Lexical norms of the Russian language

Plan

1. Subject and nominative accuracy of speech.

2. The problem of lexical compatibility.

3. The problem of speech redundancy.

4. The appropriateness of the word.

5. Logical errors of word usage.

6. Purity of speech.

Under lexical norms understood usage rules. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for correct, accurate and expressive speech.

1. To achievespeech accuracy, first of all, it is necessary to have a clear idea of ​​the subject of speech itself, as well as knowledge of the meaning of the word used in modern language. Often, speech errors occur precisely when the speaker or writer cannot adequately express his thought, using words in a sense that is unusual for them. Here are some examples of such errors from student essays:“Pechorin goes to Persia, having found no use for his mind and his resourcefulness (?)"; "He created around himself range (?) a well-read person”; “Matryona lives alone in an old hut. Her only roommates (?) is a cat, mice and cockroaches”; "Andrey Bolkonsky touches (?) with Kutuzov and becomes his adjutant.”

The problem of the accuracy of speech (objective and conceptual) is closely related to the ability to distinguish between the so-calledparonyms, those. words (most often with the same root), similar in sound, but having different meanings and used in various ways, for example:enter - act, imagine - provide, distant - distant, human - human - humane and so on. The indistinguishability of paronyms also leads to annoying and ridiculous mistakes, examples of which, alas, are numerous in the same works of applicants:Lermontov showed infertility (futility?) of the activities of his hero.”; “The harmony of nature gives rise to thoughts about the inviolability of moral devices (foundations?) of this world.”; "Tatiana contraindicated (opposed?) to Onegin and Lensky.”; "Pushkin was bound by strong knots (ties?) with the Decembrists.

2. Compliance with lexical norms is impossible without knowledge lexical compatibility, those. the ability of words to connect with each other. The fact is that in speech some words are freely combined with others if they fit them in meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. So, very similar definitions - long, lengthy, lengthy, lengthy, lengthy, lengthy- are “attracted” to nouns in different ways: you can say long (long, long) period; long (long) way; long fees; long-term (long-term) credit.

What determines lexical compatibility?

First of all, the semantics of words. If the lexical meaning of words is incompatible, then their combination is impossible, for example:walk, glass soup, lean against the wind. Although sometimes semantically incompatible words can be combined to create artistic image: let's remember the famous"aluminum pickles" V. Tsoi.

At the same time, it also happens that, according to the meaning of the word, they seem to be suitable for expressing one or another meaning, but they do not form phrases: we saybow your head Andkneel , but not vice versa; you can sayall year round , but notround hour ; It happensdeep night , but notdeep day ; possibledeep autumn , but notdeep winter etc.

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained contamination - incorrect combination of elements of phrases similar in meaning. For example: give importance(from give attention And attach importance);improve the level(from improve quality And to increase level); produce into soldiers(from promote to officers And demote to soldier).

3. Unfortunately, in an effort to make their speech expressive, many overload it with superfluous, empty words, i.e. suffer from verbosity. Thus, a phenomenon calledspeech redundancy.

The negative aspects of this phenomenon were very clearly shown by V.G. Kostomarov, who analyzed an excerpt from a popular pamphlet:

"Proper mechanization of our construction is a powerful and effective means and the most important basis for a sharp increase in labor productivity." The phrase seems to be correct, but, the scientist notes, “the author of the brochure did not notice that adjectives ... in his speech only clutter up the sentence ... and distract attention. Indeed, what is the message of correct mechanization? After all, everyone understands that improper mechanization will not work for the future. The assertion of our construction is inaccurate, since mechanization will increase the productivity of labor not only in the given (our) construction, but also in any other construction. It would not be necessary to use two almost equivalent definitions: a powerful tool will always be effective. A stereotyped sharp increase does little to clarify the idea, and, finally, it is simply wrong to talk about the most important foundation, because there are no important and unimportant foundations: to be a foundation means to be the main, main, most important.

Superfluous, redundant, are definitions in phrases like correct existing mistakes, congratulate on the successes achieved, welcome invited guests, discuss the results of the elections.

The phenomena of speech redundancy include the so-calledpleonasm , or partial coincidence of the meaning of the words forming the phrase. Expressions such asprice list, unexpected surprise, come back, main point, anticipate etc., since they do not correspond to the lexical norm.

It is also considered a gross speech error tautology, i.e. unjustified repetition of words with the same root, words that are close in meaning, or even the same word within one sentence or a small fragment of text. Tautology makes speech clumsy, tongue-tied, dissonant. Here are just two examples of tautologies. One is from an essay by an applicant: « Independence homelanddoes not depend from the floor a person (?) residing on its territory.”; the other - from "business paper": « Following after paragraph 7 followed paragraph next content, subsequently seized."

4. The value and correctness of this or that word, this or that turnover is determined only in connection with other elements of the given text. In other words, speech will correspond to lexical norms only when the principleappropriateness . Relevance is to be understoodthe requirement of such a selection of language means, in which speech meets the goals and conditions of communication. Traditionally distinguishedcontextual, stylistic relevance Andpersonal-psychological. Let's dwell on this in more detail.

A.Contextual relevance determined by the speech environment. The most characteristic in this sense are2 types of errors:

– semantic inconsistency of the used word (phrase) with the general meaning of the statement("Pavel Vlasov devoted his life beating his wife.”; "Which chic funeral!"; “Our birch trees are standing in the wedding shroud.) »;

- useanachronisms , i.e. words (expressions) that do not correspond to a given historical era(« Cruise Chichikov on landowners (?) ends with (?) Plyushkin”; "Lisa was housekeeper in Famusov's house"; "Pechorin - fan Russian landscapes).

B. Stylistic (style) relevance- this is an account of the methods of selecting vocabulary in accordance with the functional style used - scientific, business, colloquial, etc. The problem of stylistic appropriateness can be illustrated famous example L. Uspensky:

“When two boys at school talk among themselves, only a pedant will find an unacceptable remark:

– Did you grab a couple again? Oh you! Either a couple, or a stake ... You cut yourself in the exam, and they put you out of school.

But if you see ... a letter from the director to parents, which says: “Dear comrades! Since your son grabbed a pair again, and in the report card he has either a pair or a stake, he will certainly cut himself on the exam, and I will have to put him out of school, ”you will decide that the director is at least a strange person.

The words are the same here and there, they all appear in our dictionaries, the content of what is said is the same. Everything is correct, but in one case it is customary to say so, and in the other it is not. Stylistically inappropriate."

IN.L personal-psychological relevance requires to be expressed delicately and tactfully, benevolently and respectfully. Related to this aspect are the so-calledtaboo words , i.e. lexical units, the use of which is prohibited for one or another non-linguistic reasons. In this case, we can talk about the ethical reasons for tabooing certain words. For example, in a conversation about an elderly person, it is tactless and inappropriate to call him an old man. In such situations, we use the so-calledeuphemisms , i.e. words and phrases that replace taboo: the wordold man can be replaced by the expressionelderly man.

5. Often the violation of lexical norms occurs as a result of the so-called"logical failures".

Speech errors of this kind occur:

a) when comparing disparate concepts. For example:« Speech heroes of Sholokhov is different from all others heroes (?)» It would be correct to write thatspeech some are different fromspeeches others;

b) when substituting concepts, for example:"Welcoming hosts fed us diverse selection (?) national dishes" Apparently the ownersfed guests with a variety ofdishes.

6. A. One of the important qualities correct speech- herpurity. In the last two decades, due to cardinal changes in the political and social life of the country, as well as in the scientific and technical sphere of human activity, a powerful stream of words of foreign origin has poured into our language. In this regard, when discussing the purity of speech, one cannot ignoreborrowing problem.

In our opinion, this relationship should by no means be unambiguous. The fact is that borrowings can be divided into 4 groups that occupy an unequal position in the lexical system of the Russian language: 1) words that are the only names of the designated concepts that have not been recognized as foreign for a long time(school, bed, bath, locksmith); 2) words that are the only names of the designated concepts, but are perceived as foreign(bureau, office, headquarters, session, monitor); 3) names that have native Russian counterparts with their own special shades of meaning(dancing - dancing, problem - question, fantasy - imagination, dispute - dispute);

4) barbarisms– foreign words, which have Russian counterparts coinciding with them in meaning (goalkeeper - goalkeeper, presentation - performance, exclusive - exceptional, sound producer - sound engineer, summit - meeting at the top). It seems that the “right to exist” as an organic part of the dictionary of the Russian language, of course, have borrowings belonging to the first three groups. But barbarisms are often included in speech unnecessarily. It is alarming that in Lately there were too many of them. However, the Russian language, as a living and powerful organism, is itself capable of absorbing and subordinating to its system the best and really necessary of the borrowings of recent years, and the rest, one-day, alluvial, is thrown away as unnecessary ballast. We, its bearers, are obliged to carefully treat the existing lexical norms, selectively and reasonably approach new phenomena and processes taking place in the language.

B. Another aspect of the problem of speech purity isrole in speech of various kindsstamps, patterns, stereotypes . On the one hand, they are necessary and are in our memory as ready-made etiquette formulas expressions of greeting, gratitude, consent and other intentions. The stamp is quite appropriate in the official business speech: in the language of documents, expressions are also generally accepted and natural, such as“due to the need for an urgent departure…”; “fight against negative phenomena…”; "for your information …"; "Please accept our sincere apologies..." and so on.

However, unfortunately, even such styles and genres that require expressiveness and individuality of the author's handwriting are “stamped”. In journalism, we often meet erased, faceless phrases: "convincing victory", "sharp criticism", "hot support", "bloody coup"... In literary works and school essays we read that the author will certainly "convincingly shows", "talentedly reveals" such a character "vividly portrays" such and such a hero, such and such a social phenomenon; the most frequent stereotypical definitions "bright, exciting"(image), "juicy"(language). A number of similar patterns could be continued. Such a manner of presenting thoughts cannot be considered normative: similar expressions, similar, according to D.E. Rosenthal, for "erased nickels", should have strictly limited use.

In addition, an absolute taboo for an educated person should be abusive, profanity. IN modern conditions When the notorious freedom of speech has reigned, there is not only no official ban on the use of such words and expressions, but, much worse, often there is not even the necessary self-control. That is why, undoubtedly, persons who have authority in society should not remain indifferent to the facts of outright lack of culture.

In this regard, it is necessary to mention the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which contains special articles that provide for punishment for insult, i.e. humiliation of the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form, as well as for slander, undermining the reputation of a person (Articles 129 and 130).

What has been said above is closely connected with the question of the purity of speech, the need to comply with the lexical norms of the Russian language. literary language.

Let's sum up result. The main quality indicators of speech, built in accordance with existing lexical norms, is:

1) its subject and conceptual accuracy;

2) correctness in terms of word compatibility;

3) conciseness (lack of redundancy);

4) relevance;

5) consistency;

6) cleanliness.

However, it is necessary to strive to speak not only correctly, but also beautifully, expressively and convincingly. Only then will your speech evoke a response, create a certain mood, bring you closer to achieving the goal, solving the problem.

A.S. Pushkin, according to estimates, used more than 21 thousand words, Shakespeare - more than 20 thousand words. Modern man- much less - 5-9 thousand words. "The Consolidated Dictionary of Modern Russian Vocabulary" in 2 volumes contains more than 170 thousand words. It is a kind of guide to dictionaries, as it includes 14 dictionaries. This and other dictionaries reflect various aspects of the linguistic activity of the modern period, linguistic wealth. Use dictionaries: they will help you not only check yourself, but also replenish your vocabulary.

There are explanatory dictionaries, etymological, dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, foreign words, dictionaries of word compatibility, dictionaries of the difficulties of the Russian language and many others that record accepted in the modern Russian literary language lexical norms, as well as variations of these norms.

Questions for self-control:

1. What are lexical norms?

2. What are the requirements for speech in terms of compliance with lexical norms?

3. What is the subject and conceptual accuracy of speech?

4. What is the problem of lexical compatibility?

5. What are the typical errors associated with speech redundancy?

6. What is meant by the appropriateness of word usage?

Already in the ancient manuals on rhetoric, the first and main requirement for speech was the requirement for accuracy and clarity of presentation of thought. Meaningful accuracy and clarity of speech as a whole is achieved through compliance with two levels of accuracy.

First, it is subjective accuracy, that is, accuracy in the very reflection of reality.

For example, in one of the school essays there is a phrase: Tatyana loves her nanny, this gray-bearded old woman. In this case, we are faced with a clear substantive inaccuracy, since Tatyana Larina's nanny could not have a beard!

A similar kind of inaccuracy is contained in one of the stories of V. Kondrashov:

The railroad worker tapped the cast-iron wheels of the locomotive with a hammer. All wheels of steam locomotives, diesel locomotives and railway cars are made only of steel (cast iron is a very fragile alloy!), but the author clearly does not know this.

Examples of subject inaccuracies can be found in newspapers, television and radio programs.

An equally gross subject inaccuracy is contained in the phrase:

During February day length increase by two hours. A day is always equal to 24 hours, but daylight hours can vary in length.

Secondly, in speech it is necessary to observe not only objective, but also conceptual accuracy, that is, accuracy in the expression of thought.

Conceptual inaccuracy can manifest itself in the absence of specificity in the expression of thought.

Conceptual inaccuracy can also manifest itself in the incompleteness of the expression of thought (for example, in the absence of examples, evidence), which leads to a declarative text or even to its misunderstanding. Such inaccuracies are often found in school essays. But one can detect the incompleteness of the expression of thought both in official documents and in journalistic texts and in scientific reports.

For example, legal practitioners often criticize many of the laws enacted in last years, precisely because these legislative acts do not reflect the mechanism for their implementation.

One can cite such a funny episode from the life of the famous physicist E. Fermi. At one of the theoretical seminars, the physicist did not understand the content of the report of his colleague, although the subject of the message was the theory of Fermi himself.

Very often, insufficient information content of the text is caused by the fact that important words and phrases are omitted in the sentence. This may even lead to the absurdity of the statement.

For example: An eighty-year-old blind old woman walked to the shed on a wire. One word is omitted in the sentence - “holding on to the wire”, and without it one might think that the blind old woman demonstrated miracles of tightrope walking.

Finally, conceptual inaccuracy can be associated with incorrect or inaccurate word usage. Usually, an inaccurate choice of a word is somehow connected with ignorance, misunderstanding or insufficient consideration of the meaning of the word, its compatibility, etc.

A number of typical lexical errors can be distinguished: the use of a word in a meaning that is unusual for it; non-discrimination of paronyms, meanings of a polysemantic word, etc.

Basic qualities of speech 3

Speech accuracy 3

Speech intelligibility 5

Purity of speech 8

Expressiveness of speech 8

Richness and variety of speech 10

Conclusion 13

References 14

Introduction

The expedient and uncomplicated use of language for the purpose of communication provides the quality of “good” speech: accuracy, purity, logicality, expressiveness, richness, relevance.

Accuracy- correspondence of the semantic content of speech and the information that underlies it. The accuracy of speech is associated with the accuracy of word usage, with correct use polysemantic words, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms. The most important condition for the accuracy of speech is the observance of lexical norms. Speech is accurate if the speaker selects those words and constructions that more accurately than others convey the shades of meaning that are essential for this particular statement.

Purity means the absence in speech of elements alien to the literary language (dialect, professional, jargon, etc.)

Logic- this is an expression in the semantic connections of the components of speech of the connections and relationships between the parts of the components of thought.

expressiveness speech is the quality that arises as a result of the implementation of the expressive possibilities inherent in the language. Expressiveness can be created by language units of all levels. In addition, there are specific pictorial properties of the language (tropes, stylistic figures) that make the statement vivid, figurative, emotional. Expression also creates by the use of winged words, proverbs and sayings. Speech experience each of us says that speech is not the same in terms of the degree of impact on our consciousness. Two lectures given on the same topic have a completely different effect on a person. The effect depends on the degree of expressiveness of speech.

Wealth- this is a wide and free use of language units in speech, allowing you to optimally express information.

Relevance- this is the use in speech of language units that correspond to the goals, situation, conditions, content of communication.

Basic qualities of speech

Speech is considered meaningful if it has an internal meaning. It is no coincidence that already in the Old Russian language one of the meanings of the word meaning was “mind, reason, mind”. In this sense, it remained known in the XIX century. Let us recall the lines from "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by A. S. Pushkin: "Ruslan languished silently, And he lost his meaning and memory." Thus, the content of speech depends on the degree mental development speakers, from their intellect. This is confirmed by the proverb "The field is red with millet, and the conversation is with the mind."

Hence the warning that defines the attitude to the word, speech, language: “When you speak, think”, “The word is not said in vain”, “Do not throw words to the wind”, “You should not waste words”, “You cannot keep a horse on the reins, but You can't get words out of your mouth." And in these proverbs there is concern about the content side of speech: think about what you want to say; choose the words according to the meaning.

How much humor and irony is contained in the proverb “Pour from empty to empty”. An empty case is like an empty conversation. Neither one is of any use. “They said that they welded, but look - there’s nothing”, “In verbosity, not without idle talk”, “He says day to evening, but there’s nothing to listen to”, “A lot has been said, but little has been said.” As you can see, proverbs condemn meaningless speeches, conversations that give nothing to either the mind or the heart.

In order for the speech to be meaningful, informative, enrich the listeners, attract their attention, it is important, when working on the text, to comprehend:

What provisions will be developed;

What is new in solving the issue;

What remains controversial and requires further reflection;

To what extent the expressed thoughts are reasoned;

Speech Accuracy

The accuracy of speech is most often associated with the accuracy of word usage.

The accuracy of word usage depends on how much the speaker knows the subject of speech, how erudite he is, whether he knows how to think logically, whether he knows the laws of the Russian language, its rules.

Thus, the accuracy of speech is determined by:

knowledge of the subject,

logic of thought,

The ability to choose the right words.

Violation of the logical sequence, lack of logic in the presentation leads to inaccurate speech.

Let us consider in what cases the accuracy of speech is violated as a result of insufficient knowledge of the features of the language. The most typical of them are:

The use of words in an unusual meaning;

Polysemy not eliminated by the context, generating ambiguity;

Mixing of paronyms, homonyms.

Each significant word performs a nominative function, that is, it names an object or its quality, action, state. This obliges speakers to pay attention to the meaning of words, to use them correctly. A careless attitude to the language can lead to misunderstanding, incorrect actions, conclusions, violation of speech ethics, and sometimes even to a quarrel.

For example, in Russian there are verbs: get out, go down, get down, get out, go down. What action does each of them name? How do they differ in meaning? How to ask correctly:

- (on the boat) Are you at the next pier...?

- (on the train) Are you at the next station...?

- (in a bus, trolleybus, tram) Are you at the next stop...?

When a steamboat, a boat, approaches the pier, they put down the gangway and the passengers get off on it. When you go by train, electric train, you have to go down the stairs. Therefore, in both cases it is customary to say: "I'm going, you're going." The bus, trolleybus, tram has an entrance (rear door) and an exit (front door), so people traveling in public transport get in and out. However, we can also ask the question: "Are you getting off at the next stop?", since in this case you also have to go down the stairs.

Reduces the accuracy of speech ignorance of the existence of paronyms and homonyms in the language, the inability to neutralize these phenomena in speech.

Paronyms(para - near, onima - name) words are called that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. For example: addresser - addressee, excavator - escalator, quorum - forum, contract - contact, fact - factor, typo - unsubscribe, out-of-class - out-of-class.

Paronyms are also found among proper names: Eisenstein - Einstein, Capri - Cyprus, Sweden - Switzerland.

The Austrian geographer Ludwig Krenek, recalling his stay in India, says: “We have long ceased to call ourselves Austrians, because no one here had any idea about Austria, and everyone immediately started talking about Australia.” In this case, the paronyms will be: Austria is Australia, Austrians are Australians.

The presence of paronyms in the language leads to the fact that in oral and written speech one word is mistakenly used instead of another. Here are the facts of mixing paronyms cited by A. M. Gorky:

"Get back your luggage stage legs, advises one poet, not noticing some dissimilarity between feet legs and step stairs ... The prose writer writes: He clicked ankle wickets instead heck. When B. Pilnyak writes that "daughter for three years age caught up with her mother," you need to convince Pilnyak that age And height not the same."

The use of homonyms in speech, that is, words that are different in meaning, but the same in spelling and sound, can also lead to semantic inaccuracy, ambiguity of the statement. For example, the sentence "Issued a law on the abolition of transport courts" sounds ambiguous due to the presence of homonyms in the language; courts- shape genitive plural noun court And courts- genitive plural form of a noun vessel. The question arises, what was abolished - transport courts or transport courts? Unfortunate use of homonyms can lead to a comic effect. So, the phrase "joint rest, like work, makes people drunk" necessarily causes an undesirable reaction.

Dangerous in speech and syntactic homonymy. For example, the sentences "The appointment of the chairman seemed to everyone successful" and "Klimov's characterization exactly corresponded to reality" contain a double meaning. It is not clear: the chairman was appointed or the chairman appointed someone; characteristic given to Klimov or Klimov? The sentence “The newspapers informed about the departure of a guest from England (departure of an English guest or a person staying in England) can also be perceived differently.

Speech intelligibility

Among the requirements for the language of the speaker or writer, the requirement of intelligibility stands out. M. M. Speransky (1772-1839) in the "Rules of High Eloquence" emphasized that speaking in such a way that we are not understood "is an absurdity that surpasses all measures of absurdity."

Compliance with this requirement is important because it is associated with the effectiveness of the spoken word.

According to researchers, the general comprehensibility of a language is determined primarily by the selection speech means, namely the need to limit the use of words that are on the periphery of the vocabulary of the language and do not have the quality of communicative validity.

From the point of view of the scope of use, the huge dictionary of the Russian language can be divided into two large groups - the vocabulary of an unlimited scope of use, which includes commonly used words that are understandable to everyone, and the vocabulary of limited use, which includes professionalism, dialectisms, jargon, terms, i.e. words used in a certain area - professional, territorial, social.

The correctness and richness of speech, of course, speak of the level of human culture. The great Russian language, as noted by the writer I. S. Turgenev, was given to a great people. However, the processes taking place in modern Russian society worry philologists. It's about about loosening established norms, simplifying the style of speech and everyday interpersonal communication. Let's try to understand and analyze these changes.

Beautiful speech and position in society

Correctness of speech and the ability to speak beautifully at times tsarist Russia distinguished members of the upper classes. Now, of course, official titles are not awarded in our country, but it should be noted that people who can freely express their thoughts and speak correctly behave in a special way. They tend to have good posture, a slightly raised head, and a rhythmic and easy gait. If we talk about material wealth, then it is, most often, average or above average. Consequently, a certain "caste" is still traceable.

There are cases when a person who has achieved a high position in society, but does not have a proper education, sought to catch up, pulling up his cultural level. Such people were well aware that in order to communicate in higher circles, they simply needed grammatical correctness of speech. Only the ability to hold on properly allows you to consolidate what has been achieved and move on.

There is also a category of people who, in an effort to occupy a certain position in society, master the skills of literate speech.

These two processes are interdependent: the achievement of a certain status dictates the need to "pull up" one's level of literacy, and a literate and cultured person attracts the attention of people more high circle, unless, of course, he makes attempts to get close to them.

Characteristics of the literary language

The Russian literary language is distinguished by:

1) well-developed writing;
2) the presence of established norms and rules for the use of elements of speech;
3) the existence of typical expressions that are determined by the situation and content (everyday communication, public speaking, business speech);
4) the relationship of book and spoken literary language in written and oral form.

The most significant distinguishing feature literary language consists in its generally accepted and, consequently, intelligibility.

Grammatical correctness of speech and its essence

The basis of the grammatical correctness of speech is the observance of the norms of morphology and syntax of the Russian language, as well as the correct construction of sentences and phrases.

New processes in society have led to the fact that changes in the meanings of individual words have led to a different functioning grammatical categories. Words that did not have a plural form before have received it in modern speech: risks, strategies, budgets, economics.

The modern press clearly demonstrates the processes of change in the modern language. Written speech is replete with lexical units newly formed with the help of prefixes and suffixes. Separate neoplasms do not at all make our statements more beautiful. For example, using the suffix - ization, gives us such words as humanization, informatization. IN individual cases we can even get window dressing (the author of such an expression probably meant window dressing in a store).

The main problem in the process of modern word formation is the mixing of words that have an unequal stylistic coloring. So, people can simultaneously use specialized terms (for example, voxelization), while not disdaining such jargon as non-cash, chernukha, scammers.

Things to remember when writing

The correctness of Russian speech, in particular written language, requires constant monitoring and verification of one's own writing.

It must be remembered that the use of the same suffix with different words can give stylistically different forms. Therefore, when writing down a particular text, a person striving to acquire the correctness of speech must use lexical units in the most strict accordance with the genre.

So, for an analytical article, the use of special terminology is appropriate, but swearing and jargon are strictly prohibited. When compiling a pamphlet, colloquial words that are not related to scientific concepts are allowed.

Common mistakes in speaking and writing

The most common mistakes in modern journalism include:

• Use of prepositional case control unnecessarily (e.g. "experience in work" instead of "experience in work").
• Constructions with the particle “how” instead of the indirect case (people are used to war as something normal).
• Application of the wrong case (one of the first came the general).

Of course, the correctness of speech in the presence of such errors is completely excluded.

Commonly used prepositions that make speech illiterate

Perhaps the first place in terms of the number of inappropriate uses is occupied by the preposition "by", which is used to connect words together, for example:

• water question;
• agreement on Volgograd;
• battery statement;
• initiative for Ukraine.

Also, the preposition "about" is often used unnecessarily:

• stressed on the need;
• he was going to describe it separately;
• she meant about their general condition;
• everyone understands that the collapse cannot be prevented.

As you can see, the correctness and accuracy of speech largely depends on the correctly chosen preposition.

Examples of incorrect case usage

The correctness of speech is also determined by how correctly this or that word is inclined. Incorrect case selection is observed in the following examples:

1. The use of the nominative case instead of the indirect:

It is necessary to learn about the alignment of forces.

2. The use of the genitive case, not the prepositional:

The issue of taxes has been postponed for the time being.

The grammatical correctness of Russian speech is undoubtedly lost when the case is chosen incorrectly, which leads to a change in the syntactic structure of the statement, for example:

A certain agreement has been reached on measures that open (instead of "open") the possibility of a truce.

Ways to eliminate typical speech errors

The most common mistakes that most of us make in speech and writing are lexical and stylistic. Let's consider some of them.

1. Repetition of words. Example: We have a dog at home. The dog's name is Beetle. The bug does not guard the house. The bug is kind, barks very rarely.

This example is taken from a student's essay, but adults also sin with an abundance of repetition in conversation and in writing. The main reason for this mistake is the poverty of vocabulary, poor possession of synonyms. We can get rid of the tautology quite easily if we expand our horizons and carefully reread the composed text.

2. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word and, as a result, its inaccurate use. Examples:

I don't want to stand upside down.

We were lucky, there was a thaw, only 8 degrees below zero.

Such errors are the result of insufficient general development of speech, a narrow outlook, and the rare use of certain words.

3. Ignorance of the generally accepted word compatibility. Example:

The red fellow defeated the Serpent. Common phrase: red girl.

4. Misunderstanding of the emotional coloring of the statement. Example:

The sun shines outside the windows. Today I have such a glorious event as a walk along the river bank. The word "event" is appropriate to use in business speech. Such errors are associated with a low flair for the language.

5. The use of colloquial words. Example:

Put it in place(instead of "put").

The concept of the correctness of speech develops in a person under the influence of the language environment. The considered errors, apparently, are different in nature, but the main way to eliminate them lies through increasing one's own vocabulary and analyzing one's oral and written statements.

Qualities of good speech

Even ancient philosophers, such as Theophrastus, Hermogenes, Cicero, Dionysius, spoke about the merits of speech and distinguished among them accuracy, truthfulness, clarity, beauty, relevance. Many of these characteristics certainly deserve our attention.

Among modern works, the doctrine developed by Boris Nikolaevich Golovin should be noted. In his definition, he correlates the qualities of speech with the following processes:

1) correctness, richness, purity of language;

2) consistency, clarity, simplicity of thinking;

3) objectivity of the picture of the world;

4) relevance of statements;

5) aesthetic design of speech.

Let us consider in more detail the individual qualities of speech.

• The correctness of speech is the observance of its generally accepted norms:

1) stress;

2) pronunciation;

3) lexical norms that regulate the rules for the use of words and their compatibility;

4) stylistic norms that regulate the choice of speech means in certain areas of communication;

5) norms of word formation;

6) syntactic norms requiring compliance with the rules of agreement and arrangement of words in a sentence.

• Rich speech is considered to be diverse in linguistic structure, which is provided by vocabulary.
• Purity implies the absence of non-literary, slang, colloquial words that give speech a rough character.
• Logic is the consistency of the nature of the narrative, the correspondence of statements to the laws of logic.
• Clarity of speech is the use of language tools that make the narrative more understandable. It depends largely on the correct use of the various terms. When using a new word, it is necessary to understand its meaning well.
• Simplicity. It consists in the absence of pretentious, unnatural words.
• The brevity of speech is the absence of unnecessary words and repetitions that make it difficult to understand.
• The accuracy of speech is the correspondence of the words used to the phenomena that they denote.
• Expression is the ability to use means of expression capable of influencing the minds of listeners.
• The relevance of speech is the correspondence of its content to the goals of the message being conveyed. It regulates all human speech behavior.
• The aesthetic design of speech is the optimality of the linguistic statement, its harmony.

Summing up, it must be said that work on speech literacy is a laborious process that requires constant self-improvement, broadening one's horizons, and analyzing one's own statements.