What does air defense consist of. Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Troops of constant combat readiness

It has more than a century of history, which began in the suburbs of St. Petersburg in 1890. The first attempts to adapt the existing artillery for firing at flying targets were made at the training grounds near Ust-Izhora and in Krasnoye Selo. However, these attempts revealed the complete inability of conventional artillery to hit air targets, and the untrained military to control guns.

Start of air defense

The decoding of the well-known abbreviation means, that is, a system of measures to protect the territory and objects from air attack. The first shooting near Petersburg was made from four-inch guns using ordinary bullet shrapnel.

It is this combination specifications revealed the inability of the available means to defeat air targets, the role of which was then performed by balloons and Balloons. However, according to the test results, Russian engineers received a technical assignment for the development of a special gun, which was completed in 1914. Technically imperfect were at that time not only artillery pieces, but also the airplanes themselves, unable to rise to a height exceeding three kilometers.

World War I

Until 1914, the use of air defense systems in combat conditions was not very relevant, since aviation was practically not used. However, in Germany and Russia, the history of air defense begins as early as 1910. The countries obviously foresaw the imminent conflict and tried to prepare for it, given the sad experience of previous wars.

Thus, the history of air defense in Russia has one hundred and seven years, during which they have significantly developed and evolved from cannons that fired at balloons to high-tech early warning systems capable of hitting targets even in space.

The birthday of the air defense system is considered December 8, 1914, when a system of defensive structures and means directed against air targets began to function on the outskirts of Petrograd. In order to secure the imperial capital, an extensive network of observation posts was created on the remote approaches to it, consisting of towers and telephone points, from which information about the approaching enemy was reported to the headquarters.

Fighter aircraft in World War I

An integral part of the air defense system of any country and at any time is fighter aircraft capable of neutralizing attacking aircraft at distant approaches.

In turn, for effective functioning, a significant number of highly qualified pilots are required. For these purposes, on the Volkovo field near St. Petersburg in 1910, the first Russian officer aeronautical school was formed, which set as its task the training of first-class aeronauts, as pilots were called at that time.

In parallel with the network of observation posts, a system was created, which received the official name "Radio-telegraph defense of Petrograd." This system was intended to intercept the communications of hostile pilots attacking the Russian army.

After the revolution

Deciphering air defense as a counter air defense creates the illusion that the system is extremely simple and designed only to shoot down enemy aircraft. However, already on the fields of the First World War, it became clear that the troops were faced with numerous and complex tasks not only in controlling the sky, but also in reconnaissance, camouflage and the formation of the front line of front-line aviation.

After the victory of the October Revolution, all the air defense forces on the territory of Petrograd came under the control of the Red Army, which took up their reform and reorganization.

The actual abbreviation of air defense and the decoding appeared in 1925, when the terms "air defense of the country" and "air defense of the front line" were first used in official documents. It was at this time that priority areas for the development of air defense were identified. However, more than ten years have passed before their comprehensive implementation.

Air defense of the largest cities

Since the defense against air attacks required significant resources, both human and technical, then Soviet leadership decided to organize defense by means of air defense of several key cities of the USSR. These included Moscow, Leningrad, Baku and Kyiv.

In 1938, air defense corps were formed to protect Leningrad from air attacks. An air defense brigade was organized for the defense of Kyiv. A transcript with a mention of the means used to repel enemy air attacks is as follows:

• flak;
• aerial reconnaissance;
• communication and notification;
• antiaircraft projectors.

Of course, such a list has little to do with the current state of affairs, since over the past eighty years the structure has become much more complicated, and the technique has become more universal. In addition, radio reconnaissance and information warfare are now playing a great role in air defense.

By the beginning of World War II, the early detection of enemy air forces and their destruction becomes especially important. To solve this problem, developed special means electronic intelligence. The first country to deploy a wide network of radar stations was Great Britain.

The first devices designed to control anti-aircraft fire were also developed there, which significantly increased its accuracy and increased density.

The current state of air defense

The decoding of the well-known abbreviation does not fully correspond to modern realities, since non-contact methods of warfare based on missile weapons and special aircraft with low visibility are becoming increasingly important in the world today.

In addition, the abbreviation PRO, which refers to anti-missile defense, is increasingly being used next to the abbreviation for air defense. Imagine an effective air defense without the use of missile weapons today is not possible, which means that systems that are fundamental to integration are becoming increasingly important various systems from anti-aircraft gun to radar equipment.

In the age of the Internet, competent search and the ability to distinguish reliable information from incorrect information are of great importance. Increasingly, users are looking for a decoding of the air defense department of internal affairs, which means the passport and visa department of the Department of Internal Affairs - the police department involved in the passportization of the population.

Air and Missile Defense Troops

air defense

Troops air defense Russian Federation- until 1998, an independent type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces). In 1998, the Air Defense Forces of the country were merged with Air force in a new form of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Air Force of the Russian Federation. In 2009-2010 All air defense formations of the Russian Air Force (4 corps and 7 air defense divisions) were reorganized into 11 aerospace defense brigades. In 2011, 3 air defense brigades of the Russian Air Force became part of a new branch of the Russian Armed Forces - the Aerospace Defense Troops.

It is necessary to distinguish between the Air Defense Forces of the Air Force of the Russian Federation and the brigades of the Aerospace Defense of the Russian Federation, which were previously organizationally part of the Air Defense Forces of the Russian Federation, from the Air Defense Forces ground forces.

The abbreviated name is VPVO of the Armed Forces of Russia.

The tasks of the Russian Air Defense Forces (both as an independent type of the RF Armed Forces and as part of the Russian Air Force, VVKO RF, VKS RF) are: repelling aggression in the air sphere and protecting command posts of the highest levels of state and military administration, administrative and political centers from air strikes , industrial and economic regions, the most important objects of the economy and infrastructure of the country and groupings of troops (forces).

In 2015, the Air Force of the Russian Federation was merged with the Aerospace Defense Forces of the Russian Federation in a new form of the RF Armed Forces - the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation, which organizationally included a new branch of the military - the Air Defense Forces and missile defense(PVO-PRO troops).

Story

The date of formation is the date of creation of the Petrograd air defense system - December 8 (November 25), 1914.

In 1930, the Directorate (since 1940 - the Main Directorate) of Air Defense was created.

Since 1941 - air defense troops.

In 1948, the Air Defense Forces of the country were withdrawn from the subordination of the artillery commander and transformed into an independent branch of the Armed Forces.

In 1954, the High Command of the Air Defense Forces was formed.

In 1978, the transportable S-300PT air defense system was adopted (it replaced the older S-25, S-75 and S-125 air defense systems). In the mid-80s, the complex underwent a series of upgrades, receiving the designation S-300PT-1. In 1982, a new version of the S-300P air defense system, the S-300PS self-propelled system, was adopted by the air defense forces, the new complex had a record short deployment time of 5 minutes, making it difficult for enemy aircraft.

1987 became a "black" year in the history of the Air Defense Forces. May 28, 1987 at 18.55 the plane of Matthias Rust landed in Moscow on Red Square. Serious imperfection became obvious legal basis for the actions of the duty forces of the Air Defense Forces of the country and, as a result, the contradiction between the tasks assigned to the Air Defense Forces and the limited rights of the leadership in the use of forces and means. After the passage of Rust, three Marshals were removed from their posts Soviet Union(including Minister of Defense of the USSR Sokolov S.L., Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces Koldunov A.I.), about three hundred generals and officers. The army has not known such a personnel pogrom since 1937.

In 1991, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, the Air Defense Forces of the USSR were transformed into the Air Defense Forces of the Russian Federation.

In 1993, an improved version of the S-300PS complex, the S-300PM, was adopted. In 1997, the S-300PM2 Favorit air defense system was adopted.

Assessing the process of accelerating the physical aging of weapons and military equipment, the Defense Committee State Duma Russian Federation came to disappointing conclusions. As a result, a new concept of military development was worked out, where it was planned to reorganize the branches of the Armed Forces by the year 2000, reducing their number from five to three. As part of this reorganization, it was necessary to unite in one form two independent species Armed Forces: Air Force and Air Defense Forces. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (RF) dated July 16, 1997 No. 725 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure" determined the formation of a new type of Armed Forces (AF). By March 1, 1998, on the basis of the control bodies of the Air Defense Forces and the Air Force, the Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force and the Main Headquarters of the Air Force were formed, and the Air Defense Forces and the Air Force were merged into the new kind RF Armed Forces - Air Force.

By the time of the unification into a single service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Air Defense Forces included: an operational-strategic formation, 2 operational, 4 operational-tactical formations, 5 air defense corps, 10 air defense divisions, 63 anti-aircraft units missile troops, 25 fighter aviation regiments, 35 units of radio engineering troops, 6 formations and reconnaissance units and 5 units electronic warfare. In service there were: 20 aircraft aviation complex radar surveillance and guidance A-50, more than 700 air defense fighters, more than 200 anti-aircraft missile divisions and 420 radio engineering units with radar stations of various modifications.

As a result of these activities, a new organizational structure Air Force. Instead of air armies front-line aviation, the Air Force and Air Defense armies were formed, operationally subordinate to the commanders of the military districts. The Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense was created in the Western strategic direction.

In 2005–2006 part of the formations and units was transferred to the Air Force military air defense equipped with anti-aircraft missile systems (ZRS) S-300V and Buk complexes. In April 2007, the new-generation S-400 Triumf anti-aircraft missile system was adopted by the Air Force, designed to destroy all modern and promising means of aerospace attack.

At the beginning of 2008, the Air Force included: an operational-strategic association (KSpN) (the former Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense), 8 operational and 5 operational-tactical associations (air defense corps), 15 formations and 165 units. In 2008, a transition began to the formation of a new image of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (including the Air Force). In the course of the measures taken, the Air Force switched to a new organizational and staffing structure. The Air Force and Air Defense Commands were formed, subordinate to the newly created operational-strategic commands: Western (headquarters - St. Petersburg), Southern (headquarters - Rostov-on-Don), Central (headquarters - Yekaterinburg) and Eastern ( headquarters - Khabarovsk). In 2009–2010 A transition was made to a two-level (brigade-battalion) command and control system of the Air Force. As a result total Air Force formations were reduced from 8 to 6, all air defense formations (4 corps and 7 air defense divisions) were reorganized into 11 aerospace defense brigades.

In December 2011, 3 brigades (4th, 5th, 6th) of the air defense of the troops of the operational-strategic command of the aerospace defense (former Command special purpose Air Force, the former Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense) became part of a new branch of the Armed Forces - the Aerospace Defense Troops.

In 2015, the troops of the Aerospace Defense Forces were merged with the Air Force and made up a new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation.

As part of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation, a new type of troops has been organizationally allocated - the Air and Anti-Missile Defense Troops (PVO-PRO Troops). The air defense and anti-missile defense troops will be represented by air defense brigades and an anti-missile defense formation.

As part of the further improvement of the air (aerospace) defense system, a new generation of S-500 air defense systems is currently being developed, in which it is planned to apply the principle of separate solution of the tasks of destroying ballistic and aerodynamic targets. The main task of the complex is the fight against military equipment ballistic missiles medium range, and, if necessary, with intercontinental ballistic missiles in the final section of the trajectory and, within certain limits, in the middle section.

The Day of the Air Defense Forces of the country was celebrated in the USSR and is celebrated in the Armed Forces of Russia on the second Sunday of April.

Operational-strategic associations of air defense forces of the USSR and Russia

Air defense districts - associations of air defense forces designed to protect the most important administrative, industrial centers and regions of the country, groupings of the armed forces from air strikes. important military and other facilities within the established boundaries. In the armed forces of the USSR, air defense districts were created after the Great Patriotic War on the basis of air defense fronts. In 1948 the districts were reorganized into air defense districts, and in 1954 the air defense districts were recreated.
Moscow Air Defense District (since August 20, 1954):
Moscow Air Force and Air Defense District (since 1998);
Special Forces Command (since September 1, 2002);
Joint Strategic Aerospace Defense Command (since July 1, 2009);
Air and Missile Defense Command (since December 1, 2011);
1st Army of Air and Missile Defense (since 2015).
1st Air Force and Air Defense Command
2nd Air Force and Air Defense Command
3rd Air Force and Air Defense Command
4th Air Force and Air Defense Command
Baku Air Defense District - formed in 1945 on the basis of the Baku Air Defense Army, in 1948 it was transformed into a district. Since 1954 - again the district. Abolished January 5, 1980.

Compound

The Air Defense Forces of the Russian Armed Forces included:
management (headquarters);
Radio engineering troops;
Anti-aircraft missile troops;
Fighter aircraft;
Forces of electronic warfare.

The location of the Main Air Defense Headquarters of Russia (USSR) is the village of Zarya, near the village of Fedurnovo, Balashikha district of the Moscow region (electric train from the Kursk railway station towards the Petushki station), or from the Gorky highway, outside the city of Balashikha and the division. Dzerzhinsky.

Air defense systems in service with the Russian Air Defense Forces
ZRS S-400 (since April 2007)
ZRS S-300 (Until 2007, anti-aircraft missile system medium-range S-300P was the basis of the anti-aircraft missile forces of the Russian Air Force.)
The S-350 Vityaz air defense system (the S-350E Vityaz medium-range anti-aircraft missile system will enter the Russian troops by 2016. New complex is intended to replace the S-300PS air defense system with V55R missiles, the service life of which ends in 2015.)
ZRPK Pantsir-S1
ZRPK "Pantsir-S2" (since June 2015, the complex will begin to enter the air defense forces of the Air Force)

missile defense

Anti-missile defense (ABM) - a set of measures of reconnaissance, radio engineering and fire or any other nature (balloon anti-missile defense, etc.), designed to protect (defend) protected objects from missile weapons. Missile defense is very closely related to air defense and is often carried out by the same systems.

The concept of "anti-missile defense" includes protection against a missile threat of any kind and all means that carry out this (including active protection of tanks, air defense systems that fight cruise missiles, etc.), but at the household level, speaking of missile defense, they usually have mind "strategic missile defense" - protection against the ballistic missile component of strategic nuclear forces(ICBMs and SLBMs).

Speaking of missile defense, one can single out self-defense against missiles, tactical and strategic missile defense.

Self defense against missiles

Self-defense against missiles is the minimum unit of anti-missile defense. It provides protection against attacking missiles only for the military equipment on which it is installed. characteristic feature self-defense systems is the placement of all missile defense systems directly on the protected equipment, and all deployed systems are auxiliary (not the main functional purpose) for this equipment. Self-protection systems against missiles are cost-effective for use only on expensive types of military equipment that suffer heavy losses from missile fire. Currently, two types of self-defense systems against missiles are being actively developed: complexes active protection tanks and anti-missile defense of warships.

Active defense of tanks (and other armored vehicles) is a set of measures to counter attacking projectiles and missiles. The action of the complex can mask the protected object (for example, by releasing an aerosol cloud), or it can also physically destroy the threat by a close detonation of an anti-projectile, shrapnel, a directed blast wave, or in another way.

Active defense systems are characterized by an extremely short reaction time (up to fractions of a second), since the flight time of weapons, especially in urban combat, is very short.

An interesting feature is that, in order to overcome the active protection systems of armored vehicles, the developers of anti-tank grenade launchers use the same strategy as the developers of intercontinental ballistic missiles to break through a strategic missile defense system - false targets.

Tactical PRO

Tactical missile defense is designed to protect limited areas of the territory and objects located on it (troop groups, industry and settlements) from missile threats. The goals of such missile defense include: maneuvering (mainly high-precision aviation) and non-maneuvering (ballistic) missiles with relatively low speeds (up to 3-5 km / s) and not having the means to overcome missile defense. The reaction time of tactical missile defense systems ranges from several seconds to several minutes, depending on the type of threat. The radius of the protected area, as a rule, does not exceed several tens of kilometers. Complexes with a significantly larger radius of the protected area - up to several hundred kilometers, are often referred to as strategic missile defense, although they are not capable of intercepting high-speed intercontinental ballistic missiles, covered by powerful means of penetrating missile defense.

Existing tactical missile defense systems

short range

Tunguska (only for external target designation through an external Command Post).
Thor
Pantsir-S1

Medium and long range:

Beech
S-300P all variants
S-300V all options
S-400 with any missiles

Strategic missile defense

The most complex, modernized and expensive category of missile defense systems. The task of strategic missile defense is to combat strategic missiles- in their design and tactics of use, means are specially provided that make it difficult to intercept - a large number of light and heavy decoys, maneuvering warheads, as well as jamming systems, including high-altitude nuclear explosions.

At present, only Russia and the United States have strategic missile defense systems, while the existing systems are capable of protecting only against a limited strike (a few missiles), and for the most part, over a limited area. In the foreseeable future, there are no prospects for the emergence of systems that can guarantee and completely protect the country's territory from a massive strike by strategic missiles. However, since all more countries have, are developing, or may potentially acquire a number of long-range missiles, the development of missile defense systems that can effectively protect the country's territory from a small number of missiles seems necessary.

Types of strategic missile defense

Interception on takeoff (Boost-phase intercept)

Intercept on takeoff means that the missile defense system tries to intercept the ballistic missile immediately after launch, when it accelerates with the engines on.

Destroying a ballistic missile on takeoff is a relatively simple task. Advantages of this method:

A missile (unlike warheads) is large, highly visible on radar, and its engine creates a powerful infrared beam that cannot be masked. It is not particularly difficult to aim an interceptor at such a large, visible and vulnerable target as an accelerating missile.

It is also impossible to cover an accelerating missile with decoys or chaff.

Finally, the destruction of a rocket on takeoff leads to the destruction of all its warheads along with it in one blow.

However, takeoff interception has two fundamental disadvantages:

Limited reaction time. The duration of acceleration takes 60-110 seconds, and during this time the interceptor must have time to track the target and hit it.

Difficulty deploying interceptors in range. Ballistic missiles, as a rule, start from the depths of the enemy's territory and are well covered by his defense systems. Deploying interceptors close enough to hit incoming missiles is usually extremely difficult or impossible.

Based on this, space-based or mobile interceptors (deployed on ships or mobile installations). At this stage it may also be effective application laser systems with their short reaction times. Thus, the SDI system considered orbital platforms with chemical lasers and systems of thousands of tiny Diamond Pebble satellites, designed to hit rockets taking off with the kinetic energy of collision at orbital speeds, as means of interception on takeoff.

Interception on the middle section of the trajectory (Midcourse intercept)

Mid-trajectory interception means that the interception occurs outside the atmosphere, at the moment when the warheads have already separated from the missile and are flying by inertia.

Advantages:

Long interception time. The flight of warheads outside the atmosphere takes from 20 to 40 minutes, which significantly expands the ability to respond to missile defense.

Flaws:

Tracking warheads flying outside the atmosphere is difficult task, since their dimensions are small and they are not sources of radiation.

The high cost of interceptors.

Warheads flying outside the atmosphere can be covered with penetration means with maximum efficiency. Distinguishing out-of-atmosphere warheads from decoys is extremely difficult.

Interception at atmospheric entry (Terminal phase intercept)

Re-entry interception means that the missile defense system tries to intercept the warheads in the last stage of the flight - during re-entry close to the target.

Advantages:

Technical convenience of deploying missile defense systems on its territory.

Short distance from radars to warheads, which greatly increases the effectiveness of the tracking system.

Low cost anti-missiles.

Reducing the effectiveness of decoys and re-entry interference: Lighter than the warheads themselves, decoys are more retarded by air friction. Accordingly, decoy selection can be performed by the difference in deceleration speed.

Flaws:

Extremely limited (up to tens of seconds) interception time

The small size of the warheads and the difficulty of tracking them

No redundancy: if the warheads are not intercepted at this stage, no subsequent layer of defense can exist

Limited range of interception systems at the terminal stage, which allows the enemy to overcome such defenses by simply directing more missiles at the target than there are near the anti-missile target.

History of strategic missile defense

Despite the great difficulties and shortcomings, the development of missile defense systems in the USSR proceeded quite systematically and systematically.

First experiences

Research into the possibility of countering ballistic missiles in the USSR began in 1945 as part of the Anti-V project at the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy (Georgy Mironovich Mozharovsky's group) and at several research institutes (the theme was Pluto). During the creation of the Berkut air defense system (1949-1953), work was suspended, then sharply intensified.

In 1956, 2 projects of the missile defense system were considered:

Zonal missile defense system "Barrier" (Alexander Lvovich Mints)

Three radar stations with antennas looking straight up were installed one after the other with an interval of 100 km in a missile-prone direction. The attacking warhead sequentially crossed three narrow radar beams, its trajectory was built from three notches and the point of impact was determined.

System based on three ranges "System A" (Grigory Vasilyevich Kisunko)

The project was based on a complex of heavy-duty early warning radar and three precision guidance radars located along the perimeter of the defended area.

The control computer continuously processed the reflected signals, pointing the anti-missile at the target.

The project of G. V. Kisunko was chosen for execution.

The first missile defense system in the USSR, chief designer G. V. Kisunko. It was deployed in the period 1956-1960 at the GNIIP-10 (Sary-Shagan) training ground specially built for this purpose in the Betpak-Dala desert. Ballistic missiles were launched into the interception area from the Kapustin Yar and, later, Plesetsk test sites into a triangle with a side of 170 km, at the tops of which (sites No. 1, No. 2, No. 3) precision guidance radars were located. The launcher of the V-1000 anti-missiles was located in the center of the triangle (site No. 6), the interception was carried out on the atmospheric section of the trajectory (altitude 25 km) on a collision course. The control was carried out by a computer center with two computers, M-40 (implementation of the automatic cycle) and M-50 (processing of system information), designer S. A. Lebedev.

On March 4, 1961, after a series of unsuccessful attempts, the V-1000 anti-missile, equipped with a fragmentation warhead, destroyed the warhead of the R-12 ballistic missile with the weight equivalent of a nuclear charge. The miss was 31.2 meters to the left and 2.2 meters in height. This is the first real interception of a target by a missile defense system in world practice. Before this moment ballistic missiles were considered ultimate weapon with no countermeasures.

Subsequently, 16 more interception attempts were made, 11 of which were successful. Research was also carried out on wiring and measuring the trajectories of satellites. The work of System "A" ended in 1962 with a series of tests K1 - K5, as a result of which 5 nuclear explosions at altitudes from 80 to 300 km and studied their influence on the functioning of missile defense and early warning systems.

System "A" did not enter service due to low reliability and low efficiency: the system ensured the destruction of only single ballistic missiles of short and medium range at short distances from the protected object, however, as a result of work on it, a specialized training ground was built and vast experience was accumulated, which served further development missile defense systems in the USSR/Russia.

ABM systems of the Moscow industrial region

A-35

The creation began in 1958 with the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU. G. V. Kisunko was appointed chief designer. According to the tactical and technical requirements, the system was supposed to provide defense of an area of ​​400 km² from the attack of the Titan-2 and Minuteman-2 ICBMs. In connection with the use of more advanced radars and anti-missiles with nuclear warheads, the interception was carried out at a distance of 350 km in range and 350 km in height, guidance was carried out by a single-station method. The computer center worked on the basis of a two-processor computer 5E92b (developer V. S. Burtsev). The construction of A-35 facilities in the Moscow region began in 1962, however, putting on combat duty was delayed for a number of reasons:

The advanced improvement of the means of attack required a number of serious improvements.

The promotion of competing projects of the Taran missile defense system by V.N. Chelomey and S-225 KB-1 led to a temporary halt in construction.

The growth of intrigues in the upper echelons of the scientific and technical leadership led in 1975 to the removal of Grigory Kisunko from the post of chief designer of the A-35.

Upgraded A-35 system. Chief designer I. D. Omelchenko. Put on combat duty on May 15, 1978 and was in service until December 1990, the Danube-3U early warning radar continued to operate in the A-135 system until the early 2000s. At the same time, the A-35 Aldan firing range complex (site No. 52) was built at the Sary-Shagan training ground, which was used as a prototype and for training the calculations of the Moscow missile defense system on real live firing.

A-135

Further development of the missile defense system of the Moscow industrial region. General designer A. G. Basistov. Draft design in 1966, start of development in 1971, start of construction in 1980. Commissioned in December 1990. Early warning radar "Danube-3U" and multifunctional radar "Don-2" had phased antenna arrays. Two interception echelons, long-range transatmospheric and short-range atmospheric with two types of anti-missiles. The Argun firing range complex (sites No. 38 No. 51 of the Sary-Shagan firing range) was envisaged, but it was not completed. In accordance with the addendum to the ABM treaty between the USA and the USSR of 1974 and the change of leadership, the TsNPO Vympel recognized this object as unpromising, work on it was stopped, and launchers destroyed. The complex continued to function in a truncated version as a measuring "Argun-I" until 1994.

A-235 "Airplane-M"

A promising missile defense system to replace the A-135. The contract for the creation was concluded in 1991. In August 2014, it was announced the start of testing anti-missiles for the A-235 complex, the completion of work on the project is scheduled for 2015.

Also in the USSR there were several unrealized projects of missile defense systems. The most significant of them are:

ABM system of the territory of the country "Taran"

In 1961, on his own initiative, Chelomey proposed a system of defense of the entire territory of the USSR from a nuclear missile attack by the United States.

The project was based on the interception in the middle section of the trajectory with the help of a super-heavy anti-missile, which Chelomey proposed to create on the basis of intercontinental missile UR-100. It was assumed that the radar system deployed in the far North would have to detect warheads approaching along transpolar trajectories and calculate approximate points of interception. Then the anti-missiles based on the UR-100 were to be launched on inertial guidance to these calculated points. Accurate guidance was supposed to be carried out using radar systems target designation and radio command guidance installed on anti-missiles. The interception was supposed to be using a 10-megaton thermonuclear warhead. According to Chelomey's calculations, to intercept 100 Minuteman-type ICBMs, 200 anti-missiles would be required.

The development of the system was carried out from 1961 to 1964, but in 1964, by decision of the government, it was closed. The reason was the outpacing growth of the American nuclear arsenal: from 1962 to 1965, the United States deployed eight hundred Minuteman-type ICBMs, which would require 1600 UR-100 anti-missiles to intercept them.

In addition, the system was subject to the effect of self-dazzle, since numerous detonations of 10-megaton warheads in outer space they would create huge clouds of radio-opaque plasma and a powerful EMP that disrupts the operation of the radar, which makes subsequent interceptions extremely difficult. The enemy could easily overcome the "Taran" system by dividing their ICBMs into two successive waves. The system was also vulnerable to the means of overcoming missile defense. Finally, the front-line early warning radars, a key component of the system, were themselves extremely vulnerable to a possible preemptive strike that would render the entire system useless. In this regard, Vladimir Chelomey proposed using the A-35 and S-225 being created as part of his Taran system, receiving, in the future, leadership over all anti-missile issues in the USSR. I must say that the project "Taran" was considered by many to be unfinished and adventurous. Chelomey enjoyed strong support from the leadership of the USSR, the son of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Sergey Khrushchev worked in his design bureau, this explains the closure of the project after the removal of N.S. Khrushchev in 1964.

S-225

Start of work in 1961. General designer A.A. Raspletin.

Air defense, missile defense complex for protecting relatively small-sized objects from single ICBMs equipped with means to overcome missile defense and promising aerodynamic targets. Active development phase from 1968 to 1978.

Distinctive features were - a container transportable and quick-mounted design, the use of RTN with a phased antenna array RSN-225, new ultra-high-speed short-range interception missiles PRS-1 (5Ya26) of the Novator Design Bureau (designer Lyulyev). 2 polygon complexes were built, "Azov" (site No. 35 Sary-Shagan) and a measuring complex in Kamchatka. The first successful interception of a ballistic target (an 8K65 missile warhead) was made in 1984. Presumably, due to the delay in the development of anti-missiles and the insufficient energy of the RTN for missile defense purposes, the topic was closed. The PRS-1 missile subsequently entered the short-range interception echelon of the A-135 complex.

Military formations of military air defense are designed to cover groupings of troops and objects of the military rear, important infrastructure facilities of the state, located in the zone of responsibility of the combined arms commander. In the context of the rapid development of the means of aerospace attack of the armies of foreign states, formations, military units and air defense units have become an integral integral part combined arms formations from the tactical to the operational-strategic level.

There are more than 90 formations in the modern Armed Forces, military units and units of air defense SV. As shown practical actions troops at the training grounds, the level of training of soldiers and officers has grown significantly, especially in practical terms.

The basis of the armament system of military air defense is anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes (air defense systems and air defense systems) "S-300V3", "Buk-M2", "Tor-M1", "Osa-AKM", "Tunguska-M1", MANPADS "Igla" . The main means of automated control are the complex of automation equipment (KSA) "Polyana-D4M1", designed to equip command posts military districts, armies, anti-aircraft missile brigades in mobile and stationary versions, as well as a single KSA "Barnaul-T" - to equip air defense units of individual motorized rifle (tank) brigades.

The reconnaissance equipment includes mobile radar stations (radar) of the Nebo-SV, Nebo-SVU standby mode and the Ginger, Obzor, Dome combat modes, as well as the Garmon portable radars. Currently, research and development work is being carried out to create a new generation of air defense weapons. The basic directions of the technological basis of such works are microelectronics, informatics and robotics.

The modernization of the S-300V air defense system made it possible to increase the range of destruction of aerodynamic air targets up to 400 km, the areas covered from strikes by operational-tactical and tactical missiles (OTR and TR) by 3-4 times, and the defeat of OTR and medium-range ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 3500 km.

The Air Defense Forces of the SV will soon receive a modified Buk-M2 complex, which, while maintaining the same number of combat vehicles, increases the number of simultaneously fired air targets for the division from 6 to 24, the area of ​​​​covered objects and troops - 2.5 times, the possibility of hitting TR from launch range up to 150-200 km. Work is nearing completion on the creation of a new medium-range air defense system, which will surpass its predecessor by several times in terms of the range of destruction, the number of simultaneously hit targets and the speed of destruction.

In 2011, the Air Defense Forces of the SV received a new modification of the Tor-M2U air defense system, which today, according to the characteristics of the simultaneous firing of four air targets by one combat vehicle, is the only one in the world. Compared to the previous modification, it has a 1.5-fold increase in the parameters of the affected area in terms of height, speed and heading parameter.

In the interests of developing the command and control system, work is underway to create new unified command and control systems at various levels of command and control of troops and weapons. IN tactical level there is a planned equipping of brigade sets of controls from the composition of the KSA "Barnaul-T", which in terms of basic characteristics corresponds to, and in terms of maneuverability, security, interchangeability of controls, the time of setting the task of combat weapons exceeds foreign counterparts. The time for passing commands (information) from the head of the air defense brigade to the air defense missile system (ADMC) is no more than 1 second.

The country's air defense is a separate type of armed support within the framework of measures to protect the state from air attacks. The first units designed to combat the air threat were created in Russia even before the revolution, back in 1914. Equipped with light cannons and machine-gun mounts, these formations successfully resisted the German airplanes.

But the real readiness of the air defense system for the defense of the country was the Great Patriotic War. During air combat on the outskirts of Moscow and Leningrad, Soviet anti-aircraft gunners inflicted damage on fascist aviation. Over the entire military air defense units destroyed or disabled more than seven thousand enemy aircraft.

The importance of air defense for the state is so great that the country has a special holiday - Air Defense Forces Day, which is traditionally celebrated every year on the second Sunday of April. The time for the holiday date was not chosen by chance. It was in April that the most important decisions were made regarding the organization of this type of troops, their formation and development.

Troops of constant combat readiness

The modern air defense forces of Russia are a branch of the armed forces whose function is to cover military and civilian facilities and military formations from possible attacks from a potential enemy’s air attack means. Domestic air defense units are able to destroy aircrafts the enemy at a variety of heights, regardless of flight speed.

In peacetime, air defense units are on round-the-clock combat duty, vigilantly guarding the country's air borders and approaches to especially important objects of strategic importance. If the need arises to participate in real hostilities, the air defense forces will be able to conduct aerial reconnaissance, to notify ground targets of the threat of an attack from the air, and by all available means to destroy enemy aircraft and other means of attack.

From the point of view of the organizational structure, the air defense forces consist of command and control bodies, hidden command posts, radio engineering and anti-aircraft missile units, as well as aviation. Units are distinguished by high mobility and survivability. Hidden from prying eyes, means of detection and rocket launchers capable of detecting enemy aircraft at distant approaches and timely neutralizing enemy means of air attack.