Quality grade Grade A B C solar panels. What is a grade and how to determine the real amount of wages that an applicant can apply for? When grading is not a panacea

During the interview in response to questions related to size wages, the applicant may hear a mysterious phrase: "We have a grading system in our company."

First of all, you should not take the mention of grades as an excuse for the personnel manager, which allows you to avoid voicing the real salary of a particular position. Where the grading system functions correctly, it is usually easier to understand both the timing of wage increases and the amount of their increase.

What is grading?

The grading system is quite new for the personnel and financial policy of many Russian companies. Don't be surprised that enough a large number of HR professionals have only heard of its existence, but have never used it in practice.

Grading is not new in the world personnel policy, at least this system has been discussed since the 1940s. It was then that they first started talking about it in connection with the developments of the American Edward Hay, president and founder of the Hay Group consulting company. But what is good for the Western mentality does not immediately and by no means always take root in Russian reality.

It has long become a textbook Maslow's pyramid says that any person focuses primarily on meeting basic needs - food, water, security. And since this can be obtained for money, then it is they who become the leading motivation for effective work. It is difficult to assume that the satisfaction of the basic needs of employees was directly linked to corporate values companies. Consequently, the amount of financial compensation for labor will still prevail over the factors non-material motivation worker.

It is on this basis that the grading system operates, aimed at financial incentives for personnel.

But at the same time, don't confuse grading and just accrual of bonuses and bonuses because there are qualitative differences between them.

The grading system itself lies in the fact that the hierarchy of positions in the enterprise is built according to certain criteria, which, in turn, directly affects the employee's salary.

Both a grade and a full upgrade

Not all HR professionals see the need to implement a grading system in their companies. When we are talking about a small firm, numbering 5-8 people, this can be fully explained. But if you mean large organization where several hundred people or more work, then often in such a decision lies a simple reluctance to almost completely modernize the entire personnel structure of the company.

Yes, in the end, grading is aimed at stimulating the work of each employee, but still it affects not only the financial side. First of all, ordering occurs in the very structure of the organization.

The grading system is currently divided into job grading And employee grading. And if the first type is relevant primarily in large companies, then the second is preferable in small firms. But both types of grading are aimed primarily at financial stimulation of the employee, and only then at non-material types of incentives.

Often, HR professionals do not want to break the already established personnel and financial relationships. The bonus system for employees with good performance also works quite effectively, and there is a special desire to rank positions using enough complex systems calculations do not occur.

But without a grading system, it is problematic to determine the real value of a particular specialist and offer him adequate material compensation - no less than he deserves, but not too high. His personal contribution to the development of the company's business should be clearly identified.

“If an employee is paid a salary that clearly does not correspond to his level of professionalism and performance, then the employer is a loser. But if an employee receives a salary less than his “market value”, then the level of his interest will fall sooner or later and he will quit. So, the company will lose again, ”shares his opinion. Elena Savelyeva, independent business coach.

How much is each individual employee worth?

Grading is a fairly accurate technique, and a simple description of the quality of work of an employee is clearly not enough here. As the practice of many companies that have successfully implemented a grading system shows, it takes from 3 to 12 months to complete such a project.

Grading is based primarily on a point-factor assessment of the labor efficiency of each employee. In addition, if the issue of grading arises in an organization, then it should be carried out at all levels of positions, including top management, which is often forgotten in practice.

But you should not overly complicate, giving excessive mathematics where you can get by with more simple ways. Since the emphasis is on the implementation of key performance indicators and related bonus accruals, the actual salary depends on the employee's personal achievements, on how he fulfills the plan.

There are also psychological reasons explaining the reluctance of a number of HR professionals to implement grading in their companies. IN more this is due to the quite predictable dissatisfaction of that part of the employees, whose salary may decrease precisely as a result of their real evaluation. The inevitability of layoffs, as well as the costs associated with finding and adapting a new employee, makes it necessary to postpone the introduction of such a system, although, as practice shows, grading justifies itself in financial terms fast enough.

Grading takes into account a variety of indicators of the value of each specialist, which directly determine the amount of his salary and remuneration. Among these factors and employee's degree of responsibility, And the impact of his work on the business result of the entire company, and also quite rare for domestic practice price calculation... errors. In addition, real working conditions are taken into account, as well as degree of communicative and information-analytical load for a specific employee.

When grading is not a panacea

Despite the undeniable usefulness and effectiveness, the real significance of this incentive system should not be exaggerated. Since the introduction of a grading system will require costs - both time and financial, it is worth deciding how much it is really necessary in a single company.

To begin with, it is worth deciding what it is. Refurbished (in relation to technology)- these are devices that have been brought to a new state by replacing components and / or external elements (cases). It is divided into two types Manufactured refurbished And Seller refurbished.

The first is also often called certificated refurbished, these are devices that were returned to the manufacturer under warranty or for other reasons. After that, the device was sent to the manufacturer, where the malfunction was eliminated, external elements were replaced and testing was carried out. After that, these devices are equipped with new peripherals: cables, charging, etc., are packed in a special package. packaging or with special designations and sent to the company's warehouse. For example, Apple and Dell do this. These devices come with a full warranty. There is no danger in buying them. But the savings in this case is minimal.

And here is the second type - refurbished seller much less uniform. This process can be handled by both the end seller on eBay/Aliexpress and special mini-factories in China. And it can be a simple completion of the device with new accessories and a box, if there are no malfunctions and external defects. So and full recovery devices. In this case, they can be divided into gradations: Grade A/A+ And Grade B.

How it looks in practice: in China, defective phones are massively bought up, and then, depending on the scale, repairs are made right on the spot at the radio market, in a workshop nook, or sent to a special mini-factory. Here lies the first and most the main problem- raw material. Spare parts for all mass-produced models are often available, and modular repairs take a few minutes and cost a penny, so it’s easier and cheaper for a person to repair a device than to sell it for nothing. Therefore, "shaken" devices are bought up - completely broken, drowned, with soldered or faulty chips on the board.

After that, all elements of the case and the display are replaced, defective spare parts inside are replaced, and the board is repaired and “rolled” (if required). Here the second problem arises - the quality of the repair and the quality of the materials used. Spare parts are also divided into Grade A / A + - good copies and original; Grade B / C - so-so copies and rejection. In my example, I can describe the difference in their quality.

For example, I ordered a display module for the iPhone 5 - the quality was indistinguishable from the original, the camera and microphone were also of excellent quality, although there was no oleophobic coating (it seems that it does not exist on copies at all). Then I decided to save money and order cheaper modules, the seller did not indicate the quality, but it felt like Grade C, production rejection - there were dead pixels on both displays, and one had a small dark spot. There was also a case with the iPhone 4 screen - the screen itself was good quality, but the front camera was of very poor quality - the resolution seemed to be 0.1MP, and soapy, and there was also a large purple blot in the center of the picture. There were many more such examples, but these are enough for clarity.

On last step devices are completed with accessories: headphones, cable, charging - they differ in the quality of materials and similarity to the original, but the filling itself is unchanged: the headphones sound disgusting, the charger does not have controllers and chips (you should also be very careful with this). Then all this is packed in a box (the quality of cardboard and printing also differs from rotten to indistinguishable).

As you can see, the quality of components can vary greatly from good to disgusting. And given that sellers strive to earn as much as possible, there is no doubt in their choice. We add here the lack of quality control at such "enterprises" and the output is a product of dubious quality, and sometimes dangerous (remember the cases of exploding iPhones in China). Moreover, all these gradations are rather arbitrary, many sellers do not indicate them, and it is practically impossible to check them.

So keep that in mind when in doubt what to choose: LG G2, Meizu M1 Note or wait for Xiaomi mi4i. Well, think about why a “brand new” iPhone in Moscow costs one and a half times cheaper than in the USA (we are talking about unlocked).

P.S: there are many free services on the Internet for checking iPhone by IMEI at the production / activation date.

Solar panel quality class - Grade A, B and C: what is it?

In the description of solar panels in the characteristics it is indicated: "quality class - Grade A" or "quality category - Grade A" or "solar cells grade A".
Sometimes representatives of a particular factory indicate that only they have quality class A, but all other factories have only quality class B or C, so other factories have cheaper solar modules, worse and will stop working in a few years (to justify unreasonably high prices ).

You need to understand that solar cells Bad quality no one does it on purpose, it is impossible to produce solar cells in artisanal conditions, since the equipment for the solar cell workshop is very expensive pleasure, and all manufacturers are interested in class A solar cells.
Gradation (classification) of solar cells is carried out during interoperational and output quality control at the production of solar cells: appearance defects. and by instrumental control.

Identified defects during interoperational control are the so-called critical defects (Grade D), such blanks are disposed of and are not allowed to further processing and sale. Both equipment manufacturers and solar cell manufacturers are involved in solving this problem. Such cases are quite rare and will not be considered in detail.

In the photo, blanks for solar cells that have passed interoperational control:

Pro instrumental control solar cells

Before us is an "ideal" solar cell, it has no visible defects: chips, broken geometry, spots, destroyed tires, etc.

Some incompetent sellers of solar modules claim that if there are no visible defects on the solar cell, if the solar cell is 156 by 156 mm in size, then they sell class A solar modules. But solar modules made from cells of other sizes: 156mm by 78mm (the so-called half ) or 156mm by 39mm (the so-called quarter), then this panel is made from waste and only class B or C or D.

First, solar cells come in sizes 125mm by 125mm (the so-called third generation), and also come in sizes 100mm by 100mm (second generation) and 80mm by 80mm (first generation). These generations are no worse and no better in terms of characteristics from each other. And the fact is that the workpiece from which solar cells are cut increases in size approximately every 10 years (this allows you to reduce the cost of solar cells) and the size of solar cells increases.
So, back to our outwardly "healthy" cell. We will carry out instrumental control. Every plant that cares about the quality of solar modules and cares about its reputation, such as the Sunny Energy plant, has an electroluminescent control unit.

There are several such installations at the Sunne Energy plant, there are installations for testing individual solar cells as part of the laboratory:

And there are also electroluminescent control units built into the production lines of solar cells, and in the line of finished solar modules:

As a rule, such installations measure more than 40 various options output control, they are automated, only manufacturers with a high degree capitalization.

This is how an outwardly "healthy" solar cell may look like under instrumental control:

Dark areas are areas under the bus and places of disturbed electricity generation. With so many "bad" areas, the solar cell is rejected and sold to factories that specialize in the production of cheap solar modules or have received an order for "cheaper solar modules".

Microcracks on solar cells, already in the kit of the assembled solar module, with electroluminescent control.

So when you are told:
- our solar panel consists of 156mm x 156mm cells without external defects, That's why she is class A,
this is obviously false information.

Solar cells 156mm x 156mm without external defects, can also be class B, enough on the popular resource alibaba.com, where almost all sellers from China are present, type in the search bar: B Grade 156x156mm Solar Cell, dozens of offers of solar cells will appear 156 mm x 156 mm class B without external defects:

Please remember that even an outwardly flawless solar cell can be of poor quality:

A solar cell that has not passed instrumental control for low energy indicators, a disturbed internal and (or) external structure, is classified as class B. A solar battery made from such a solar cell degrades (loses its declared characteristics over a certain time) rather quickly: within 3-5 years.

Externally, it is impossible to distinguish such solar modules from high-quality ones, so please carefully choose solar module suppliers with a good reputation. It is desirable that this be a factory with its own production of solar cells and a modern laboratory for quality control of solar modules.

Pro visualcontrol solar cells.
At the final quality control, after instrumental control, external quality control of solar modules is carried out.

Visual rejection occurs according to the following indicators:

Color deviations:

Leakage of paste in the tire application line

"Water" or dark spots

Let's summarize what a solar cell is class A:
This is a solar cell that has passed strict instrumental and external controls from a reputable manufacturer.
Such a cell after a special aging test (PID test) shows a decrease in the power of the elements by no more than 5%

solar cell class B, it is a solar cell with an already damaged, external or internal structure, and (or) has not passed visual control. Such a cell, after a special aging test (PID test), shows a decrease in the power of the elements by no more than 30%

Solar cells class C, after a special aging test (PID test), shows a decrease in the power of the elements by more than 30%

Such a gradation of solar cells is international, but if you are told that the gradation is determined solely by appearance: for example, a solar cell "whole - means class A" or "half - means class B", then you have an incompetent seller.

Before us is a photograph of the solar cells of the "halves" made for the Russian space constellation of satellites "Glonass",
manufactured by JSC "Saturn", Krasnodar. According to the classification of unfortunate sellers: "half - means class B." Fortunately, Krasnodar engineers are not familiar with such a self-made theory. (Photo used with the personal permission of Rustem Rinatovich Adagamov)

Conclusions: it is guaranteed to buy solar modules of category A, you can, if you buy from a manufacturer with a good reputation.

If you buy solar panels, specify: at which factory the solar panels are made. If the seller hides the manufacturer and sells under his own trade name, it is better to refuse such a purchase, there is a big risk of buying a pig in a poke.

If you are told that this is a Russian manufacturer,
then please keep in mind, here is the list of manufacturers:
1. CJSC "TELECOM-STV" (SKD from imported components)
2. Ryazan plant of ceramic-metal devices (SKD from imported components)
3. OAO Saturn, Krasnodar ( full cycle production)
4. Plant "Hevel", Novocheboksarsk (full production cycle)

For information:
Glonass satellites use Krasnodar solar panels, an international concern AirbusDefense and Space (ADS) plans to purchase 900 batteries for the OneWeb (global Internet) satellite constellation at the Saturn plant.

All other solar modules sold in Russia are exclusively imported.

Bonus for reading the article to the end:
photo report from OAO Saturn, Krasnodar -

ANR26650 are LiFePO4 batteries from A123 Systems that support up to 70A discharge current. These batteries are very popular with EV builders. They are even faked. The manufacturer himself produces 2 grades - Grade A and B, while there is no information anywhere about the worse Grade B. I have a pair of each grade and I decided to test one pair at currents of 0.5A (0.2C), 5A, 10A and 20A, and compare all 4 banks at 20A. Why 20A and not 70? It’s just that my load can’t do it anymore, but I think the difference will be visible even at 20A.

Banks bought in different time from the same supplier Queen Battery. Lithium batteries I've been taking it from them for over half a year now. I have made 4 orders and they have never let me down.

The testing methodology has not changed - I charged and discharged using ZKETECH EBC-A20(4-wire connection, discharge up to 20A). I, as always, adhered to the requirements of the IEC61960-2003 standard (the same GOST 61960-2007) regarding the measurement of battery capacity. The measurements were taken at a temperature environment 23-25°C. Before each charge/discharge cycle, each battery rested for at least one hour (usually an hour and a half). Charging in all cases took place with a standard current according to the datasheet (standard charge current, 2.5A).

But I slightly updated the holder - I replaced the steel plates with copper ones (20x20x0.3mm).

Key features taken from the datasheet

• Rated voltage: 3.3V
• End of charge: 3.6V
• End of discharge: 2.0V
• Rated capacity: 2500mAh
• Capacity minimum: 2400mAh
• Standard charging current: 2.5A
• Maximum charging current: 10A
• Maximum discharge current: 70A
• Max. short-term discharge current: 120A (10 seconds)

So, first let's look at external differences. Grade A (top) wears much more information on heat shrink rather than Grade B, which only shows ANR26650.

Heat shrink around Grade A negative contact zebra

On the plus side, there is no difference.

Let's move on to the results.

Grade A first:

Everything is great here. Even at 20A, the capacity remains above the nominal 2500mAh, and at 0.2C / 0.5A it almost falls short of 2700mAh.

Now let's look at Grade B:

This jar is doing even better - at 0.2C it gave out exactly 2700mAh, and even overtook Grade A at all values ​​of the discharge current. This is rather strange, since Grade A is supposed to be better than Grade B...

Now comparing two Grade A and two Grade B cans with a 20 amp discharge:

By the way, these banks weigh much lighter than their 4.2V lithium counterparts - 76g against 96.

Well, at the end of the video version of the review in English:

The main weapon in the world Lineage II- one of the elements of combat equipment. With the help of his character inflicts damage to enemies. The basic parameters of weapons are physical and magical attack. It also has physical magical protection, attack speed and other less significant indicators that affect performance.

In the game, weapons are divided into classes (swords, clubs, bows, etc.) and grades (no grade, D grade, C grade, etc.). The class of weapons for the character should be chosen in accordance with his profession. For example, archers are not recommended to fight with swords. The damage inflicted on the enemy will be weak, they will not be able to use their attacking skills (skills). However, at the same time, magicians or healers, in addition to magic staves, can also use some swords that have increased magic attack. Dwarves also have and develop skills for both the use of clubs and the use of pikes. Before choosing any weapon, you should thoroughly study the characteristics and skills of your character.

The higher the grade of the weapon, the higher its base indicators. But there is also a small but…. For example, a character who has reached, for example, level 20, will be penalized for attack speed and accuracy for using weapons of C and higher grade. Those. he will strike at long intervals, and often these blows will not reach the target (zero damage). What weapon at what level should the character acquire in order not to receive a fine?

From 1st to 19th level, the weapon is No grade.

From level 20 to 39, D grade weapons are used.

From levels 40 to 51, weapons of the C grade are used.

From level 52 to 60, B grade weapons are used.

From level 61 to 75, A grade weapons are used.

From levels 76 to 79, weapons of the S grade are used.

From level 80 to 83, weapons of the S80 grade are used.

C 84 is used for weapons of C84 grade (S84 grade).

Characters with more high level can use weapons of a lower grade. There are no penalties for this.

In weapon stores located in cities, you can purchase weapons without grade , D grade and C grade for mages and warriors. In a specialized store Luxury Shop (Luxor), which is located in Town of Giran (Giran), B-grade weapons are sold, but you can buy them not for money, but for crystals.

In order for the weapon to deal higher damage during the battle, it is advisable to use magic charges. They are also divided into grades and classes. For example, for weapons of the C grade, you should purchase charges of the same grade. Charges that do not have a grade can be bought in trading shops located in cities. Charges of D grade and higher can be purchased from other characters or from gnome crafters. By the terms of the game, only crafters can make charges of various grades (depending on the level of the gnome).

Charges are also divided into two classes:

Spiritshots (Soul Shot)- used for physical weapons.

Soulshots- used for magic weapons, divided into types - ordinary Soulshots (Spirit Shot- cost less, deal less damage) and Blessed Spirit Shot- cost more and deal more damage. are in higher demand).

The primary weapon has no upgrade restrictions. It can be sharpened with special scrolls, insert a crystal SA (SA), Elemental Stone and Life Stone .

With the help of scrolls of improvement (sharpening), the damage inflicted on the enemy or monster is increased. Ordinary scrolls can be purchased from other players, knocked out of monsters, or obtained from treasure chests by opening them with keys (they also drop from monsters). Blessed Scrolls drop out when you successfully hunt Raid Bosses. The game provides various events, participating in which, you can also get sharpening. Manor from castles also makes it possible to get various scrolls of improvement.

Inserting a stone into the weapon SA (SA), you can improve the special attributes of the item. Stones vary in level and color. You can improve with the help of SA weapons of the C grade and above.

Life Stone- this is another way to improve (augment) your weapon. Augmentation is available for products of C grade and above. The character's level must be equal to or higher than the stone's level.

Elemental stones can be inserted into weapons of C (S) grade and higher. This stone adds the attack power of the corresponding element to the weapon. Exists 4 types of attributes - Earth (Earth), Water (water), Fire (Fire) and Air (Wind). You can get them on the Crystal Island from high-level monsters.

Among the players there is a division of weapons of each grade into levels: low (low), medium (middle) and high (top). For example, the expression "Top D weapon" means that the character owns a D grade weapon that has the highest magical and physical attack and defense of this grade.