11.03.2020
Mushrooms without borders: Quiet hunting in Kyrgyzstan. Mushrooms, edible, inedible, conditionally edible, poisonous, how, to collect, where, grow, look for, photo, description Useful properties of poisonous basiomycetes
Mushroom season has started. Many Kyrgyzstanis, armed with baskets and knives, go on a “quiet hunt”. Satisfied people harvest in buckets, fry, boil, salt for future use. Surely everyone will need the advice of experts on how to distinguish an edible mushroom from an inedible one, where and how to collect them correctly.
Benefit and adventure
Our republic is rich mushroom places. Residents of the Issyk-Kul, Naryn, Chui regions during the season are happy to harvest various types of mushrooms for the future: porcini, champignons, milk mushrooms, honey agarics, butterflies, chanterelles, blue legs.
Vladimir Popov, an experienced mushroom picker, told us about this hobby.
“Each type of mushroom has its own season,” says Vladimir Alexandrovich. - Open mushroom hunting at the end of April, whites in the Kazakh steppes. Under good weather conditions, they can be harvested until mid-May. As soon as cherries begin to ripen in the capital, this is a signal for mushroom pickers that it is time to go for the harvest to the Suusamyr mountains. In the forests of the southern coast of Issyk-Kul, mushrooms can be found all summer, until October. Depending on the weather, there may be a second wave of mushrooms in August. And, of course, mushroom abundance traditionally falls on September.
To become a real mushroom picker, one theory is not enough, you need flair, intuition and, of course, luck. In the life piggy bank of each mushroom picker there are interesting stories, because “silent hunting” has many advantages, but there is also a downside - the dangers that lie in wait for inexperienced mushroom pickers.
It is very easy to get lost, especially in the steppe. Once we went to a gathering in a Kazakh saxaul plant, and in our company there was a newcomer who was given a strict order not to disappear from sight, - says Vladimir Aleksandrovich. “We all scattered around the area, moving from one mushroom to another. Our newcomer was so carried away that he came to his senses only when the car disappeared from sight. Panic seized him and he began to thrash about. We probably searched for him for three hours, in the end we had to comb the area by car, and, thank God, we found him, alone, frightened and flushed under the hot sun.
Places to know
An inexperienced mushroom picker recklessly rushes back and forth between the bushes and trees, but the mushrooms are not given in his hands, as if they have fallen through the ground. And it turns out that you need to approach them wisely. The conditions for the growth of certain types of mushrooms are closely related to the trees that surround them. First, it is better to take a closer look at what kind of area is in front of you, and then look for mushrooms.
At first glance, it seems that they grow anywhere. In reality, representatives of the forest kingdom have a different attitude. Mushrooms, oddly enough, are finicky. They choose soil rich in forest humus, which is also well warmed up. The largest number species takes a fancy to edges, clearings, edges of forest paths and abandoned roads. Mushrooms prefer spruce and pine forests, groves, birch forests, mixed forests, consisting of deciduous and coniferous trees. Small hills, slopes of ravines, semi-shaded or sun-exposed places are also convenient for them. At the same time, mushrooms avoid the thicket, heavily shaded forest, tall dense grass. In the heat, mushrooms hide from the sun under the branches of trees, especially under the lower coniferous spruce branches.
Edible finds
There are 98 species in Kyrgyzstan edible mushrooms. But the population knows and collects at most 10-15 species. The most common among them are champignons, blue leg and morels of two types: stitches and real morels.
The most popular in spring, in April-May, is the white "steppe" mushroom, which is harvested along the foothills and on Suusamyr. Mushrooms are also very famous, which are found everywhere: in fields, gardens, vegetable gardens, forests, meadows. The most popular among the inhabitants of Northern Kyrgyzstan is white podgruzok, growing in spruce forests. The inhabitants call it a mushroom and prepare it for pickling and pickling. Spruce camelina is also found there, in terms of taste - a mushroom of the first category. In pine plantations, in the middle mountains - boletus.
- The age of mushrooms is short - six to eight days, they ripen quickly and quickly collapse. And it is important to know the rules for collecting them,” says Svetlana Mosolova, head of the laboratory of mycology and phytopathology of the Institute of Biology and Soil of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. You have to be very careful when picking mushrooms. The main thing when using the gifts of nature is knowledge. There may be so-called false mushrooms- false champignons, mushrooms, chanterelles. Therefore, in case of doubt, it is better to abandon a suspicious mushroom than to take it at random. It is better to go on a “quiet hunt” with an experienced mushroom picker who is well versed in them. Collect only those young mushrooms that you know well. It is at a young age that the fruiting body accumulates useful substances, but with the cessation of growth, decay products of protein compounds that are toxic and harmful to the human body appear. Even completely edible harmless mushrooms can become poisonous when aging.
Unlike meat and fish, which are rotten and have a very unpleasant odor, fungal spoilage does not manifest itself in any way. He talks about spoilage of the fungus big size, softness, inelasticity. Such mushrooms can harm the body.
Dangerous symptoms
At the first sign of poisoning, even a mild one, you should immediately call an ambulance. medical care or send the victim to the hospital. At the same time, it is important to provide first aid. First you need to clean the stomach and intestines of the patient from food containing poison. To do this, the victim is advised to drink as much boiled water with soda as possible (one teaspoon of soda per 0.5 liter of water). This procedure must be repeated several times, then give a laxative, put the patient to bed and apply a heating pad to the legs.
Before examination by a doctor, the patient should not eat. Any alcoholic beverages are strictly contraindicated, alcohol promotes the absorption of toxic substances by the body. The remains of the mushrooms that caused the poisoning must be kept for examination.
On a note
To avoid mushroom poisoning, remember the basic rules:
. When picking mushrooms, take only those that you know well. If in doubt, throw it away.
. Do not take mushrooms, in the lower part of which there are thickenings surrounded by a shell.
. Do not pick overripe, slimy, withered, wormy, spoiled mushrooms.
. Don't eat raw mushrooms.
. Cook the harvested mushrooms the same day.
. Cook mushrooms in at least three waters.
In 1999, a mass case of mushroom poisoning was registered, as a result of which more than 500 people were injured. In the same year the victims poisonous mushrooms there were four - a mother and three young children. In 2005, 43 people were poisoned, in 2009 - 15 people.
Experts report that there are few poisonous mushrooms, but they are very dangerous. The most dangerous among them is the pale grebe. Signs of poisoning after it appear no earlier than 10-30 hours, when irreversible processes are already taking place in the body. The appearance of the pale grebe is very characteristic, although it can be confused with champignon. Their main difference is that the pale grebe always has white plates, while the champignon has pink ones, darkening with time and there are never flakes on its hat.
As experts warn, even edible mushrooms can be dangerous.
- Mushrooms growing near highways and industrial enterprises absorb harmful toxic substances. Pesticides and industrial wastes have a special effect on fungi, which cause them a number of irreversible biochemical rearrangements, as a result of which they become not only unusable, but even poisonous. So the farther from civilization, the better, - warns the head of the laboratory of mycology and phytopathology of the Institute of Biology and Soil Science of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic Svetlana Mosolova.
The basket of mushrooms brought from the forest must be carefully sorted and checked so that poisonous ones do not accidentally get with edible mushrooms. Among those and others there are similar ones, and sometimes you can’t immediately distinguish them in appearance.
folk recipe
Crunchy snack
Pickling any mushrooms is generally not difficult, but you need to know some features. You can pickle porcini mushrooms, chanterelles, boletus, champignons and others. There are many recipes, Bishkek resident Tatyana Popova shared with us her universal and simple recipe blanks.
“Rinse and clean the porcini mushrooms, cut large and medium ones into pieces, leave the small ones whole,” says Tatyana Mikhailovna. - Any mushrooms must be boiled before pickling, this will eliminate the risk of poisoning and guarantee that the workpiece will not deteriorate. The first time we cook the mushrooms for 20 minutes, after which we drain the water and thus free them from sand. Then again we set to boil for 40 minutes, but this time we add salt, spices to the water - 5 peas of allspice, dill seeds, cloves, a few cloves of garlic, Bay leaf. I would suggest making the brine more salty. Five minutes before the end of cooking, add 8% vinegar. Here you can focus on your own taste, the main thing is not to peroxide. This broth is settled for a day, after which it can be brought to a boil again and poured into jars. Store in a refrigerator or cellar at a temperature not exceeding 5-6 degrees.
dry treat
One of the most popular preparations for the winter is long garlands of dried mushrooms. They are strung on a thread and often stored like that. Usually dry white. Do not wash mushrooms before drying.
Soak dried mushrooms- Necessarily. Can be in cold water and possibly in milk. It will soften the taste of the mushrooms. The taste of dried mushrooms is more intense and aggressive. Therefore, it is better to put them little by little. Dried mushrooms can be completely replaced with fresh ones. Only their number should be reduced by 6-8 times. If it is written - 300 g fresh, take no more than 50 grams of dried mushrooms. If there is no time to soak the mushrooms, you can bring them to a boil and cook for 10-15 minutes. Then drain the water, rinse the mushrooms and cook further.
To get a quick mushroom broth and cook porridge on it, for example, you can grind a couple of dried mushrooms in a coffee grinder or crush in a mortar. And put the powder in boiling water.
The expanses of Russia have a large number of forests in which lovers of "silent hunting" can reap a rich harvest. Poisonous mushrooms appear in forests in parallel with edible ones. The effect of toxins on the body is determined not only by toxicity, but also by the age of the victim: it is contraindicated for children under 8 years old to give even edible mushrooms.
Photos and names of mushrooms
Varieties of dangerous mushrooms
The list of poisonous mushrooms common in Russia includes: pale toadstool, fly agaric, torn mushroom, abortiporus or false tinder fungus, false mushrooms, satanic mushroom, impatiens or marsh galerina, false russula, false rows, gall fungus.
Poisonous mushrooms cause severe poisoning and even death.
It is believed that inedible mushrooms are not wormy, and wild animals bypass them. Vivid examples of the opposite are fly agaric and satanic mushroom, which are harmful to health, but rarely cause death. Large wild animals use fly agaric as an antidote for poisoning and during diseases, and worms eat dense pulp with pleasure.
There are poisonous and conditionally dangerous mushrooms. The second subgroup includes representatives who, during prolonged cooking, lose toxic substances and are completely suitable for human consumption. Hazardous Substances gradually accumulate as the fungus matures. In old age, any edible mushroom is dangerous. Non-poisonous mushrooms cause mild intestinal upset.
Death cap
Pale grebe provokes serious poisoning. A young poisonous mushroom looks like a champignon. Eating it leads to damage and cessation of the liver. The biggest danger is that the first signs of poisoning begin to appear after 24-48 hours. During this time, toxins actively spread to all organs and disable them.
Grebe prefers mixed forests, appears in May and bears fruit until September. The cap of a young mushroom is egg-shaped. It has a white color, and the leg is practically invisible, which excludes the possibility of determining its toxicity. The only way to distinguish a toadstool from a champignon is to pull out the mushroom along with a part of the mycelium adjacent to the leg. This representative of the kingdom of Mushrooms has a special sac surrounding the base of the leg - the vulva (Volva), similar to an egg.
Distinctive signs of edible and poisonous mushrooms appear as they grow older. Skirt rings are located on the leg in the upper and lower parts of the old specimen. The hat is white, sometimes slightly green (olive). The diameter range of the head is 7-15 cm. The fruit body is white, does not change color when reacting with air on the cut, exudes a barely audible pleasant aroma of mushrooms.
fly agaric
Fly agaric received the title of the most dangerous mushroom for humans. It includes not only poisonous varieties, but also edible ones. gourmet types: caesar mushroom and gray-pink fly agaric.
The traditional poisonous representative of this genus is the red fly agaric or, as they call it in some places, the moth. On the white hollow leg of the mushroom there is a ring-skirt in the upper part. The hat is 5-12 cm in diameter, painted red and covered with white warty flakes, which are washed off by precipitation and easily fly off in a gust of wind.
In addition to the red fly agaric, there are other poisonous mushrooms of this species:
- Panther: the hat is brown, covered with frequent white growths. The leg is creamy, hollow with 2 rings at the bottom. The pulp is watery, smells like vegetables. grows in coniferous forests spring and autumn.
- Smelly: the main difference of which is the pungent smell of bleach. The hat is shiny, domed, white color. The leg is high 10-12 cm, almost always curved. The base of the stem is tuberous.
- Citric: prefers sandy soils. The yellow cap is covered with a smooth skin, with rare flakes. The hymenophore is lamellar. The hat rests on a low, 3-5 cm high, squat leg, framed in the lower part by a ring.
Ragged mushroom (fiber)
Small, poisonous ragged mushrooms got their name from their characteristic appearance. On a low stem (1-2 cm) sits a green hat with an olive tint, 5-8 cm in diameter, covered with longitudinal and transverse cracks, with torn edges. The hymenophore is black. Most dangerous mushroom found in the vastness of the Russian Federation.
The mushroom body contains muscarine. In terms of the concentration of a toxic substance, this representative surpasses even the red fly agaric. Mushroom poisoning is noticeable within 30 minutes after consumption.
Irina Selyutina (Biologist):
Studies have shown that the plant alkaloid atropine can neutralize the effects of muscarine. Its amount required for these purposes is only 0.001-0.1 mg. However, as experiments have shown, muscarine, in turn, can "cancel" the action of atropine. Only in this case, a lot of muscarine will be required - up to 7 g. Therefore, there is an opinion that atropine and muscarine are mutual antagonists.
The first symptoms: dizziness, vomiting, severe stomach cramps.
false tinder fungus
Among the inedible and poisonous mushrooms is a false tinder fungus, which is called abortiporus. A beautiful representative of the mushroom kingdom grows on trees. Outwardly similar to a flower. The carved hat is attached to the tree trunk with a barely noticeable leg, 1 cm high.
The flesh of these forest representatives is white with a creamy tint. The variety is rare, because few people are aware that it is deadly. You can recognize it by its authentic color and fan-shaped shape. This tinder fungus is almost black, has a tree-like structure of mycelium.
false honeysuckle
Sulfur-yellow representatives of the genus are classified as conditionally poisonous. Outwardly, they almost do not differ from edible. They grow in numerous groups on woody debris.
The color of the cap of the poisonous mushroom is sulfur-yellow. Lamellar hymenophore on a thin long stalk, in an old fungus it is painted black or black-olive. The flesh is light gray, bitter in taste, has an unpleasant pungent odor. hallmark edible honey agaric (autumn) is a "skirt" on a leg.
satanic mushroom
The satanic mushroom looks outwardly like a white or boletus. A dense massive hat sits on a strong ovoid leg. The hymenophore is spongy. The pulp of a young specimen smells good, without bitterness. Old mushrooms smell like rotten vegetables.
You can check for poisonousness of a specimen by cutting it. Inside, the double of the boletus is painted red. In reaction with air, the flesh turns blue. The toxins of these representatives of the Bolet genus will not kill a person, but a couple of mushrooms will be enough to cause significant harm to the gastric tract and liver.
touchy
A truly poisonous mushroom, the marsh galerina, or touchy, grows in small groups. A dark yellow hat sits on a fragile translucent leg. In young specimens, they resemble bells. In a mature mushroom, the cap becomes flat with a clearly defined bulge in the central part.
The pulp of the fungus is watery. When eaten, it causes serious poisoning. The first signs that a person has eaten a poisoned mushroom are vomiting and stomach cramps. After 3 hours, other symptoms join.
pseudorussula
Poisonous mushroom - russula blood red. Hat 1-5 cm, bright red, covered with shiny slimy skin. The shape of the cap is hemispherical - in a young specimen, depressed-prostrate - in an old one.
Russula belongs to agaric. The hymenophore consists of frequent, narrow plates. The club-shaped leg is smooth, does not exceed 8 cm in height. The pulp is white, dense structure, odorless and tasteless. Russula prefers acidic soils, and is found in mixed and coniferous forests. These basidiomycetes can grow three fruiting bodies together.
False rows
Differently autumn rows are called talkers. Mushroom pickers claim that the content of toxins in the rows is higher than in the fly agaric. Their use leads to death.
This poisonous mushroom includes the following varieties:
- Bleached: classified as "meadow". The hat is slightly convex, white, almost transparent in color, for which the species got its name. Evens out with age. The pulp is fibrous, darkens in reaction with air. Prefers steppe zones to shaded forests.
- Brindle: found on calcareous soils. Her hat is wrapped to the leg, painted in grey colour. Hymenophore consists of powerful plates. The stem is slightly lighter than the cap. The dense pulp smells like flour.
- Pointy: grows in coniferous forests. characteristic feature is the pointed top of the gray cap. The long white leg at the bottom is painted yellow. The flesh is white, odorless, bitter in taste.
gall fungus
The bile conditionally poisonous mushroom is called mustard for its bitter taste. Even worms do not risk eating it. Gallbladder is one of the most dangerous fungi for human health. Its use will not cause death, but will cause tremendous damage to the liver and other internal organs.
At the first sign of poisoning, medical advice is required. After the danger has passed, it is necessary to review the diet and observe a sparing regimen for the liver. The recovery period will take some time, depending on the age of the victim.
Irina Selyutina (Biologist):
Gall, or false porcini mushroom, or mustard, in appearance resembles a boletus. However, unlike it, it is inedible due to its bitter taste. Cooking (even for a long time) does not relieve the mushroom of bitterness, on the contrary, it even intensifies.
A careful study of the "appearance" immediately in the forest will allow you to distinguish bitter from real edible mushrooms:
- The spongy hymenophore is colored pink or dirty pink.
- The pulp is fibrous.
- The presence of a characteristic brown mesh on the leg.
- The flesh on the cut will immediately begin to change its color (turns pink or reddens).
Some recommend licking the flesh of the "suspect", but this is best left as a last resort, because. it contains toxins that are easily absorbed into the blood (even with a simple touch to the pulp) and destroy the liver.
A brown-orange hat, 10 cm in diameter, is tightly attached to a cream-red leg. This is another doppelgänger. You can distinguish them by cutting the fruiting body. On the cut, bitterness becomes pink, grows near birches, oaks, pines.
Useful properties of poisonous basiomycetes
Interesting Facts:
- most of these representatives are used as raw materials for the manufacture of medicines;
- fly agaric red was used by the ancient Vikings before entering into battle to reduce sensitivity to pain;
- inedible are eaten after a long special treatment;
- it is impossible to destroy the poisonous representatives of the mushroom kingdom, because. they are part of the ecosystem and play an important role in cleansing the environment;
- the most poisonous mushroom in the world is the pale grebe;
- spring representatives are less toxic than those growing in the summer season (information refers to conditionally poisonous specimens);
- the benefit of poisonous basiomycetes lies in the ability to use an extract from them in agriculture, to create fungicides that prevent the spread of pests and fungal diseases.
Every mushroom picker should have a reminder: "do not take mushrooms that you do not know." You should carefully choose the place of collection: the basidiomycetes collected near the highway are especially toxic. The mushroom picking season begins in May-June and lasts until the first frost (depending on the region where the mushroom picker lives). Many poisonous varieties are easy to recognize by cutting the fruiting body.
mushroom poisoning
As a rule, toxins are quickly absorbed into the skin and can cause irritation. Fans of "quiet hunting" should always have a table containing a description of all basidiomycetes with them. If you experience symptoms of mushroom poisoning, call an ambulance and do first aid.
Providing first aid at home:
- induce vomiting;
- let the patient drink plenty of water with absorbents: activated charcoal or Enterosgel, the dosage is calculated based on body weight.
Spring is the time when mushroom pickers bring their goods to the shelves. The time of appearance of the first mushrooms is the beginning of May. Our republic is rich in mushroom places. Residents of the Issyk-Kul, Naryn, Chui regions during the season are happy to harvest various types of mushrooms for future use: champignons, milk mushrooms, honey agarics, butterflies, chanterelles, pigs, bruises.
FOR REFERENCE: Mushrooms are mysterious organisms, and scientists still have not come to a consensus about whether they refer to plants or animals. Apparently, mushrooms represent an independent kingdom of nature, which arose independently of plants and animals. Mushrooms, as well as plants and animals, are constant companions of man, obligatory participants in his life. Mushrooms are a very valuable food product. They have a high content of vitamins - A, B, D, PP. Mushrooms are rich in compounds of phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, zinc, copper, etc. Mushrooms contain easily digestible proteins - from 5 to 28%. Fresh mushrooms are healthier than onions, carrots, cabbage; more nutritious than eggs and chicken meat. Mushrooms are not only tasty, but also nutritious. In the people they are called forest bread, forest vegetable.
Mass poisoning with mushrooms prompted us to seek an explanation - how to distinguish edible species from poisonous ones - to a specialist of the Biological and Soil Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, candidate biological sciences Svetlana Leonidovna Prikhodko. She told us about the value of this product and warned against the possibility of poisoning.
The world of hat mushrooms is rich and diverse. How many mushroom treasures nature provides, especially forests. No wonder people say: flowers are the children of the sun, mushrooms are pets of the forest twilight. About 2100 of their species are currently known in Kyrgyzstan. Conventionally, they are divided into micromycetes and macromycetes. Macromycetes - a group of higher fungi with large fruiting bodies various shapes. They are represented by 286 species.
In our forests and steppes, there are 28 species of edible cap mushrooms. But few mushroom pickers know more than 10-15 species. All the rest are "toadstools" for them. But without knowledge of the species, it is impossible to understand the mushroom riches. Recently, the demand for mushrooms has increased. Due to the difficult socio-economic situation, the population uses them not only as a high-calorie product, but also as an object of profit. Currently, a large number of wild-growing mushrooms are sold in the markets of the city. There is no strict control over their quality. It is possible that among the edible species there may be poisonous ones, which, according to outward signs very similar to edible. Some of the edible mushrooms are not palatable and are not usually harvested.
The most popular in spring, in April-May, is the white "steppe" mushroom, which is harvested along the foothills and on Susamyr. Mushrooms are also very famous, which are found everywhere: in fields, gardens, vegetable gardens, forests, meadows.
Several types of champignons grow in Kyrgyzstan: field, ordinary, forest and poisonous. At the same time, the blue leg (or bruise) grows abundantly.
Morels are less popular. They are poisonous when fresh, but it has been proven that poisonous properties disappear completely when boiled and dried. Currently, they are harvested in large quantities and exported.
On the foothills in the mountain forests the height mushroom season occurs in the second half of summer. The most popular among the inhabitants of Northern Kyrgyzstan is white podgruzok, growing in spruce forests. Residents call it - mushrooms and harvest for salting and pickling. Spruce camelina is also found there, in terms of taste - a mushroom of the first category. In birch groves, along the floodplains of the rivers, the common boletus grows. Autumn mushrooms are found on trunks and stumps. In pine plantations, in the middle mountains - boletus. Less known in the forests are various types of russula with fragile pink, greenish, gray hats, volushki, etc.
There are few poisonous mushrooms, but they are very dangerous. The most poisonous - pale grebe - was discovered only once in 1962. More common is poisonous champignon, which has an unpleasant pharmaceutical smell of carbolic acid. It grows in the same places as the edible types of mushrooms and can be the cause of poisoning. Poisonous are also gray-yellow false honey agaric (similar to autumn honey agaric) and false raincoats (similar to raincoats). Thus, mushrooms are similar to widespread species, and an inexperienced mushroom picker can confuse them. Such mushrooms are called twin mushrooms.
Mushrooms are quite sensitive to environmental changes, quickly accumulate harmful substances in fruiting bodies. Therefore, even edible ones become toxic if collected in ecologically hazardous regions. There is such a problem in the Chui valley. There are annual mushroom poisonings, even with a fatal outcome.
FOR REFERENCE: In order to prevent mass mushroom poisoning, the Department of Disease Prevention and Expertise of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic appeals to the population with a request to comply with the following rules:
- collect mushrooms that you know well;
- do not taste unfamiliar mushrooms;
- never eat overripe, slimy, flabby, wormy and spoiled mushrooms;
- do not pick mushrooms even known to be edible within the city near highways, industrial enterprises;
- do not purchase mushrooms from random persons in places of spontaneous trade.
At the first sign of poisoning, you must immediately call an ambulance, or send the victim to the hospital.
At the same time, it is important to provide first aid.
First you need to clean the stomach and intestines of the patient from food containing poison. To do this, the victim is advised to drink as much boiled water with soda as possible (one teaspoon of soda per 0.5 liter of water). This procedure must be repeated several times, then give a laxative, put the patient to bed and apply a heating pad to the legs.
Before examination by a doctor, the patient should not eat. Any alcoholic beverages are strictly contraindicated, alcohol promotes the absorption of toxic substances by the body. The remains of the mushrooms that caused the poisoning must be kept for examination.
Doctors emphasize that late treatment for poisoning poisonous mushrooms in most cases unsuccessfully.
The deterioration of the ecological situation, pollution of the soil and atmosphere cause depletion of the species composition and a decrease in the fruiting of higher fungi. Edible mushrooms are harvested in large sizes for sale in the markets. The collection of mushrooms mainly occurs in a barbaric way. This can lead to a reduction in numbers or their disappearance.
Another group of fungi that does not have nutritional value, is distinguished by its unusualness: they have a decorative unusual shape, big sizes And bright color. They are subjected to frivolous destruction. Such species are rare. Four species of such mushrooms are included in the second edition of the Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic.
But it should be remembered that mushrooms are a valuable food product. They contain many useful for the human body. nutrients. In total, there are 54 types of edible mushrooms, they are divided into 4 categories according to their nutritional value.
The first category, the highest, includes white mushroom, real breast, real camelina. To the second - butter dish, champignons, white load and yellow breast (11 species are named in total). The largest number of species belongs to the third category - 28, including morels, common chanterelle, boletus, russula, volnushka, aspen mushroom, etc. The fourth category includes mushrooms with coarse pulp - violin, serushka, smooth, black podgruzdok. With proper collection, preparation and storage, they can be used as useful product nutrition.
REFERENCE: Mushrooms can be used fresh (in soups, in fried etc.), as well as salted, dried or pickled, and certain types usually correspond to certain uses. For example, porcini mushroom, boletus, butterdish can be consumed fresh, dried, pickled. Milk mushrooms, volnushki and others that have a pungent taste are suitable only for salting, since the causticity disappears only when salting.
MAIN MISTAKE ABOUT MUSHROOMS
1. Mushrooms are very easy to get poisoned. Not true! If you collect only those mushrooms that you are sure of and process them correctly, poisoning is excluded. You can only get poisoned by canned mushrooms, but you can just as easily get poisoned, for example, by canned eggplant.
2. There are no poisonous mushrooms in our mountains. Not true! So far, 11 species have been identified, but it is difficult to say how many will be added during the season. LOOK
3. An onion thrown into a decoction with mushrooms, in the presence of poisonous mushrooms, darkens. Not true! As an experiment, pale grebes and fly agaric were cooked. The bulb did not change color.
4. It rained, the next day it's time for mushrooms. Not true! Mushrooms, depending on the temperature, need 2-5 days to grow.
5. Mushrooms must be cut with a knife almost under the hat, so as not to damage the mycelium. Not true! Mushrooms must be twisted, and then cut off the excess from them with a knife. The mushroom picker is much deeper so that it can be harmed.
6. The more rain, the more mushrooms. Partially not true. Mushrooms, in addition to moisture, need heat. Rain is good, but if it pours without ceasing, then the mycelium will not develop due to excessive moisture.
7. If there is no rain, there are no mushrooms. Partially not true. In our mountains, mushrooms can be found a month and a half after the last rain. Only in this case they are few.
8. If the mushrooms are soaked, then worms will come out of them. Not true! Spider bugs can get out of the plates, but the worms will not go anywhere. They can only come out when dry!
COLLECTION RULES:
1. Collect mushroom species, only well-known ones.
2. Do not break out fruiting bodies with mycelium from the soil. It is necessary to use a knife, carefully cut off the leg.
3. Do not trample the mycelium.
4. Do not tear the forest floor.
Only our careful attitude will guarantee the fruiting and preservation of mushrooms for many years. We would like to emphasize that only the scientists of the Biology and Soil Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic are engaged in the study of fungal species.
