In the modern world, large and even. Global problems of mankind and ways to solve them. Weakening of representative democracy

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Why in the modern world, where there is everything to meet the needs, and even more, people continue to feel miserable? This issue is now being considered at the state level, and some countries, such as the UAE and Bhutan, have appointed happiness ministers. Europe and Russia are seriously considering repeating this experience. Technology is developing too fast, life is accelerating, and we simply do not have time to adapt to everything. But there is always a way out.

We are in website also decided to figure out what prevents us from being happy and how to deal with it.

1. Abundance of choice

Modern civilization has rewarded us with many benefits and freedom of choice. We tend to believe that great variety brings more satisfaction, but paradoxically, abundance limits our freedom of choice.

Sociologist Barry Schwartz, in his book The Paradox of Choice, writes that daily decision-making is becoming increasingly tricky business because there are so many alternatives. Having to constantly choose can be debilitating, time-consuming and challenging to question any of our decisions before they are even made. Ultimately, all this can lead to irritation, stress, and even severe depression.

What to do?

• Realize that for the most part choice is an illusion. When you're racking your brains in the store over which of 10 chocolates to choose, 8 of them are likely to be made in the same factory.
• Follow your habits. Instead of trying dozens of toothpastes, settle on the one that's right for you in terms of price, quality, and features.
• Do not question decisions taken. Ask loved ones to support you to build your self-confidence.

2. Information overload

The Internet has given us access to almost any information, but the problem is that most of it is useless. Internet founder Tim Berners-Lee said in an open letter that World Wide Web lies spread faster than the truth, because resources earn on clicks, which means that they are interested in making the most provocative and shocking (and therefore fictional or embellished) materials that come across to the eyes of users as much as possible. In addition, information garbage overloads our brain, which leads to fatigue and neurological disorders.

What to do?

• Do not subscribe to sites that are similar to each other. Information on them may be duplicated, as a result, you will spend time watching repetitions or similar materials.
• Do not leave your contact details anywhere: this way you will protect yourself from unnecessary spam. If they still call you, then ask to be removed from the database, referring to the law on non-disclosure of personal data.

3. Gadgets

It makes no sense to explain how gadgets have simplified our lives. But they also added problems to us - from a banal deterioration in vision to a serious addiction. In addition, scientists from the University of Texas at Austin believe that the daily use of a smartphone impairs mental abilities and depresses the psyche. Today we can no longer imagine our life without a phone and a computer. Instead of using them for their intended purpose, we hide in gadgets, in the world of the Internet and virtual reality. We replace the natural with the artificial and therefore feel miserable.

What to do?

• Try to use gadgets less often. Writer Daniel Seeberg devoted an entire book to this idea called "Digital Diet", where he shared exercises and rules that help stop using gadgets by inertia. For example, he advises declaring the bedroom a phone-free place and using a regular alarm clock.
• Turn off audio messages: this way you will be less likely to be distracted and reduce the temptation to pick up your phone.
• Keep order in e-mail, messages, on pages in social networks.

4. Fast paced life

The speed of life is only increasing every year. In order to respond quickly, we must constantly be on our toes and be efficient. But, on the other hand, if you accelerate too much, you can fly into a ditch through a nervous breakdown, catch a disease, and earn professional burnout. Today, time is the most valuable currency. Therefore, we shorten words, meet only on business, and perceive multitasking as a work norm.

What to do?

• Schedule 10-15 minutes a day to meditate or just contemplate. You can look at the fish in the aquarium or how the candle burns. This will help you slow down and clear your head.
• Try to replace multitasking with step-by-step planning whenever possible. Scientists from Stanford University consider this option to organize the day the most effective.

5. Consumer society

The concept of consumption for Lately changed dramatically: we no longer fix things, but change. Sociologist Erich Fromm believed that many modern people do not live in the full sense of the word - they try to expand their world through the acquisition of things, and their life is reduced to a race for possession. Even when a person gets an education, he wants to have a diploma, not knowledge and experience. He has no understanding of how he himself exists in this world and what is the meaning of his life path.

Fashion changes every season, new, more perfect things are released daily, updates and additions to them - hourly. In the pursuit of things, a person loses himself and the ability to adequately analyze his needs.

Geopolitical rivalry, economic inequality, climate change and the rollback of democracy - these problems, despite their heterogeneity, will be the main ones for humanity next year, more than 1.5 thousand experts of the World Economic Forum came to this conclusion. Their analysis is presented in the annual Outlook on the Global Agenda 2015 report.

The WEF conducted the first such study in 2008. In 2015, the impact of the economic consequences of the global financial crisis, which for several years remained key for many countries, will somewhat decrease, notes the founder of the Davos Forum, Klaus Schwab. Now stability is threatened by political challenges - the growth of the terrorist threat and the aggravation of geopolitical conflicts, and this, in turn, prevents countries from jointly solving pressing problems.

Growing inequality

The problem of income inequality in 2015 will come out on top (a year ago, the WEF put it in second position). At the moment, the less wealthy half of the population owns no more than 10% of the total wealth, and this problem extends to both developed and developing countries, the authors of the report note. According to a WEF survey, the situation is most likely to worsen over the next year in Asia, as well as in North and Latin America.

For effective fight With economic inequality, countries should approach the solution of this problem in a complex way - to increase the availability of education, healthcare and other resources. Most people assume that the main responsibility in this regard lies with the state, but corporations can also share it, since business itself benefits from income growth for the poor. So the number of consumers and the market for goods and services is growing.

Unceasing rise in unemployment

Economic growth without employment growth (jobless growth) - a phenomenon in which the level of employment does not change (and even decreases) in combination with GDP growth. The main reason for this problem, the authors call too rapid transformation of the labor market due to the development of technology.

The problem is familiar even to China: the country has experienced unprecedented growth in production and exports and has increased the competitiveness of its products, but the number of industrial workers has declined significantly over the past 20 years due to high rates of industrialization and automation. This is a long-term trend that will be observed worldwide, the WEF points out.

Lack of Leaders

According to the WEF survey, 86% of respondents believe that the modern world lacks leaders, 58% do not trust political leaders, and almost the same number (56%) are distrustful of religious leaders.

Corruption, the banal dishonesty of government and the inability to cope with modern problems are the main reasons for this distrust, according to Pew Research Center polls conducted in China, Brazil and India. On the other hand, society is increasingly inclined to trust non-governmental organizations and, oddly enough, business leaders who have succeeded due to their ability, education and the desire to innovate.

Leaders in today's world can grow out of "ordinary people," said Yusufzai Shiza Shaheed, one of the co-founders of the Malala Foundation, referring to her friend Malala, who was awarded this year Nobel Prize world for educational and human rights activities. "We must promote the development of a society where honesty and empathy will be considered key features, where talents will have the opportunity to develop Shahid explains. - This will give strength to the most ordinary people."

Growing geopolitical competition

After graduation cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world temporarily came to a liberal consensus, but today geopolitics is again coming to the fore, the WEF notes. The growth of geopolitical competition is not limited to the events in Ukraine; similar processes are unfolding in Asia and the Middle East.

As a result of the Ukrainian crisis, the West may be economically and politically moving away from Russia, which until recently was considered the guarantor of regional stability and peace, the authors of the report point out. And the situation in the Asian region - the growth of China's influence and its territorial claims - could potentially have more serious global consequences, writes the WEF. About a third of the Pew Research Center survey participants believe that in the foreseeable future, China will seize the palm of the world's leading power from the United States.

In addition to the threat of geopolitical conflicts, the weakening of established ties between states will prevent them from jointly solving global problems, such as climate change or infectious epidemics. The rise of nationalist sentiments and the destruction of the system of multilateral relations between countries should become one of the key lessons 2014, according to WEF experts.

Weakening of representative democracy

Faith in democratic institutions has been declining since 2008: the economic crisis has eroded confidence in both business and the governments that failed to prevent it. This provoked popular unrest, for example, in Greece and Spain, and political protests have become firmly on the global agenda in recent years. "Arab spring" affected almost all countries North Africa and the Middle East, discontent political regimes exacerbated the situation in Ukraine and Hong Kong, in Brazil, protests over excessive public spending accompanied the preparations for this year's World Cup and Olympic Games which will take place in 2016.

Although the development information technologies allows to significantly improve democratic procedures, discord is observed throughout the world between citizens and their elected officials. Governments are still 19th century institutions with a 20th century mindset that cannot keep up with the needs of civil society. To change the current situation, officials must use modern facilities communications to include wider sections of the population in the decision-making process, according to WEF experts.

Increasing natural disasters

Extreme weather conditions are a direct consequence of climate change, WEF experts say, and recently they have become more frequent and more intense and more destructive. Floods in the UK, Brazil and Indonesia, droughts in the US and Australia, heavy rains in Pakistan and snowstorms in Japan are all changing public perceptions of climate change.

Ironically, it is the people of the poorest countries who suffer the most destruction, and global community, as a rule, tries to help them eliminate the consequences of disasters that have already occurred, instead of investing in preventing damage from future disasters. These are significant expenses, the effect of which will be noticeable only in the long term. However, they will benefit both the economies of countries and businesses, and, undoubtedly, the poorest and most vulnerable nations, the authors of the report explain.

Escalation of nationalism

Since the Industrial Revolution, people have turned to political nationalism to protect traditional values ​​and identities. Catalonia in Spain, Belgium, Lombardy, Scotland in the UK - everywhere people demand protection from economic shocks and social conflicts and globalization, which threaten to disrupt established traditions, values ​​​​and ways of life.

Nevertheless, the Scots voted to remain part of the United Kingdom. Perhaps this rejection of separatism will demonstrate that in the new global world nations can combine strong and vibrant personality traits with a desire for closer cooperation with the rest of the world, WEF experts hope, because we are talking not only about the coexistence of nations within the framework of one state, but also about functioning as part of an integrated global economy.

Deterioration of access to drinking water

Difficulties with access to drinking water in various countries may be the result of both financial and resource factors, notes one of the WEF experts, actor Matt Damon, who is one of the founders of charitable organization Water.org. In India, millions of people are separated from clean drinking water only a few dollars, the actor explains, while in Africa and Asia it simply does not exist. For more than 750 million people in the world, the lack of drinking water is a pressing problem today, complains Damon, and, according to experts from the OECD, by 2030 almost 1.5 billion people will experience "water stress".

Meanwhile, according to a World Bank report, about 50% of the current gap between economic growth rates in developing and developed countries ah is made up of health problems and low life expectancy. States should spend more on maintaining the health of their citizens, and subsequently this will certainly affect the economic well-being of the country, WEF experts point out. As an example, they cite the ever-increasing spending on health care in China, including biomedical research, which is increasing by 20-25% annually. Pretty soon, China will spend more than the US (in absolute terms) on this direction. The Chinese believe that these investments contribute to the construction of the country's economy, and the WEF agrees with this.

Environmental pollution in developing countries

Industrialization developing world remains a source of uncontrolled environmental pollution, WEF experts note. If on a global scale this problem is in sixth place in terms of importance, then for Asia this challenge is one of the three most serious. China became and continues to be the top source of greenhouse gas in 2005, followed by the United States and the European Union, according to data from the World Resources Institute. Brazil and India are next on the list of the biggest polluters.

While the primary responsibility for reducing emissions lies with the developing countries themselves, developed economies must also bear the responsibility for overcoming this problem. On the one hand, they must invest in the creation of new technologies with low level use of hydrocarbons, on the other hand, to provide developing countries with financing that will ensure the transition to cleaner energy sources.

The word "creative" used to be synonymous with "disorganized." Today we want to see a person creative and free-thinking, we admire when a non-standard approach is found to a task.

There are two methods for solving problems:

• Analytical- you select solutions, and then determine which one is correct.
• Intuitive (Insight method)- the solution comes to your mind ready-made.

It's hard to go beyond when trying to solve a problem analytically, but insight is the best way to do it.

Scientists have checked Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions both methods and found that the insight method gave more correct answers than analysis. Brain scan showed The Origins of Insight in Resting-State Brain Activity: in people who solve problems in this way, the anterior cingulate gyrus is activated. This area monitors conflicts between brain regions and allows you to identify opposing strategies. With its help, a person can see non-obvious ways to solve a problem and direct attention to them.

In addition, during epiphanies, people noted more scattered attention. It allows you to see the whole without focusing on the specific.

Scattered attention is typical for a person in a relaxed state and high spirits. You are not fully focused on the task, but you are not in the clouds either. Perhaps that is why most insights come to people in, for example, in the bathroom. If you have such an insight, with it will come the confidence that the decision is correct. And, judging by the scientific data, he should be trusted.

No matter what method of problem solving you use, you do it better than your not-so-distant ancestors.

We are smarter than people who lived 100 years ago

Since 1930, IQ test scores have been on the rise. The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis by three points every decade. This trend is called the Flynn effect, after the professor who discovered it, James Flynn.

This pattern has several reasons:

• The quality of life has increased. The nutrition of pregnant women and babies has improved, the number of children in the family has decreased. Now people are investing in the development and education of their children until they graduate from the university.
• Education has improved.
• The nature of work has changed. Mental labor, as a rule, is valued and paid more than physical labor.
• The cultural environment has changed. In today's world, people get much more incentives for brain development: books, the Internet, a variety of communication, not limited to where they live.
• People are used to questions from IQ tests. Since childhood, we have been able to solve such problems and use abstract thinking, so we do it better.

We are much more fortunate than our grandparents, but our children will not necessarily be smarter. Already in developed European countries an anti-effect was discovered The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review Flynn: after the 2000s, the growth of intelligence stopped and even began to decline.

Scientists suggest that the impact of the environment has reached its peak: there is simply nowhere better. People already eat well, have one or two children, and go to school until the age of 16-23. They cannot have fewer children or study longer, so it is not surprising that intelligence has stopped growing.

We have become better at solving problems on paper, but does this affect real life? After all, a person is not a machine, and mistakes often come from an incorrect assessment of information and the characteristics of our perception.

We lack critical thinking

People tend to make mistakes and see only one side of the problem. One example of this kind of thinking is the availability heuristic, where a person evaluates the frequency and possibility of an event by the ease with which examples come to mind.

Using this method, we rely on our memory and do not take into account real statistics. For example, a person is afraid to die from a terrorist attack or a tornado, but does not even think about a heart attack or. Just because TV shows more high-profile cases.

Anchor effect can be attributed to such errors. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases when people's decisions are influenced by arbitrary data obtained from the environment. This effect is well demonstrated by the experiment of psychologist Daniel Kahneman. The subjects were asked to spin a wheel of fortune, on which the number 10 or 65 randomly fell out. After that, the participants had to estimate the percentage African countries within the UN. People who saw 10 on the wheel always said a lower number than those who got 65, even though they knew it was completely unrelated.

The likes follow us everywhere. Learning to notice them is very important, especially in today's world, where fake news and myths are pouring in from all sides.

To avoid falling victim to illusions, learn to question all information, choose reliable sources, and evaluate your beliefs from time to time, even if they seem to be the only true ones.

Also, for the development of critical thinking it is useful to communicate with a wide range of people. Usually we are drawn to those who share our views. But to develop the habit of critical thinking, we need people we know who disagree with us. They will throw up a lot of topics for reflection and, perhaps, make us reconsider our beliefs.

The global problems of our time are considered from two different angles: the security of man and the planet. That is why more and more difficulties arise in the harmonious existence of people on Earth without harm. outside world. In order to realistically assess the criticality and need for urgent changes in life, we suggest reading an article that describes the problems of modernity and possible options their decisions.

The main global problems of our time

Increasingly, news releases shock people with horrific statistics about violence, accidents, emissions into the atmosphere, the depletion of earth's resources and the approach of a global catastrophe. When robots with artificial intelligence are engaged in developed countries, some nationalities disappear from the face of the Earth due to lack of medical care and clean water.

People have ruined the environment so much that in order to restore balance, you need to take a number of difficult decisions which will be massive. One person cannot change the whole world, but imagine if 7 billion people want to help each other at the same time.

For such cases, there are many organizations that look at the global problems of humanity and how you can contribute to solving them.

Consider the main problems:

• Food security.

The number of hungry people in the world has increased significantly over the past few years. Every ninth person in the world usually goes hungry and, as a result, suffers from nutritional deficiencies. At first glance, it may seem that the problem is the lack of processed food, but this opinion is erroneous. People simply do not have enough money to buy healthy food.

• Health problem.

In addition to malnutrition, there are many other problems affecting human health on a global scale. In the past, the focus of scientists and health organizations has been on infectious diseases: hepatitis, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. Expanding access to clean water and improved sanitation education have led to a reduction in the spread of transmissible diseases worldwide. However, this does not mean that efforts to improve sanitation should be abandoned.

Currently, the global medical community is engaged in the study of non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Infectious diseases now kill 70% of people, and low-income countries are the hardest hit. This problem is pronounced in Thailand, South Africa, Mexico and India.

• The need for gender equality.

The next problem arose in connection with the historical conditions that built social barriers to women's economic and personal freedom. Despite the fact that many efforts have been made to alleviate this problem, it has not been completely eradicated.

In many patriarchal countries, women are deprived of their rights from an early age. They are not allowed to go to school, they are not allocated finances for higher education and believe that a woman should stay at home. As a result, women still earn less than men. Such inequality leads to a waste of potential and hinders cultural and technological progress. Unprotected women are increasingly victims of violence and aggression.

• African needs.

A series of alarming UN statistics point to the urgent need for Africa's humanitarian support. The region has the highest child mortality and the number of people living with HIV in the world. It has the highest rates of stunting among children, the largest number road traffic deaths and the lowest literacy rates. The birth rate in Africa is increasing, but more people are suffering from these problems every day.

• Global environmental problems.

There are three main environmental issues listed by the UN. These include threats to terrestrial and underwater habitats, climate change and resource depletion. According to UN statistics, forests are being depleted at a rate of 13 million hectares every year.

Most of the planet is covered with water. The oceans absorb carbon dioxide and produce about 30% of oxygen. Despite its importance, the ocean is under threat. Overfishing threatens the extinction of many species.

• Global problems of the world requiring political solutions.

These include safe use nuclear technology, compliance international law and peace, promoting the decolonization of countries and ensuring the effective functioning of democracies. The main threat to human life is the person himself. The world is constantly shuddering from the results of terrorist attacks, wars, testing of new weapons and migrations. In pursuit of new lands, politicians and aggressors destroy thousands human lives and deplete natural resources.

Global problems require global action. When it comes to solving major social problems using innovation, new business models or global agreements, many experts agree that the success of the solution is purely political, not technical.

Ways to solve global problems of the world

The UN has produced a report called Millennium Development Goals, which is an important reminder that change is possible when we act. Here are 10 highlights from the report:

• From 1990 to 2015, more than 1 billion people were lifted out of extreme poverty. The poverty rate in developing countries fell from 47% to a projected 14%.
• Number of children younger school age out of school has almost halved since 2000, from 100 million in 2000 to 57 million.
• Since 1990, child mortality has more than halved. In 1990, 12.7 million children under the age of 5 died. In 2018, this number dropped to 6 million.
• Maternal mortality has decreased by 45% since 1990.
• Between 2000 and 2013, new HIV infections fell by 40%.
• Between 2000 and 2015, more than 6.2 million malaria deaths were averted, mostly among children under 5 years of age.
• Since 1990, 2.6 billion people have gained access to an improved source of drinking water.
• The number of hungry people in developing regions has almost halved from 23.3% in 1990-1992 to 12.9% in 2016.
• Here are possible solutions to the actual problems of mankind.

The problem of peace and war can be solved in the following ways:

• control over the manufacture of weapons;
• a ban on the use nuclear weapons and its alternatives;
• careful control of the arms trade and smuggling;
• harsh sanctions for aggressor countries.

By adhering to these elementary conditions, it is possible to significantly reduce the number of victims and the consequences of military operations.

To avoid an ecological catastrophe it is necessary:

• enhanced protection of endangered organisms;
• optimal use of resources from the local to the global level;
• measures to protect the environment from the impact of factories, plants and other enterprises;
• prohibition of experiments on animals;
• creation of new reserves.

The demographic problem will be helped by a series of actions aimed at gender equality, protecting women from violence and free access to general education anywhere in the world.

It is possible to avoid the shortage of fuel and raw materials by introducing alternative sources of energy and heat. One of the main obstacles to this is the high cost of energy processing equipment.

The problem of hunger should be tried to solve in this way:

• expansion of land for cultivation and farming, and not for concrete development;
• creation of new lakes and pastures;
• automation of small farming business and financing of enterprises engaged in cultivation natural products nutrition.

The waters of the oceans are also in urgent need of rescue. For this you need:

• definition of clear areas for fishing, oil production;
• replacement of port equipment that makes emissions into the ocean waters;
• strict control over the level of water purity and intensive actions for its purification;
• ejection ban nuclear waste and chemical weapons.

Also, do not forget about the rules for maintaining cleanliness outside the planet when researching outer space.

One of the main problems is the difference in the development of many countries. Technology, automation, the level of education and medicine are so different that it further reduces the possibility of a peaceful existence of peoples. The only solution to this problem is to help lagging countries and support them at the international level.

The problems of humanity are increasing in number every day. This happens for a number of reasons, in the center of which is a person. Wars, garbage disposal, industrial enterprises, the creation of new types of chemical and nuclear weapons, deforestation and water pollution - the scale of destruction that man brings to the planet is becoming terrifying. To avoid a catastrophe and save resources for the life of descendants, every inhabitant of the Earth must be involved.

At the present stage of the development of civilization, as never before, questions arose, without the solution of which the further progressive movement of mankind along the path of economic progress is impossible. Despite the fact that it is only a part of universal human activity, from its development in the XXI century. the problems of security and preservation of peace are more dependent, natural environment and, as well as moral, religious and philosophical values.

The significance of global problems especially increased in the second half of the 20th century. It is they who significantly affect the structure of the national and. Historically, the world economy as a whole has developed by the beginning of the twentieth century. as a result of the involvement in world economic relations of most of the countries of the world. By this time it was finished territorial division of the world, the world economy has formed two poles. At one pole were industrialized countries, and on the other - their colonies - agricultural raw material appendages. The latter were drawn into long before the establishment of national markets there. The involvement of these countries in world economic relations actually took place not in connection with the needs of their own development, but was a product of the expansion of industrialized countries. The world economy formed in this way, even after the independence of the former colonies, on long years preserved the relationship between center and periphery. This is where the current global problems and contradictions originate.

As a rule, huge material and financial resources are required to solve global problems. The main criteria for classifying a particular problem as a global one is considered to be its scale and the need for joint efforts to eliminate it.

Global problems- discrepancies between the most significant planetary needs and the possibility of their satisfaction by the joint efforts of mankind in a certain period of time.

Examples of global problems of the world

Global problems of mankind These are problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require the joint efforts of all states of the world for their solution.

IN modern conditions global issues include:

Other global problems are also emerging.

Classification of global problems

Exceptional difficulties and high costs for solving global problems require their reasonable classification.

According to their origin, nature and ways of solving global problems, according to the classification adopted by international organizations, they are divided into three groups. first group constitute problems determined by the main socio-economic and political tasks of mankind. These include the preservation of peace, the cessation of the arms race and disarmament, the non-militarization of outer space, the creation of favorable conditions for world social progress, and overcoming the developmental lag in countries with low per capita incomes.

Second group covers a complex of problems revealed in the triad "man - society - technology". These problems should take into account the effectiveness of the use of scientific and technical progress in the interests of a harmonious social development and liquidation negative impact technology per person, population growth, the assertion of human rights in the state, its release from excessively increased control state institutions, especially over personal freedom as an essential component of human rights.

Third group represented by problems associated with socio-economic processes and the environment, i.e., the problems of relations along the line of society - nature. This includes solving the raw materials, energy and food problems, overcoming the environmental crisis, covering more and more new areas and capable of destroying human life.

End of XX and beginning of XXI centuries led to the development of a number of local, specific issues of development of countries and regions into the category of global ones. However, it should be recognized that internationalization played a decisive role in this process.

The number of global problems is growing, in separate publications recent years called more than twenty problems of our time, but most authors identify four main global problems: environmental, peacekeeping and disarmament, demographic, fuel and raw materials.

The scale, place and role of individual global problems are changing. Ecological problem has now come out on top, although until recently it had been replaced by the struggle for the preservation of peace and disarmament. Changes are also taking place within global problems: some of their components lose their former significance and new ones appear. Thus, in the problem of the struggle for peace and disarmament, the main emphasis began to be placed on the reduction of weapons of mass destruction, the non-proliferation weapons of mass, development and implementation of measures for the conversion of military production; in the fuel and raw material problem, there is a real possibility that a number of non-renewable natural resources, and in the demographic - new tasks have arisen associated with a significant expansion of international migration of the population, labor resources, etc.

It's obvious that global problems are closely interconnected. For example, the severity of the food problem is exacerbated by the outpacing growth of population compared to the growth of agricultural production in many developing countries. To solve the food problem, it is necessary to use the resource potential of industrialized countries or international organizations developing and implementing special programs help. Consideration of the impact of global problems on the formation of the world economy requires their detailed analysis and assessment from the standpoint of both individual countries and the world community as a whole. Features of the world development of the second half
20th century consist in the fact that it has become a constant factor influencing all spheres of economic activity. Economic activity has spread to such territories and to such spheres that were previously not accessible to man (the World Ocean, the polar zones, outer space, etc.).

Accelerated development of productive forces, systematic nature and global scale technical progress, if not supported by a perfect management mechanism, can lead to irreversible negative consequences. In particular, the unevenness in economic development between countries will increase even more, the gap between the levels of material and spiritual culture of mankind will increase, there will be an imbalance in the biosphere, environmental degradation can lead to the impossibility of life on Earth.

This food crisis requires the development of a joint international strategy for the production, redistribution and consumption of food. Even with the current methods of tillage, according to the calculations of British experts, it is possible to provide food for more than 10 billion people. All this indicates an extremely unproductive use of cultivated land.

Solving the problem of developing countries requires overcoming their economic and scientific and technological backwardness, and this is associated with the evolution of the economic space, which will lead to radical socio-economic transformations, the elimination of backward forms of land use and the rise Agriculture based on the introduction of scientific methods of its management.

In this situation, Russia and the countries should pay attention first of all to preserving and increasing the potential of fertile agricultural lands, increasing the productivity of agricultural production, as well as systems for storing and distributing products.

The problem of military spending

After graduation Second World War gigantic efforts are being made by the world community to preserve peace and disarmament. However, humanity still spends huge amounts of money on weapons. Military spending hinders economic and technological development, increases and contributes to inflation, distracts people and from solving pressing social problems, increases external debt, and has a negative impact on international relationships and their stability.

The negative impact of military spending on the economic development of the country can be long-term. Excessive military spending of the past years is a heavy burden on countries with a low level of development of the economic space, which include many developing countries at the present stage of the world economy.

At the same time, zones of regional and local conflicts have arisen and are expanding, provoking external interference, all in more using military force. Participants in such confrontations already possess or in the near future may become possessors of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons. This causes many countries to support high level military spending in their budgets.

At the same time, the reduction of military potential, especially in the largest states, such as Russia, faces many difficult issues, because military-industrial complex represents thousands of businesses and the millions of people who work in them. Besides, world trade weapons is still one of the most profitable types of business, which annually brings our country an income of 3-4 billion dollars.

Under the conditions of economic instability, limitations and lack of the necessary funds, the reduction of the armed forces and disarmament in Russia gives rise to additional economic and social problems. Disarmament and reduction of military production in a number of cases does not lead to the release of funds, but requires significant material and financial resources.

Thus, ensuring security and maintaining peace on the planet is possible with close cooperation between countries, reasonable use of available resources aimed at eliminating the global military threat and nuclear war.

The development of the productive forces of the world economy requires not only a constant influx of material and fuel and energy resources, but also the use of significant monetary and financial resources.

The transformation of the world economy into a single market for goods, services, work force, capital and knowledge leads to a higher stage of internationalization (globalization). The single world market creates a volume of economic space and plays exclusively important role in servicing the restructuring of national economies. At the same time, it can contribute to the deepening of disproportions in the world economy.

Global goals of mankind

The priority global goals of humanity are as follows:

• in the political sphere - reducing the likelihood and in the long term the complete elimination of military conflicts, preventing violence in international relations;
• in the economic and environmental spheres - the development and implementation of resource- and energy-saving technologies, the transition to non-traditional energy sources, the development and widespread use of environmental technologies;
• V social sphere- improving living standards, global efforts to preserve people's health, the creation of a world food supply system;
• in the cultural and spiritual sphere - the restructuring of the mass moral consciousness in accordance with today's realities.

Taking steps towards the realization of these goals constitutes a strategy for the survival of mankind.

Emerging Global Issues

As the world economy develops, new global problems arise and will continue to arise.

In modern conditions, a new, already formed global problem is space exploration. Man's spacewalk was an important impetus for the development of both fundamental science and applied research. Modern communication systems, forecasting of many natural disasters, remote exploration of minerals - this is only a small part of what has become a reality thanks to space flights. At the same time, the scale of financial expenditures necessary for the further exploration of outer space today already exceeds the capabilities of not only individual states, but also groups of countries. Exceptionally expensive components of research are the creation and launch of spacecraft, the maintenance of space stations. Thus, the cost of manufacturing and launching the Progress cargo spacecraft is $22 million, the Soyuz manned spacecraft is $26 million, the Proton spacecraft is $80 million, and the Shuttle space shuttle is $500 million. USD Annual operation of the international space station(ISS) costs about $6 billion.

Enormous capital investments are required for the implementation of projects related to the exploration and prospective development of other planets of the solar system. As a result, the interests of space exploration objectively imply broad interstate cooperation in this area, the development of large-scale international cooperation in the preparation and conduct of space research.

Emerging global problems currently include study of the structure of the Earth and control of weather and climate. Like the exploration of outer space, the solution of these two problems is possible only on the basis of a broad international cooperation. Moreover, the management of weather and climate requires, among other things, the global harmonization of the behavioral norms of economic entities in order to minimize the harmful impact of economic activity on the environment everywhere.