Types and methods of aerial reconnaissance, requirements for it. Conducting aerial reconnaissance in Operation Desert Storm Types and methods of aerial reconnaissance

The main goal of the SA is to inflict maximum damage on the given objects and groupings of enemy troops, which pose the greatest danger to our troops. The main purpose of the SHA is the destruction of ground-based small-sized and mobile objects on the battlefield and in tactical depth. The objects of its actions can also be located in the nearest operational depth up to 300 km from the front line.

The main strike targets for attack aircraft will be armored targets at the forefront (tanks, artillery mounts, armored vehicles), motorized infantry, command posts, missile launchers, anti-aircraft weapons, communication facilities, ground elements of high-precision weapons systems.

In carrying out its tasks, the SHA operates from low and extremely low altitudes.

destruction of means of mass destruction;

destruction of enemy reserves;

destruction of command and control equipment

facilitating the landing of their troops

obstruction of enemy maneuvers.

17. Types and methods of conducting aerial reconnaissance

Air reconnaissance, depending on the scale, tasks, and also on whose interests it is carried out, is divided into three types:

strategic;

operational;

tactical.

Strategic aerial reconnaissance is organized by the commanders-in-chief of the services of the Armed Forces or the Supreme Commander-in-Chief in the interests of the war as a whole or in the interests of operations carried out by a group of fronts, to the depth of the entire theater of operations. It is carried out by strategic reconnaissance aircraft, aircraft and space reconnaissance equipment.

Operational aerial reconnaissance is organized by the front command, carried out to the depth of front, air and sea operations by front-line reconnaissance aircraft.

Tactical aerial reconnaissance is organized by the army command in the tactical depth of the enemy in the interests of formations of various branches of the armed forces in order to obtain the necessary data for organizing a battle.

For reconnaissance, FA reconnaissance aircraft, as well as tactical unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, are used. In the interests fighting Aviation conducts preliminary aerial reconnaissance (with a lack of data to make a decision on the execution of tasks), additional reconnaissance (to clarify the position of objects, their air defense, radiation situation and weather on the route and in the combat area), control (during or after an air strike to determine his results).

visual observation;

aerial photography;

aerial reconnaissance with the help of electronic means.

Visual observation: allows you to view large areas, and is indispensable when searching or additional reconnaissance of low-observable nuclear missiles, controls and air defense and other moving objects. Disadvantages: reduced visual observation capabilities with increasing height and speed of reconnaissance aircraft, with an increase in the degree of complexity of objects, as well as the subjectivity of information.

Aerial photography: has advantages in objectivity and documentary, detail and reliability. It makes it possible to capture the most complex objects on photographic film, to obtain fairly complete data on the groupings of enemy troops, its defensive structures, large railway junctions, airfields and positions of rocket launchers, and to identify even the most insignificant changes in such large objects. However, the possibilities of aerial photography depend on the weather and the time of day. Even under simple weather conditions, the quality of the photo image is determined by the state of the atmosphere, while at night photography is possible only with artificial lighting of objects.

Aerial reconnaissance with the help of electronic means: it consists in obtaining information about the enemy with the help of electronic means. It is subdivided into:

radio intelligence,

radio engineering,

radar,

radiothermal (thermal imaging),

thermal (infrared),

laser

television.

Radio reconnaissance - obtaining information about the enemy by radio search, interception of his radio transmissions.

Electronic intelligence (RTR) - obtaining information about the type and purpose of the enemy's operating REM (radar, radio navigation, radio telecontrol). Conducted with the help of special radio stations. Detection of enemy RES, determination of their type and purpose is carried out according to the parameters of the signals emitted by them.

Radar reconnaissance (RLR) - obtaining information about enemy objects (targets), including determining their coordinates or movement parameters using radar stations. Radar detects objects (targets) on the ground, in the air, on the water in any meteorological conditions, day and night, determines the type and intensity of enemy radar interference, detects the epicenters of nuclear explosions.

Aerial thermal reconnaissance is carried out with the help of heat direction finders and allows you to open heat-contrasting objects: military equipment, aircraft at airfields, airfield runways and other objects.

Laser reconnaissance is the detection, recognition and determination of the coordinates of objects (targets) using devices operating on the principle of using laser radiation energy. Laser rangefinders are used for conducting laser reconnaissance.

Television reconnaissance is the acquisition of information about the enemy with the help of television reconnaissance equipment. Television transmitting cameras are installed on aircraft.

Reconnaissance aviation in the performance of combat missions uses the following methods of combat operations:

reconnaissance by single aircraft (pairs);

reconnaissance by simultaneous departure of the entire composition.

Depending on the scale and nature of the tasks to be solved, the purpose of the intelligence information received, aerial reconnaissance is divided into three kinds:

· strategic;

operational;

· tactical.

Strategic VR organized by the commanders-in-chief of the branches of the Armed Forces or the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.

Strategic VR can be carried out by DA and VTA reconnaissance aircraft, space reconnaissance equipment.

Operational VR organized by the front command, carried out to the depth of front-line, air and sea operations by FA reconnaissance aircraft.

Tactical VR organized by the army command in the tactical depth of the enemy in the interests of formations of various branches of the armed forces.

For reference tactical intelligence FA reconnaissance aircraft are used, as well as tactical reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles.

Observation of the battlefield is organized by the army command and is carried out continuously and constantly.

In the interests of military operations aviation can be conducted:

Preliminary aerial reconnaissance (with insufficient data to make a decision to complete tasks),

additional reconnaissance (to clarify the position of objects, their air defense, radiation situation and weather on the route and in the combat area),

Control reconnaissance (during or after an air strike to determine its results).

Ways aerial reconnaissance:

1. visual observation;

2. aerial photography;

3. aerial reconnaissance with the help of electronic means.

1. Visual observation

· is currently the most versatile and trouble-free method of aerial reconnaissance available to all crews;

allows viewing large areas, and is indispensable in the search and additional reconnaissance of low-observable nuclear missile systems, controls, air defense and other mobile objects;

Data can be transmitted by radio immediately after the detection of targets.

· decrease in the possibilities of visual observation: with an increase in the height and speed of the flight of a reconnaissance aircraft, with an increase in the degree of complexity of objects;

subjectivity of the received information.

2. Aerial photography

Although inferior to visual observation in the speed of obtaining information, it has certain advantages over it in objectivity and documentation, detail and reliability.

allows you to capture the most complex objects on film;

· makes it possible to obtain fairly complete data on the groupings of enemy troops, its defensive installations, large railway junctions, airfields, and positions of rocket launchers;

allows you to identify even the most minor changes in the objects of intelligence.

· the possibilities of aerial photography, as well as visual observation, depend on the weather and time of day.

Depending on the time and method of photographing, the position of the optical axis of the aerial camera (AFA), the method of exposure and photographic materials, the following types of aerial photography are distinguished:

· day and night;

planned, prospective and panoramic;

single, route and areal;

personnel and gap;

· black-and-white, color and spectrozonal.

Planned photography - such photography when the optical axis of the lens (AFA) at the time of shooting is perpendicular to the plane of the area being photographed

· Perspective photography - when the optical axis of the AFA lens is directed at an angle of 45 - 84 degrees. to the subject being photographed. Such pictures give the appearance of the object in the form in which the human eye is used to seeing them.

Perspective photography: complements planned; used to obtain data on the configuration of the terrain and objects, especially such as engineering structures; helps to reveal enemy camouflage measures; in the event of strong enemy opposition, it allows you to photograph the necessary objects without entering the air defense zone of the object.

· When taking panoramic photographs, the terrain is taken from the aircraft in front, behind, on the right, on the left.

· During a single photograph during a reconnaissance flight, one or more photographs of objects (targets) that are not interconnected are taken.

· Route aerial photography is carried out from one approach of the aircraft, during which a series of aerial photographs is made, mutually overlapping by approximately 30% in the direction of approach.

· Areal aerial photography - two-strip, and more, aerial photography, in which the routes of aerial photographs have a transverse overlap (up to 50%).

· On reconnaissance aircraft with a long range, up to 7 - 8 AFAs can be installed.

· Depending on the time of day and the nature of the illumination, day and night aerial photography is distinguished.

· Daytime aerial photography is used in daylight illumination of the object in the absence of clouds, fog, haze.

Night aerial photography is carried out under artificial lighting of the area. The opening and closing of the camera during night aerial photography is carried out automatically from the flash of a special electric lamp, powered by the discharge of high-power electric capacitors. For night photography, NAFA is used.

Spectrozonal aerial photography is performed on a special, most often 2-layer photographic material, on which terrain objects are depicted not in natural conditions, but in conditional colors that are sharply different from one another (for example, in purple and blue, red and green).

Such aerial photography is used when conducting aerial reconnaissance of camouflaged objects that are invisible during visual observation and photographing with ordinary photographic materials.

Spectrozonal images make it easier to interpret images

3. Electronic reconnaissance consists in obtaining information about the enemy using electronic means, it is divided into

radio intelligence,

radio engineering,

the radar,

radiothermal (thermal imaging),

thermal (infrared)

a laser,

television.

Intelligence Requirements

purposefulness (concentration of the main reconnaissance forces in the most important areas and in time of action);

activity (the persistent desire of each crew to fulfill combat mission);

Timeliness (obtaining information on time, ensuring its effective use by troops);

Continuity (day, night under any conditions);

secrecy;

· credibility;

accuracy and clarity of information.

To meet the requirements for reconnaissance, it is planned to quickly process the results obtained on board and transfer information via communication channels to ground control points.

Conducting aerial reconnaissance in Operation Desert Storm

Colonel V. Palagin,
Captain A. Kaishauri

One of key places aerial reconnaissance was responsible for the preparation and conduct of the air offensive campaign and the air-ground operation of the multinational forces (MNF) against Iraq (January 17 - February 28, 1991). At the stage of strategic deployment and preparation of the armed forces of the United States and its allies for combat operations, the main efforts were focused on monitoring the progress of the operational deployment of the armed forces of Iraq, collecting and processing data on military installations in the territories of Iraq and Kuwait in order to plan missile and bomb strikes and electronic suppression, as well as ensuring the implementation of measures to control the naval blockade in the Persian Gulf. With the outbreak of hostilities, reconnaissance missions were redirected to assessing the results of missile and bomb strikes, identifying new objects to destroy, primarily mobile operational units. tactical missiles(OTR)<Скад>, tracking the movements of Iraqi troops and aircraft, control of airspace, primarily with the aim of detecting launches of Iraqi missiles.
In solving these problems, along with space forces and means (satellites: KN-11 optical-electronic reconnaissance, radar -<Лакросс>, radio and radio engineering -<Феррет>, <Шале>, <Аквакейд>) was attended by reconnaissance aircraft of the US Air Force Strategic Aviation Command (since 1992 - Combat Aviation Command), early warning and control aircraft (AWACS) and control, including carrier-based aviation, as well as tactical air reconnaissance equipment.
By the beginning of hostilities in the zone Persian Gulf command of the MNF created a grouping reconnaissance aviation consisting of 41 AWACS aircraft (17 E-ZA<Сентри>AWACS and 24 E-2C systems<Хокай>), two E-8A and about 180 reconnaissance aircraft (six RC-135, one U-2C, nine TR-1A and approximately 150RF-4C,<Мираж-F.lCR>, RF-14A<Томкэт>, rice. 1,<Торнадо-GR.lA>in the tactical reconnaissance variant, fig. 2, and others).
Strategic reconnaissance aircraft RC-135, U-2C and TR-1A carried out round-the-clock radar, radio and electronic reconnaissance along the line of contact in order to identify military installations and groupings of enemy troops, determine the results of air and missile strikes, and additional reconnaissance of electronic means of command and control and weapons, an advance opening of the Iraqi side's preparations for a sudden air strike. The intensity of aerial reconnaissance during this period was 10-12 sorties per day, and during combat operations - up to 200 (10-15 percent of their total number). Complexes of airborne reconnaissance equipment of strategic reconnaissance aircraft made it possible to:
- photograph military installations and positions of troops at a distance of up to 60 km from RC-135 aircraft, up to 150 km - from U-2C (with a resolution of 0.2 -10 m) and up to 40 km in infrared range waves (with a resolution of 5-10 m);
- shoot objects with television equipment (with a resolution of 0.2-0.5m);
- to carry out radar survey of objects at a distance of up to 150 km (with a resolution of 3 - 4.5 m);
- conduct radio and electronic intelligence in the HF range within a radius of up to 1000 km, and in the VHF range - up to 450 km of ground-based RES and up to 1000 km of aviation RES in flight.
The command of the MNF paid considerable attention to solving the problems of searching for and detecting mobile objects of the Iraqi armed forces, which required the allocation of a large detachment of reconnaissance aviation forces. For this, a promising system of aerial radar reconnaissance and target designation was used for the first time.<Джистарс>(an air squadron of two E-8A aircraft, created on the basis of the Boeing 707, and six AN / TSQ-132 ground mobile points for receiving and processing data). Ground stations were deployed as part of the main and forward command posts ground forces, headquarters of 7 AK and 18 VDK, the headquarters of the Air Force grouping (9 VA), as well as under the commander of the contingent marines US armed forces.
Two prototypes of the E-8A made 54 sorties. System<Джистарс>made it possible to solve the following tasks: track single and group mobile targets, primarily armored formations of the Iraqi troops; provide recognition of tracked and wheeled vehicles; detect low-flying helicopters and rotating antennas of air defense radars; determine the characteristics of objects and issue target designations on them.
As conceived by the American command, the main purpose of this system was to reconnoiter targets for hitting them with ATACMS missiles (firing range of more than 120 km). In addition, it has been successfully used to guide tactical aircraft (F-15, F-16 and F-111) to ground targets, significantly increasing their combat capabilities. Thanks to the issuance of target designations at night, it was possible to carry out round-the-clock impact on the enemy.
For example, only on February 13, during 11 hours of flight time, the E-8A aircraft detected 225 combat vehicles, most of which were attacked by tactical fighters. E-8A and TR-1 radar reconnaissance aircraft, along with artificial satellites Earth type<Лакросс>provided reconnaissance of enemy territory in conditions of dense cloud cover, sandstorms, as well as heavy smoke caused by fires at enterprises oil industry.
Tracking Iraqi mobile units OTP on the aircraft E-8A system<Джистарс>carried out a radar with a selection of moving targets, the data of which was transmitted to a TR-1A aircraft equipped with an ASARS radar with a synthetic aperture having a higher resolution. This radar provided the detection of the alleged positions of the OTR from high altitudes, and the aircraft were outside the zone of operation of the Iraqi air defense. It is believed that the TR-1A, which received the designation U-2R in 1993, will continue to operate in conjunction with the production E-8C aircraft, which are expected to enter service in 1996. The U-2R aircraft provided not only visual, but also electronic reconnaissance, which made it possible to observe areas masked from the system<Джистарс>.
In addition to the E-8A aircraft, the following were involved in conducting aerial reconnaissance of the OTP and controlling the delivery of air strikes against them:
- RF-4C aircraft<Фантом>, which are equipped with perspective cameras, infrared stations and side-looking radar, as well as the Air Force RF-5E Saudi Arabia with IR and photo-reconnaissance equipment;
- carrier-based aircraft RF-14<Томкэт>equipped with hanging containers with cameras and IR stations;
- all-weather reconnaissance aircraft<Торнадр-GR.lA>RAF with three airborne IR stations.
Reconnaissance tasks to detect OTP turned out to be the most difficult for Allied aviation. During the first two weeks, up to 30 per cent. the total number of sorties by Allied aircraft. However, it was not possible to destroy all mobile complexes, despite the fact that for almost an hour before launch they were in an open area in a stationary position. A small number of complexes were discovered at the initial stage of preparation for launch, which made it possible to direct strike aircraft at them. Part of the sorties fell on decoys, which diverted significant reconnaissance and strike aviation.
In the course of hostilities against Iraq, in the interests of the ground forces and marines, new reconnaissance systems based on unmanned aerial vehicles were used. aircraft(UAV) type<Пионер>-. The complex included 14 - 16 UAVs, as well as ground control and data reception equipment, located on two vehicles of the type<Хаммер>. In total, six units were deployed: 3 were intended for the Marine Corps, one for the 7th Army Corps and one each for battleships.<Висконсин>And<Миссури>. Each of them was armed with up to five UAVs, which could be controlled within a radius of up to 185 km from the main ground station, and up to 74 km from a portable auxiliary one. During the operation<Буря в пустыне>total flight time of UAV type<Пионер>amounted to 1011 hours. These devices, equipped with television cameras or thermal imaging stations of the forward view, performed flights both in the daytime and at night.
In the interests of the Navy, the devices were used to search for mines and target designation of naval artillery. In addition, they carried out reconnaissance flights on the instructions of the airborne units. special purpose(SEAL) naval forces and were involved in the search for coastal launch complexes of Iraqi anti-ship missiles <Силкворм>.
In the ground forces, the UAV was tasked with reconnaissance of routes for flights of attack helicopters AN-64<Апач>. Before taking off for a combat mission, the pilots carried out reconnaissance of the area with a selection of potential targets from the images that came from the aircraft flying over a given area. In total, during the fighting in Iraq, the United States lost 12 UAVs: two were shot down, five were damaged by anti-aircraft fire, and five were due to material failures or operator errors.
In addition to those indicated, UAVs of the FQM-151A type were used in the Persian Gulf<Пойнтер>. Five complexes, each of which included four vehicles and two ground stations, were deployed in the areas of deployment of the Marine Corps and the 82nd Airborne Division. Lightweight devices in aluminum cases total weight 23 kg, carried in knapsacks, were collected in the field. The UAV has a range of 4.8 km, is designed to work in the air for 1 hour. Its flight altitude is 150 - 300 m.<Пойнтер>, intended for reconnaissance and observation at low altitude, decreased due to the unfavorable conditions of the desert area, devoid of landmarks. Currently, the possibility of equipping these UAVs with a global satellite navigation system (GPS) receiver and a LORAL night vision device is being studied.
Assessing the results of the air and air-ground operations of the CAPE in the Persian Gulf, foreign experts note that the successful solution of the tasks set was largely facilitated by comprehensive intelligence support. Thanks to this, it was possible to achieve a fairly high level of awareness of the groupings of troops and control systems, weapons and military equipment Iraq, their tactical and technical characteristics, vulnerabilities, combat capabilities and features of use in this theater. Careful and lengthy (more than five months) reconnaissance of the territories of Iraq and Kuwait allowed the MNF command to clearly plan and conduct military operations.
Aerial reconnaissance provided the US and MNF command with detailed topographic and geodetic and topographic data in a timely manner with accurate reference of important military-political, economic and military facilities, the location of armed forces groupings, command and control centers and communications, communications, engineering fortifications. On the basis of the information received, the selection and calculation of the optimal routes for reaching targets (objects) were made, the orders of the forces, the required number and composition of weapons were determined. To increase the effectiveness of the use of high-precision weapons, it was necessary to individual cases clarify intelligence on the key components of targets.
At the same time, the war in the Persian Gulf revealed a number of shortcomings in the organization and conduct of intelligence of the MNF. Experts believe that, despite the use of all available air and space assets, US intelligence services have not been able to uncover the locations of all Iraqi OTPs and establish their exact number, although it was known that they were based in only two areas in a relatively small area. There were repeated delays in the processing and provision of operational information to the relevant authorities combat control. The pace of aviation combat operations often outstripped the speed of the flow of data coming from aviation and space means of optoelectronic reconnaissance.
The intelligence report prepared by the Committee on the Armed Services of the House of Representatives of the US Congress indicated, in particular, that its most serious shortcoming was inaccuracies in assessing the damage inflicted on the enemy. Thus, the number of Iraqi tanks destroyed by aircraft was significantly (by 100 - 134 percent) exaggerated. The commander-in-chief of the MNF, General Schwarzkopf, decided to conduct an air-ground offensive operation based on these assessments, and later stated:<Военные разведчики просто не знают, как вести подсчет ущерба, нанесенного боевой технике противника. Во время шестинедельной воздушной войны методика подсчета неоднократно изменялась в попытках повысить достоверность, однако анализ, проведенный по окончании боевых действий, показывает, что цифры оказались все же на удивление завышенными>.
The US Air Force command, having analyzed the shortcomings in conducting aerial reconnaissance during combat operations in the Persian Gulf zone, plans to take specific measures to increase the level of reliability and efficiency of reporting intelligence, to provide them with comprehensive and timely support for their troops, and above all air attack forces.

Reconnaissance aviation is the main means of operational and one of the means of tactical reconnaissance.

Troop aviation conducts reconnaissance and surveillance, corrects artillery fire, and provides communications between headquarters. However, during decisive periods of hostilities, all types of aviation, including military aviation, must concentrate their efforts on the battlefield to destroy enemy manpower and combat assets in the main direction.

Air reconnaissance site in common system intelligence service

Aerial reconnaissance does not replace other types of reconnaissance, but to a large extent supplements them, establishing with them an uninterrupted chain of reconnaissance and surveillance. In some cases, aviation may be the only possible means of obtaining the necessary data about the enemy.

Possessing the ability to quickly penetrate the enemy's disposition to great depths, quickly explore vast areas and quickly deliver the obtained data to the command, aviation has become an indispensable means of reconnaissance of large groups of troops, such as armies, corps and divisions.

Air reconnaissance occupies, as it were, an intermediate place between agents operating on enemy territory and military reconnaissance of ground forces. In the process of combat work, the actions of all types of reconnaissance in collecting data on the enemy are closely intertwined, creating conditions for a consistent succession of types of reconnaissance.

The discovered object, having fallen into the sphere of observation of reconnaissance ortans, cannot and must not disappear from their field of vision. Undercover, air and ground reconnaissance sequentially intercept by observation the detected object when it enters their zone of action, passing it on to each other.

Types of aerial reconnaissance

According to the combat value, aerial reconnaissance is divided into:

• a) operational
• b) tactical.

Operational aerial reconnaissance is carried out in the interests of front and army commands to ascertain the enemy's operational plans (grouping and redeployment of enemy forces and assets, preparation of probable areas of operations within the front or army theater).

The tasks performed by reconnaissance aviation are determined by the nature of the operation being carried out.

Operational aerial reconnaissance, carried out in the interests of the front command, must penetrate into the depth of enemy territory by 200-500 km (the zone of the rear area of ​​the front and the depth reached by a series of successive operations).

Aerial reconnaissance, carried out in the interests of the army command, is conducted at the enemy's location to a depth of 100-200 km, covering the army's rear area with surveillance.

Operational aerial reconnaissance is carried out by order of the army and front commands.

Tactical aerial reconnaissance is carried out in the interests of the troops and the command of corps and divisions (where the division is the highest tactical formation) in order to ascertain the size, position and actions of the enemy grouping in front of the front of a given military formation.

The tasks of tactical aerial reconnaissance are determined by the nature of combat operations.

Reconnaissance in the interests of the Corps Command is carried out to a depth of 60 km in order to timely detect suitable reserves, especially fiercely mechanized formations.

Reconnaissance in the interests of the division command is carried out to a depth of 30-40 km, which ensures that the command makes the necessary decision in a timely manner and puts it into practice (oncoming combat with an open flank, combat in the presence of enemy mechanized formations).

Reconnaissance in the interests of independently operating large motorized mechanized formations and cavalry is carried out to a depth that ensures their fulfillment of tasks.

Tactical aerial reconnaissance is carried out by order of the command of the corresponding formation, which includes, is attached to or serves the aviation reconnaissance unit.

A special type of tactical reconnaissance is the observation of the battlefield, maintenance of artillery and escort of tanks.

Characteristics of aerial reconnaissance and its various types

1. Positive properties of aerial reconnaissance

• 1) rapid penetration into the depths of the enemy location;
• 2) rapid survey (for one purpose or another) of large areas;
• 3) fast delivery of the obtained data to the command;
• 4) documentary reliability of photographic reconnaissance data;
• 5) objective impartiality of photographic reconnaissance.

2. Negative properties aerial reconnaissance

• 1) difficulty in recognizing camouflaged enemy targets;
• 2) the impossibility of obtaining other data in excess of those that can be detected by the eye or a camera (documents, interviewing prisoners, studying the mood of residents, etc.);
• 3) the impossibility of long-term and continuous observation of the same object (technical conditions: limited stay in the air, dependence on atmospheric and meteorological conditions).

However, the planned and systematic conduct of aerial reconnaissance, supplemented by other types of reconnaissance, makes it possible for the command to accumulate certain data on the position of the enemy to certain moment and reveal the dynamics of the situation in a certain period of time.

Characteristics of various types of aerial reconnaissance. reconnaissance aviation

I. Subordination of reconnaissance aviation units

Reconnaissance aviation units are subordinate to the chief of staff of the army and receive tasks from him.

2. Tasks of aerial reconnaissance in the most characteristic operations

Counter operation:

• a) determination of the intensity of transportation and areas of concentration of the main mass of enemy troops;
• b) search for the main groupings of enemy troops, as well as its fast-moving units, establishing the mode of their actions (standing, concentrating, advancing, deploying);
• c) determination of the deployment line;
• d) determining the location of the army reserve, its strength and composition;
• e) observation of the flanks;
• f) monitoring the activities of control stations, supply stations and railways and ordinary roads;
• g) reconnaissance of the airfield network and the enemy air force.

Offensive:

• a) reconnaissance of the main defensive line;
• b) determining the location of the enemy's operational reserves and the direction of their movement;
• c) monitoring of traffic on railways and ordinary tracks;
• d) reconnaissance of rear defensive lines;
• e) reconnaissance of the enemy's airfield network.

Defensive operation:

• a) establishing the enemy grouping during its operational deployment;
• b) establishing the location of reserves;
• c) observation of the rear of the enemy to determine the nature of the offensive (preparation of a defensive line, equipment of crossings, etc.);
• d) observation of the enemy's railway maneuver;
• e) reconnaissance of the airfield network.

Retreat operation:

• a) monitoring the advance of the enemy (forward units and the main grouping);
• b) observation of the flanks;
• c) special observation of the motorized troops and cavalry of the enemy;
• d) reconnaissance of the airfield network.

In all types of operations, the tasks of reconnaissance army aviation include servicing political agencies by carrying out propaganda flights and scattering propaganda literature and leaflets at the location of friendly troops and the enemy.

Additional tasks of reconnaissance aviation

In addition to aerial reconnaissance, surveillance and communications, reconnaissance aircraft in some cases may also be involved in solving other tasks inherent in other types of aviation.

In exceptional circumstances, it can be used as ground attack, bomber and fighter aircraft.

During the actions of troops in the mountains, in addition to general tasks, they are responsible for:

• a) the tasks of maintaining communications between groups of troops operating in isolated directions;
• b) observation of the routes leading to these directions both from the side of the enemy and from the flanks;
• c) reconnaissance of valleys, mountain ranges, passes and mountain narrowness;
• d) delivery of ammunition and other types of supplies to groups of troops cut off from their supply routes both by the enemy and by terrain conditions, as well as establishing communication between them and the Command.

During the actions of troops in the sands on reconnaissance aircraft, in addition to the tasks specified in paragraphs. a, b and d, the search for water sources, easily visible (in the absence of previous sandstorms) along the paths and traces left by caravans, may be entrusted.

Intelligence objects

Railways. On railways, aerial reconnaissance must inspect railway junctions, stations and stages between them.

Intelligence goal:

• a) determining the schedule of movement and establishing the intensity and nature of enemy transportation;
• b) study of the structure and operation of the operational rear of the enemy;
• c) magnification check bandwidth railways;
• d) preparation of a bombing raid on railway junctions, stations, bridges and spans.

The schedule of movement can be determined by observing a railway section 400-500 km long, simultaneously flying over with continuous photographing of it, which will allow lit to take into account the number and nature of the rolling stock following it during the day, since average speed traffic routes per day does not exceed this distance.

Viewing a site in flight

If it is impossible to view a section of this size, one should limit oneself to a section of 250-300 km, viewing it twice a day every 12 hours.

The nature of transportation is determined by the presence of military, supply, passenger and sanitary trains on the examined section, which differ from each other in type -cars and their distribution in the train.

Military trains differ from supply trains in that they have approximately the same number of cars (about 50); this number includes 1-2 cool cars in the middle of the train for commanders, 8-10 platforms and other covered wagons. On the way and in the parking lots, military trains can impersonate the smoke of camp kitchens located in the cars, open doors and the presence of a large number of people near the cars.

Supply trains differ from each other in the number of cars, and trains with ammunition have no more than 25-30 cars, and trains with other goods normally have about 45-50 cars (covered and platforms).

Sanitary trains differ from passenger trains in color and signs of a red cross or crescent.

The device and work of the operational rear are established by determining the location on the railways of various warehouses, shops and repair bodies, which are unmasked by the unloading and loading of rolling stock, the presence of railway tracks composed and finished trains, the presence of automobile and horse transport, the emergence of new unpaved, heavily rutted roads, and sometimes the presence of goods located on the ground in the form of long and relatively narrow piles.

Increasing throughput railway and a large node is determined by: the opening of sidings and the construction of new ones; excavation work on hauls and stations for widening and lengthening of station sites and laying new tracks; construction of new depots and expansion of existing ones; the appearance of cranes, racks, etc. at sorting and freight stations for the mechanization of loading and unloading operations.

The preparation of a bombing raid on a railway junction is carried out by aerial photography, determining the area

bombing and recognition of structures (depot, station building, water tower, water tower, rotary device, building with central control of arrows), bridges, overpasses, etc.

Highways and dirt roads

When reconnaissance of unpaved and highway roads, it is necessary to determine:

• a) the nature of traffic on the roads (composition, depth of columns, time and place of detection, direction, and, if possible, speed of movement);
• b) the location of the rear bodies (warehouses, storage facilities, repair shops, medical and transit institutions, exchange offices, etc.);
• c) districts and settlements occupied by operational and strategic reserves.

The movement of columns is unmasked in summer in dry weather by dust, in summer after rains and in winter - by changing the tone of the road where troops or carts are moving; in the summer after the rains, with alternating areas of dry and wet, the latter, as more sharply protruding, can be easily confused with columns of troops.

Particular attention is drawn to the narrowness of the roads: bridges, gati, crossings, gorges, dams and roads going through swamps, where it is difficult for troops to apply camouflage measures.

Forest roads, roads planted with trees, as well as those near which bushes and small groups of trees grow, present a significant difficulty for reconnaissance.

The location of the rear organs is found by automobile and horse transport, the busy movement of convoys along the roads departing from the settlement, smoke from kitchens and fires, sometimes by herds of large and small lambing.

The areas and settlements occupied by operational and strategic reserves are distinguished by: the presence of shooting ranges, engineering camps (trenchments and fortifications with artificial barriers built for training purposes) and field arenas; the accumulation of a large number of people, horses, carts and cars; significant traffic in and between settlements; laying new roads and widening the rutted part of the old ones; the appearance of trodden places, causing lightening in summer and darkening of the area in winter, and sometimes the appearance of a large number of dugouts and various earthen buildings, and at night fires.

Fortified rear lines. Fortified rear lines are normally located at a distance of 50-100 km from the line of contact with enemy troops, providing

the possibility of organized resistance in the event of a forced withdrawal.

Fortified rear lines consist of fortified lanes and barrier zones

The characteristic features of the border equipment are:

• A) excavation on a fragment of trenches of all types and purposes, communications, shelters and shelters;
• b) laying new roads and widening existing ones due to the movement of vehicles transporting building materials; the appearance of treads from the walking of people working on buildings;
• c) deforestation and bushes (clearing shelling); the latter is especially characteristic when creating a blockhouse system of defense and notches;
• d) demolition of various buildings in settlements located both on the territory of the border itself and in its immediate vicinity (clearing shelling);
• e) the presence and construction of building materials warehouses near the borders;
• f) the presence of a large amount of delivered building materials (barrels of cement, logs, rails, boards, coils of barbed wire);
• g) availability of special land management machines (excavators, concrete mixers, stone crushers, etc.);
• h) the presence in some cases of a narrow-gauge field railway connected with the nearest railway station.

Air reconnaissance must establish:

• a) the general outline of a fortified or fortified line, its extension along the front and in depth;
• b) the degree of development of engineering structures in various directions;
• c) type of natural and artificial obstacles;
• d) if possible, the nature of the work to prepare the barrier zones.

Airfields and air hubs

Characteristic features of airfields are:

• a) flat and unobstructed terrain used for airfields;
• b) traces from the wheels of aircraft, crutches and skis (in winter);
• c) the presence on the ground of aircraft, tents;
• d) heavy traffic of personnel, and sometimes cars;
• e) aircraft takeoffs and landings.

Airfield configuration and terrain cover do not have hallmarks; in addition, the widely used natural and artificial camouflage largely eliminates all unmasking signs of airfields. One should also take into account the fact that numerous false airfields will be set up to mislead the air reconnaissance. All this taken together complicates reconnaissance of airfields and requires it to be carried out by means of continuous, systematic observation of the area where the presence of airfields is assumed for a number of signs. While conducting systematic observation of enemy airfields, the main goal should be to establish the time when enemy aircraft will be on the ground, representing good object to destroy them by air attack.

Military aviation. Subordination

Troop aviation, organizationally included in the composition of a military formation, in various armies is subordinate either directly to the commander of the formation or to his chief of staff.

Artillery aviation is subordinate to the chief of artillery of the military unit to which it is attached or to which it is a member.

on issues of withdrawal of airfield areas, recruitment, special training and special aviation and technical supplies, military aviation is subordinate to the head of the army air force.

Troop aviation units temporarily assigned to military formations are subordinate to the same commanders, respectively, but only in operational terms.

General tasks of military aviation and general reconnaissance and surveillance facilities

• 1. Intelligence in the interests of the command of a combined arms formation or units. Reconnaissance objects: enemy troops, especially motorized mechanized units, located on the move or in place.
• 2. Intelligence for the chiefs of the armed forces. Reconnaissance objects: enemy troops on the move or in place, but at a depth of no more than 15-20 km, especially artillery and motorized units.
• 3. Observation of the battlefield. Objects of observation: enemy and friendly troops in combat formations, regimental, divisional and corps reserves.
• 4. Artillery fire control. Objects: artillery batteries in firing positions, tanks in concentrated formations or columns, enemy reserves, both suitable from the depths and located on the battlefield, headquarters, ammunition supply routes.
• 5. Air communication, transmission of orders to troops and receipt of reports from them,
• 6. Checking the camouflage of your troops.
• 7. Air delivery of ammunition and other items in the following cases:

a) the environment of individual parts,

b) actions with a large separation from the front and c) combat with the crossing of large river barriers. In some cases of a combat situation (fighting an enemy airborne landing, when mechanized units have broken through to the rear of their defense), military aviation assists ground troops in the fight against ground targets, and in rare cases is also involved in the fight against an air enemy.

General reconnaissance objects

The objects of aerial reconnaissance are enemy troops both on the move and located in place (halt, overnight stay, area of ​​concentration).

When deploying troops on the spot:

• a) when located in settlements: roads suitable for settlements, streets, gardens, kitchen gardens and yards for detecting convoys, artillery pieces, cars, tents, hitching posts, camp kitchens, etc.;
• b) when bivouacking:

1) groves, forest edges and bushes to detect tents, carts, cars, tanks, artillery pieces, camp kitchens, hitching posts and groups of people;

2) the banks of rivers and lakes and the space between them and the nearest natural shelters (forests, groves) to identify the horse composition at a watering place or while traveling to it.

Unmasking signs of military branches when located on the spot.

Infantry; large cluster people with a relatively small number of horses and carts, the latter being separate small groups.

Artillery: A large collection of horses, ammunition boxes, tractors and some vehicles.

Aviation Reference

Motor transport: accumulation of trucks in the parking lot and in motion on adjacent roads; the usual location is settlements near large dirt roads and highways, near railway stations.

Motomechanical parts: accumulation of vehicles, tanks, armored vehicles and artillery on self-propelled units, large groups of people.

Troops on the move. The object of reconnaissance is unpaved roads in the zone of action of one’s military formation, and with open flanks and beyond the boundaries of this zone for at least 60 km, in order to timely detect enemy columns, especially motorized mechanized troops.

When troops are detected on the roads, aerial reconnaissance must determine and record:

• a) time of observation;
• b) direction of movement;
• c) the place of the head of the column;
• d) the composition of the column (infantry, cavalry, artillery, mixed formation, motorized units);
• e) the length of the road section occupied by the column;
• e) the distance between constituent parts columns, if they exceed normal;
• g) the behavior of troops during a reconnaissance flight (camouflage, air defense).

Unmasking signs of military branches during movement

The infantry looks like points - dark in winter, light or gray in summer. From a height of 1,000 m or more, the points merge and form an elongated rectangle; color - depending on the season; gaps are visible between the individual units.

The infantry column is characterized by a small number of horsemen and carts.

The cavalry unmasks itself due to the large size of each individual rider, and partly by the different colors of the horses (if the cavalry unit is not on horses of the same color). Visibility is better, the more the color of the soil of the road differs from the color of the horse composition.

From a height of 1,000-1,500 m, small groups of horsemen (10-20 people) are easily distinguishable, and with good visibility, individual asa signs; from a height of more than 1,500 meters, the cavalry column presents elongated bands, better or worse observed 8 depending on the color of the road soil, with small gaps between units.

It is difficult to detect cavalry movement in bushes and forest growths. It is impossible to detect cavalry in the forest if there is no dust, which especially unmasks them.

Horse-drawn artillery is detected by the typical appearance of teams, especially in the presence of a shadow.

In some cases, teams of pontoon troops may be mistaken for artillery.

Mechanical-drawn artillery is more difficult to detect than horse-drawn artillery, especially! if she has special covers that mask the guns.

Individual guns differ from a height of 1,200-1,500 m.

The characteristic contours of the gun are also preserved when observed from high altitudes.

intelligence organization

The organization of reconnaissance in a meeting engagement by means of military aviation is in charge of the corps headquarters.

Part of the aircraft should be placed at the disposal of the divisions.

If this is not possible, the corps headquarters must take into account the requirements of air reconnaissance divisions.

The use of military aviation in offensive combat

Air reconnaissance tasks. In offensive combat, military aviation is assigned the following tasks:

• a) establish the outlines of the forward edge and determine the depth of the enemy's defensive line;
• b) determine the nature of enemy engineering defense throughout the entire depth of the defensive zone;
• c) establish a second defensive strip;
• d) determine the location of the reserves;
• e) identify communication nodes;
• e) direct their tanks to the objects of their attacks;
• g) to ensure the fight against enemy artillery by controlling the fire of their own artillery;
• h) observe the battlefield, paying special attention to the advancement of friendly troops and the movements of the enemy;
• i) observe the rear of the enemy.

These tasks are carried out in a certain sequence, partly during the preparation of the offensive (tasks according to paragraphs a, b, c, d, g, h, i), partly in the process of the offensive itself (tasks according to paragraphs c, d, e, f, g , h, i).

In addition, before a decision is made by the corps commander, military aviation must ensure that the corps headquarters check all types of reconnaissance data from the aircraft.

Air reconnaissance objects:

• a) engineering structures of the defender throughout the entire depth of the defensive zone;
• b) artillery in firing positions;
• c) enemy reserves;
• d) tanks in waiting positions;
• e) headquarters and communication centers;
• e) rear roads;
• g) crossings behind enemy lines.

Unmasking signs

The enemy defense zone is unmasked by trenches. In open areas, solid lines of trenches are perfectly visible from a height of 5,000 m, and in the future

observed at a distance of 7-10 km. In winter, the visibility of the trenches increases.

In a closed area (wooded and mountainous), the trenches are clearly visible from a height of 2,000-3,000 m.

Separate details in the system of trenches are observed only from a height of 800-1,200 m; the presence of people can be determined only in the event of significant movement in the trenches.

The main method of reconnaissance is photography.

Photographing the enemy's defensive line is especially important. Photo schemes are being multiplied in such a way as to, if possible, supply them first of all with artillery, battalions and tank companies operating in the direction of the main attack.

Photo schemes should have a scale of 1: 5,000.

Reconnaissance of well-camouflaged reserves can be carried out not only by observation from the air, but also by the use of bombs and machine-gun fire in order to force the enemy who has taken cover to reveal himself.

Artillery positions are recognized by a number of signs, such as the roughness of roads leading to firing positions, paths, muzzle cones (white in summer, black in winter), clearings in the forest (clearing shelling).

In the general set of measures aimed at preparing the armed forces for new aggressive wars, the army commands of the main capitalist states give a large place to the organization of tactical aerial reconnaissance in the theater of operations, on the results of which, in their opinion, the success of military operations of the troops will largely depend. Aerial reconnaissance is conducted in the interests of all branches of the armed forces. In particular, it is designed to provide the Air Force command with the necessary data to solve the tasks of gaining air superiority, isolating the combat area and providing close air support to the ground forces.

The efforts of tactical air reconnaissance in order to gain air superiority are to be directed primarily to identifying the airfield network, especially airfields and dispersal sites, as well as positions of missiles and command posts.

When isolating a combat area, the main objects of aerial reconnaissance include reserves in areas of concentration and on the march, highway junctions and railway stations, bridges, crossings, command posts and communication centers of formations and associations, warehouses and supply bases.

According to foreign military experts, especially great stress will be required from the crews of reconnaissance aircraft when providing close air support to ground forces, since ground combat operations will be characterized by transience and be conducted over large spaces under any meteorological conditions. In this case, aviation must first of all identify the positions of troops, areas of their concentration, launchers of tactical missiles, command posts and radio control facilities located in combat formations of troops.

The main task of aerial reconnaissance in the theater, as noted by foreign military experts, is the timely detection of the location of nuclear weapons carriers and nuclear ammunition depots.

It is believed that the data obtained by aerial reconnaissance must be reliable and fully reflect the rapidly changing situation on the battlefield. Therefore, not only specially equipped, but also all combat aircraft are used for its maintenance.

Tactical reconnaissance forces carry a large load of opening objects in the tactical depth of the enemy. For example, in last years aggressive war in Vietnam, out of the total number of sorties made by American aircraft for the purpose of reconnaissance of the territory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 97% were tactical reconnaissance aircraft (RF-4C, RF-101 and others), 1%. - on unmanned aircraft and 2% for strategic aircraft (U-2, ). The reconnaissance crews had to not only find the object, identify it and set the coordinates, but also determine how and from what directions it is safer and more convenient to approach it.

Depending on the tasks and in whose interests aerial reconnaissance is conducted, its depth will be different. IN foreign press it was reported that the depth of tactical reconnaissance for a field army is 300-100 km, an army corps - 100 km and a division - 40 km.

To conduct tactical air reconnaissance, the US and French Air Forces also have reconnaissance aviation wings (squadrons), consisting of two or three aviation squadrons of 15-18 aircraft, and in other countries - reconnaissance squadrons. The US Air Force has formed a squadron of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and jammers launched from the DC-130 mother aircraft. Reconnaissance aviation squadrons can independently solve the tasks of aerial reconnaissance in the theater.

Organization of air reconnaissance control in the theater

The management of reconnaissance aviation in the theater of operations in the US Air Force is carried out through the tactical aviation control system, the main bodies of which are the tactical aviation control center, which is part of the command post of the air force commander in the theater, and the close air support center created at the combat operations control center of the army corps or field army. Air reconnaissance operations are carried out on the basis of planned or urgent requests.

In the tactical aviation control center there are officers who plan the action and organize the flights of reconnaissance aircraft. Here, on the basis of approved applications, detailed planning of reconnaissance aviation sorties for the next day takes place according to planned applications that come from ground forces battalions through intelligence officers of divisions, corps and field armies. Each subsequent supervisor can approve or cancel the application. According to foreign press reports, in the Vietnam War, planned requests were implemented 4 hours or more after they were received. They accounted for 3/4 of all applications.

The air intelligence officers in the close air support center are busy summarizing urgent requests. The latter, without the consent of higher authorities, are transmitted over tactical aviation control radio networks by Air Force communications officers who are in tactical aviation control teams, or advanced aviation gunners. Having considered the application, the close air support center reports this to the tactical aviation control center, and then calls reconnaissance aircraft through the command post of aviation units and subunits. Based on the experience of fighting in South-East Asia urgent requests were fulfilled in 2-2.5 hours when aircraft took off from airfields and after 15 minutes. when a scout is called from a duty position in the zone.

According to the foreign press, the following aircraft can conduct reconnaissance: single ones, which are part of strike groups, specially covered from the air. The first, as a rule, are sent to areas with weak air defense. They photograph the area from medium and high altitudes. The latter are intended for shooting objects after bombing them. Reconnaissance aircraft, specially covered from the air, aim at objects with strong air defense.

Aircraft crews on routes are guided through control and warning centers, observation and warning posts, as well as through advanced aviation gunners. The pilots are given information about the air defense system of the object, attacks by enemy fighters, weather changes, the location of the drop point for the footage, the actions of their aircraft in the reconnaissance area, etc.

Preparation for air reconnaissance in the theater

Preparation for conducting aerial reconnaissance in a squadron begins with the receipt of an order from the command post of the aviation wing. On its basis, the squadron commander gives appropriate instructions to the operational officer and the photographic reconnaissance officer.

The operational officer, who controls the calculation of the required fuel supply and the time of transmission of reconnaissance reports, determines the order of following to the target, routes and time to reach the target, the conditions of radio exchange responsible for communication by flight stages, if necessary, indicates the methods of interaction between reconnaissance aircraft and cover fighters.

Assigned crews to complete the mission begin to prepare a flight plan. The route to the reconnaissance object is chosen taking into account the covert access to it and bypassing areas covered by air defense systems. It is applied to the map, on which control landmarks are clearly visible. If necessary, the plan indicates the area for in-flight refueling of aircraft on the way back. If the reconnaissance aircraft must go on a mission together with the strike group, then the place, time and height of their meeting is recorded. When reconnaissance of objects with a strong air defense system, the plan reflects the issues of interaction with the cover group.

The photo reconnaissance officer, together with specialists in electronic equipment, in accordance with the task and the weather, selects the type of AFA, the amount of film, filters and shooting intervals.

During the pre-flight preparation, which can last up to 1.5 hours, the crews are instructed. The squadron commander clarifies the task and explains it. The reconnaissance officer acquaints the crews with the credentials of the targets (if they were not studied by them during the preliminary training), then informs the pilots about the enemy’s air defense systems on the route and in the target area, recommends tactics for overcoming them, names especially noticeable visual landmarks and explains the masking of objects enemy. He also brings to the attention of the crews (in case they find themselves on enemy territory for any reason) the possible attitude of the population towards them, how to avoid capture and how to act during rescue.

The photographic reconnaissance officer instructs the crews on the procedure for using the AFA, indicating the number of photographs that can be taken by each device, and reference points for photographing.

The radio intelligence officer from the maintenance squadron recalls the modes of operation of the equipment, the moments of its switching on and off, the features of identifying radiation sources on the on-board indicators.

The meteorological officer acquaints the crew with the weather forecast along the route and in the target area.

Crews who previously flew to a given area are specially invited to the briefing.

At the end of the briefing, the crews clarify flight routes to and from the targets, the time of flight of reference points and approach to targets, alternate routes in case of weather changes or unexpectedly strong opposition from enemy air defense forces.

After completing the mission, the plane is met by the duty team, which removes the film cassettes and delivers them to the photo lab. Here, the still wet film is viewed by codebreakers for a preliminary assessment and preparation of an urgent report. In addition, the crew commander submits a report on the results of visual observation. When the specified objects are detected on the film, it is sent to the photo-reconnaissance technical squadron of the reconnaissance aviation wing. If no objects are found, then the issue of a re-flight is decided. In the photo-reconnaissance technical squadron, the film is deciphered more carefully.

Foreign experts believe that the time spent on deciphering the tape is still large. Therefore, abroad they seek to learn information about the enemy from the aircraft. The value of such information lies in its timeliness and reliability, since the aircraft crew can transmit it within 3-5 minutes after the object is detected. All authorities interested in receiving them can simultaneously receive data on the target. In the Vietnam War, as the foreign press reported, the American command received by radio from reconnaissance aircraft more than two-thirds of the data on moving objects.

Rice. 1. Reconnaissance aircraft RF-4C 2

The capabilities of reconnaissance aircraft in surveying the terrain are determined by the eye by the tactical and technical characteristics of the onboard equipment.

Judging by reports in the foreign press, the main tactical reconnaissance aircraft in the air forces of the main capitalist countries is the RF-4C Phantom 2 (Fig. 1). The crew is two people. It is equipped with modern reconnaissance equipment. Its capabilities when surveying terrain from a height of 100 m are shown in fig. 2. As the altitude increases, the area covered by photography increases.

Rice. Fig. 2. Strips of terrain captured by the reconnaissance equipment of the RF-4C aircraft during its flight at an altitude of 100 m: 1, 2 and 3 - AFA of forward, perspective and planned surveys; 4, 5 - IR and laser equipment; 6 - side-looking radar, which takes pictures of the terrain on both sides of the aircraft; 7 - range of electronic intelligence equipment

Television reconnaissance equipment is not installed on Phantom aircraft. This is due to its weak noise immunity. However, it is used on unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. It was reported that it is planned to be used in conjunction with infrared surveillance equipment.

Thus, as can be judged from the data published in the foreign press, tactical aerial reconnaissance in the theater of operations in the armed forces of NATO countries is of paramount importance. It is organized taking into account the use of all combat aircraft and the fastest transfer of data about the enemy to commanders.