) caliber;

6) degree of automation of the combat mechanism;

7) the number of trunks.

1. According to the manufacturing method, weapons are divided into: factory-made, handicraft and home-made.

2. By purpose (depending on the targets it is intended to hit), weapons are divided into: military hand-held, sporting, hunting, special and atypical.

Military handguns include battle rifles, carbines, submachine guns, submachine guns, pistols and revolvers.

Sports weapons include small-caliber and other rifles, pistols and revolvers. Hunting smoothbore and rifled bullet shotguns and self-loading smoothbore hunting carbines.

Special silent weapons, gas pistols, signal pistols, construction and installation pistols. Gas, signal and construction pistols can be classified as firearms only if they are specially adapted to cause bodily harm.

Atypical weapons of non-standard design, various shooting devices disguised as household items (shooting pens, cigarette cases, canes, etc.), homemade pistols, revolvers, sawn-off shotguns and self-propelled guns, the design of which deviates from standard weapons.

3. According to the internal structure of the barrel, weapons are divided into rifled, smooth-bore and smooth-rifled.

The bores of modern military, sporting and some types of hunting weapons are rifled. The rifling gives the bullet a translational-rotational motion, which ensures the range and stability of its flight in the desired direction. The direction of the rifling can be right or left, their number ranges from 4 to 7.

There are no rifling on the inner walls of smoothbore weapons. The accuracy of combat when firing from such weapons is ensured by the appropriate barrel design. According to this parameter, smooth trunks are divided into:

a) “cylindrical” the internal diameter of the trunk is the same along its entire length;

b) “cylinder with pressure” the barrel gradually narrows towards the muzzle;

c) a barrel with a “choke narrowing” - a slight narrowing only at the muzzle of the barrel.

Smooth-cut weapons (paradox guns) have rifling in the barrel in a small area near the muzzle.

4. Based on the length of the barrel, they are distinguished: short-barreled weapons (50-200 mm) pistols, revolvers; medium-barrel (200-300 mm) submachine guns (machine guns); long-barreled (450 mm or more) rifles, carbines, machine guns, sporting rifles, hunting rifles.

5. By caliber, that is, by the internal diameter of the barrel (in rifled weapons, the caliber is indicated in millimeters and expresses the distance between opposite fields of rifling; the fields of rifling are the spaces between them), weapons are distinguished into: small-caliber up to 6.5 mm; medium caliber from 6.5 to 9 mm; large-caliber over 9 mm (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Main dimensions of the bore profile

6. According to the design of the combat mechanism (according to the degree of automation), weapons are divided into non-automatic, for example a rifle; automatic (self-loading), for example a Makarov pistol; automatic (self-firing), for example Kalashnikov assault rifles (AK).

7. Depending on the number of barrels, a weapon can be single-barreled, double-barreled or multi-barrel (the latter are rare).

In forensic practice, small-sized pistols, revolvers and submachine guns most often appear, which are more convenient for criminals to carry unnoticed and use during an attack.

A pistol is a short-barreled, single-shot or automatic multi-shot personal weapon with a replaceable or permanent magazine inserted into the handle, designed to kill a person at short distances (50-70 m). Some types of automatic pistols can fire automatically in short bursts with a range of up to 200 m.

A revolver is a short-barreled, multi-shot, non-automatic personal weapon with a rotating drum (magazine), the chambers of which serve as chambers. This weapon is designed to hit humans at distances of up to 100 m.

Cartridge- a device intended for firing a weapon, combining into one unit, using a cartridge case, the means of initiation, the propellant charge and the projectile equipment. For shooting from modern combat handguns, unitary cartridges are used. The main components of such a cartridge are: a cartridge case, a primer, a powder charge and a projectile. Gun cartridges are additionally equipped with wads and spacers.

Sleeves are divided into types:

1) by material - metal and composite (metal-plastic, metal-cardboard, etc.);

2) by purpose - for rifles, intermediate (for machine guns and carbines), pistols, revolvers, rifles, etc.;

3) in shape - cylindrical, bottle-shaped and conical;

4) according to the design of the bottom part - with a protruding or non-protruding flange. The flange refers to the belt at the bottom of the cartridge case, designed to remove it or the cartridge from the chamber.

Shells, fired from a firearm, there are two types: mono-projectiles and poly-projectiles.

Mono projectiles- these are bullets various shapes and devices. Polyprojectiles- this is shot and buckshot (buckshot is shot with a diameter of over 5 mm).

The following types of bullets are distinguished: a) by design: conventional (all-metal, semi-shell and shell) and special (armor-piercing, incendiary, explosive, tracer, etc.); b) according to the shape of the head part: pointed, flat and rounded.

Casings and fired bullets are the most important material evidence, since in most cases, from the marks on bullets and casings, it is possible to establish the type, model and specific instance of the weapon used, as well as resolve a number of other issues important for the investigation.

2. Methods for recording information about weapons and traces of their use

ballistics firearms examination weapons

The main way to record information about weapons and traces of their use is a description in the protocol of inspection of the scene of an incident or other investigative action. Additional methods of recording traditionally include photo and video shooting, drawing up plans and diagrams.

Information about weapons to be reflected in the inspection report of the scene of the incident is presented in the following order:

1) the location of the weapon is recorded, its position from the muzzle and butt (handles for short-barreled weapons) up to two fixed landmarks;

2) the type of weapon (pistol, revolver, rifle, etc.), its system, model, caliber is established;

3) marking data, number and year of manufacture, as well as non-factory designations (owner's initials, engraving, etc.) are recorded;

4) is assessed appearance weapons (the presence of any damage in the form of nicks, notches on wooden parts, cuts on metal surfaces, corrosion, etc.);

5) position is determined firing mechanism, fuse; presence of a cartridge in the chamber and in the magazine (removable magazine, drum);

6) in relation to a home-made weapon, its overall dimensions, barrel length, the presence of traces of rough processing on all parts or on individual parts, the coating of parts with black paint or their rough bluing, and the method of loading are recorded;

7) the presence (absence) of rifling in the barrel bore (their number and direction), lubricant, shot products, any contamination, and the specific smell of burnt gunpowder is established;

8) reflects the presence of microparticles in the contents of pockets, the conditions for detection and storage of weapons (the fact of exposure to precipitation, the presence of soil pollution, etc.).

During inspection, firearms should be handled in such a way as to prevent the destruction of fingerprints and odorous substances. In addition, we must not forget that firearms are a source of increased danger, which requires compliance with safety rules for handling them. Therefore, during the inspection, the trunk should be directed upward, and indoors - to the upper, far corner of the two main walls.

When describing cartridge cases the protocol records: 1) location and position (for the convenience of describing several cartridges, they are assigned numbers); 2) shape, markings; 3) color of the body and capsule, dimensions of the sleeve (length, diameter of the flange, body and barrel); 4) material (metal, paper, polymer); 5) method of fastening the bullet (crimping, punching); 6) the presence and location of a groove on the outer surface of the body to limit the seating depth of the bullet (cannelure); 7) the presence of smoke inside and outside, signs of corrosion (oxidation of brass sleeves, rust on steel); 8) the presence, localization and nature of traces from parts of the weapon (fire striker, reflector, ejector, edges receiver etc.); 9) the presence of defects in the cartridge case (cracks, dents, traces of sawing when fitting to the chamber of a different caliber, boring of the primer seat, etc.), foreign substances and the smell of burnt gunpowder.

In the inspection report bullets the following parameters are reflected: 1) location and position on the obstacle (the method of extraction from the obstacle is indicated); 2) design (shell, semi-shell, non-shell); 3) the length and diameter of the cylindrical part (for a deformed bullet - the largest and smallest diameters of the bottom); 4) the shape of the tip (sharp, rounded, flat), the presence of a distinctive color on it; 5) features of the bullet shape (presence of a belt, groove, bottom configuration, conical or cylindrical tail); 6) the color of the metal from which the bullet is made; 7) method of fastening in the sleeve (punching, crimping, annular recess); 8) the number and direction of marks of the rifling fields of the barrel bore; 9) presence (absence) of deformation and foreign particles (glass, plaster, earth, blood, etc.).

Upon examination fractions(buckshot) indicate: quantity, shape (ball, oval, cylindrical, drop-shaped, irregular), diameter (maximum and minimum) of pellets (buckshot); color (gray - for non-graphitized lead, black - for graphite, yellow-red - for copper-plated projectiles); presence (absence) of deformation and various overlaps; traces and features from making homemade shot or from overcoming any obstacles (dents, imprint of the relief of an obstacle, scratches).

Upon examination wads(gaskets) describe: shape and appearance (integral or fragmentary); height, diameter; material (felt, cardboard, paper, wood fiber, polymer, etc.); color and condition of the surface (wet, dry, burnt); the presence of typographic font or handwritten text and impressions of pellets (their number); marks on the side surfaces of homemade felt wads (straight vertical or horizontal tracks); the presence (absence) of a shock absorber in the bottom part of the wad-concentrator, the content of markings on the outer surface of its bottom part; presence and color of existing contaminants.

The area of ​​shot (buckshot) dispersion on the obstacle should be fixed by drawing up a diagram, as well as by applying a sticky cartographic film and then sketching the damage on it.

Upon examination gunshot injuries on a car, it is recommended to count the height of their placement from the surface of the asphalt (soil).

To avoid losing traces of a shot when performing detailed photography, it is not recommended to attach a scale ruler with plasticine or any other substance to the damaged surface. For ease of description, damage is numbered.

Upon examination gunshot injuries the protocol indicates: 1) the location of the damaged item; 2) purpose, material and thickness of the barrier; 3) the nature (through or “blind”), shape (round, oval, slot-shaped, cross-shaped, etc.) and size of the damage; 4) the absence of part of the material in the barrier (“minus tissue”); 5) the presence of a wiping belt and its size; 6) traces of a close shot (soot, signs of thermal effects from the muzzle flame, shape and size of the scorch zone, etc.).

Equally important when inspecting the scene of an incident are seizure and packaging of material evidence. It is best to remove the bullet with the barrier or part of it, so that later in the laboratory, taking appropriate precautions, remove it and preserve the traces on it. Only if this is impossible should the projectile be separated from the affected obstacle.

In order to identify smooth-bore weapons based on marks on pellets, special recommendations for their removal should be followed. Those of them that were located along the edge of the shot sheaf are removed separately and placed one at a time in bags with the location indicated on the tag in relation to the watch dial.

To preserve the smell and unburned powder in the sleeve, it is recommended to close its barrel. To preserve gases in a spent cartridge case, it is packaged in a rubber fingertip, placed in a thermos with ice and stored until it is submitted for examination at a temperature below 0 degrees. C.

If it is impossible to remove traces of firearms from the carrier object, they are scraped off with part of the barrier.

Traces of a shot on the hands and clothes of the shooter are invisible, including when using ultraviolet and infrared rays. In practice, they are usually removed using a cotton or gauze swab moistened with a 7% nitric acid solution.

During forensic ballistic examination The following issues can be resolved:

1) whether the item seized from citizen B is a firearm. (This question, as a rule, is resolved when examining homemade weapons, which may have no analogues among standard samples.)

2) what type of firearm is the revolver seized from the suspect;

3) what type, caliber and system of weapon was used to fire the bullet recovered from the scene of the incident;

4) whether this bullet was fired from a pistol seized from the suspect;

5) whether the 5 cartridges found at the scene of the incident were fired from the pistol seized from the accused;

6) whether the double-barreled hunting rifle seized from citizen I. was fired after its last cleaning and lubrication;

7) could a shot have occurred without pressing the trigger of the presented pistol when it fell onto a wooden floor with the barrel down from a height of 80 cm;

8) the bullet presented for research was manufactured in a factory or home-made manner (shot, buckshot);

9) from which side of the obstacle the shot was fired;

10) what is the distance and direction of the shot;

11) what is the sequence and number of shots on the obstacle under study?

Conclusion

So, forensic ballistics is a branch of forensic technology that deals with the development of scientific and technical means and techniques for detecting, examining, fixing and examining firearms and traces of their use for the purpose of investigating crimes.

The objects of forensic ballistics are firearms and their parts, ammunition, spent bullets and cartridges, shot, buckshot, wads and gunshot damage.

Questions arising in the process of investigating crimes committed with the use of firearms are divided into identification and non-identification .

Identification issues include determining the genus, type, and model of a firearm based on the fired bullet and cartridge case and identifying a specific weapon; non-identification - determining the suitability of the weapon for firing a shot, the possibility of a shot without pressing the trigger, determining the distance and direction of the shot, establishing the location of the shooter and other circumstances of the shot.

When resolving questions about the circumstances of the shot, the objects of research are the case materials, for example, the protocol for examining the scene of the incident, drawings, the protocol for examining the corpse, photographs, as well as material evidence, damage to the body and clothing of the victim and other traces of a shot on the barrier.

Forensic ballistics is closely related to other areas of forensic technology and sciences, such as: forensic medicine, forensic examination of traces, etc., which allows for joint examinations to obtain more accurate conclusions;

Forensic ballistics by means of examination makes it possible for the wide practical application of ballistics as a science, this is its value and special significance for society and, ultimately, for public safety.

List of used literature

1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1996, No. 63-FZ (as amended on July 23, 2013) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 1996. No. 25. Art. 2954.

2. Federal Law of December 13, 1996 No. 150-FZ (as amended on July 2, 2013) “On Weapons” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1996. No. 51. Art. 5681.

3. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated March 12, 2002 No. 5 (as amended on February 6, 2007) “On judicial practice in cases of theft, extortion and illegal trafficking of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices” // Bulletin of the Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation. 2002. No. 5.

4. Vorobyova I.B., Malanina N.I. Traces at the crime scene. Saratov, 1996.

5. Forensics: textbook / O.V. Volokhova, N.N. Egorov, M.V. Zhizhina and others; edited by E.P. Ishchenko. - M., 2011.

6. Forensics / Ed. N.P. Yablokov. -- M., 2008.

7. Forensics: Workshop / Ed. N.P. Yablokov. -- M., 2010.

8. Forensics / Ed. A.G. Filippova, A.F. Volynsky. -- M., 2008.

9. Investigator's Handbook: In 3 volumes. T. 3. Practical forensics: preparation and appointment of forensic examinations. -- M., 1992.

10. Shurukhnov N.G. Forensics. -- M., 2009.

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Short description

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………5


1.2 The mechanism of formation of traces of firearms on cartridges, shells and obstacles……………………………………………………..………..……….21
2 Forensic examination of firearms and traces of their use…………………………………………….……………….......30



3 Problematic issues of forensic analysis of weapons and traces of their action…………………………………………………………………………………………74

3.2 Forensic research of short-barreled firearms chambered for cartridges equipped with a rubber bullet and traces of their shots………………………………………………………………………………………………..81
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..90

Designations and abbreviations……………………………………………………………... 103

Contents of the work - 1 file

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The presented work was carried out on the topic: “Forensic ballistics”. The work was completed on 106 sheets using 70 sources of literature.

The work examined the following issues: the meanings and objects of forensic ballistics, the mechanism of formation of traces of firearms on cartridges, shells and obstacles, forensic research of firearms and traces of their use. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of determining the distance of the shot and the location of the shooter, problematic issues of forensic analysis of weapons and traces of their action.

The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used and applications.

The presented work is executed on a theme: “Criminalistichesky ballistics”. Work is executed on 106 sheets with use of 70 sources of the literature. In work questions have been considered: values ​​and objects of forensic ballistics, the mechanism of formation of traces of fire-arms on sleeves, shells and barriers, forensic research of fire-arms and traces of its application.

The special attention is given specificity of definition of a distance of a shot and the location shooting, to problem questions forensic the analysis of the weapon and traces of its action.

Work consists of the introduction, three heads, the conclusion, the list of used sources and appendices.

Introduction…………………………………………...………… ………………………5

1 General provisions of forensic ballistics……………..……......9

1.1 Concept, meaning and objects of forensic ballistics………….9

1.2 The mechanism of formation of traces of firearms on cartridges, projectiles and obstacles……………………………………………………. .………..……….21

2 Forensic examination of firearms and traces of their use…………………………………………….………………..... .….30

2.1 Detection, inspection, fixation and seizure of firearms, bullets, cartridges and traces of a shot………………………………………………………....30

2.2 Methodological foundations of forensic ballistic examination of firearms …………………………………………………..…….46

2.3 Determining the distance of the shot and the location of the shooter…..60

3 Problematic issues of forensic analysis of weapons and traces of their action………………………………………………………………………………………… 74

3.1 Problematic aspects of the forensic assessment of sawed-off shotguns……………………………………………………….74

3.2 Forensic research of short-barreled firearms chambered for cartridges equipped with a rubber bullet and traces of their shots…………………………………………………………………………………………..81

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..90

List of sources used………………………………………………………96

Designations and abbreviations………………………………………………………………. .. 103

Appendix A Dynamics of the number of registered crimes committed with the use of weapons from 2008 to April 2011. on the territory of the Russian Federation……………………………………………………..104

Appendix B Quantitative indicators of crimes committed with the use of gas weapons, ammunition and explosive materials in the Orenburg region for 2006 - 2011…………………..…....105

Appendix B Structure of expert studies conducted in the ECO ECC of the ATC in the Western zone with a location in the city of Buzuluk, Orenburg region for 2008 - 2010. ……………………………………………………………….……106

Introduction

The change in the political system in Russia, mistakes and lack of thought in the transformations of the late 20th century and the subsequent weakening of control over social processes led to a significant number of crimes committed with the use of weapons. Thus, in 2008, more than 10 thousand crimes were committed using weapons; in 2009, the number of these crimes decreased by 13.6% and amounted to 8.7 thousand; in 2010, 7.4 thousand were committed using weapons crimes, for 4 months of 2011 this figure was 2.4 thousand (Appendix A).

The use of modern automatic weapons leads to the death of many people. The speed with which such crimes are committed, even in the presence of witnesses, in most cases does not allow us to restore the true picture of what happened without the use of special knowledge in this area. That is why, in the current situation, the importance of identification forensic ballistic examination is increasing, which, based on the use modern achievements science and technology is designed to contribute to the creation of a reliable and objective evidence base in criminal cases under investigation.

The scientific basis of forensic ballistic examinations are the provisions of forensic ballistics - a branch of forensic technology that develops tools, techniques and methods for detecting, fixing, seizing and studying firearms and the consequences of their use in the material situation of committing a crime to resolve issues arising in investigative and judicial practice.

The effectiveness of ballistic examinations and studies that contributed to the investigation of crimes related to the use of weapons remains at a fairly high level (on average 80% of those performed), however, when using special forensic ballistic knowledge in the detection and investigation of these crimes, there are certain difficulties that require improvement of information -methodological base of forensic ballistics with the aim of the most complete and efficient use of its capabilities.

It should be especially noted that recently new types of weapons, often equipped with shot silencers, as well as a variety of cartridges, have fallen into the hands of criminals, which, with insufficient information and methodological support for the activities of forensic units, makes it difficult to carry out forensic ballistic examinations and research.

Thus, the topic of the final qualifying work is quite relevant both in practical and theoretical terms, which determined its choice.

Notable contribution to development current problems studies of objects of forensic ballistics in the investigation of crimes were contributed by domestic criminologists and forensic doctors: I.V. Vinogradov, B.N. Ermolenko, B.M. Komarinets, Yu.M. Kubitsky, S.D. Kustanovich, N.P. Cross-Shoulder, B.C. Akhanov, V.E. Berger, A.N. Vakulovsky, A.G. Egorov, B.N. Ermolenko and others.

Despite the great theoretical and practical significance of the existing scientific works, today a number of issues have arisen that are not reflected in the literature, but the resolution of which is urgently required by the practice of forensic ballistic examinations. These problems are associated with the emergence of new designs of firearms and cartridges, as well as materials used in their manufacture; the use of shot sound suppressors when firing weapons; the appearance of firearms made homemade from gas pistols and revolvers, and others.

The purpose of the study is a systematic analysis of the theory and practice of the occurrence, collection (storage) and use of traces of the use of forensic ballistics objects in the investigation of crimes; the most important, insufficiently developed and problematic issues use of specialized knowledge in the field of forensic ballistics.

In accordance with the stated goal, the following tasks were set to achieve it:

1) explore the concept, meaning and objects of forensic ballistics;

2) study the mechanism of formation of traces of firearms on cartridges, shells and obstacles;

3) consider the mechanism for detecting, examining, fixing and confiscating firearms, bullets, cartridges and traces of a shot;

4) study ways to determine the distance of the shot and the location of the shooter;

5) consider problematic aspects of forensic analysis of weapons and traces of their action.

The object of the study is the social relations that arise in the process of studying objects of forensic ballistics, improving the methodological foundations of forensic ballistic identification of firearms based on traces on fired bullets.

The subject of the research is scientific concepts directly related to the study and identification of ballistics objects, problems of the formation of traces of their use, expert practices, regulations governing the procedure for conducting ballistic research.

The methodological basis of the research is made up of general scientific and specific scientific research methods: historical, formal-logical, comparative legal, structural-systemic, analytical and other methods of scientific knowledge.

The work uses scientific principles of philosophy, criminology, forensic science, criminal law and criminal procedure, computer science, forensic medicine, provisions of technical and military-technical disciplines.

The theoretical basis of the study is the works of Russian and Soviet forensic scientists: B.C. Akhanova, A.N. Vakulovsky, V.F. Gushchina, A.I. Dvorkina, A.G. Egorova, B.N. Ermolenko, E.P. Ishchenko, P.P. Ishchenko, B.M. Komarinets, N.P. Kosoplecheva, A.S. Lazari, V.A. Obraztsova, V.M. Pleskachevsky, A.N. Samonchika, N.A. Selivanova, P.T. Skorchenko, M.A. Sonis, E.I. Stashenko, A.I. Ustinova, V.F. Chervakov and others. The works of forensic doctors were also used: I.V. Vinogradova, K.N. Kalmykova, Yu.M. Kubitsky, S.D. Kustanovich, A.F. Lisitsyna, V.I. Molchanova, V.L. Popova, Ya.S. Smusina and others.

The legal basis is the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On State Forensic Activities in the Russian Federation”, the Federal Law “On Weapons”, regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and other departments regulating the circulation of firearms and ammunition.

The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used and applications.

1 General provisions of forensic ballistics

1.1 Concept, meaning and objects of forensic ballistics

Forensic ballistics is a branch of forensic science that studies and develops scientific and technical means and techniques for detecting, recording, seizing and examining firearms, ammunition and traces of their action to establish the circumstances of the crimes under investigation.

The inspections and study of weapons, ammunition and traces of their use or storage help to clarify circumstances that are important in the investigation of crimes committed with the use of firearms or bladed weapons, the number of which remains significant (Appendix B).

Objects of forensic ballistics are, first of all, firearms and their components; cartridges; tools and materials used to make weapons and ammunition components. This also includes objects with holes from shells and with gunshot products deposited on them (soot, unburnt grains of gunpowder, particles of metal and lubricant) and objects in which weapons were stored.

Finally, these are objects that are not firearms, but related to firing devices (devices, devices), which also use the energy of powder gases. They serve for such purposes as throwing special substances (gas pistols, revolvers), signaling (flare guns, smoke bombs, etc.), installation work (construction pistols). The objects of forensic ballistics also include cartridges, although related to firearms, but having an auxiliary purpose: for simulating shooting - blank cartridges, alarms, lighting, ejection, slaughter.

Forensic ballistics studies only those weapons that were associated with a crime event. In addition, it clarifies the conditions conducive to the commission of criminal attacks and the onset of grave consequences associated with the use of firearms, and develops, based on investigative, expert and operational practice, special measures to eliminate them.

The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not define the concept of weapons. In the criminal law aspect, weapons include firearms, with the exception of civilian smooth-bore ones; its main parts; ammunition; explosives and explosive devices, both factory-made and homemade, gas weapons (Part 4 of Article 222 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); cold steel, including throwing weapons (Part 4 of Article 223 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Due to their increased social danger, these objects have been withdrawn from free circulation.

In cases related to weapons and ammunition, one should proceed from the provisions of the Federal Law “On Weapons,” which establishes the basic rules for regulating relations arising in the process of circulation of weapons and ammunition, the rights and obligations of the participants in these relations.

It should be borne in mind that this law regulates only legal relations arising during the circulation of civilian, service, as well as military hand-held small arms and bladed weapons, while the criminal law provides for liability for illegal actions, both with these types of weapons and with other types of military firearms in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and federal bodies executive power, in which federal law provides military service, and to which the Federal Law “On Weapons” does not apply.