Industrial and municipal solid waste presentation. Presentation on ecology on the topic "Methods for the disposal of municipal solid waste." Three principles of waste management in the EU

Wastes of production and consumption are the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products formed in the process of production and consumption, as well as products that have lost their consumer properties. At the same time, hazardous waste must be neutralized, and unused waste is considered garbage.

Disposal of waste to a landfill is the cheapest, but at the same time short-sighted way of its disposal. Poisonous substances that end up in landfills penetrate into The groundwater which are often used as sources drinking water, are dispersed by the winds in the surroundings and thereby cause damage to the environment. Some decay products can spontaneously ignite, so fires regularly occur in landfills, in which soot, phenol, benzapyrene and other toxic substances are released into the atmosphere.

Another way of disposal is not just removal to a landfill, but waste disposal with subsequent reclamation. Approximately 2/3 of all household and industrial waste is stored in storage facilities - landfills. Before burial, a number of activities are carried out: - dig a pit - line the bottom with silt - put insulating material on the silt layer - then alternately follow - a layer of waste and a layer of soil - compact the waste - to remove liquid waste, they install drainage systems for wastewater treatment - then they cover it with a thick layer of soil and plant green spaces.

Many countries with access to the sea carry out sea burial of various materials and substances - dumping, in particular, soil excavated during dredging, drill slag, industrial waste, construction debris, solid waste, explosive and chemical substances, radioactive waste. The volume of burials amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean.

In order to free up the vast areas occupied by landfills, the idea of ​​incinerating waste arose. The first systematic use of garbage stoves was in Nottingham, England, in 1874. Incineration reduced the volume of garbage by %, depending on the composition, so it found its way on both sides of the Atlantic.

Burning is not the best profitable option- both in terms of money and in terms of resource saving. The cities that used these stoves soon abandoned them due to the deterioration of the air composition. But at present in developed countries up to 50% of all waste is incinerated. Non-combustible materials, such as metals and glass, retain their value when recycled, but when incinerated, they only take up space in warehouses and furnaces. IN Lately the focus is on plasma incineration of waste (temperature around C). The high energy intensity and complexity of the process predetermine its use for the processing of waste only, the fire disposal of which does not meet environmental requirements.

Composts are organic fertilizers obtained as a result of the decomposition of plant and animal residues by microorganisms. When composting in the organic mass, the content of nutrients(phosphorus, nitrogen) in a form digestible by plants, pathogenic microflora is neutralized, the amount of cellulose and pectin substances decreases; fertilizers become free-flowing, which facilitates their introduction into the soil. Composts are often used instead of scarce organic fertilizers(peat, manure).

When composting in special (compost) installations, a temperature of up to 70 ° C is created, at which microbes and weed seeds die. Composting is considered to be a very rational way of eliminating certain wastes, with almost no harmful effects on the environment. However, when processing waste containing metals, the latter can accumulate in the compost in large quantities.

According to modern requirements, the placement of non-recyclable industrial waste should be carried out within special landfills that ensured their isolation and environmental safety for such a period until they become harmless to humans or economically viable technologies for their processing and subsequent use are developed. Underground storage facilities for industrial waste include those that are located remote from earth's surface geological formations, providing long-term isolation of waste from the biosphere.

Underground storage facilities are environmental structures and are designed for centralized collection and disposal of waste (including toxic) industrial enterprises, research organizations and institutions. The placement of industrial waste in storage facilities can serve two purposes - their subsequent use (storage) and eternal burial. IN general view underground storage is a complex structure consisting of ground and underground complexes and workings connecting them, designed to deliver waste to the storage, ventilate and conduct the necessary monitoring of the state of the workings and the waste itself.

All of the above methods of waste disposal have their drawbacks and therefore a radical solution to the problems of protection environment from the negative impact industrial facilities possible with the widespread use of waste-free and low-waste technologies. Waste-free technology, waste-free production, waste-free system is understood not just as a technology or production of a particular product, but as a principle of organization and functioning of industries, regional industrial and production associations, territorial and production complexes National economy generally. At the same time, all components of raw materials and energy are rationally used in a closed cycle (primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials), i.e., the existing ecological balance in the biosphere is not disturbed.

Low-waste technology is an intermediate step in the creation of waste-free production. At low-waste production the harmful impact on the environment does not exceed the level allowed by the sanitary authorities, but for technical, economic, organizational or other reasons, part of the raw materials and materials goes into waste and is sent for long-term storage or disposal. Low-waste technology allows you to increase the volume of products, reduce consumption natural resources, reduce environmental pollution.

For every inhabitant of our planet, there is an average of about 1 ton of garbage per year.
From the history of waste disposal
200 thousand years BC e. The first garbage heaps found by archaeologists. 400 BC e. In Athens, the first ever municipal landfill was founded. 200 A year In Rome, a city garbage collection service arose. 1315 After a long break, garbage collection resumed in Paris. 1388 English Parliament forbade throwing garbage on the streets. 1775 The first garbage cans appeared in London. 1800 The City of New York ordered pigs to be driven out into the streets of the city, which were supposed to eat garbage. 1897 The first center for sorting and processing garbage was opened in New York. 1932 1942 The USSR and the USA begin mass collection of garbage for military purposes. 1965 The US Congress passes the Solid Waste Disposal Act. .
Reasons for the increase in waste. growth in the production of disposables; increase in the amount of packaging; raising the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced by new ones.
MSW: paper, glass, food waste, plastics, fabrics, metal objects. In addition to all this, large-sized solid waste (garbage - old furniture, out of order Appliances, car tires and etc)
Waste paper recycling
CAR TIRES – SURFACE FOR SPORTS FIELD
Organic waste - organic fertilizer
Methods for processing MSW: 1. Burial 2. Burning 3. Sorting and processing
Burial is the most anti-environmental option
In a conventional landfill, toxic infiltration water flows out of it, and methane enters the atmosphere, which contributes to an increase in the greenhouse effect (today, methane "takes on" 20% of the climate warming effect)
Landfill - landfill for storage of solid waste
this is a “bath” with a bottom and sides made of clay and a polyethylene film, in which the compacted layers of solid waste are sprinkled with layers of soil. The volume of garbage is growing so fast that in a few years any landfill is full and a new one needs to be built.
MSW burning.
1 ton of garbage can produce 400 kWh. However, even with the most advanced combustion technology, these plants pollute the atmosphere.
Sorting and recycling - the most environmentally friendly option for handling solid waste
For recycling, investments are needed to make waste processing plants economically viable. It is profitable to process MSW, there is always a demand for secondary raw materials - paper, glass, plastic, aluminum, non-ferrous metals, etc.
Recycling of solid waste in Russia is no more than 2% one of the reasons is insufficient ecological culture of the population
Unauthorized dump
1. Disfigures the landscape. 2. Creates a threat to human health: - breeding rodents are carriers of infectious diseases; - toxicological hazard from emitted methane, sulfur dioxide. Contamination of soil and groundwater with compounds of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel.
When constructing a waste site, the following shall be taken into account:
rose, winds in the landfill area; distance from settlements, water protection and environmental protection zones; water permeability of soils; area of ​​the territory allocated for a landfill (the area should be sufficient to receive garbage for a long time); location convenient for transport access
Special waste: 1. Industrial waste - must not be disposed of together with household waste,
pesticides, mercury and its compounds - chemical industry waste; radioactive waste generated at nuclear power plants; arsenic and its compounds - waste from metallurgical industries and thermal power plants; lead compounds - waste from the oil refining and paint and varnish industries, etc.
Special waste: 2. Household waste - which, after their use, becomes special waste,
Batteries; unused medicines; residues of plant protection chemicals (toxic chemicals); residues of paints, varnishes and adhesives; cosmetic residues (eyeshadow, nail polish, nail polish remover); household chemicals(cleaning products, deodorants, stain removers, aerosols, furniture care products); mercury thermometers.
Liquidation (utilization) of special waste is regulated strict rules and norms
Burning on special installations, Placement in special landfills Storage on the surface of the earth in a waterproof platform up to 3 m thick.
Natural decomposition of various materials requires a certain time
paper - from 2 to 10 years, a tin can - 90 years, a cigarette filter - 100 years, plastic bag- 200 years, plastics - 500 years, glass - 1000 years.
Type of disposal USA Great Britain Japan Russia Landfill 84 90 57 81 in landfills Incineration 15 9 40 10 Processing - 1 2 6 into fertilizers Other 1 - 1 3
Throw garbage only in containers; Take a shopping bag with you on a shopping trip; Try to buy detergents that do not contain phosphates; Do not throw garbage in sinks and toilets; Use compost and manure as organic fertilizers; Buy drinks in glass bottles whenever possible; Try to avoid buying disposable items.
. To date, the amount of waste has exceeded 6 million tons. In the Sverdlovsk region, they are located on an area approximately equal to 120 km2 (0.011% of the territory). The introduction of low-waste and waste-free technologies, the involvement of waste in production cycles will reduce their amount
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Household waste

Purpose of the lesson

Try to find ways to solve the problem household waste and find out what depends on us in solving this problem

Plan

How does household waste appear?

What are the ways to dispose of household waste?

How does household waste affect the environment?

What depends on us in solving the problem of household waste?

Ways to get rid of waste

Garbage

Burning

Recycling

Household waste

Group rules

• We communicate in a whisper in a group.
• We take turns talking without interrupting each other.
• We distribute questions that need to be answered.
• Choose a specific answer from the text.
• We help comrades.

garbage dumps

Spontaneous landfills

Landfills on the ocean

Rats and mice in landfills are carriers of infectious diseases

hazardous waste

Terms of decomposition of household waste

1-2 months

Over 100 years

Over 1000 years

The life of a glass bottle

waste incineration

waste incineration plant

waste incineration

Recycling

Separate garbage collection

Waste sorting

container for separate collection garbage

Recycling points

Thank you for your attention!

List of used literature:

• Andreeva, N.D. Theory and methodology of teaching ecology / N.D. Andreeva, V.P. Solomin, T. V. Vasilyeva; ed. N.D.Andreeva. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009. - 208 p.
• Vorovshchikov, S.G. Development of universal learning activities/ S.G. Thieves. - M.: Book on demand, 2013. - 226 p.
• Vysotskaya, M.V. Garbage: what to do with it? (Extracurricular event) // Ecology. 6-11 grades: extracurricular activities, research activities students. - Volgograd, 2010. - P.15-30.
• Kim, E. "Trash" theme / E. Kim // Ecology and life. - 2011. - No. 1. - P.23-26.
• Kozlova, I.V. Formation of UUD by means of technology of pedagogical workshops / I.V. Kozlov // Primary School. - 2014. - No. 5. - From 19-25.
• Romantsova, E.B. Ecology education inner peace child / E.B. Romantsova // Primary school. - 2014.- No. 6. - S. 24-27.
• Rusakov N.V., Rakhmanin Yu.A. Waste, environment, people. - M., 2004.
• Samkova, V.A. Guidelines for teachers "Recycling of consumer waste" / V.A. Samkov. - St. Petersburg, 2008. - 156 p.
• Tropina, E.A. New culture of waste management / E.A. Tropina // MSW. - 2012. - No. 1. - S. 22-25.

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Slides captions:

Household waste Teacher MOKU secondary school Oparino town Matrokhina Galina Anatolyevna Oparino town 2013

"Waste takes the world by the throat."

There are about 11 thousand landfills in Russia. About 82 billion tons of waste are buried in them. The city of Kirov ranks 85th out of the 100 most polluted cities in the Russian Federation. For a year, a citizen of Kirov throws out 250-300 kg of garbage. Oparino There is still no order at the landfill for household waste at 5 kilometers. Travel through its territory was difficult, so the garbage fell right at the gate. On other days, mountains of waste piled up above the fence, starting from the very "concrete".

Pollution is a change in the natural environment (atmosphere, water) as a result of the presence of impurities in it. At the same time, pollution is distinguished: anthropogenic - caused by human activities and natural - caused by natural processes.

Solid household waste (MSW, household waste) - items or goods that have lost consumer properties, the largest part consumption waste. MSW is also divided into waste (biological waste) and household waste proper (non-biological waste of artificial or natural origin), and the latter is often referred to as simply garbage at the household level. (Wikipedia)

The amount of MSW is 63 million tons/year (an average of 445 kg per person).

MSW composition: 1. paper and cardboard - 35%, 2. food waste - 41%, 3. plastics - 3%, 5. glass - 8%, 5. metals - 4%, 6. textiles and other - 9%. On average, 10% - 15% of waste is recycled.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) Food waste Paper and cardboard Textile Wood Bone Rubber Metal Glass Plastic

Decomposition time of materials in natural conditions Fruit peel, cotton, paper Six months Rope A year and a half Milk bags, woolen products Up to 5 years Cigarette "bulls" Up to 12 years PVC bags Up to 20 years Synthetic fabric, leather shoes Up to 40 years Metal products 100 years and more Glass Million years Plastic containers Over a million years

The greatest pollution

Types of garbage

One third of all reported diseases in the world are associated with poor environmental quality; in 18% of cases, the cause of premature death is an unfavorable environmental situation.

Three ways of waste disposal: 1. organization of landfills 2. recycling of waste 3. burning of garbage

General collection and transportation

1 ton of garbage 5 thousand cubic meters of gases dioxins Waste incineration plants (MSZ)

What can be done? Strengthening the work of housing and communal services Administrative penalties Recycling of waste Increasing the environmental culture of residents Perfect option: Promotion of these issues by means of mass media. After all, only realizing the problem, you can try to solve it.

What will we leave to our descendants?

The world through the eyes of children!

RECYCLING

SOLID

HOUSEHOLD

WASTE

The presentation was prepared by the students of the group PO-11

Bondarenko Margarita;

Kolushkin Andrey;

Anikin Vyacheslav

Supervisor:

biology teacher

Petrikina O.B.

Recycling (waste recycling, And recycling) - reuse or return to circulation of production waste or garbage. The most common recycling of such materials as: glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, textiles and various types of plastic. Also used since antiquity in agriculture organic agricultural And household waste.

The international symbol for recycling is the Möbius strip.

Disposal- use of resources that are not directly applicable, secondary resources, production and consumption waste

Recyclable materials

Glass:

Glass containers;

cullet.

Rubber:

Electronics:

Products;

Batteries;

mercury lamps;

Plastics:

Wood:

Shavings;

Construction:

Biological:

Food waste;

Sanitation.

Scrap metal:

Color;

Precious.

Wastewater

Waste paper:

Textile;

Oil products:

Asphalt.

Chemicals:

acids;

Organics.

Separated household waste: 1 - glass bottles, 2 - thin plastic 3 - thick plastic 4 - cardboard, 5 - mixed waste 6 - iron cans 7 - paper, 8 - polystyrene, 9 - glass, 10 - batteries, 11 - metal, 12 - organic waste, 13 - packaging "Tetrapack", 14 - textile, 15 - toilet waste.

History of recycling in the world

In Europe, there is a company that recycles processors and extracts from them gold. This is done something like this: processors are removed from computers and other equipment and immersed in a chemical solution (in which nitrogen is present), as a result of which a precipitate appears, which is subsequently melted down and becomes gold bars.

Garbage truck in Australia

Wide use in many countries received environmental payments to reimburse the costs of collecting and pre-processing a number of the most common types of products that create typical problems for their disposal after use, - batteries, lubricating oils, accumulators, worn tires. Payments for the use of packaging or license fees for the use of trademark "Green Dot" at the expense of the resources of which the organization of the collection and processing of packaging waste is carried out.

Latest developments

Scientists from the Netherlands presented the latest developments in the field of waste recycling - an improved technology that without prior sorting, within one system, separates and cleans all the waste that comes there, to the original raw material. The system completely recycles all types of waste (medical, household, technical) in a closed cycle, without residue. Raw materials are completely cleaned of impurities ( harmful substances, dyes, etc.), is packaged and can be reused. At the same time, the system is environmentally neutral.

In Germany, a plant was built and tested, which has been successfully operating on this technology for 10 years in a test mode.

Efforts foreign countries for the collection and processing of waste are coordinated on international level. Thus, the Fifth Environmental Action Program was prepared for the EU countries, within which the following requirements were established:

• the obligatory presence in the EU countries of plans for waste processing and the creation of a market for secondary raw materials;
• regulation of the level of use of the most common waste (for waste paper, glass and plastic packaging the level of collection and processing for 2000 was set at 50%.

The system of state regulation of solving the problem of waste processing in the EU countries continues to improve.

How it was in the USSR

In the USSR, recycling was given great importance. Unified bottles for milk, beer, vodka, wine and soft drinks were developed, and collection points for glass containers existed throughout the country. Schoolchildren and members of the pioneer organization. Was established hard accounting precious metals used in industry, in particular in electronics.

Reception of glass containers

Metal processing in Russia

Most metals are expediently recycled. Unnecessary or damaged items, the so-called scrap metal, are handed over to recycling centers for subsequent remelting. especially profitable recycling non-ferrous metals(copper, aluminum, tin), common technical alloys(win) and some ferrous metals(cast iron).

Recycling technologies

Many different wastes can be used secondarily. For each type of raw material there is a corresponding processing technology. To separate waste into different materials, different types of separation are used, for example, to extract metal - magnetic.

Waste generation in the Russian economy is 3.4 billion tons per year, including 2.6 billion tons/year - industrial waste, 700 million tons/year- liquid waste from poultry and livestock, 35-40 million tons/year- MSW, 30 million tons / year- sediments of treatment facilities. The average level of their use is about 26%, including industrial waste is recycled by 35%, MSW - by 3-4%, the rest of the waste practically not recycled .

As a result low level of use continues to accumulate waste in the environment natural environment. According to estimates, the volume of accumulation of unused waste has reached 80-90 billion tons.

The accumulated waste is usually not processed in Russia, since the current economic conditions do not provide complete processing of even the current waste output.

According to, in Russia, 2.4 thousand hazardous waste disposal sites have been taken into account. The conditions for disposal of such waste in many cases does not match environmental requirements applicable in Russia and internationally accepted standards.

radioactive waste (RAO)

According to the Russian "Law on the use atomic energy» radioactive waste (RW) is nuclear materials and radioactive substances further use which not provided. According to Russian legislation, the import of radioactive waste into the country is prohibited.

Often confused and considered synonymous radioactive waste And spent nuclear fuel. Should distinguish these concepts. radioactive waste are materials that are used not provided .

Spent nuclear fuel is a fuel element containing the remains of nuclear fuel and many fission products, widely used in industry, agriculture, medicine and scientific activity. Therefore it is a valuable resource as a result of the processing of which fresh nuclear fuel and isotope sources are obtained.

Sources of waste

Radioactive waste is generated in various forms with very different physical and chemical characteristics, such as the concentrations and half-lives of their constituent radionuclides. These wastes can be generated:

- in gaseous form such as vent emissions from facilities where radioactive materials are handled;

- in liquid form, ranging from scintillation counter solutions from research facilities to high-level liquid waste from spent fuel reprocessing;

Plant for vitrification of liquid radioactive waste

- in solid form(contaminated consumables, glassware from hospitals, medical research facilities and radiopharmaceutical laboratories, vitrified waste from fuel processing or spent fuel from nuclear power plants when it is considered waste).

Examples of sources of radioactive waste in human activities:

• FEAST (natural springs radiation). There are substances that natural radioactivity, known as natural sources of radiation (NIR). Most of these substances contain long lived nuclides, such as potassium-40, rubidium-87 (are beta emitters), as well as uranium-238, thorium-232 (emitter alpha particles) and their decay products.

Working with such substances regulated by sanitary rules, issued by the Sanitary Inspectorate.

• Coal. Coal contains small the number of radionuclides, such as uranium or thorium, but the content of these elements in coal is less than their average concentration in the earth's crust.

Their concentration increases in fly ash, as they practically do not burn.

However the radioactivity of the ash is also very low, it is approximately equal to the radioactivity of black shale and less than that of phosphate rocks, but represents a known danger because some fly ash remains in the atmosphere and inhaled by a person. At the same time, the total volume of emissions is quite large and is equivalent to 1000 tons uranium in Russia And 40000 tons in all over the world.

• Oil and gas. By-products of the oil and gas industry often contain radium and its decay products. Sulphate deposits in oil wells can be very rich in radium; water, oil and gas in wells often contain radon. When radon decays, it forms solid radioisotopes, which form sediment inside pipelines. In refineries, the propane production area is usually one of the most radioactive areas, since radon and propane have the same boiling point.

• Enrichment of minerals. Waste from mineral processing may be naturally radioactive.

radioactive dangerous stones And minerals

• Medical RAO. Sources of beta and gamma rays predominate in radioactive medical waste. This waste is divided into two main classes. Diagnostic nuclear medicine uses short-lived gamma emitters such as technetium-99m (99 Tc m). Most of these substances break down into for a short time, after which it can be disposed of like regular RAO .

Examples of other isotopes used in medicine (half-life indicated in parentheses): Yttrium-90, used in the treatment of lymphomas (2.7 days); Iodine-131, thyroid diagnostics, thyroid cancer treatment (8 days); Strontium-89, treatment of bone cancer, intravenous injections (52 days); Iridium-192, brachytherapy (74 days); Cobalt-60, brachytherapy, external beam therapy (5.3 years); Cesium-137, brachytherapy, external beam therapy (30 years).

• Industrial radioactive waste. Industrial radioactive waste may contain sources of alpha, beta, neutron or gamma radiation. Alpha sources can be used in printing houses(to remove static charge); gamma emitters are used in radiography; Neutron radiation sources are used in various industries, for example, in oil well radiometry. An example of the use of beta sources: radioisotope thermoelectric generators for autonomous lighthouses and other installations in areas that are difficult for humans to access (for example, in the mountains).

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