06.11.2019
EGP of Estonia. Geographical data of Estonia. Structure of the state's foreign trade by industry
To the question HELP!! EGP of Estonia please write) given by the author Caucasian the best answer is EGP of Estonia:
Estonia is a country in Europe on the northeast coast Baltic Sea. In the east it borders with Russia, in the south with Latvia. In the north it is separated from Finland by the Gulf of Finland, in the west from Sweden - by the Baltic Sea.
Currently, Estonia has developed industry and agriculture. It develops through the use of its own raw materials and fuel resources, as well as its favorable economic and geographical location.
Industry
The main industries are the fuel and energy complex, chemical industry, mechanical engineering, textile industry, pulp and paper and wood processing industries.
The basis of the fuel and energy complex is the extraction and use of oil shale. The Estonian and Baltic State District Power Plants operate on shale. The shale basin is located in northern Estonia, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Gas is partially obtained through gasification of oil shale (gas obtained in this way goes to Tallinn), and is also purchased in Russia.
A number of power plants operate on peat.
The chemical industry is also developing based on oil shale processing. The oil shale fields in Kohtla-Järve and Kiviõli produce nitrogen fertilizers, phenols, and dyes. Maardu also has a production of phosphate fertilizers, the raw materials for which are phosphate rocks mined in Estonia.
Mechanical engineering is represented by both non-material-intensive (production of electrical equipment, radio equipment, etc.) and metal-intensive (equipment for shale mining and processing) industries. Transport engineering is represented by shipbuilding (Loksa Shipyard).
The centers of the pulp, paper and woodworking industries are Kehra, Tartu, and Pärnu.
The center of the building materials industry is Kunda.
Among the branches of light industry there is the textile industry (represented mainly by cotton production using imported raw materials; centers are Narva, Tallinn), knitting and clothing industries.
The food industry produces meat, beer, canned fish and other products.
Agriculture. Historically, the main specialization of Estonian agriculture was meat and dairy farming.
Transport. A dense network of roads was created in Estonia during Russian rule at the end of the 19th century, and then expanded in the 20th century. Currently, 29.2 thousand km of roads have a hard surface. The number of cars in personal use is rapidly increasing: if at the beginning of 1994 in Estonia there were 211 passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants, then in 1997 there were 428 cars per 1000 inhabitants. The broad-gauge railway network has a length of 1018 km (not counting the tracks providing specialized industrial transportation), of which only 132 km of track are electrified. In 2001, Estonian railways were privatized by local and foreign capital.
On the territory of Estonia there is a gas pipeline with a length of more than 400 km, connecting the shale gas production plant in Kohtla-Jarve with Tallinn, Tartu and other cities, as well as with the Russian gas pipeline network.
Estonia has developed year-round maritime traffic. The main ports of the country: 6 ports in Tallinn, including the new cargo port of Tallinn-Muuga, Paldiski, Pärnu, Haapsalu and Kunda. There are regular ferry services from Helsinki and Stockholm. The Estonian merchant fleet consists of 44 vessels with a displacement of more than 1,000 gross register tons each (total displacement of 253,460 gross register tons). In summer, navigation on Lake Peipsi and the lower reaches of the river opens. Emajõgi from the mouth to Tartu. In 2002, a service was opened on the route Tartu - Pskov.
Both domestic and international air services are developed. Tallinn Airport operates flights to many European capitals and cities of the CIS.
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Geographical location of Estonia. Features of its relief; water and forest resources of the country. Climatic conditions and their influence on agricultural development. Changes in the population for 1990-2017, its main occupations.
Geographical data
Located in the northeastern part of Europe. It is washed from the north by the waters of the Gulf of Finland, from the west by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga, borders on Latvia in the south and Russia in the east. The Republic of Estonia has a land border with Latvia; border with Russian Federation passes along the Narva River, along Lakes Peipus and Pskov and along the land section from the Pskov region. Length coastline 3,794 km. Estonia includes 1,521 islands in the Baltic Sea with a total area of 4.2 thousand km?. The largest of them are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, as well as Muhu, Vormsi, Kihnu, etc. Despite their large area, less than 5% of the country's population lives on the islands. The rivers of Estonia are small, but quite deep. The area of Estonia is 45,226 km?. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn.
Relief features
In Estonia there are lowlands: West Estonian, Pärnu and North Estonian coastal lowlands, lake lowlands. Vyrtsjärv and Lake Peipus. Northern Estonia is a limestone plateau with a height of 30-60 m, only in its central part the Pandivere elevation reaches 166 m. The most significant elevations in Southern Estonia are Sakala (up to 145 m), Otepää (up to 217 m) and Haanja (318 m).
The relief in the northern and western parts of the country is mostly flat, in the southern it is hilly. Glacial and water-glacial plains dominate, moraine the hill. In coastal areas that for a long time were flooded by the waters of the Baltic Sea, the dominant forms marine origin. There are also dunes and swamps.
Climatic conditions
The climate of Estonia is mild and humid. The alternation of sea and continental air, the constant influence of cyclones make the weather here very unstable. The weather is especially changeable in winter and autumn. There are great fluctuations in weather conditions from year to year. There are years when the summer is dry and hot, and the winter is frosty, or the summer is cool and rainy, and the winter is mild. Climatic conditions allow all northern agricultural crops to be grown in Estonia temperate zone. Crop failures (2-3 times within 10 years) are mainly due to excessive rainfall. By climatic conditions distinguish the area of direct influence of the Baltic Sea and inland Estonia. The coast has mild winters and moderately warm summers; inland areas have cooler winters and warmer summers than the coast. On the island of Vilsandi, for example, the average monthly air temperature in February is -3.40, in Tartu -6.60. In July the temperature is 16.3 and 17.30, respectively, and the average annual temperature 6.0 and 4.80C. Precipitation averages 550-650 mm, on the coast in some places less than 500 mm. Snow cover lasts from 70 to 130 days a year. The growing season lasts 170-185 days, the period of active plant growth is from 120 to 130 days.
Rivers and lakes
There are many small rivers in Estonia, of which only nine are 100 km or more in length. The Narva River (Narova) is the deepest river in Estonia; The rivers Suur-Emajõgi and Pärnu are also relatively rich in water. Kazari and some others. The rivers of Northern Estonia, cutting through limestones and dolomites, form picturesque waterfalls (on the rivers of Narva). Many rivers in Southern Estonia also cut into bedrock. Floods on Estonian rivers occur during the spring snowmelt. Autumn rains rarely cause floods. Estonia is rich in lakes, there are more than 1150 of them (including reservoirs). The largest bodies of water are Lake Peipus (Estonian name Peipsi), Lake. Võrtsjärv (270 sq. km) and the Narva Reservoir (200 sq. km, within Estonia - 40 sq. km). Most of Estonia's lakes occupy basins of glacial origin. These include lakes of hilly-moraine landscapes (for example, Lake Pyhajärv, i.e. “holy lake”), as well as oblong lakes among drumlins (Lake Saadjärv) and valley lakes (Lake Viljandi, etc.). On the western and northern coasts there are many coastal (relict) lakes formed as a result of the retreat of the sea. There are many lakes and swamps. The small lake Kaali on the island of Saaremaa is unique due to the meteorite origin of its basin.
Natural areas
Estonia lies in the subzone mixed forests temperate zone. Currently, forests occupy about 40% of the republic's territory. Most common typical pine forests on podzolic sandy soils, especially in South-East and South Estonia. Broad-leaved forests grow only in isolated patches on fertile carbonate soils, mainly in Western and Northern Estonia. On limestones, mainly on the island of Saaremaa and in Northwestern Estonia, there are low-growing, sparse alvar forests, mainly pine and spruce forests. Black alder forests are typical for wetlands with flowing groundwater. They are widely represented in Southwestern and Northeastern Estonia. Meadows and wooded meadows in Estonia, as well as almost everywhere in the forest zone, were formed mainly as a result of the destruction of forests and constant haymaking and grazing.
The peoples of the country. Their main activities
Structure National economy Estonia: industry, agriculture, construction, transport and communications, other branches of material production - National income was produced: in industry, in agriculture, in transport and communications, in construction, and in other sectors of material production. In terms of the size of the total social product and national income per capita, Estonia ranks one of the first places among the Baltic countries. By 1990, the population was approximately 40% higher than before the war, with all this, along with migration from other Soviet republics, the size of the Estonian population also grew (951 thousand in 1940, 830 thousand in 1945, 966 thousand in 1991 - maximum). Since 1992, the depopulation of the country began, the cause of which was both mass emigration and negative natural growth. By 2008, the country's population had decreased by 14.5% compared to 1990, and the Estonian population had fallen to 920,885 people. National minorities (mostly Russians) live mainly in Tallinn (52.8% of the population, 66.1% of which are Russians) and in the industrial region in the northeast, in Ida-Viru County (in the city of Narva - about 97 % of the population).
The official language is Estonian. Russian is also widely spoken.
Estonia ranks first in Europe in terms of the level of infection of the adult population with the human immunodeficiency virus - 1.3% in 2007.
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General information about the country: territory area, population (composition, numbers), structure of the land fund, state symbols.
The official name is the Republic of Estonia.
Territory - 45,226 sq. km.
Population - 1 million 286 thousand people. National composition: Estonians (68.7%), Russians (24.8%), Ukrainians (1.7%), Belarusians (1.0%), Finns (0.6%) (as of December 31, 2011). Official language- Estonian. For about a third of the country's population, the native language is Russian. Religion - Lutherans, Orthodox (Russian Orthodox and Estonian Orthodox Church), other. The capital is Tallinn. The largest cities are Tallinn (415 thousand), Tartu (115 thousand), Narva (76 thousand), Pärnu, Kothla-Jarve (55 thousand). Administrative division- 15 areas. The form of government is a republic. The head of state is the president. The currency is Estonian kroon.
Geographical position
Estonia is a country located in the northwest of Eastern Europe. In the north it is washed by the Gulf of Finland, in the west by the Baltic Sea. In the east the country borders on Russia, in the south on Latvia. Estonia owns more than 1,500 islands, the largest of which are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.
National flag of Estonia.
The state flag of Estonia is also the national flag. It is a rectangle consisting of three equal horizontal colored stripes. Top lane of blue color, middle - black and bottom - white. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 7:11, the standard size of the flag is 105 by 165 centimeters.
The blue-black-white flag was first consecrated and blessed as the flag of the Estonian Student Society in Otepää on June 4, 1884. In subsequent decades, the blue-black-white flag became the Estonian national flag. The first regulation on Estonian national flag was adopted by the provisional government of the Republic of Estonia on November 21, 1918. In June 1922, the Riigikogu officially approved the blue-black-white flag as the state flag. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former flag was prohibited.
Estonian national colors reappeared openly in 1987-1988, when the movement for the liberation and restoration of Estonian independence began. The tricolor was again raised over the Long Herman Tower on February 24, 1989, and by law adopted in August 1990, it was decided to begin using the blue-black-white flag again as the state flag. The Estonian Flag Law was proclaimed on April 5, 2005.
National emblem of Estonia
The state emblem of Estonia exists in two formats: the large state emblem (shown in the illustration) and the small state emblem. On the big state emblem on the golden shield there are three blue lions walking, looking at the viewer (passant gardant). On the sides and bottom, the shield is bordered by a wreath of two crossed oak branches of golden color, intersecting at the bottom of the shield. The small coat of arms is identical, but it lacks oak branches.
The motif of the Estonian state coat of arms dates back to the 13th century, when the Danish king Valdemar II granted the city of Tallinn a coat of arms with three lions, similar to the coat of arms of the Danish kingdom. The same motif was later transferred to the coat of arms of the Estonian province, approved by Empress Catherine II on October 4, 1788.
The Riigikogu approved the Estonian state coat of arms on June 19, 1925. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the previous coat of arms was prohibited. The historical coat of arms of the Estonian state was again adopted for use on August 7, 1990. The Law on the State Emblem was proclaimed on July 3, 2001.
Entry into the USSR
In conditions when Latvia and Finland refused to provide support to Estonia, England and France (who were at war with Germany) were unable to provide it, and Germany recommended accepting the Soviet proposal, the Estonian government entered into negotiations in Moscow, which resulted in September 28 A Mutual Assistance Pact was concluded, providing for the deployment of Soviet military bases and a 25,000-strong Soviet contingent on Estonian territory.
In 1940, additional contingents of Soviet troops were introduced. USSR military bases were created on the territory of Estonia, where 25,000 soldiers were stationed. On June 10, the Soviet bases in Estonia announced combat readiness. On June 14, a military and naval blockade of the Baltic states was declared. June 14 soviet planes A Finnish airline plane taking off from Tallinn was shot down over the Gulf of Finland.
June, Molotov presented the Estonian ambassador with an ultimatum note, in which he demanded the immediate entry into Estonia of an additional contingent of Soviet troops numbering 90,000 people and the removal of the government, threatening otherwise the occupation of Estonia. Päts accepted the ultimatum.
June 1940 Soviet troops entered Tallinn; At the same time, the ships of the Baltic Fleet stood in the roadstead and an amphibious assault was landed. The Soviet military authorities banned public gatherings, meetings, and open-air photography; Weapons were confiscated from the population within 24 hours. On June 18, Advisor to the Soviet Embassy Bochkarev named the names of the first members of the new pro-Soviet government of Estonia. Subsequent events were led by the authorized representative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for Estonia, A. A. Zhdanov, who arrived in Tallinn on June 19. On June 21, he dictated to Päts the composition of the new cabinet, headed by the poet Johannes Vares (Barbarus), who held leftist views and soon joined the Communist Party. In fact, the leadership of the country was carried out by the USSR Embassy. The NKVD arrived from Leningrad to Tallinn. Arrests and deportations of citizens of the Republic of Estonia began, including those actively opposed to the Soviet regime. Following this, Zhdanov ordered elections to the Riigikogu to be held within nine days.
By Päts' decree of July 5, early elections to the Riigikogu were scheduled for July 14, 1940. According to official data, 591,030 citizens took part in the elections, or 84.1% of the total number of voters. 548,631 people, or 92.8% of the number of voters, voted for the candidates of the “Union of Working People” (candidates of other parties were not registered). According to some Russian and Estonian historians, the elections were held in violation of existing laws, including the constitution, and the results were falsified.
July 1940 (even before the formal inclusion of Estonia into the USSR) Order No. 0141, People's Commissar of Defense Marshal S.K. Timoshenko, was issued, according to which by July 31, 1940, the territory of Estonia was to be included in the Leningrad Military District.
In July, the first session of the new Riigikogu decided to establish Soviet power in the country and form the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 22, a declaration was adopted on Estonia's accession to the USSR. The Riigikogu made a corresponding request to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. On the same day, President Konstantin Päts submitted a request to be relieved of his presidential powers, which was granted. The powers of the President, in accordance with the Constitution, were transferred to the Prime Minister. On July 30, Päts was deported to Bashkiria.
On August 1940, the VII session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the admission of the Estonian SSR to the USSR.
Ethnic groups: Estonian 68.7%, Russian 24.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, Belarusian 1%, Finn 0.6%, other 1.6%, unspecified 1.6% (2011)
Languages: Estonian (official) 68.5%, Russian 29.6%, Ukrainian 0.6%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.1% (2011)
Religions: Lutheran 9.9%, Orthodox 16.2%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7 % (2011)
Population: 1,257,921 (2014)
Country's place in the world: 158
14 years old: 15.6% (males 101,018 / female 95,204)
24 years old: 11.2% (men 72,318 / women 68,373)
54 years old: 41.5% (men 250,244 / women 271,450)
64 years old: 18.6% (men 71,518 / women 94,029)
years and older: 18.2% (men 77,492/women 156,275) (2014)
Number dependence:
Total dependency ratio: 51.2%
Youth dependency ratio: 23.9%
Elderly dependency ratio: 27.3%
potential support ratio: 3.7 (2013)
Average age:
total: 41.2 years
men: 37.6 years
women: 44.5 years (2014)
Population growth rate:
Country's place in the world: 228
Fertility:
29 births / 1,000 (2014)
Country's place in the world: 187
Mortality:
69 deaths/1,000 population (2014)
Country's place in the world: 13
Net migration rate:
37 Migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)
Country's place in the world: 185
Urbanization:
Urban population: 69.5% of total population (2011)
urbanization rate: 0.02% rate of change (2010-15)
Main urban areas - population:
TALLINN (capital) 430,944 (2014)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
54 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female
years and older: 0.49 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2014)
Mothers Average age at birth of first child:
3 (2010)
Maternal mortality:
deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
Country's place in the world: 184
Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.7 deaths/1000 live births
Country's place in the world: 164
males: 7.81 deaths/1000 live births
women: 5.52 deaths/1000 births (2014 est)
Life expectancy at birth:
Total population: 74.07 years
Country's place in the world: 118
men: 68.85 years
women: 79.61 years (2014)
Total fertility rate:
46 children born/woman (2014)
Country's place in the world: 196
Natural resource potential
Estonia population climate economy
In addition to mainland territory, Estonia also has island territory. It owns 1,541 islands in the Baltic Sea. The largest among them are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Sometimes the sea freezes in winter. The country's territory is predominantly a low-lying plain with many lakes of glacial origin. In the northeastern part there is a strip of hilly hills from the very high point countries - Munamägi (318 m). In the northern and central parts there is the Pandivere hill (up to 166 m). 2/3 of the forests are coniferous.
The climate is transitional from marine to continental. average temperature January -6, July +17 °C. Annual precipitation is about 650 mm. Mineral resources: oil shale, peat, phosphorites.
Natural resources Estonia is more significant than other Baltic countries. It has such minerals as shale, peat, and phosphorites. There are raw materials for the building materials industry - sands, gravels, clays, limestones, dolomites. There are deposits of mineral waters and medicinal mud. Oil shale is a very valuable mineral, used as fuel to produce shale gas, as a raw material in the chemical industry. The shale reserves in the northeast of the republic are among the largest in the world, amounting to 15 billion tons.
GDP. Economics - general overview
Estonia, member European Union and the Eurozone since 2004, has a modern market economy and one of the highest income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Successive Estonian governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic program and have wavered slightly in their commitment to market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have led to balanced budgets and low levels of public debt. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications and strong trade links with Finland, Sweden, Russia and Germany. Estonia's economy fell into recession in mid-2008, as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the property bubble and reduced demand for exports as a result of slowing economic growth in the rest of Europe, but the economy has recovered strongly in the last five years. Growth was expected to start at 2% in 2014, before events in Ukraine. Estonia adopted the euro on January 1, 2011.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$29940000000 (2013)
Country's place in the world: 114
$29490000000 (2012)
$28370000000 (2011)
GDP (at official exchange rate):
$24280000000 (2013)
GDP - real growth rate:
Country's place in the world: 158
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$22,400 (2013)
Country's place in the world: 66
$22,000 (2012)
$21,200 (2011)
Please note: data in 2013 US dollars
Gross National Economy:
23.9% of GDP (2013)
Country's place in the world: 56
4% of GDP (2012)
9% of GDP (2011)
GDP - composition, by the end of use:
household consumption: 50.6%
government consumption: 19%
investment in fixed assets: 24.5%
investment in inventories: 0.9%
export of goods and services: 90.4%
import of goods and services: -90.3% (2013)
GDP - by sector of origin:
agriculture: 3.9%
industry: 30%
services: 66.2% (2013)
Agriculture - products: grain, potatoes, vegetables; farm animals and dairy products; fish
Industries: electronics, wood and products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications
Industrial production growth:
Country's place in the world: 104
Work force:
692,900 (2013)
Country's place in the world: 152
Labor force - by economic sector:
agriculture: 4.2%
industry: 20.2%
services: 75.6% (2010)
Unemployment rate:
10.9% (2013)
Country's place in the world: 114
Population below the poverty line:
Family income or share of consumption:
lowest 10%: 2.7%
over 10%: 27.7% (2004)
revenues: $8489 million
expenses: $8615 million (2013)
Taxes and other income:
35% of GDP (2013)
Country's place in the world: 67
Budget surplus (+) or loss (-):
0.5% of GDP (2013)
Country's place in the world: 57
State debt:
6% of GDP (2013)
Country's place in the world: 156
8% of GDP (2012)
Please note: the data covers total government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of the central government, state power, local government, and social insurance funds
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Country's place in the world: 120
Exports: $15110000000 (2013)
Country's place in the world: 79
$14460000000 (2012)
Exports - goods: machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and products 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and spare parts 5%, food and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%
Export partners: Sweden 16.8%, Finland 15.3%, Russia 12.7%, Latvia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 4.8% (2012)
Imports: $1638 billion (2013)
Country's place in the world: 85
$15.6 billion (2012)
Import - goods: machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, food products, plastics, textiles
Import partners: Finland 15.1%, Germany 10.7%, Sweden 10.7%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Poland 6.6%, China 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2012)
Foreign currency and gold reserves:
Country's place in the world: 151
Debt - external:
Country's place in the world: 76
Foreign Direct Investment Fund - houses:
Country's place in the world: 6
Foreign Direct Investment Fund - Abroad:
Country's place in the world: 60
Participation in international organizations
Participation in international organizations: Australia Group, B.A., BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGO), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN Schengen Convention, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WTO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
The largest investors are Russian oil and gas concerns, such as Gazprom and Lukoil .
The largest Russian gas company Gazprom owns the largest block of shares Eesti Gaas , she owns 30.6%. It also owns a modern chemical plant Nitrofert in Kohtla-Jarve, producing chemical fertilizers.
So far cooperation Gazprom with Estonia was the most constructive among all the Baltic states. In February 1996 Gazprom announced the start of construction of a methanol production plant, which could become the most modern and expensive industrial enterprise Estonia.
The plant would have to produce 1000 tons of methanol per day, 2/3 of which would be exported. Moreover, it would be the largest foreign investment in Estonia.
However, the project is experiencing problems obtaining a loan. Much depends on how Estonian politicians react to this matter.
Concern Lukoil engages in the supply of petroleum products. He owns a network of gas stations in Tallinn.
Currently, an oil terminal is being built in the port of Muuga, in which Lukoil invested $31 million.
Russian capital is also showing some interest in the Estonian financial sector.
However, Russian legislation prevents the widespread participation of Russian capital in foreign enterprises. The Central Bank of Russia allows the export Russian capital for equity participation in the capital of a foreign bank, as a rule, only if this participation will provide the Russian side with control over the activities of the invested bank.
Among the existing Russian banks in Estonia, we can mention the Baltic Bank and MAPO-Bank
Geographical position
State Republic of Estonia located in the northeastern part of Europe, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. Estonia borders With Latvia on south and with Russia on east. On north territory of the country washed Gulf of Finland, on west - Gulf of Riga Baltic Sea.
The territory of Estonia contains more than 1500 islands, which is about 10% territory of the country. The largest islands are: Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu, Vormen, Naisaar, Aegna, Prangli, Kihnu, Ruhnu, Abruka And Vilsandi.
The country has a predominantly flat terrain. Only in the north and central part of Estonia are there highlands - Pandivere(up to 166 m. on Mount Emumägi). In the south-eastern part of Estonia there is a narrow strip of hilly hills (up to 318 meters per city Suur-Munamägi).
Total area of the country is about 45.2 thousand sq. km. Estonia is the smallest and northernmost of the Baltic states. There are also many rivers in the country, but they are small. Rivers in the north and west flow into the Baltic Sea, rivers flowing in the southeast flow into lakes Vyrtsjärv, Chudskoye And Pskovskoe.
The longest river is Parnu, the length of which is 144 km. This river flows into the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea. The most abundant rivers are Narva(on the border with Russia) and Emajõgi. navigable river is only Emajõgi from Tartu. There are more than 1 thousand moraine lakes.
The largest inland lake Estonia is Vyrtsjärv, whose area is 266 sq. km. The length of the coastline is 3794 km.
Capital of the country is a city Tallinn.
Estonia has moderate, transitional from maritime to continental climate. Along the Baltic coast climate is maritime, far from the sea - closer to temperate continental. Winters there are usually relatively soft, A summer - moderately warm.Average air temperature in January amounts to -4-7 C, in July +15-17 C. Every year in Estonia there is up to 700 mm. precipitation. Most of them are in autumn-winter period(late summer is also often rainy). The weather is quite changeable due to the influence of sea air masses. Therefore, it can change several times a day, especially in spring and autumn.
Shallow water allows the water in the sea and lakes to warm up quickly enough, it temperature in July reaches +20-24 C. Beach season continues in the country from the beginning of June to the end of August. Best time to visit the country you can call the period from early May to mid September.
Visas, entry rules, customs rules
Citizens of the Russian Federation To enter the country you must obtain Schengen visa.
Deadline for its registration is usually 6 working days.Urgent visa can be issued for 3 working days. But it is issued only when such a need is justified and at the discretion of the consul. For visa processing charged consular fee. Children under 6 years of age are exempt from paying it. In case of visa refusal, the fee is not refunded.
When entering the country at customs may require prove the presence of a sufficient amount Money at the rate of 870 Estonian kroons (56 euros) per person per day.
No restrictions for the import and export of local or foreign currency. Amount exceeding 10,000 euros subject to mandatory declaration.
Persons over 17 years old duty free may import small quantities of tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, and personal goods into the country.
Without appropriate permission cannot be imported medications, drugs and drug-containing drugs to Estonia, firearms and ammunition, explosives, pornographic materials, plants, flowers, animals and birds. The same applies to haberdashery and souvenir products, which are made from endangered species of plants and animals.
To the territory of the European Union countries from May 1, 2009 prohibited to import products containing meat or milk. This prohibition does not apply for baby food and special medications that are needed by people suffering from certain chronic diseases. At the same time, they must be carefully packaged, and their weight should not exceed 2 kilograms.
Plants, animals and plant products must be presented quarantine officials. Pets must have a certificate of vaccinations, as well as a medical certificate, which was issued no earlier than 10 days before departure.
Export prohibited from Estonia objects and things that are of historical or artistic value. It is also prohibited to export precious metals, diamonds and other jewelry stones. The ban does not apply to personal jewelry. Duty-free export allowed goods worth up to Estonian kroons 5,000.
Population, political status
The country's population is approximately 1.5 million people. By ethnic composition The country's population is divided into: Estonians(62% , belong to the Finno-Ugric group), Russians (30% ), Ukrainians (3% ), Belarusians (1,5% ), Finns(1% ) and etc.
Politically, Estonia is parliamentary republic. Head of State is the president, who is elected by members of parliament for a 5-year term. He can be elected for no more than two consecutive terms. The President is elected by secret ballot. Each member of parliament has one vote. Legislature - State Assembly (Riigikogu) is a unicameral parliament consisting of 101 deputies elected by proportional system. Parliament is elected for 4 years.
The powers of the country's president are significantly limited. The government is headed Prime Minister, it becomes the leader of the party that wins the parliamentary elections, or the leader of the parliamentary coalition. The Cabinet of Ministers is approved by the President.
Administratively, the country's territory is divided into 15 counties(Maakondov), headed by district elders. Status of cities in the country have 47 settlements.
State language is Estonian. Widely spread Also Russian language.
What to see
Tallinn, the capital of the country, is located in the region of Northern Estonia. He is one of the best preserved medieval cities in Europe. In written sources, this settlement of the ancient Estonians was first mentioned in 1154 year.
Old city consists of located on a hill Toompea ancient Vyshgorod and located southeast of it Lower City.Vyshgorod Castle was founded by the crusaders in XIII century. After that it was rebuilt many times. Today it has several main attractions. Gothic Toomkirk Dome Cathedral was built during the period from XIII-XV centuries It has a massive baroque tower. Also interesting are the three corner towers of the fortress, which include the famous Pikk Hermann ("Long Herman", XIV-XV centuries).
Here you can see old houses with red tiled roofs and many weather vanes, which create a unique flavor of the old part of the city.
Lower city refers to the period XIV-XVI centuries During the Middle Ages it was also surrounded by city defenses. To this day, only numerous fragments of walls and 18 towers There used to be towers here 27 . In the most famous tower - Pax Margarete ("Fat Margarita") is open exposition of the Maritime Museum. In the tower Kiik in de Kek ("Look into the kitchen") you can visit museum ancient weapons .The highest is Küster Tower. Adjacent to Pax Margaretha Arch of the Great Sea Gate. Street Pikk Yalg ("Long leg") is, the oldest street in the city. On it are famous houses "Three sisters", which pressed closely together. They were built in XV century.
One of the main attractions cities can be called Raekoja Square (Town Hall) with the City Hall. There is another one on it the symbol of the city- famous Vana Toomas weather vane (Old Thomas).
On Town Hall Square you can see metal circle, which symbolizes the center of Tallinn. Here is also the oldest pharmacy in Europe. Tourists are recommended to visit complex of buildings of the Great Guild, related to XV century, Katarina Crafts Street, House of the Brotherhood of Blackheads, "street-stairs" Luhike Jalg ("Short Leg").
On the shore of the Gulf of Finland in 1902 it was installed monument to the sailors of the battleship "Mermaid". Worthy of attention and Viru Gate on the street of the same name with dozens of interesting shops.
There are a lot of churches in the capital of Estonia. Gothic Oleviste Church is the highest in the city and one of the highest in Europe. It is famous for its unique Gothic choirs.
Pühavaimu Church (Holy Spirit, XIV c.) is interesting for its magnificent for hours And " hanging pulpit"Also worthy of attention is the beautiful Alexander Nevsky Church And Church of the Kazan Mother of God.
Worth a visit and Kadriorg palace and park complex, which Peter I built for his wife. Here, not far from the famous Singing Field, there is also Peter the Great Museum. Nowadays, the residence of the President of Estonia is located here. Chamber concerts and fine art exhibitions are regularly held in the palace halls.
In Tallinn there are more than 20 museums: Work basement,Museum of Applied Arts, Kiik in de Kek, Museum of Nature, Maritime Museum, Tallinn City Museum, State historical Museum , Estonian Art Museum etc.
The most famous theaters cities are: Russian Drama Theater, Estonian Drama Theater,Opera and Ballet Theatre"Estonia", Gorrhall, City Theater, Old Town Studio, Puppet show And Theater Von Krali.
Located next to the coastal highway venue for numerous exhibitions - "Floral" And " Blue"pavilions. Nearby are Olimpic village, first class yacht club of the Sailing Center and cozy beach in Pirita. In a green area on the outskirts of the city you can visit Tallinn Zoo, amusement parks V Kadriorge And Rocca al Mare Tivoli. You can go on a picturesque Lake Ülemiste.
Worth to visit the smallest castle in the Baltics - Kiyu Tower (1517 g.), and also Muga dacha district. 33 km. southeast of Tallinn is the only one in the Baltics 18 hole golf course.
City Narva located 210 km. east of Tallinn. It was heavily damaged during the Second World War, but managed to preserve its main attractions. Numerous tourists come here to see the medieval Narva Castle, Baroque Town Hall, urban fortifications, Orthodox Resurrection Cathedral. Also worthy of attention complex of buildings of the famous Krenholm manufactory, old streets and houses, Narva Museum in the fortress. Along the Narva road - Narva-Joesuu can see monument, which was created in memory of the soldiers who died in 1944 year during the liberation of the country.
North of Narva, in a pine forest on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, lies a small resort Narva-Joesuu. A special healing microclimate here is created by pine forests on dry sand dunes and fresh sea air. There is also source of medicinal mineral water "Auga". The wide sea beach with fine white sand stretches for 13 km.
Around, on the historical lands of the province of Virumaa, you can visit attractions such as: observation tower And memorial cross in Sinimäe, Fire Museum in Toila,Purtse fortress, Pühajõe Church, Nautical school And museum in Käsmu.
You can enjoy beautiful nature in Oru Landscape Park. The most high waterfall Estonia is Valaste (Isenheim). Its height is 25 meters.
Kirkkula Cross Was installed in honor of the Russian prince Roslandin, who died during the Russian-Swedish war ( XVI V.).
IN Padaorg you can see a picturesque valley and historical fortifications. Also worth the attention of tourists Toolse Castle, singing sands of the dunes of Smolnitsa. In an ancient town Rakvere worth to visit Wiesenberg Fortress.
IN fortified churches in Väike-Maarja are graves of the Kruzenshtern family And Museum. Pyukhtitsa Convent was built in 1891 year. He is the only operating Orthodox monastery in the country.
Resort towns are located on the northern coast of Lake Peipsi Remnik, Alaiye, Uuskula And Kauksi. Somewhat further west lie the famous resorts I'll call, Kohtla-Jarve, Rutya And Karepa.
West Coast It is a land of distinctive architecture and sandy beaches. Here you can see a large number of old fortifications, ruins of medieval castles, and fortified churches And monasteries. Resorts Parnu And Haapsalu attract many tourists with their healing mud. Numerous small islands included in UNESCO Biosphere Fund.
Saaremaa Island is the second largest island in the Baltic Sea and the largest island in the country. Preserved here wooden windmills, medieval stone churches And old farmsteads.
Kuressaare is the center of the island, it appeared in XIV V. like a castle-fortress, and in the middle XVI V. has already become a major port and shopping center. Now this city is widely known for its Bishop's Castle. He is the only completely preserved and largest medieval castle in the Baltic countries. It was almost under construction 100 years and looks very impressive. You can visit the castle Saaremaa Museum And Art gallery.
The museum also deserves the attention of tourists." Mihkli Manor" in Viki village. Definitely worth a visit Viidumäe And Vilsandi nature reserves, limestone Panga cliff, geological Lake Kaali Nature Reserve and picturesque Lake Karujärv. There are many excellent diving spots off the coast of the island.
Hiiumaa Island is a quiet and very colorful place. Its main attraction is considered to be the third oldest lighthouse in the world - Kõpu. It is located 37 km. from the capital of the island - the city Kardla, its height is 104 meters, and it was built in 1500 year.
Nearby you can visit Memorial to the victims of the ferry disaster "Estonia" (1994 G.). This island is also interesting Hiiumaa Museum in Kärdla, one of the most beautiful manor houses in Estonia - Suuremoisa Palace. Ethnographical museum open air Söera to Pühalepa open only in summer.
Hiiumaa Island, Käina Bay, Matsalu Nature Reserve And southeastern islands are some of the best birdwatching sites in Europe.
Tiny Abruka Island with a small nature reserve located 6 km away. from the southern coast of Saaremaa. Fans of ecotourism come here.
South Estonia counts " green heart"countries. There are many forests, hills and lakes. In these places lives Seto people, which has its own original language and culture.
Tartu is the capital of the region and the most important cultural center country, as well as the oldest city in the Baltics.
City with 1030 was known as Yuryev, then it was called Dorpat. It was founded in 1632 year by order of the Swedish king Gustav Adolf. The city has preserved ruins of the Cathedral of Peter and Paul (XII-XV centuries), powder magazine. Toomemägi Hill is a popular holiday destination for city residents. Its spurs connect two original bridges - Angels And Damn.
Worthy of attention Town Hall building, Tartu Observatory, St. John's Church(middle XIV in and Botanical Garden. The city has a large number of museums: History Museum of the University of Tartu, Museum of Geology, Estonian Sports Museum, Museum of Art, Museum of Zoology, Art Museum and etc.
More 11% The city's territory is occupied by parks. Picturesque river valley Emyõgi and the adjacent hilly plain provide excellent opportunities for active recreation.
Other popular places in southern Estonia include: Otepää resort center. Otepää Church considered the birthplace of the national flag. Võru with him" Solovyov Valley", Valga With oval church of St. John And Mausoleum of Barclay de Tolly, Põlva With church of 1432 and interesting Peasant Museum.
The country has a large number of secluded palaces, manors and estates, which are historical attractions. Of these, the greatest interest for tourists is: Palmse Palace, Vihula manor, Sagadi Palace,Sangaste Castle,Yaieda Castle. Olustvere Manor interesting for its well-preserved park, which has about 100 types of trees.
Estonia is also famous for its beauty untouched nature. The banks of the river are very picturesque Ahya near Põlva, valley Kotiorg(Kutiorg), elevation Haanja, "sacred lake" Pyhajärv south of Otepää, Aegviidu near Tallinn.
Best areas for kayaking and canoeing are sandy cliffs of the banks of the Ahya River, Endla Nature Reserve, raised bogs in the Soma reserve.
Ancestors of modern Estonians were Finno-Ugric peoples And ests. They settled on these lands for 3 thousand years BC. Beginning with 10th century AD, they became allies of the Old Russian state.
IN 13th century Estonia captured by the knights of the Teutonic Order, the country came under his protection. Local residents forced to convert to Catholicism. Estonia has an advantageous geographical location at the intersection of major trade routes. Therefore, a large number of German merchants came to this country. At the end 16th century, after the collapse of the Teutonic Order, these lands captured by the Swedes.
IN 1721 year, after Northern War, this land was annexed to Russia. Estonia became one of the provinces of Russia called Estonia Governorate. At the same time, it retained many of its trading rights and elements of self-government. Peter I restored the rights of the German aristocracy, lost during the reign of the Swedes. The Germans began to be held in high esteem again.
However, after some time Germany became powerful country, and Russia began to fear its possible attack. Therefore, the Germans had to be deprived of power, and Russians began to be appointed in their places.
Several parties were created in Estonia, most of which sought autonomy for Estonia.
After the October Revolution 1917 year and the Bolsheviks came to power, most of the Estonian population did not support their ideas. That's why February 24, 1918 of the year Estonia declared its independence.
Before the Second World War, Estonia managed to improve relations with Western countries, this helped strengthen her status. IN 1932 year between Estonia and the USSR was concluded nonaggression pact. IN 1939 In the same year, the USSR also signed a non-aggression pact with the Germans. According to this document, Estonia entered the sphere of interests Soviet Union. This cut Estonia off from major democratic countries.
That's why September 28, 1939 Estonia was forced to conclude mutual assistance agreement with the USSR. According to this document, on the territory of Estonia were located military bases of the Soviet Union. The local population supported the communist bloc, and already in 1940 Estonia was annexed to the USSR.
When did the second one begin? World War, the USSR government mobilized the majority of Estonians of military age. July 7, 1941 German troops approached the Estonian border. August 28 The last units of the Red Army left Tallinn. Has begun period of German occupation, during which a large number were killed local residents. Were once stationed on the territory of Estonia Nazi camps. At the end of August 1942 In 1999, the Commissioner General of Estonia, Litzmann, issued an order to create the Estonian SS Legion. Was later formed Estonian SS division. November 24, 1944 Soviet troops captured the southern point of the island of Saaremaa and thereby Estonia was liberated from fascist occupation and the Soviet occupation continued.
In subsequent years, the Soviet government turned Estonia into a fairly developed industrial state with a socialist structure. Late 80s years began in Estonia" national awakening". August 20, 1991 years, after the collapse of the USSR, the country again gained its independence. Currently Estonia is a member of the UN and IMF.
International trade
Main foreign trade partners countries are: Finland, Sweden, Germany, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania. More than 1/3 of exports accounts for products electrical engineering And radio electronics industry , as well as on industrial equipment . Estonia also sells for export wood, chemicals, metal products, foodstuffs. Imports a country oil And petroleum products, cars And equipment, gas, Food, metals.
The shops
Country stores are usually open during weekdays With 9:00 before 18:00 (some- before 20:00 ). On Saturdays they are open from 9:00 before 15:00 (some- before 18.00 ). Supermarkets and shops located in resort areas, usually open from 10:00 before 20:00 .
In Estonia price level is lower than in other EU countries. This makes the country attractive in terms of shopping.
From Estonia, tourists usually bring with them: local chocolate, antiques, Lithuanian amber, products self made made of wood, linen products, cotton and wool, modern works masters of art from ceramics and glass.
Demography
Average population density amounts to 29,4 people/sq.km.
Urban population share amounts to 69,4 %.
Age composition of the population: under 15 years old - 15,8 %; 15-65 years - 68,8 %; over 65 years old - 15,4 %
Natural increase (decrease) of population: - 5 %. Life expectancy of men amounts to 64,8 of the year; women - 76,4 of the year.
Estonia ranks first place in Europe in terms of adult HIV infection rates.
Industry
In major cities of the country available mechanical engineering enterprises, metalworking,chemical industry, instrumentation. Estonia produces electric motors, ships, mineral fertilizers , excavators, sulfuric acid, detergents. Available everywhere light enterprises And Food Industry. Also developed in Estonia production of building materials, cellulose, paper And woodworking.
Fuel industry And power generation based on the extraction and processing of oil shale.
Vegetable and animal world
About half of the territory The country is covered with forests. The most common types of trees they are: birch, pine, aspen, maple, oak, linden And spruce. Found in the undergrowth willow, rowan, bird cherry, less often - wild apple, blackthorn, hawthorn.
Near 3/4 of all types of flora countries account for only western coastal areas or islands.
In the northwest and north has become widespread in Estonia meadow vegetation. Coastal strip busy seaside meadows. Territory of Estonia very swampy.
Fauna Estonia is not very diverse. Predominant animal species are wild boars, elk, deer And hares. There are also: raccoon dog, brown bear, lynx, foxes, badger, squirrels, ferret, weasel, hedgehog, shrew And mole.
In coastal waters found in large quantities ringed seal And long-faced seal.
Area - 45.2 thousand km1.
Population: 1.4 million people.
The official name is the Republic of Estonia.
The capital is Tallinn.
The head of state is the president.
The legislative body is the unicameral Sejm. Territorially divided into 15 counties.
Economic and geographical location of Estonia
Estonia is located in the northeast of Central-Eastern Europe and also includes the islands of the Moonsund archipelago. It borders Russia in the east and Latvia in the south, and has wide access to the Baltic Sea.
Among the mineral resources, the country has powerful deposits of oil shale, as well as phosphorites, peat, and building materials.
The territory of Estonia is well developed, but the population is small, its usual density is small for European countries. Estonians make up the overwhelming majority of the population, followed by Russians and representatives of other nationalities of the former USSR. The official language is Estonian (Finno-Ugric language group). Widespread Lutheranism, Baptistism, Orthodoxy.
Economy of Estonia
The traditional Estonian culture of farmers and fishermen has experienced significant European influence. In the Middle Ages, cities began to emerge here, crafts developed (iron products, weaving, etc.), and trade with other countries revived. Until this time, medieval architecture was preserved. The Old Town in Tallinn has preserved the typical buildings of the 15th-17th centuries. and known as the city-museum. The university city of Tartu has a long history. The city is still a significant scientific, cultural and economic center.
The country's economy specializes in the extraction and processing of shale, electric power, qualified mechanical engineering (radio, electrical, instrument making), fisheries, dairy, meat, textile, and knitting industries. Tallinn is the most powerful industrial center and port of the country.
Agriculture is dominated by livestock farming, which specializes in dairy and meat and livestock breeding, and bacon pig farming. The traditional occupation of the population of coastal areas is fishing. This is one of Estonia's export areas.
Estonia's exports are constantly increasing, especially from Western European countries, almost twice as high as exports to the CIS countries. The country exports products from mechanical engineering, fishing, food, and light industry, and imports raw materials, fuel, some cars and consumer goods.
