European space station. International Space Station (ISS)

> 10 facts you didn't know about the ISS

Most Interesting Facts about the ISS(International Space Station) with a photo: the life of astronauts, you can see the ISS from Earth, crew members, gravity, batteries.

The International Space Station (ISS) is one of the greatest achievements of all mankind in terms of the level of technology in history. The space agencies of the USA, Europe, Russia, Canada and Japan united in the name of science and education. It is a symbol of technological excellence and shows how much we can achieve when we work together. Listed below are 10 facts you may not have heard about the ISS.

1. The ISS celebrated its 10th anniversary of continuous human operation on November 2, 2010. Starting from the first expedition (October 31, 2000) and docking (November 2), 196 people from eight countries visited the station.

2. The ISS can be seen from Earth without the use of technology, and it is the largest artificial satellite ever revolving around our planet.

3. From the first Zarya module, launched at 1:40 am ET on November 20, 1998, the ISS completed 68,519 Earth orbits. Her odometer reads 1.7 billion miles (2.7 billion km).

4. As of November 2, 103 launches were made to the cosmodrome: 67 Russian devices, 34 shuttles, one European and one Japanese vessel. 150 spacewalks were made to assemble the station and keep it running, which took over 944 hours.

5. The ISS is operated by a crew of 6 astronauts and cosmonauts. At the same time, the program of the station ensures the continuous presence of man in space since the launch of the first expedition on October 31, 2000, which is approximately 10 years and 105 days. Thus, the program has kept the current record, beating the previous mark of 3664 days set aboard the Mir.

6. The ISS serves as a research laboratory equipped with microgravity conditions, in which the crew conducts experiments in the field of biology, medicine, physics, chemistry and physiology, as well as astronomical and meteorological observations.

7. The station is equipped with huge solar panels, the size of which covers the territory of the US football field, including the end zone, and weighs 827,794 pounds (275,481 kg). The complex has a habitable room (like a five bedroom house) equipped with two bathrooms and a gym.

8. 3 million lines of code software on Earth, 1.8 million lines of flight code are supported.

9. A 55-foot robotic arm is capable of lifting 220,000 feet of weight. For comparison, this is how much an orbital shuttle weighs.

10. Power of 75-90 kilowatts for the ISS is provided by acres solar panels.

Manned Orbital Multipurpose Space Research Complex

International Space Station (ISS) designed to conduct scientific research in space. Construction began in 1998 and is being carried out with the cooperation of the aerospace agencies of Russia, the United States, Japan, Canada, Brazil and the European Union, according to the plan, it should be completed by 2013. The weight of the station after its completion will be approximately 400 tons. The ISS revolves around the Earth at an altitude of about 340 kilometers, making 16 revolutions per day. Tentatively, the station will operate in orbit until 2016-2020.

Ten years after the first space flight by Yuri Gagarin, in April 1971, the world's first space orbital station, Salyut-1, was put into orbit. Long-term habitable stations (DOS) were needed for scientific research. Their creation was a necessary step in the preparation of future human flights to other planets. During the implementation of the Salyut program from 1971 to 1986, the USSR had the opportunity to test the main architectural elements of space stations and subsequently use them in the project of a new long-term orbital station - Mir.

Decay Soviet Union led to a reduction in funding for the space program, so Russia alone could not only build a new orbital station, but also maintain the Mir station. Then the Americans had practically no experience in creating DOS. In 1993, US Vice President Al Gore and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin signed the Mir-Shuttle space cooperation agreement. The Americans agreed to finance the construction of the last two modules of the Mir station: Spektr and Priroda. In addition, from 1994 to 1998, the United States made 11 flights to Mir. The agreement also provided for the creation joint project- International Space Station (ISS). In addition to the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos) and the US National Aerospace Agency (NASA), the project was attended by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the European Space Agency (ESA, it includes 17 participating countries), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) , as well as the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB). Interest in participating in the ISS project was expressed by India and China. On January 28, 1998, the final agreement was signed in Washington to start construction of the ISS.

The ISS has a modular structure: its various segments were created by the efforts of the countries participating in the project and have their own specific function: research, residential or used as storage facilities. Some of the modules, such as the US Unity series modules, are jumpers or are used for docking with transport ships. When completed, the ISS will consist of 14 main modules with a total volume of 1000 cubic meters, a crew of 6 or 7 people will be permanently on board the station.

The weight of the ISS after the completion of its construction, according to plans, will be more than 400 tons. In terms of dimensions, the station roughly corresponds to a football field. In the starry sky, it can be observed with the naked eye - sometimes the station is the brightest celestial body after the Sun and the Moon.

The ISS revolves around the Earth at an altitude of about 340 kilometers, making 16 revolutions around it per day. Scientific experiments are carried out on board the station in the following areas:

• Research on new medical methods of therapy and diagnostics and life support in weightlessness
• Research in the field of biology, the functioning of living organisms in outer space under the influence of solar radiation
• Experiments on the study of the earth's atmosphere, cosmic rays, cosmic dust and dark matter
• Study of the properties of matter, including superconductivity.

The first module of the station - Zarya (weighs 19.323 tons) - was launched into orbit by the Proton-K launch vehicle on November 20, 1998. This module was used at an early stage of the construction of the station as a source of electricity, also to control orientation in space and maintain temperature regime. Subsequently, these functions were transferred to other modules, and Zarya began to be used as a warehouse.

The Zvezda module is the main habitation module of the station; life support and station control systems are on board. The Russian transport ships Soyuz and Progress are docked to it. With a delay of two years, the module was launched into orbit by the Proton-K launch vehicle on July 12, 2000 and docked on July 26 with the Zarya and the previously launched Unity-1 American docking module.

The Pirs docking module (weighing 3,480 tons) was launched into orbit in September 2001 and is used for docking the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, as well as for spacewalks. In November 2009, the Poisk module, almost identical to Pirs, docked with the station.

Russia plans to dock a Multifunctional Laboratory Module (MLM) to the station; after launching in 2012, it should become the largest laboratory module of the station weighing more than 20 tons.

The ISS already has laboratory modules from the US (Destiny), ESA (Columbus) and Japan (Kibo). They and the main hub segments Harmony, Quest and Unnity were launched into orbit by shuttles.

During the first 10 years of operation, the ISS was visited by more than 200 people from 28 expeditions, which is a record for space stations (only 104 people visited Mir). The ISS became the first example of the commercialization of space flights. Roskosmos, together with Space Adventures, sent space tourists into orbit for the first time. In addition, under the contract for the purchase by Malaysia Russian weapons In 2007, Roscosmos organized the first Malaysian cosmonaut, Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, to fly to the ISS.

Among the most serious accidents on the ISS is the disaster during the landing of the space shuttle Columbia ("Columbia", "Columbia") on February 1, 2003. Although Columbia did not dock with the ISS while conducting an independent research mission, this disaster led to the fact that the shuttle flights were terminated and resumed only in July 2005. This pushed back the deadline for completing the construction of the station and made the Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft the only means of delivering cosmonauts and cargo to the station. In addition, in the Russian segment of the station in 2006 there was smoke, and there was also a failure of computers in the Russian and American segments in 2001 and twice in 2007. In the fall of 2007, the station's crew was repairing a solar battery rupture that occurred during its installation.

By agreement, each project participant owns its segments on the ISS. Russia owns the Zvezda and Pirs modules, Japan owns the Kibo module, ESA owns the Columbus module. Solar panels, which after the completion of the station will generate 110 kilowatts per hour, and the rest of the modules belong to NASA.

Completion of the construction of the ISS is scheduled for 2013. Thanks to the new equipment delivered aboard the ISS by the Space Shuttle Endeavor expedition in November 2008, the station crew will be increased in 2009 from 3 to 6 people. It was originally planned that the ISS station should work in orbit until 2010, in 2008 another date was called - 2016 or 2020. According to experts, the ISS, unlike the Mir station, will not be sunk in the ocean, it is supposed to be used as a base for assembling interplanetary spacecraft. Despite the fact that NASA spoke in favor of reducing the funding of the station, the head of the agency, Michael Griffin, promised to fulfill all US obligations to complete its construction. However, after the war in South Ossetia, many experts, including Griffin, said that the cooling of relations between Russia and the United States could lead to the fact that Roscosmos would cease cooperation with NASA and the Americans would lose the opportunity to send their expeditions to the station. In 2010, US President Barack Obama announced the termination of funding for the Constellation program, which was supposed to replace the shuttles. In July 2011, the shuttle Atlantis made its last flight, after which the Americans had to rely on Russian, European and Japanese colleagues for an indefinite period to deliver cargo and astronauts to the station. In May 2012, Dragon, owned by the private American company SpaceX, docked with the ISS for the first time.

The International Space Station is a manned orbital station of the Earth, the fruit of the work of fifteen countries of the world, hundreds of billions of dollars and a dozen service personnel in the form of astronauts and cosmonauts who regularly go on board the ISS. The International Space Station is such a symbolic outpost of mankind in space, the farthest point of permanent residence of people in vacuum space (while there are no colonies on Mars, of course). The ISS was launched in 1998 as a sign of reconciliation between countries that tried to develop their own orbital stations (and this was, but not for long) during cold war, and will run until 2024 if nothing changes. On board the ISS, experiments are regularly carried out, which give their fruits, which are undoubtedly significant for science and space exploration.

Scientists got a rare opportunity to see how conditions on the International Space Station affected gene expression by comparing identical twin astronauts: one of them spent about a year in space, the other remained on Earth. on the space station caused changes in gene expression through the process of epigenetics. NASA scientists already know that astronauts will experience physical stress in different ways.

Volunteers try to live on Earth as astronauts in preparation for manned missions on Earth, but face isolation, restrictions and terrible food. After nearly a year without fresh air in the cramped, weightless environment of the International Space Station looked remarkably good when they returned to Earth last spring. They completed a 340-day orbital mission, one of the longest in the history of recent space exploration.

The International Space Station (ISS), the successor to the Soviet station Mir, is celebrating its 10th anniversary since its inception. The agreement on the establishment of the ISS was signed on January 29, 1998 in Washington by representatives of Canada, the governments of the member states of the European Space Agency (ESA), Japan, Russia and the United States.

Work on the International Space Station began in 1993 .

March 15, 1993 CEO RCA Yu.N. Koptev and General Designer of NPO "ENERGIA" Yu.P. Semenov approached the head of NASA, D. Goldin, with a proposal to create the International Space Station.

On September 2, 1993, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation V.S. Chernomyrdin and US Vice President A. Gore signed a "Joint Statement on Cooperation in Space", which, among other things, provides for the creation of a joint station. In its development, RSA and NASA developed and signed on November 1, 1993 " detailed plan works on the International Space Station". This made it possible in June 1994 to sign a contract between NASA and RSA "On supplies and services for the Mir station and the International Space Station".

Taking into account certain changes at the joint meetings of the Russian and American sides in 1994, the ISS had the following structure and organization of work:

In addition to Russia and the USA, Canada, Japan and the countries of European cooperation are participating in the creation of the station;

The station will consist of 2 integrated segments (Russian and American) and will be gradually assembled in orbit from separate modules.

The construction of the ISS in near-Earth orbit began on November 20, 1998 with the launch of the Zarya functional cargo block.
Already on December 7, 1998, the American Unity connecting module, delivered into orbit by the Endeavor shuttle, was docked to it.

On December 10, hatches to the new station were opened for the first time. The first to enter it were Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev and American astronaut Robert Cabana.

On July 26, 2000, the Zvezda service module was introduced into the ISS, which became its base unit, the main place for the life and work of the crew.

In November 2000, the crew of the first long-term expedition arrived at the ISS: William Shepherd (commander), Yuri Gidzenko (pilot) and Sergey Krikalev (flight engineer). Since then, the station has been permanently inhabited.

During the deployment of the station, 15 main expeditions and 13 visiting expeditions visited the ISS. At present, the crew of Expedition 16 is at the station - the first female ISS commander, American, Peggy Whitson, ISS flight engineers, Russian Yuri Malenchenko and American Daniel Tani.

Under a separate agreement with ESA, six flights of European astronauts were carried out to the ISS: Claudie Haignere (France) - in 2001, Roberto Vittori (Italy) - in 2002 and 2005, Frank de Winne (Belgium) - in 2002, Pedro Duque (Spain) - in 2003, Andre Kuipers (Netherlands) - in 2004.

A new page in the commercial use of space was opened after the flights to the Russian segment of the ISS of the first space tourists - American Denis Tito (in 2001) and South African Mark Shuttleworth (in 2002). For the first time non-professional astronauts visited the station.

The creation of the ISS is by far the largest project implemented jointly by Roscosmos, NASA, ESA, the Canadian Space Agency and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

RSC Energia and the Khrunichev Center are participating in the project on behalf of the Russian side. The Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (TsPK), TsNIIMASH, the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMBP), Zvezda Research and Production Enterprise and other leading organizations of the Russian rocket and space industry.

The material was prepared by the online editors www.rian.ru based on information from open sources

The International Space Station, ISS (eng. International Space Station, ISS) is a manned multi-purpose space research complex.

The following are involved in the creation of the ISS: Russia (Federal Space Agency, Roskosmos); United States (US National Aerospace Agency, NASA); Japan (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA), 18 European countries(European Space Agency, ESA); Canada (Canadian Space Agency, CSA), Brazil (Brazilian Space Agency, AEB).

Start of construction - 1998.

The first module is "Dawn".

Completion of construction (presumably) - 2012.

The end date of the ISS is (presumably) 2020.

Orbit height - 350-460 kilometers from the Earth.

Orbital inclination - 51.6 degrees.

The ISS makes 16 revolutions per day.

The weight of the station (at the time of completion of construction) is 400 tons (for 2009 - 300 tons).

Internal space (at the time of completion of construction) - 1.2 thousand cubic meters.

Length (along the main axis along which the main modules lined up) is 44.5 meters.

Height - almost 27.5 meters.

Width (on solar panels) - more than 73 meters.

The first space tourists visited the ISS (sent by Roscosmos together with Space Adventures).

In 2007, the flight of the first Malaysian cosmonaut, Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, was organized.

The cost of building the ISS by 2009 amounted to $100 billion.

Flight control:

the Russian segment is carried out from TsUP-M (TsUP-Moscow, the city of Korolev, Russia);

the American segment - from MCC-X (MCC-Houston, the city of Houston, USA).

The work of the laboratory modules included in the ISS is controlled by:

European "Columbus" - Control Center of the European Space Agency (Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany);

Japanese "Kibo" - MCC of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Tsukuba, Japan).

The flight of the European automatic cargo spacecraft ATV Jules Verne, intended for supplying the ISS, was controlled jointly with MCC-M and MCC-X by the Center of the European Space Agency (Toulouse, France).

Technical coordination of work on the Russian Segment of the ISS and its integration with the American Segment is carried out by the Council of Chief Designers under the leadership of the President, General Designer of RSC Energia named after V.I. S.P. Korolev, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yu.P. Semenov.
The Interstate Commission for Flight Support and Operation of Manned Orbital Systems is in charge of preparing and conducting the launch of elements of the ISS Russian Segment.

According to the existing international agreement each project participant owns its segments on the ISS.

The leading organization for the creation of the Russian segment and its integration with the American segment is RSC Energia im. S.P. Queen, and in the American segment - the company "Boeing" ("Boeing").

About 200 organizations take part in the manufacture of elements of the Russian segment, including: Russian Academy sciences; plant of experimental engineering RSC "Energia" them. S.P. Queen; rocket and space plant GKNPTs them. M.V. Khrunichev; GNP RCC "TsSKB-Progress"; Design Bureau of General Engineering; RNII of space instrumentation; Research Institute of Precision Instruments; RGNI TsPK im. Yu.A. Gagarin.

Russian segment: Zvezda service module; functional cargo block "Zarya"; docking compartment "Pirce".

American segment: node module "Unity" ("Unity"); gateway module "Quest" ("Quest"); laboratory module "Destiny" ("Destiny").

Canada has created a manipulator for the ISS on the LAB module - a 17.6-meter robot arm "Canadarm" ("Canadarm").

Italy supplies the ISS with the so-called Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLM). By 2009, three of them were made: "Leonardo", "Raffaello", "Donatello" ("Leonardo", "Raffaello", "Donatello"). These are large cylinders (6.4 x 4.6 meters) with a docking station. The empty logistics module weighs 4.5 tons and can be loaded with up to 10 tons of experimental equipment and consumables.

The delivery of people to the station is provided by Russian Soyuz and American shuttles (reusable shuttles); cargo is delivered by Russian "Progress" and American shuttles.

Japan created its first scientific orbital laboratory, which became the largest module of the ISS - "Kibo" (translated from Japanese as "Hope", the international abbreviation is JEM, Japanese Experiment Module).

By order of the European Space Agency, a consortium of European aerospace firms made the Columbus research module. It is intended for conducting physical, material science, biomedical and other experiments in the absence of gravity. By order of ESA, the Harmony module was made, which connects the Kibo and Columbus modules, as well as provides their power supply and data exchange.

Additional modules and devices were also made on the ISS: a module for the root segment and gyrodins at node-1 (Node 1); power module (section SB AS) on Z1; mobile service system; device for moving equipment and crew; device "B" of the equipment and crew movement system; trusses S0, S1, P1, P3/P4, P5, S3/S4, S5, S6.

All ISS laboratory modules have standardized racks for mounting units with experimental equipment. Over time, the ISS will acquire new nodes and modules: the Russian segment should be replenished with a scientific and energy platform, the Enterprise multipurpose research module (Enterprise) and the second functional cargo block (FGB-2). On the Node 3 module, the "Cupola" assembly built in Italy will be mounted. This is a dome with a number of very large windows through which the inhabitants of the station, like in a theater, will be able to observe the arrival of ships and control the work of their colleagues in outer space.

History of the creation of the ISS

Work on the International Space Station began in 1993.

Russia offered the US to join forces in the implementation of manned programs. By that time, Russia had a 25-year history of operation of the Salyut and Mir orbital stations, as well as invaluable experience in conducting long-term flights, research, and a developed space infrastructure. But by 1991, the country was in a difficult economic situation. At the same time, the creators of the Freedom orbital station (USA) also experienced financial difficulties.

On March 15, 1993, the general director of the Roscosmos agency, Yu.N. Koptev and General Designer of NPO Energia Yu.P. Semenov approached the head of NASA, Goldin, with a proposal to create the International Space Station.

September 2, 1993 Prime Minister Russian Federation Viktor Chernomyrdin and US Vice President Al Gore signed the "Joint Statement on Cooperation in Space", which provided for the creation of a joint station. On November 1, 1993, the "Detailed work plan for the International Space Station" was signed, and in June 1994, a contract between NASA and Roscosmos "On supplies and services for the Mir station and the International Space Station" was signed.

The initial stage of construction provides for the creation of a functionally complete plant structure from a limited number of modules. The first to be launched into orbit by the Proton-K launch vehicle was the Zarya functional cargo block (1998), made in Russia. The shuttle was delivered by the second ship and docked with the functional cargo block the American docking module Node-1 - "Unity" (December 1998). The third was the Russian service module Zvezda (2000), which provides station control, life support for the crew, station orientation and orbit correction. The fourth is the American laboratory module "Destiny" (2001).

The first prime crew of the ISS, who arrived at the station on November 2, 2000 on the Soyuz TM-31 spacecraft: William Shepherd (USA), ISS commander, flight engineer-2 of the Soyuz-TM-31 spacecraft; Sergey Krikalev (Russia), Soyuz-TM-31 flight engineer; Yuri Gidzenko (Russia), ISS pilot, Soyuz TM-31 spacecraft commander.

The duration of the flight of the ISS-1 crew was about four months. His return to Earth was accomplished American ship The Space Shuttle, which delivered the crew of the second main expedition to the ISS. The Soyuz TM-31 spacecraft remained a part of the ISS for half a year and served as a rescue ship for the crew working on board.

In 2001, the P6 power module was installed on the Z1 root segment, the Destiny laboratory module, the Quest airlock, the Pirs docking compartment, two cargo telescopic booms, and a remote manipulator were delivered into orbit. In 2002, the station was replenished with three truss structures (S0, S1, P6), two of which are equipped with transport devices for moving the remote manipulator and astronauts while working in outer space.

The construction of the ISS was suspended due to the crash of the American spacecraft Columbia on February 1, 2003, and in 2006 construction work was resumed.

In 2001 and twice in 2007, computers failed in the Russian and American segments. In 2006, smoke occurred in the Russian segment of the station. In the fall of 2007, the station crew carried out repair work on the solar battery.

New sections of solar panels were delivered to the station. At the end of 2007, the ISS was replenished with two pressurized modules. In October, the Discovery shuttle STS-120 brought the Harmony Node-2 connection module into orbit, which became the main berth for the shuttles.

The European laboratory module "Columbus" was launched into orbit on the Atlantis STS-122 spacecraft and, with the help of the manipulator of this spacecraft, was put into its regular place (February 2008). Then the Japanese Kibo module was introduced into the ISS (June 2008), its first element was delivered to the ISS by the Endeavor shuttle STS-123 (March 2008).

Prospects for the ISS

According to some pessimistic experts, the ISS is a waste of time and money. They believe that the station has not yet been built, but is already outdated.

However, in the implementation of a long-term program of space flights to the Moon or Mars, mankind cannot do without the ISS.

Since 2009, the permanent crew of the ISS will be increased to 9 people, and the number of experiments will increase. Russia has planned to conduct 331 experiments on the ISS in the coming years. The European Space Agency (ESA) and its partners have already built a new transport ship - Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), which will be launched into the base orbit (300 kilometers high) by the Ariane-5 ES ATV rocket, from where the ATV will go into orbit due to its engines ISS (400 kilometers above the Earth). The payload of this automatic ship with a length of 10.3 meters and a diameter of 4.5 meters is 7.5 tons. This will include experimental equipment, food, air and water for the ISS crew. The first of the ATV series (September 2008) was named "Jules Verne". After docking with the ISS in automatic mode, the ATV can work in its composition for six months, after which the ship is loaded with garbage and in a controlled mode is flooded into pacific ocean. ATVs are planned to be launched once a year, and at least 7 of them will be built in total. The Japanese H-II "Transfer Vehicle" (HTV) automatic truck, launched into orbit by the Japanese H-IIB launch vehicle, which is still being developed, will join the ISS program. . The total weight of the HTV will be 16.5 tons, of which 6 tons is the payload for the station. It will be able to stay docked to the ISS for up to one month.

Obsolete shuttles will be decommissioned in 2010, and the new generation will appear no earlier than 2014-2015.
By 2010, the Russian manned Soyuz will be modernized: first of all, they will replace electronic systems control and communications, which will increase the payload of the ship by reducing the weight of electronic equipment. The updated "Union" will be able to be part of the station for almost a year. The Russian side will build the Clipper spacecraft (according to the plan, the first test manned flight into orbit is in 2014, commissioning is in 2016). This six-seater reusable winged shuttle is conceived in two versions: with an aggregate-household compartment (ABO) or an engine compartment (DO). The Clipper, which has risen into space to a relatively low orbit, will be followed by the interorbital tug Parom. Ferry is a new development designed to replace the cargo Progresses over time. This tug should pull from the low reference orbit to the ISS orbit the so-called "containers", cargo "barrels" with a minimum of equipment (4-13 tons of cargo), launched into space with the help of Soyuz or Proton. The "Parom" has two docking stations: one for the container, the second - for mooring to the ISS. After the container is put into orbit, the ferry, due to its propulsion system, descends to it, docks with it and lifts it to the ISS. And after unloading the container, "Parom" lowers it into a lower orbit, where it undocks and slows down on its own to burn up in the atmosphere. The tugboat will remain waiting new container to deliver it to the ISS.

RSC Energia official website: http://www.energia.ru/rus/iss/iss.html

The official website of the Boeing Corporation (Boeing): http://www.boeing.com

Mission Control Center official website: http://www.mcc.rsa.ru

Official website of the US National Aerospace Agency (NASA): http://www.nasa.gov

Official website of the European Space Agency (ESA): http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) official website: http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html

Official website of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA): http://www.space.gc.ca/index.html

Official website of the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB):