29.10.2019

Wasteless technology. Wasteless production: examples of creation. Waste-free and low-waste production What is waste-free production

The main directions of waste-free and low-waste technology

waste-free and low-waste technology is one of the modern directions of development industrial production. The emergence of this direction is due to the need to prevent the harmful effects of industrial waste on the environment. Waste-free production involves the development of such technological processes which provide the maximum possible complex processing of raw materials. This allows, on the one hand, the most efficient use of Natural resources, completely recycle the resulting waste into marketable products and, on the other hand, to reduce the amount of waste and thereby reduce their negative impact on ecological systems.

Waste-free and low-waste technology is used in all industries. Their development goes in the following directions: development and implementation of fundamentally new technological processes that reduce the amount of waste; development and implementation of methods and equipment for processing waste into marketable products; creation of drainless water circulation systems in which water is purified (see Wastewater Treatment).

Low-waste and zero-waste technologies and their role in protecting the environment

Fundamentally new approach to the development of all industrial and agricultural production - creation of low-waste and waste-free technology .
The concept of non-waste technology, in accordance with the Declaration of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1979) means practical use knowledge, methods and means in order to ensure, within the framework of human needs, the most rational use natural resources and protect the environment.
In 1984, the same UN commission adopted a more specific definition this concept: “Waste-free technology is a way of producing products (process, enterprise, territorial production complex), in which raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle of raw materials - production - consumer - secondary resources- in such a way that any impact on the environment does not disrupt its normal functioning.
Under zero waste technology they also understand such a method of production that ensures the fullest possible use of the processed raw materials and the waste generated during Tg. The term “low-waste technology” should be considered more accurate than “waste-free technology”, since in the principle “waste-free technology” is impossible, because any technological activity of a person cannot but produce waste, at least in the form of energy. Achieving complete waste-free™ is unrealistic (Reimers, 1990), because it contradicts the second law of thermodynamics, so the term "waste-free technology" is conditional (metaphorical). The technology that makes it possible to obtain a minimum of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes is called low-waste and at the present stage of development of nano-technical progress it is the most realistic. Of great importance for reducing the level of environmental pollution, saving raw materials and energy is the reuse of material resources, i.e. recycling. Thus, the production of aluminum from scrap metal requires only 5% of the energy costs of smelting from bauxite, and the remelting of 1 ton of secondary raw materials saves 4 tons of bauxite and 700 kg of coke, simultaneously reducing emissions of fluoride compounds in the atmosphere by 35 kg ( Vronsky, 1996).
In a set of measures to reduce to a minimum the amount of hazardous waste and reduce their impact on the environment natural environment, as recommended by various authors, include:
- development various types drainless technological systems and water circulation cycles based on wastewater treatment;
- development of systems for processing waste products into secondary material resources;
- creation and release of new types of products, taking into account the requirements of its reuse;

- creation of fundamentally new production processes that allow eliminating or reducing the technological stages at which waste is generated.

initial stage of these complex measures aimed at creating waste-free technologies in the future is the introduction of circulating, up to completely closed, water use systems.

Recycled water supply

Recycled water supply is a technical system that provides for multiple use in the production of waste water (after purification and processing) with a very limited discharge (up to 3%) into water bodies (Fig. 20.1; Ivanov, 1991).

Rice. 20.1. Scheme of circulating industrial and urban water supply: 1 - shop; 2 - intrashop circulating water supply; 3 - local (workshop) treatment plant, including recycling of secondary waste; 4 - general plant treatment facilities; 5 - city; 6 - city sewer treatment facilities; 7 - tertiary treatment facilities; 8 - injection of treated wastewater into
underground sources; 9 - supply of purified water to the city water supply system; 10 - dispersing wastewater discharge into
body of water (sea)

Closed water cycle

A closed water cycle is a system of industrial
Daogr of water supply and sanitation, in which multiple
use of water in the same production
process, is carried out without the discharge of sewage and other waters into
native reservoirs.
One of the most important directions in the field of creating one-free and low-waste industries is the transition to no-environmental technology with the replacement of water-intensive processes with anhydrous or low-water ones.
The progressiveness of new technological schemes of water supply is determined by the extent to which they have decreased, in comparison with the previously existing ones, water consumption and the amount of buccal water and their pollution. The presence of a large amount of wastewater at an industrial facility is considered an objective indicator of the imperfection of the technological schemes used.
The development of waste-free and water-free technological pro-yuv is the most rational way to protect the environment from pollution, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the anthropogenic load. However, research in this board is just beginning, therefore, in various [parts of industry and Agriculture the level of eco-gization of production is far from the same.
At present, certain successes have been achieved in our country in the development and implementation of elements of environmentally friendly technology in a number of branches of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, thermal power engineering, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry. However, the complete transfer of industrial and agricultural production to waste-free and water-free technologies and the creation of completely eco-friendly industries are associated with very complex "problems of a different nature - organizational, nano-technical, financial and others, and therefore modern production is still for a long time will consume huge amounts of water for its needs, have waste and bottom emissions.

Waste-free and low-waste production
The creation of even the most advanced treatment facilities cannot solve the problem of environmental protection. The True Fight for Purity environment- this is not a struggle for treatment facilities, it is a struggle against the need for such facilities. It is quite obvious that the problem cannot be solved by extensive methods. An intensive way of solving the global environmental problem is a reduction in resource-intensive production and a transition to low-waste technologies.

The possibility of stabilizing and improving the quality of the environment through a more rational use of the entire range of natural resources in the context of accelerating socio-economic development is associated with the creation and development of non-waste production.

Zero waste production, strictly speaking, is such a production in which all the raw materials are eventually converted into a particular product and which is simultaneously optimized according to technological, economic and socio-ecological criteria. The fundamental novelty of this approach to further development industrial production is due to the inability to effectively solve the problems of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources only by improving the methods of neutralization, recycling, processing or disposal of waste.

The concept of non-waste production provides for the need to include the sphere of consumption in the cycle of using raw materials. In other words, products after physical or obsolescence must be returned to the sphere of production. Thus, non-waste production is a practically closed system, organized by analogy with natural ecological systems, the functioning of which is based on the biogeochemical cycle of matter.

When creating and developing non-waste production be sure to use all the components of the raw material. At present, despite the fact that almost all raw materials used in industry are multicomponent, as finished products usually only one component is used. The maximum possible is the integrated use of energy in waste-free production. Here you can also draw a direct analogy with natural ecosystems, which, being practically closed in matter, are not isolated, since they absorb energy that they receive from the Sun, transform it, binding a small part, and dissipate it into the surrounding space.

the most important integral part the concepts of non-waste production are also the concepts of the normal functioning of the environment and the damage caused to it by negative anthropogenic impact. The concept of non-waste production emphasizes that, while inevitably affecting the environment, it does not disrupt its normal functioning.

Creation of non-waste production is a long and gradual process that requires the solution of a number of interrelated technological, economic, organizational, psychological and other tasks. These tasks can and should be solved, as it follows from the definition of non-waste production, on various levels Keywords: process, enterprise, production association. The most complete and consistent basic principles of waste-free production can be implemented on regional level when creating non-waste territorial production complexes. Fundamentally new technological processes and equipment should form the basis for the creation of waste-free industrial production in practice.

Waste-free production involves the cooperation of industries with a large amount of waste (the production of phosphate fertilizers, thermal power plants, metallurgical, mining and processing industries) with the production - the consumer of these waste, for example, enterprises building materials. In this case waste fully meet the definition of D. I. Mendeleev, who called them “neglected products of chemical transformations, which eventually become the starting point of new production.”

The most favorable opportunities for combining and cooperating various industries are formed in the conditions of territorial production complexes. The most important task is the creation and implementation of fundamentally new technological schemes and processes in which the formation of any waste is sharply reduced or completely disappears.

Disposing of sulfur dioxide contained in the waste gases of thermal power engineering and metallurgy, it is possible to obtain as much sulfuric acid as all the sulfuric acid plants of our country produce annually, i.e., but, in essence, to double the production of this most valuable product of large chemistry. There are already industrial installations for catalytic purification of exhaust gases, which allow you to extract up to 98-99% of sulfur dioxide from smoke at any, even the smallest, content and oxidize it, turning harmful industrial emissions into sulfuric acid. It is also not easy to use the acid obtained in this way in industry: it contains various impurities, and often turns out to be diluted. But in agriculture, it can find an unlimited market, since this chemical drug for soils with soda salinity. Sulfuric acid, arbitrarily diluted, with almost any impurities, is suitable for chemical reclamation. This allows you to build more economical, simplified recycling facilities sulfur dioxide.

As an example of a complex waste-free processing mineral raw materials it is possible to give a technological scheme for the processing of nephelines. From this apatite mining waste, pure alumina is extracted for the production of metallic aluminum, excellent so-called heavy soda, potash, dicalcium belite silicate for high-quality fast-hardening cements, concentrates of rare elements in the form of minerals - sphene, arigine, etc.

Zero Waste Technology

Zero Waste Technology- a technology that implies the most rational use of natural resources and energy in production, ensuring the protection of the environment.

Zero Waste Technology- the principle of organizing production in general, implying the use of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle. Closed Loop Means Chain primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials.

The USSR was the initiator of the idea of non-waste production and the term "non-waste technology" was first proposed by the Commission for the Protection of Natural Waters of the USSR.

Zero Waste Technology Principles

Systems approach
Integrated use of resources
Cyclicity of material flows
Limitation of environmental impact
Rational organization

Wasteless technology in the energy sector

Solid and liquid fuel when burned, they are not completely used, and also form harmful products. There is a technique for burning fuel in a fluidized bed, which is more efficient and environmentally friendly. Gas emissions must be cleaned from sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and the ash resulting from filtration should be used in the production of building materials.

Wasteless technology in metallurgy

It is necessary to widely use solid, liquid and gaseous wastes from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, along with a simultaneous reduction in emissions and discharges harmful substances. In non-ferrous metallurgy, it is promising to use the method of melting in a liquid bath, which requires less energy and causes less emissions. The resulting sulfur-containing gases can be used in the production of sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur. Powder metallurgy is also a waste-free technology. Material utilization rate - 98-99%.

The most environmentally friendly production option, in which the waste of one workshop or enterprise is the raw material for the work of another. B.t. provide resource conservation, which is necessary for building a society sustainable development(see Models of the world).… … Glossary of business terms

wasteless technology- - [A.S. Goldberg. English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN non waste processnonwaste technologyno waste technologyzero discharge technologynonwaste technologyNWT … Technical Translator's Handbook

Zero Waste Technology- (BOT) - “there is a practical application of knowledge, methods and means in order to, within the framework of human need, ensure the most rational use of natural resources and energy and protect the environment” (UNECE Decision ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Books

Questions and exercises on the subject of EAEA “Mineral raw materials. Waste-free technology”, Not available. The manual contains questions and exercises in the form of tests on the course “Mineral raw materials of Kazakhstan. Wasteless technology. Tutorial can be recommended for independent work with ...

The rational and integrated use of raw materials is of decisive importance, since at present, on average, only about 10% of the mass of natural resources used is included in the final product, and the remaining 90% is lost. The highest form of rational nature management is such human activity that almost completely uses natural resources, does not generate pollution and waste, and ultimately returns everything to nature again without disturbing its condition. With waste-free production, it is supposed to create optimal technological schemes with closed material and energy flows. Ideally, such production does not have harmful emissions into the atmosphere, wastewater and solid waste.

The term "wasteless technology" was first formulated by our chemists N.N. Semenov and I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov in 1956. It was widely used not only in our country, but also abroad. Below is the official definition of this term, fixed in 1984 in Tashkent by the decision of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

Zero Waste Technology- this is a method of production of products (process, enterprise, territorial production complex), in which All raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: primary raw materials-production-consumption-secondary resources, and any impact on the natural environment does not disrupt its normal functioning.

Wasteless technology includes the following processes:

complex processing of raw materials using all its components and obtaining products with no or the least amount of waste;

creation and release of new products, taking into account its reuse;

processing of emissions, effluents, production wastes to obtain useful products;

non-drainage technological systems and closed systems of gas and water supply using progressive methods of purification of polluted air and waste water;

creation of territorial-industrial complexes (TPC) with a closed technology of material flows of raw materials and waste within the complex.

Low Waste Technology- this is an intermediate step in the creation of waste-free production, when a small part of raw materials and materials goes to waste, and the harmful impact on nature does not exceed sanitary standards.

Zero waste ratio (or complexity factor) is the share of useful substances (in%) extracted from processed raw materials in relation to their entire amount.

This coefficient is widely used in non-ferrous metallurgy and is proposed as a quantitative criterion for wastelessness: for low-waste technology it should be at least 75%, for waste-free technology - at least 95%.

At present, there is some experience in the field of creation and implementation of low-waste and waste-free technologies in a number of industries. For example, the Volkhov Alumina Refinery processes nepheline into alumina and simultaneously receives soda, potash and cement at a practically waste-free technological scheme. The cost of their production is 10-15% lower than the cost of obtaining these products by other industrial methods.

However, the transfer of existing technologies to low-waste and waste-free production requires the solution of a large complex of very complex technological, design and organizational tasks based on the use of the latest scientific and technological achievements. In doing so, the following principles must be followed.

The principle of system. According to him processes or production are system elements industrial production in the region (TPK) and further - elements of the entire ecological and economic system, which includes, in addition to material production and other human activities, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses), as well as man and his habitat. Therefore, when creating non-waste industries, it is necessary to take into account the existing and growing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

The complexity of the use of resources. This principle of creating waste-free production requires the maximum use of all components of raw materials and the potential of energy resources. As you know, almost all raw materials are complex in composition. On average, more than a third of its amount is made up of related elements that can be extracted only through the complex processing of raw materials. Yes, complex processing polymetallic ores allows to obtain about 40 elements in the form of high purity metals and their compounds. At present, almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinum metals, as well as more than 20% of gold, are obtained as a by-product during the complex processing of polymetallic ores.

Specific forms of implementation of this principle will primarily depend on the level of organization of non-waste production at the stages of a separate process, production, production complex and ecological and economic system.

Cyclicity of material flows. This general the principle of creating waste-free production. Examples of cyclic material flows are closed water and gas circulation cycles. The consistent application of this principle should ultimately lead to the formation, first in certain regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of an organized and regulated technogenic circulation matter and related energy transformations.

Limitation and exclusion of the harmful effects of production on the biosphere with a systematic and purposeful growth of volumes of non-waste production. This principle must ensure the conservation of natural and social resources, such as atmospheric air, water, the surface of the earth, and the health of the population. This principle can be implemented only in combination with effective monitoring, developed environmental regulation and multi-link nature management.

Rationality of the organization creation of non-waste production: reasonable use of all components of raw materials; minimization of energy, material and labor intensity of production; search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies that exclude or reduce the harmful impact on the biosphere; cooperation of production using the waste of some industries as raw materials for others; creation of non-waste TPK.

When creating non-waste production by improving existing and developing new technological processes, the following methods and methods are usually used:

implementation of production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since each of them generates waste and loses raw materials;

increase in the unit capacity of units, the use of continuous processes; intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation;

creation of energy technological processes that combine energy with technology;

energy technological processes make it possible to make fuller use of the energy of chemical transformations, save energy resources, raw materials and materials, and increase the productivity of units.

For the transition of individual, especially new industries, to non-waste technology, it is necessary for individual enterprises, associations, industries and government structures to develop comprehensive state programs for the creation and implementation of non-waste industries and territorial-industrial complexes.

General ways of solving environmental problems

instead of declarations - environmentally sound and economically secure projects within the global framework;

integration of intellectual forces, technology and finances of all countries of the world for the implementation of these projects;

regulation of population growth and needs of people, their environmental education;

input economic activity within the capacity of ecosystems based on the widespread introduction of energy and resource-saving technologies;

transition to waste-free production technologies; development of agriculture based on environmentally progressive technologies adapted to local conditions.

WASTE-FREE PRODUCTIONS in chem. technologies (non-waste technology) are carried out according to the optimum. technol. schemes (see Optimization) with closed (recirculating) material and energy. streams, do not have wastewater (non-drainage production), gas emissions into the atmosphere and solid waste (non-dumping production). The term "non-waste production" is conditional, because in real conditions due to the imperfection of modern. technology, it is impossible to completely eliminate all waste and the impact of production on the environment. In non-waste production, nature is most rationally used. and secondary raw materials and energy with a minimum. damage to the environment.

In the concept of non-waste production, it means. contributions were made by Soviet scientists (A. E. Fersman, N. N. Semenov, I. V. Petryanov-Sokolov, B. N. Laskorin, and others). By analogy with nature. ecological non-waste production systems are based on the technogenic cycle of matter and energy. The need to create non-waste industries arose in the 50s. 20th century due to the depletion of the world's natural resources. resources and pollution of the biosphere as a result of rapid development, along with the chemicalization of the village. x-va and the growth of transport, the leading branches of energy and the manufacturing industry (oil refining, chemical industry, nuclear power, non-ferrous metallurgy, etc.).

According to the ideas of D. I. Mendeleev (1885), the measure of the perfection of production is the amount of waste. With the development of science and technology, each production is increasingly approaching waste-free. At this stage, non-waste industries include, in essence, low-waste production, in which only a small part of the raw material is converted. into waste. The latter are buried, rendered harmless or sent for long periods of time. storage for the purpose of their disposal in the future. In low-waste production, emissions harmful substances do not exceed MPC, as well as the level at which irreversible environmental changes are prevented (see Nature Protection).

Main directions of creation of low-waste products in a separate enterprise or in general prom. region: environmentally friendly preparation and complex processing of raw materials in combination with the purification of harmful emissions, waste disposal, optim. the use of energy, water and gas circulation cycles; the use of the so-called. short (low-stage) technol. schemes with max. extraction of target and by-products at each stage; periodic replacement. processes continuous using avtomatizir. their control systems and more advanced equipment; wide involvement in the production of secondary resources.

The development of chemical, oil refining, petrochemical. and a number of other branches of industry is associated with the development of the so-called. energy technol. schemes - systems of large unit power. The latter along with max. using raw materials and energy provide highly efficient treatment of wastewater and gas emissions into the atmosphere through the use of anhydrous technol. processes, water and gas circulation (including air circulation) cycles, to-rye environmentally and economically more expedient than acc. direct-flow water supply and gas purification to sanitary standards.

Optimal the use of raw materials is achieved by their complex processing. Examples: chem. processing of solid fuels (see Coke Chemistry), oil (see Oil refining), apatite-nepheline, phosphorite-apatite, polymetallic. ores, etc. For example, in the complex processing of apatite-nepheline ores, in addition to phosphates, other valuable products are also obtained. Thus, in the USSR, for the first time in the world, a technology for processing nephelines - apatite enrichment waste - was developed and implemented. As a result, 0.2-0.3 tons of K 2 CO 3 , 0.60-0.75 tons of Na 2 CO 3 and 9-10 tons of cement are obtained per 1 ton of alumina. This technology, combined with a closed water cycle and efficient gas cleaning of sintering and cement production furnaces, provides a minimum. amount of waste. The progressive method of nitric acid decomposition of phosphorites and apatites in the production of complex fertilizers (eg, nitroammophoska) eliminates the formation of phosphogypsum - a large-tonnage waste product of these fertilizers using the sulfuric acid method. Along with nitrogen-phosphorus or nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, SrCO 3 , CaCO 3 , CaF 2 , NH 4 NO 3 , REE oxides, and other important products are obtained.

Optimal the use of energy resources is achieved by their rational use for technol. needs for various stages of production, as well as the utilization of low-potential heat (50-150 ° C) to ensure comfortable conditions labor in the industry. and non-production. premises, for municipal hot water supply, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heating of greenhouses, reservoirs, etc. max. effective in chem. prom-sti energy resources are used in modern. energy technol. schemes for the production of NH 3, weak HNO 3 and urea.

A progressive form of organization of non-waste production is a combination of different technologies. schemes. For chem. prom-sti is especially characteristic of the use of waste DOS. production as a raw material for newly organized subordinate productions. So, the production of NH 3 is combined, using its waste - CO 2, with the production of carbamide in one chemical. enterprise. Dr. a typical example is the combination of chem. enterprises for the production of H 2 SO 4 with metallurgical, on the waste to-rogo (flotation pyrite and flue gases containing SO 2) it is based. Important role in the recycling of solid secondary raw materials belongs to the industry builds. materials. For example, blast-furnace slags (almost completely) and phosphogypsum are used for the production of cement, slag crystals, miners. cotton wool, slag pumice, gypsum binders, etc.

The creation of non-waste industries is especially effective on the basis of fundamentally new technologies. processes. An example is a coke-free, domainless method for producing steel, with a Krom of technol. schemes excluded stages, in max. degrees influencing environmental pollution: domain redistribution. production of coke and agglomerate. This technology provides reduction of emissions of SO 2 , dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere, allows three times to reduce water consumption and almost completely utilize all solid waste.

Also promising is the use, for example, in hydrometallurgy of sorption, sorption-extraction and extraction processes, to-rye provide high selectivity of extraction decomp. components, efficient wastewater treatment and no gas emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, extraction processes are used to recover and separate, for example, Ta and Nb, REE, Ti and In, as well as to obtain high purity AI (see also Leaching).

An important role in the creation of non-waste production is played by the improvement of the hardware design of technol. processes. So, the transition of production

Waste-free technology is such a method of production (process, enterprise, territorial production complex), in which all raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: primary raw materials-production-consumption-secondary resources, and any impact on the natural environment do not interfere with its normal operation.

An example of a natural "zero waste" production are natural ecosystems- stable collections of cohabiting organisms and the conditions of their existence, closely related to each other. In these systems, a complete cycle of substances is carried out. Of course, ecosystems are not eternal and develop over time, but they are usually so stable that they are able to overcome even some changes in external conditions.

The definition of non-waste production takes into account the stage of consumption, which imposes restrictions on the properties of manufactured consumer products and affects their quality. The main requirements are reliability, durability, the possibility of returning to the cycle for processing or turning into an environmentally friendly form.

Wasteless technology includes the following processes:

Ø complex processing of raw materials using all its components and obtaining products with the absence or the least amount of waste;
Ш creation and release of new products, taking into account its reuse;
Ø processing of emissions, effluents, production wastes to obtain useful products;
Ш drainless technological systems and closed systems of gas and water supply using advanced methods of cleaning polluted air and wastewater;
Ø Creation of territorial-industrial complexes (TPC) with a closed technology of material flows of raw materials and waste within the complex.

Low-waste technology is an intermediate step in the creation of waste-free production, when a small part of raw materials and materials goes to waste, and the harmful impact on nature does not exceed sanitary standards.

However, the transfer of existing technologies to low-waste and non-waste production requires the solution of a large complex of very complex technological, design and organizational tasks based on the use of the latest scientific and technological achievements. In doing so, the following principles must be followed.

The principle of system. In accordance with it, processes or productions are elements of the industrial production system in the region (TPC) and further - elements of the entire ecological and economic system, which includes, in addition to material production and other human activities, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses ), as well as humans and their environment. Therefore, when creating non-waste industries, it is necessary to take into account the existing and growing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

The complexity of the use of resources. This principle of creating waste-free production requires the maximum use of all components of raw materials and the potential of energy resources. As you know, almost all raw materials are complex in composition. On average, more than a third of its amount is made up of related elements that can be extracted only through the complex processing of raw materials. Thus, the complex processing of polymetallic ores makes it possible to obtain about 40 elements in the form of high-purity metals and their compounds. At present, almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinum metals, as well as more than 20% of gold, are obtained as a by-product during the complex processing of polymetallic ores.

Cyclicity of material flows. This general principle creation of waste-free production. Examples of cyclic material flows are closed water and gas circulation cycles. The consistent application of this principle should ultimately lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of an organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and the energy transformations associated with it.

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Wasteless technology. Wasteless production: examples of creation. Waste-free and low-waste production What is waste-free production

Zero Waste Technology Principles

Wasteless technology in the energy sector

Wasteless technology in metallurgy

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General ways of solving environmental problems

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