01.12.2021

Cross-country skiing - skiing competitions were included in the program of the Olympic Games. History of ski racing - Winter Olympic Games - Olympic Games History of the development of the Olympic movement of ski racing

History of ski racing.

At the end of the XIX century. skiing competitions began to be held in all countries of the world. Ski specialization in different countries was different. In Norway, cross-country racing, jumping and biathlon have received great development. In Sweden, cross-country racing. In Finland and Russia - racing on flat terrain. In the United States, Scandinavian immigrants contributed to the development of skiing. In Japan, skiing, under the influence of Austrian coaches, received a ski direction.

By analogy with Moscow in 1897. a ski club "Polar Star" is created in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs in other sports. In 1910 ski clubs in Moscow united in the Moscow League of Skiers. The League carried out public management of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season 1909-1910. In Moscow, a record number of competitions were held - eighteen, in which 100 participants performed.

February 7, 1910 12 skiers from Moscow and St. Petersburg competed for the first personal national championship in the 30 km cross-country ski race. Skiers competed at three distances - 30, 60 and 90 km. They performed unsuccessfully, but learned many useful lessons in skiing technique, ski lubrication, and equipment design. In 1918 skiing is included in the number of academic disciplines of the first curriculum of higher physical education.

Currently known types and disciplines of skiing are differentiated into Olympic, non-Olympic and demonstration. Olympic skiing has been included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which have been held since 1924. These include: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding. Non-Olympic events include those exercises on skis that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a type of skiing.

Non-Olympic sports: orienteering, windsurfing, team race of four biathletes, ski ballet or figure skiing, sprint skiing, ski jumping, speed skiing, parallel slalom. In these sports, official world championships, the World Cup, and other international competitions are held.

At the I Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix (France, 1924), skiing was represented by cross-country skiing at a distance of 18 and 50 km, ski jumping and Nordic combined (ski jumping and cross-country skiing). For the first time, Soviet athletes took part in the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortina, Italy. Ampezzo, in 1956 During the years of participation in the Olympic Games, ski racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams of the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) demonstrate an enviable stability of the leader at the highest level.

Modern skiing consists of 39 ski disciplines at the Olympic Games, 26 competitive skiing exercises awaiting Olympic registration, and more than 20 exercises that are approved in the status of a “sport”. Athletics is rightly called the "queen of sports", and the rapidly developing skiing in the retinue of winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested "king of sports".

Many peoples of the world, where skis were actively used, had patrons of skiers in the pantheon of gods. So, for example, in Scandinavia the god Ullr and the goddess Skade are known.

OLYMPIC GAMES

Cross-country skiing competitions for men were included in the program from the 1st Olympic Winter Games of 1924 in Chamonix (France), among women - from the 6th Olympic Winter Games of 1952 in Oslo (Norway). Cross-country skiing became an Olympic sport in 1924 as a men's discipline with two sets of medals - for a distance of 18 and 50 km. Women began to fight for Olympic medals in 1952 (distance - 10 km). In 1988, at the XV Olympic Winter Games in Calgary (Canada), competitions in freestyle cross-country skiing were held for the first time. Mass start and sprint appeared in Salt Lake City (USA) in 2002.

RUSSIA

The first Olympic champion in the history of women's cross-country skiing (in 1956 in Squaw Valley) was the Soviet athlete Lyubov Baranova. The glorious traditions of Russian skiers at different times were supported by Lyubov Egorova (6 Olympic gold medals), Larisa Lazutina (5 Olympic gold medals), Galina Kulakova and Raisa Smetanina (4 Olympic gold medals each) and Elena Vyalbe, a three-time Olympic champion. Throughout the history of the Olympic Games, 42 Soviet and Russian athletes have achieved success in cross-country skiing competitions.

Photo - Sergey Kivrin and Andrey Golovanov

Cross-country skiing is a cyclic winter sport in which they compete in the speed of passing a distance along a specially prepared snow track using cross-country skis and ski poles.

Official competitions are held at distances from 800 m to 50 km.

At the Olympic Winter Games, skiers compete in 12 sports disciplines:

Freestyle 15 km men and 10 km women - skiers leave for the track with an interval of 30 seconds, the one who spends the least time on it wins
Persuit 15 km + 15 km for men and 7.5 km + 7.5 km for women - the first half of the distance is covered by the athletes in the classical style, and the second - in the free style. At the same time, the speed of changing skis directly affects the final result. The one who arrives first wins.
Relay 4x10 km men and 4x5 km women - teams of 4 skiers run 4 stages (1st and 2nd - classical style, and 3rd and 4th stages - free).
Team sprint is a relay race of teams consisting of 2 skiers who each pass 1.5 km three times. The team that reaches the finish line the fastest after 6 stages wins. Competitions are held among men and women.
Classic style - sprint - starting with an interval of 15 seconds, skiers run 1.4-1.6 km (men) or 1.2-1.3 km (women). The first 30 advance to the next round. In the quarter-finals, semi-finals and finals, 6 people start, then the first two and two among those who took 3-4 places go further. Six athletes also remain in the final, between which medals are played.
Freestyle (mass start) 50 km for men and 30 km for women is the longest sport discipline of cross-country skiing at the Olympic Winter Games. Athletes start at the same time, in rows of 7-11 people, the first one to cross the finish line becomes the winner.

SKI RACING - a sport in which athletes need to overcome the competitive distance on skis as quickly as possible.

The International Ski Federation (FIS) was founded in 1924 and unites more than 90 national federations.

In the OWG program since 1924, at first, men competed in 18 and 50 km races, since 1936 a 4x10 km relay race has been added, since 1956 - a 30 km race (in the same year the 18 km race was replaced by a 15 km race), since 1992 - 10 km. Women's competitions since 1952 - in 10 km races, since 1956 a 3x5 km relay is added (from 1976 - 4x5 km), from 1964 - a 5 km race, from 1984 - 20 km, from 1992 - 30 km.

To participate in the OWG, each country can be represented by four participants in each discipline, in the relay race - by one team.

Skiing has become one of the most popular winter sports around the world. There is no sport more democratic, accessible, so closely connected with nature and so useful for a person.

The appearance of skis was due to the need of a person to get food on the hunt in winter and move around the area covered with snow. Skis appeared everywhere where a person lived in a snowy winter. The first skis were walking. One of the latest finds (A.M. Miklyaev, 1982) was found on the territory of the Pskov region. According to experts, this ski is one of the oldest - made about 4300 years ago.

The first written documents on the use of sliding skis date back to the 6th-7th centuries. n. e. The Gothic monk Jordanes in 552, the Greek historians Jordanes in the 6th century, Abel the Deacon in 770. describe the use of skis by Laplanders and Finns in everyday life and hunting. At the end of the 7th century The historian Verefrid gave a detailed description of the skis and their use by the peoples of the North in the hunt for the beast. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to the records of 925. represented by a good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as an accessory for training Norwegian court dignitaries.

The first use of the word "ski" in Rus' refers to the XII century. Metropolitan Nikifor in a letter to the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh uses the word "skis".

The folk epic of the northern countries often represented gods on skis, which was considered one of the main advantages, for example, the Norwegian god of skiing and hunting Ull.

The forced need of primitive man to invent and use skis in winter for food production later became the basis for their wide development.

In addition to domestic needs and hunting, skis began to be used as a means of communication and in military affairs.

In the Nikon chronicle for 1444. describes the successful campaign of the Moscow ski rati to defend Ryazan from the Tatar prince Mustafa from the Golden Horde.

Skis were used in the armies of Peter I and Catherine II. The roots of folk fun, fun, games, skiing entertainment, including those with elements of competitions, go back to the hoary antiquity of centuries.

For the first time, Norwegians showed interest in skiing as a sport. In 1733 Hans Emahusen issued the first instruction on the ski training of troops with a clearly sporting bias. In 1767 the first competitions were held in all types of skiing (in modern terms): biathlon, slalom, downhill and racing.

The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim, in 1862-1863. In 1877 in Norway, the first ski sports society was organized, and soon a sports club was opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries of Europe, Asia and America.

The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lakhta Games (since 1922), Sweden - the mass ski race "Vasaloppet" (since 1922).

At the end of the XIX century. skiing competitions began to be held in all countries of the world. Ski specialization in different countries was different. In Norway, cross-country racing, jumping and biathlon have received great development. In Sweden - racing on rough terrain. In Finland and Russia - racing on flat terrain. In the United States, Scandinavian immigrants contributed to the development of skiing. In Japan, skiing, under the influence of Austrian coaches, received a ski direction.

In 1910 Oslo hosted an international ski congress with the participation of 10 countries. It created the International Ski Commission, reorganized in 1924. to the International Ski Federation. In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. December 29, 1895 in Moscow, on the territory of the current stadium of Young Pioneers, the grand opening of the first organization in the country leading the development of skiing - the Moscow Ski Club took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Ski Club in 1901. The Society of Skiing Fans was created, and in 1910. - Sokolnichesky circle of skiers. By analogy with Moscow in 1897. A ski club "Polyarnaya Zvezda" is created in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs in other sports. In 1910 ski clubs in Moscow united in the Moscow League of skiers. The League carried out public management of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season 1909-1910. in Moscow, a record number of competitions were held - eighteen, in which 100 participants performed.

On February 7, 1910, 12 skiers from Moscow and St. Petersburg competed for the first personal championship of the country in a 30 km cross-country ski race. The title of the first Russian skier was awarded to Pavel Bychkov. The first championship of the country among women was played in 1921, Natalya Kuznetsova won at a distance of 3 km.

The strongest Russian skiers, national champions Pavel Bychkov and Alexander Nemukhin participated in international competitions for the first time in 1913 in Sweden at the Northern Games. Skiers competed at three distances - 30, 60 and 90 km. They performed unsuccessfully, but learned many useful lessons in skiing technique, ski lubrication, and equipment design. Before the beginning of the First World War, 5 championships of Russia were held.

In 1918, skiing was included in the number of academic disciplines of the first curriculum of higher physical education.

By the number of victories in the national championships 1910-1954. Zoya Bolotova, an eighteen-time champion, occupies the highest rating. Among men, Dmitry Vasiliev was the strongest - 16 victories, he is the first holder of the title of "Honored Master of Sports".

In total for the period 1910-1995. 76 national championships were held at distances from 10 to 70 km for men, and from 3 to 50 km for women. Since 1963, the ultra-marathon distance for men - 70 km - has been included in the programs of the national championship. For women, since 1972, the longest distance has been 30 km, and since 1994 - 50 km.

The record-breaking 4-day men's race was held in 1938 - 232 km from Yaroslavl to Moscow. Dmitry Vasiliev won - 18 hours 41 minutes 02 seconds. The record of the first skiing century in terms of the number of victories in the national championships was set by Galina Kulakova - 39 gold medals. Sports achievements of Galina Kulakova were awarded the Olympic Silver Order by the International Olympic Committee. On the recommendation of the Russian Olympic Committee, the first international Coubertin prize among our compatriots was awarded to Raisa Smetanina, the leader of the world elite of skiers. Raisa Smetanina, a participant of five Olympiads and eight world championships, set another unique record for sports longevity - at the 5th Olympiad she was crowned with a gold medal at 40 (!) years old.

Non-Olympic events include those exercises on skis that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a type of skiing.

In skiing, new competitive exercises are constantly appearing, many of which, as they are introduced, can acquire the official status of a type of skiing, up to inclusion in the Olympic program - they are classified as demonstration: towing a skier, hang-gliding skiing, descent from mountain peaks, mini -skis; ski stunts: ski jump from a cliff with a parachute, ski jump from an airplane without a parachute, descent at the speed of a skier and race car driver. At the I Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix (France, 1924), skiing was represented by cross-country skiing at a distance of 18 and 50 km, ski jumping and Nordic combined (ski jumping and cross-country skiing).

The Norwegian skier Tarlif Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and in Nordic combined. He took third place in ski jumping. Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of "King of Skis". At 16 subsequent games, not a single Olympian could repeat and even surpass the record of the world's first "King of Skis". Haug was awarded 10 King's Cups for his victories on the track. As a token of extraordinary sporting merit, the harsh and laconic Norwegians for the first time in the world erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland. The history of the Olympic movement 60-70 years. knows only 2 cases when such an honor was awarded to athletes. Both of them were heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics Haug and the hero of the Summer Olympics Finn Paavo Nurmi. The birth of the Russian "King of Skis" took place at the XX World Championships in Falun (Sweden, 1954). It was 24-year-old Vladimir Kuzin, who won the 30 and 50 km distances and the ski marathon. The champion was awarded a large silver "King's Cup" and was awarded the title "King of Skis". Soviet athletes first took part in the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in 1956. The first participation was crowned with victories for men in the 4x10 km relay and women in the 10 km. Vladimir Kuzin, Nikolai Anikin, Pavel Kolchin and Fyodor Terentyev, as well as Lyubov Kozyreva, are the first Olympic champions among our skiers. During the years of participation in the Olympic Games, ski racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams of the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) demonstrate an enviable stability of the leader at the highest level.

A phenomenal, unprecedented success in Olympic history was achieved by Russian skiers at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, who won all five races on the most difficult tracks in Hakuba. Three gold medals - two for victories in individual races and one in the relay race, as well as a silver and a bronze medal were brought from Japan by Larisa Lazutina. The owner of three gold medals of the Games-98, L. Lazutina, was awarded the highest national state award - the Gold Star "Hero of Russia". In 1994 the same award was given to the six-time Olympic champion in cross-country skiing Lyubov Yegorova.

The real discovery of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano was Yulia Chepalova. At the first Olympics in her life, she won the race for

30 km. The first gold medal for the Russian team was won by Olga Danilova in the 15km distance.

"No victory has ever been as hard for me as this one," said Norway's most decorated Olympian, Bjorn Daly, after winning his eighth Olympic gold medal in the 50K race in Nagano.

For a long 34 years, Finland, the great skiing power, has been waiting for this victory of Mika Myllulya in the 30 km race. Since the time of Eero Mäntyuranta, who made a victorious double at the 1964 Olympics in Innsbruck (then he won 15 and 30 km), not a single man has been able to rise to the highest step of the podium against the Finns. Finland has given the world outstanding skiers V.Hakulinen, Eero Mäntyuranta, Juha Mieto, Marye Matikainen, Marye Lyukkarinen and others.

In 1998 in Central Finland, in Vuokatti, in a village with a population of two and a half thousand people, the world's first ski tunnel was built. Opening the glass door, right from the summer heat you find yourself in the realm of cold. Speed, music, incredibly loud sound of rustling snow. Feelings are indescribable. Five-time Olympic champion Larisa Lazutina has already held one of her summer camps in Vuokatti. I was satisfied with trainings on artificial "underground" snow.

Even more impressive are trick numbers on skis. An extremely risky ski jump from an airplane without a parachute was made from a height of 3000m by the Austrian Eric Felbermeier. He landed on the slope of a steep mountain with an accurate calculation.

Over time, the tricks of single craftsmen begin to be mastered by several athletes who organize the first competitions, some of them, from the start of a trick, reach the Olympic rating. So it was with freestyle.

Modern skiing includes 39 ski disciplines at the Nagano Olympics, 26 competitive ski events awaiting Olympic registration, and more than 20 events approved in the status of a "sport".

Athletics is rightly called the "queen of sports", and the rapidly developing skiing in the retinue of winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested "king of sports".

At the Olympic Winter Games, skiers compete in 12 sports disciplines:

Freestyle 15 km men and 10 km women - skiers leave for the track with an interval of 30 seconds, the one who spends the least time on it wins

Persuit 15 km + 15 km for men and 7.5 km + 7.5 km for women - the first half of the distance is covered by the athletes in the classical style, and the second - in the free style. At the same time, the speed of changing skis directly affects the final result. The one who arrives first wins.

Relay 4x10 km men and 4x5 km women - teams of 4 skiers run 4 stages (1st and 2nd - classical style, and 3rd and 4th stages - free).

Team sprint is a relay race of teams consisting of 2 skiers who each pass 1.5 km three times. The team that reaches the finish line the fastest after 6 stages wins. Competitions are held among men and women.

Classic style - sprint - starting with an interval of 15 seconds, skiers run 1.4-1.6 km (men) or 1.2-1.3 km (women). The first 30 advance to the next round. In the quarter-finals, semi-finals and finals, 6 people start, then the first two and two among those who took 3-4 places go further. Six athletes also remain in the final, between which medals are played.

Freestyle (mass start) 50 km men and 30 km women - the longest sport discipline of cross-country skiing at the Olympic Winter Games. Athletes start at the same time, in rows of 7-11 people, the first one to cross the finish line becomes the winner.

1.2 History of the development of the Olympic cross-country skiing movement