On this day:

Toughie

On October 24, 1702, Peter the Great with his army and fleet captured the Swedish fortress of Noteburg, which was originally Russian and was previously called Oreshek. The first information about it is available in the Novgorod Chronicle, which says that “in the summer of 6831... (i.e. in 1323) a wooden fortress called Orekhovoy was built by the Novgorod prince Yuri Danilovich, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky.”

Toughie

On October 24, 1702, Peter the Great with his army and fleet captured the Swedish fortress of Noteburg, which was originally Russian and was previously called Oreshek. The first information about it is available in the Novgorod Chronicle, which says that “in the summer of 6831... (i.e. in 1323) a wooden fortress called Orekhovoy was built by the Novgorod prince Yuri Danilovich, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky.”

At the end of the 15th century, Veliky Novgorod with its possessions became part of the Moscow state, which began to strengthen all the former Novgorod fortresses.

The old Walnut fortress was dismantled to its foundation, and in its place a new powerful defensive structure was built, meeting all the requirements for protection during a siege with the help of artillery. Along the perimeter of the entire island, twelve-meter-high stone walls rose 740 meters long, 4.5 meters thick, with six round towers and one rectangular one. The height of the towers reached 14-16 meters, the diameter of the internal premises was 6 meters. All towers had four battle tiers, the lower of which was covered with a stone vault. In different tiers of the towers there were loopholes and special openings for raising ammunition. Inside this fortress there is another fortification - a citadel with three towers, between which there were vaulted galleries for storing food and ammunition and a military passage - “vlaz”. Canals with folding bridges that went around the citadel not only blocked the approaches to it, but also served as an inner harbor.

The Oreshek fortress, located on an important trade route along the Neva to the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, blocked the entrance to Lake Ladoga for its eternal rivals - the Swedes. In the second half of the 16th century, the Swedes made two attempts to capture the fortress, but both times were successfully repulsed. In 1611, Swedish troops finally captured Oreshk after a two-month blockade, when, as a result of hunger and disease, out of 1,300 defenders of the fortress, no more than a hundred remained.

During Northern War(1700-1721), Peter the Great set the capture of the Noteburg fortress as a priority task. Its island position required the creation of a fleet for this. Peter ordered the construction of thirteen ships in Arkhangelsk, of which two ships - the "Holy Spirit" and the "Courier" - were dragged through the swamps and taiga by the Zaonezh men from the White Sea to Lake Onega, where they were launched, and further along the Svir and Lake Ladoga the ships came to the sources of the Neva.

The first Russian troops led by Peter I appeared near Noteburg on September 26, 1702, and the siege of the fortress began the next day. October 11th Art. Art., after a ten-day bombardment, the Russians launched an assault that lasted 13 hours. Noteburg again became a Russian fortress, the official transfer took place on October 14, 1702. Regarding the capture of the fortress, Peter wrote: “It is true that this nut was extremely cruel, but, thank God, it was happily chewed.” According to the royal decree, in memory of the capture of Noteburg, a medal was knocked out with the inscription: “I was with the enemy for 90 years.” The Noteburg fortress was renamed Shlisselburg by Peter the Great, which means “Key City” in German. 200 s extra years the fortress performed defensive functions, then became a political prison. Since 1928 there has been a museum here. During the Great Patriotic War The Shlisselburg fortress heroically defended itself for almost 500 days and held out, preventing the siege from closing around Leningrad. The fortress garrison also contributed to the liberation of the city of Shlisselburg, which in 1944 was renamed Petrokrepost. Since 1966, the Shlisselburg Fortress (Oreshek) has again become a museum.

Scout Nadezhda Troyan

Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan was born on October 24, 1921 (d. 2011), Soviet intelligence officer and nurse of the “Storm” partisan detachment, Hero Soviet Union, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Lieutenant of Medical Service.

Scout Nadezhda Troyan

On October 24, 1921, Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan was born (d. 2011), Soviet intelligence officer and nurse of the “Storm” partisan detachment, Hero of the Soviet Union, Candidate of Medical Sciences, senior lieutenant of the medical service.

Her childhood passed in Belarus. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, being in the territory temporarily occupied by German troops, she participated in the work of an underground organization in the city of Smolevichi, Minsk region. Members of the underground Komsomol organization created at the peat plant collected intelligence about the enemy, replenished the ranks of the partisans, provided assistance to their families, wrote and posted leaflets. From July 1942 she was a messenger, intelligence officer, and nurse of the partisan detachments “Stalin’s Five” (commander M. Vasilenko), “Storm” (commander M. Skoromnik), and the “Uncle Kolya” brigade (commander - Hero of the Soviet Union P. G. Lopatin) in Minsk region. She took part in operations to blow up bridges, attack enemy convoys, and participated in battles more than once. On the instructions of the organization, she took part, together with M. B. Osipova and E. G. Mazanik, in the operation to destroy the German Gauleiter of Belarus Wilhelm Kube. This feat of Soviet partisans is described in feature film“The Clock Stopped at Midnight” (“Belarusfilm”) and the TV series “The Hunt for the Gauleiter” (directed by Oleg Bazilov, 2012). The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 1209) was awarded to Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan on October 29, 1943 for the courage and heroism shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders.

After the war, in 1947, she graduated from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. She worked as director of the Research Institute of Health Education of the USSR Ministry of Health, associate professor of the Department of Surgery at the 1st Moscow Medical Institute.

Special Forces Day

On October 24, 1950, the Minister of War of the USSR, Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky issued a directive on the formation of 46 companies special purpose each with a staff of 120 people.

On October 24, 1960, an experimental R-16 intercontinental missile exploded at the launch site in Baikonur. As a result, 74 people died, including the chairman of the state commission, chief marshal of artillery Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin.

Information exchange

Compact and poor Georgia, with a population of about 3.8 million people, continues to develop its air defense system, focusing on modern and very expensive standards of leading NATO countries. Recently, Georgian Defense Minister Levan Izoria stated, that 238 million lari (more than 96 million dollars) were allocated for the development of air defense in the 2018 budget. A few months earlier, she began retraining specialized military specialists.

The contract documents are classified as "secret", but everyone knows that high-tech air defense products are very expensive. Own funds not enough, and Georgia intends to pay for expensive defense systems in debt or in installments over many years. The United States promised Tbilisi one billion dollars for armaments after August 2008 and is partially fulfilling the promise. A five-year loan (with a floating rate ranging from 1.27 to 2.1%) for 82.82 million euros to Georgia was favorably guaranteed by the private insurance company COFACE (Compagnie Francaise d "Assurance pour le Commerce Exterieur), which provides export guarantees on behalf of the French government.

Under the terms of the agreement, 77.63 million euros out of 82.82 million euros are allocated for the purchase modern systems Air defense from the American-French company ThalesRaytheonSystems: ground radars and control systems - more than 52 million euros, anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) of the MBDA group - about 25 million euros and Georgia will spend another 5 million euros to compensate for other COFACE expenses. Such an air defense system is clearly redundant for Georgia. American patronage comes at a price.

Precious iron

What does Tbilisi get? A family of universal multi-purpose ground-based radar systems based on common blocks and interfaces. The fully digital radar system simultaneously performs air defense and surveillance functions. The compact, mobile and multifunctional Ground Fire radar deploys in 15 minutes and offers a high level of performance, tracking of air, ground, and surface targets.

The Ground Master GM200 multi-band medium-range radar is capable of simultaneously observing the air and the surface, detecting air targets within a radius of up to 250 kilometers (in combat mode - up to 100 kilometers). The GM200 has an open architecture with the ability to integrate with other Ground Master (GM 400) systems, control systems and air defense strike systems. If ThalesRaytheonSystems' pricing policy has not changed much since 2013, when the UAE purchased 17 GM200 radars for $396 million, then one radar (without missile weapons) costs Georgia about $23 million.

The Ground Master GM403 long-range air target detection radar on a Renault Truck Defense chassis was first demonstrated in Tbilisi on May 26, 2018, in connection with the 100th anniversary of the declaration of independence of the republic. The GM403 radar is capable of monitoring airspace at a range of up to 470 kilometers and at altitudes of up to 30 kilometers. According to the manufacturer, the GM 400 operates in a wide range of targets - from highly maneuverable low-flying tactical aircraft to small objects, including unmanned aerial vehicles. The radar can be installed by a crew of four in 30 minutes (the system is housed in a 20-foot container). Once deployed on site, the radar can be connected to operate as part of an integrated air defense, has a remote control function.

The Ground Master radar line in Georgia is complemented by combat vehicles of the Israeli SPYDER anti-aircraft missile system with Rafael Python 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles, the German-French-Italian SAMP-T air defense system, which can supposedly shoot down Russian Iskander missiles, as well as French anti-aircraft missiles third generation Mistral complexes and other strike weapons.

Radius of action

The republic has a maximum length from west to east of 440 kilometers, from north to south - less than 200 kilometers. From point of view national security, It makes no sense for Tbilisi to spend huge amounts of money on means of controlling airspace within a radius of up to 470 kilometers over the western part of the Black Sea and neighboring countries, including Southern Russia (to Novorossiysk, Krasnodar and Stavropol), all of Armenia and Azerbaijan (all the way to the Caspian Sea), Abkhazia and South Ossetia. No one is threatening Georgia; the neighbors have no territorial claims. Obviously, a modern and developed air defense system in Georgia is necessary, first of all, to cover the likely (prospective) deployment of NATO troops and further aggressive actions of the alliance in the South Caucasus region. The scenario is all the more realistic given that Tbilisi still hopes for revenge in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Turkey is becoming an increasingly unpredictable partner for NATO.

I believe this is why at the 51st international air show in Le Bourget in the summer of 2015, Georgian Defense Minister Tinatin Khidasheli signed a contract for the purchase of ThalesRaytheonSystems radar stations, and later in Paris a second contract was signed directly related to missile launchers capable of shooting down enemy aircraft. At the same time, Khidasheli promised: “The sky over Georgia will be completely protected, and our air defense will be integrated into the NATO system.”

Earlier, ex-Minister of Defense Irakli Alasania spoke about the supply of anti-missile missiles to Georgia, capable of shooting down even missiles of the Russian Iskander operational-tactical complex. Such cooperation between Georgia and a number of countries of the North Atlantic Alliance in neighboring Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia is naturally perceived as real and is forced to react to changes in the military-political situation.

The development of the Georgian air defense system does not make the lives of all the peoples of the South Caucasus safer.

© Sputnik / Maria Tsimintia

Guided by aggressive goals, the military circles of the imperialist states pay great attention to weapons of an offensive nature. At the same time, many military experts abroad believe that in a future war, the participating countries will be subject to retaliatory strikes. That is why these countries attach special importance to air defense.

For a number of reasons, air defense systems designed to hit targets at medium and high altitudes. At the same time, the capabilities of means of detecting and destroying aircraft operating from low and extremely low altitudes (according to NATO military experts, the ranges of extremely low altitudes are heights from several meters to 30 - 40 m; low altitudes - from 30 - 40 m to 100 - 300 m, medium altitudes - 300 - 5000 m; high altitudes - over 5000 m), remained very limited.

The ability of aircraft to more successfully overcome military air defense at low and extremely low altitudes led, on the one hand, to the need for early radar detection of low-flying targets, and on the other, to the appearance of highly automated anti-aircraft guided missile systems in service with military air defense. missile weapons(ZURO) and anti-aircraft artillery(BEHIND).

The effectiveness of modern military air defense, according to foreign military experts, largely depends on equipping it with advanced radar equipment. In this regard, in recent years, many new ground-based tactical radars for detecting air targets and target designation, as well as modern highly automated ZURO and ZA complexes (including mixed ZURO-ZA complexes), equipped with usually by radar stations.

Tactical radars for detection and target designation of military air defense, which are not directly included in anti-aircraft systems, are intended mainly for radar cover of troop concentration areas and important objects. They are assigned the following main tasks: timely detection and identification of targets (primarily low-flying ones), determination of their coordinates and degree of threat, and then transfer of target designation data either to anti-aircraft weapons systems or to control posts of a certain military air defense system. In addition to solving these problems, they are used to guide interceptor fighters to targets and bring them to their base areas in difficult weather conditions; the stations can also be used as control rooms when organizing temporary airfields for army (tactical) aviation, and if necessary, they can replace a disabled (destroyed) stationary radar of the zone air defense system.

As an analysis of foreign press materials shows, general directions development ground radars This purpose is: increasing the ability to detect low-flying (including high-speed) targets; increasing mobility, operational reliability, noise immunity, ease of use; improvement of basic tactical and technical characteristics (detection range, accuracy of coordinate determination, resolution).

When developing new types of tactical radars, the latest advances in technology are increasingly being taken into account. various areas science and technology, as well as the positive experience accumulated in the production and operation of new radar equipment for various purposes. For example, increasing reliability, reducing the weight and dimensions of tactical detection and target designation stations are achieved by using experience in the production and operation of compact on-board aerospace equipment. Electrovacuum devices are currently almost never used in electronic components (with the exception of cathode ray tubes of indicators, powerful transmitter generators and some other devices). Block and modular design principles involving integrated and hybrid circuits, as well as the introduction of new construction materials(conductive plastics, high-strength parts, optoelectronic semiconductors, liquid crystals, etc.).

At the same time, quite a long operation on large ground-based and ship-based radars of antennas that form a partial (multi-beam) radiation pattern and antennas with phased arrays has shown their undeniable advantages over antennas with conventional, electromechanical scanning, both in terms of information content (quick overview of space in a large sector, determination of three coordinates of targets, etc.), and the design of small-sized and compact equipment.

In a number of models of military air defense radars of some NATO countries (,), created recently, there is a clear tendency to use antenna systems that form a partial radiation pattern in the vertical plane. As for phased array antennas in their “classical” design, their use in such stations should be considered the near future.

Tactical radars for detecting air targets and targeting military air defense are currently being mass-produced in the USA, France, Great Britain, Italy, and some other capitalist countries.

In the USA, for example, in recent years the following stations for this purpose have entered service with troops: AN/TPS-32, -43, -44, -48, -50, -54, -61; AN/MPQ-49 (FAAR). In France, mobile stations RL-521, RM-521, THD 1060, THD 1094, THD 1096, THD 1940 were adopted, and new stations “Matador” (TRS 2210), “Picador” (TRS2200), “Volex” were developed. III (THD 1945), Domino series and others. In the UK, S600 mobile radar systems, AR-1 stations and others are produced to detect low-flying targets. Several samples of mobile tactical radars were created by Italian and West German companies. In many cases, the development and production of radar equipment for the needs of military air defense is carried out by the joint efforts of several NATO countries. The leading position is occupied by American and French companies.

One of the characteristic trends in the development of tactical radars, which has emerged especially in recent years, is the creation of mobile and reliable three-coordinate stations. According to foreign military experts, such stations significantly increase the ability to successfully detect and intercept high-speed, low-flying targets, including aircraft flying using terrain tracking devices at extremely low altitudes.

The first three-dimensional radar VPA-2M was created for military air defense in France in 1956-1957. After modification, it began to be called THD 1940. The station, operating in the 10-cm wavelength range, uses an antenna system of the VT series (VT-150) with an original electromechanical irradiating and scanning device that provides beam sweep in the vertical plane and determination of three coordinates of targets at ranges up to 110 km. The station's antenna generates a pencil beam with a width in both planes of 2° and circular polarization, which creates opportunities for detecting targets in difficult weather conditions. The accuracy of altitude determination at the maximum range is ± 450 m, the viewing sector in elevation is 0-30° (0-15°; 15-30°), the radiation power per pulse is 400 kW. All station equipment is placed on one truck (transportable version) or mounted on a truck and trailer (mobile version). The antenna reflector has dimensions of 3.4 X 3.7 m; for ease of transportation, it can be disassembled into several sections. The block-modular design of the station has a low total weight (in the lightweight version, about 900 kg), allows you to quickly roll up the equipment and change position (deployment time is about 1 hour).

The VT-150 antenna design in various versions is used in mobile, semi-fixed and shipborne radars of many types. Thus, since 1970, the French mobile three-dimensional military air defense radar “Picador” (TRS 2200) has been in serial production, on which an improved version of the VT-150 antenna is installed (Fig. 1). The station operates in the 10-cm wavelength range in pulsed radiation mode. Its range is about 180 km (according to a fighter, with a detection probability of 90%), the accuracy of altitude determination is approximately ± 400 m (at maximum range). Its remaining characteristics are slightly higher than those of the THD 1940 radar.

Rice. 1. Three-coordinate French radar station “Picador” (TRS 2200) with a VT series antenna.

Foreign military experts note the high mobility and compactness of the Picador radar, as well as its good ability to select targets against the background of strong interference. The station's electronic equipment is made almost entirely of semiconductor devices using integrated circuits and printed wiring. All equipment and equipment are placed in two standard container cabins, which can be transported by any type of transport. The station deployment time is about 2 hours.

The combination of two VT series antennas (VT-359 and VT-150) is used on the French transportable three-axis radar Volex III (THD 1945). This station operates in the 10 cm wavelength range in pulse mode. To increase noise immunity, a method of working with separation in frequency and polarization of radiation is used. The station's range is approximately 280 km, the accuracy of altitude determination is about 600 m (at maximum range), and the weight is approximately 900 kg.

One of the promising directions in the development of tactical three-coordinate PJICs for detection of air targets and target designation is the creation for them of antenna systems with electronic scanning of beams (beam), forming, in particular, a partial radiation pattern in the vertical plane. Azimuth viewing is carried out in the usual way - by rotating the antenna in the horizontal plane.

The principle of forming partial patterns is used in large stations (for example, in the French Palmier-G radar system). It is characterized by the fact that the antenna system (simultaneously or sequentially) forms a multi-beam pattern in the vertical plane, the rays of which are located with some overlap above each other , thus covering a wide viewing sector (almost from 0 to 40-50°). Using such a diagram (scanning or fixed) provides an accurate determination of the elevation angle (height) of detected targets and high resolution. In addition, using the principle of forming beams with frequency separation, it is possible to more reliably determine the angular coordinates of the target and carry out more reliable tracking of it.

The principle of creating partial diagrams is being intensively implemented in the creation of tactical three-coordinate radars for military air defense. An antenna that implements this principle is used, in particular, in the American tactical radar AN/TPS-32, mobile station AN/TPS-43 and the French mobile radar Matador (TRS 2210). All these stations operate in the 10 cm wavelength range. They are equipped with effective anti-jamming devices, which allows them to detect air targets in advance against a background of strong interference and provide target designation data to anti-aircraft weapons control systems.

The AN/TPS-32 radar antenna feed is made in the form of several horns located vertically one above the other. The partial diagram formed by the antenna contains nine beams in the vertical plane, and radiation from each of them occurs at nine different frequencies. The spatial position of the beams relative to each other remains unchanged, and by electronically scanning them, a wide field of view in the vertical plane, increased resolution and determination of target height are provided. Characteristic feature This station is to interface it with a computer that automatically processes radar signals, including friend-or-foe identification signals coming from the AN/TPX-50 station, as well as controlling the radiation mode (carrier frequency, radiation power per pulse, duration and pulse repetition rate). A lightweight version of the station, all equipment and equipment of which are arranged in three standard containers (one measuring 3.7X2X2 m and two measuring 2.5X2X2 m), ensures target detection at ranges of up to 250-300 km with an accuracy of altitude determination at a maximum range of up to 600 m .

The mobile American radar AN/TPS-43, developed by Westinghouse, having an antenna similar to the antenna of the AN/TPS-32 station, forms a six-beam diagram in the vertical plane. The width of each beam in the azimuthal plane is 1.1°, the overlap sector in elevation is 0.5-20°. The accuracy of determining the elevation angle is 1.5-2°, the range is about 200 km. The station operates in pulse mode (3 MW per pulse), its transmitter is assembled on a twistron. Features of the station: the ability to adjust the frequency from pulse to pulse and automatic (or manual) transition from one discrete frequency to another in the 200 MHz band (there are 16 discrete frequencies) in the event of a complex radio-electronic environment. The radar is housed in two standard container cabins (with a total weight of 1600 kg), which can be transported by all types of transport, including air.

In 1971, at the aerospace exhibition in Paris, France demonstrated a three-dimensional radar of the Matador military air defense system (TRS2210). NATO military experts highly appreciated the prototype station (Fig. 2), noting that the Matador radar meets modern requirements, and is also quite small in size.

Rice. 2 Three-coordinate French radar station “Matador” (TRS2210) with an antenna that forms a partial radiation pattern.

A distinctive feature of the Matador station (TRS 2210) is the compactness of its antenna system, which forms a partial diagram in the vertical plane, consisting of three beams rigidly connected to each other with scanning controlled by a special computer program. The station feed is made of 40 horns. This creates the possibility of forming narrow beams (1.5°X1>9°)> which in turn makes it possible to determine the elevation angle in the viewing sector from -5° to +30° with an accuracy of 0.14° at a maximum range of 240 km. Radiation power per pulse is 1 MW, pulse duration is 4 μsec; signal processing when determining the target's flight altitude (elevation angle) is carried out using the monopulse method. The station is characterized by high mobility: all equipment and equipment, including a collapsible antenna, are placed in three relatively small packages; deployment time does not exceed 1 hour. Serial production of the station is scheduled for 1972.

The need to work in difficult conditions, frequent changes of positions during combat operations, long duration of trouble-free operation - all these very stringent requirements are imposed when developing a radar for military air defense. In addition to the previously noted measures (increasing reliability, introducing semiconductor electronics, new structural materials, etc.), foreign companies are increasingly resorting to unification of elements and systems of radar equipment. Thus, in France, a reliable transceiver THD 047 has been developed (included, for example, in the Picador, Volex III and others stations), a VT series antenna, several types of small-sized indicators, etc. A similar unification of equipment is noted in the USA and Great Britain .

In Great Britain, the tendency to unify equipment in the development of tactical three-coordinate stations manifested itself in the creation of not a single radar, but a mobile radar complex. Such a complex is assembled from standard unified units and blocks. It may consist, for example, of one or more two-coordinate stations and one radar altimeter. English tactical tactics are designed according to this principle. radar complex S600.

The S600 complex is a set of intercompatible, unified blocks and units (transmitters, receivers, antennas, indicators), from which you can quickly assemble a tactical radar for any purpose (detection of air targets, determining altitude, controlling anti-aircraft weapons, controlling air traffic). According to foreign military experts, this approach to the design of tactical radars is considered the most progressive, as it provides higher production technology, simplifies maintenance and repair, and also increases the flexibility of combat use. There are six options for completing the complex elements. For example, a complex for a military air defense system may consist of two detection and target designation radars, two radar altimeters, four control cabins, one cabin with data processing equipment, including one or more computers. All equipment and equipment of such a complex can be transported by helicopter, C-130 plane or by car.

The trend towards unification of radar equipment units is also observed in France. The proof is the THD 1094 military air defense complex, consisting of two surveillance radars and a radar altimeter.

In addition to three-coordinate radars for detecting air targets and target designation, the military air defense of all NATO countries also includes two-coordinate stations for a similar purpose. They are somewhat less informative (they do not measure the target’s flight altitude), but their design is usually simpler, lighter and more mobile than three-coordinate ones. Such radar stations can be quickly transferred and deployed in areas that need radar cover for troops or facilities.

Work on the creation of small two-dimensional detection and target designation radars is being carried out in almost all developed capitalist countries. Some of these radars are interfaced with specific anti-aircraft systems ZURO or ZA, others are more universal.

Two-dimensional tactical radars developed in the USA are, for example, FAAR (AN/MPQ-49), AN/TPS-50, -54, -61.

The AN/MPQ-49 station (Fig. 3) was created to order ground forces USA specifically for the mixed complex ZURO-ZA "Chaparral-Vulcan" military air defense. It is considered possible to use this radar for target designation of anti-aircraft missiles. Main distinctive features station are its mobility and ability to work in the front line on rough and mountainous terrain. Special measures have been taken to increase noise immunity. According to the principle of operation, the station is pulse-Doppler; it operates in the 25-cm wavelength range. Antenna system (together with the identification station antenna " friend - stranger» AN/TPX-50) is installed on a telescopic mast, the height of which can be automatically adjusted. The station can be remotely controlled at distances of up to 50 m using a remote control. All equipment, including the AN/VRC-46 communications radio, is mounted on a 1.25-ton M561 articulated vehicle. The American command, when ordering this radar, pursued the goal of solving the problem of operational control of military air defense systems.

Rice. 3. Two-coordinate American radar station AN/MPQ-49 for issuing target designation data to the military complex ZURO-ZA “Chaparral-Vulcan”.

The AN/TPS-50 station, developed by Emerson, is light in weight and very small in size. Its range is 90-100 km. All station equipment can be carried by seven soldiers. Deployment time is 20-30 minutes. In 1968, an improved version of this station was created - AN/TPS-54, which has a longer range (180 km) and “friend-foe” identification equipment. The peculiarity of the station lies in its efficiency and the layout of high-frequency components: the transceiver unit is mounted directly under the horn feed. This eliminates the rotating joint, shortens the feeder and therefore eliminates the inevitable loss of RF energy. The station operates in the 25-cm wavelength range, pulse power is 25 kW, and the azimuth beam width is about 3°. Total weight does not exceed 280 kg, power consumption 560 watts.

Among other two-dimensional tactical early warning and target designation radars, US military experts also highlight the AN/TPS-61 mobile station weighing 1.7 tons. It is housed in one standard cabin measuring 4 X 1.2 X 2 m, installed in the back of a car. During transportation, the disassembled antenna is located inside the cabin. The station operates in pulse mode in the frequency range 1250-1350 MHz. Its range is about 150 km. The use of noise protection circuits in the equipment makes it possible to isolate a useful signal that is 45 dB lower than the interference level.

Several small-sized mobile tactical two-axis radars have been developed in France. They easily interface with ZURO and ZA military air defense systems. Western military observers consider the Domino-20, -30, -40, -40N radar series and the Tiger radar (TRS 2100) to be the most promising stations. All of them are designed specifically for detecting low-flying targets, operate in the 25-cm range (“Tiger” in the 10-cm range) and are coherent pulse-Doppler based on the principle of operation. The detection range of the Domino-20 radar reaches 17 km, Domino-30 - 30 km, Domino-40 - 75 km, Domino-40N - 80 km. The range accuracy of the Domino-30 radar is 400 m and azimuth 1.5°, weight is 360 kg. The range of the Tiger station is 100 km. All marked stations have an automatic scanning mode during target tracking and “friend or foe” identification equipment. Their layout is modular; they can be mounted and installed on the ground or any vehicles. Station deployment time is 30-60 minutes.

The radar stations of the military complexes ZURO and ZA (directly included in the complex) solve problems of searching, detecting, identifying targets, target designation, tracking and controlling anti-aircraft weapons.

The main concept in the development of military air defense systems of the main NATO countries is to create autonomous, highly automated systems with mobility equal to or even slightly greater than the mobility of armored forces. Their characteristic feature is their placement on tanks and other combat vehicles. This places very stringent requirements on the designs of radar stations. Foreign experts believe that the radar equipment of such complexes must meet the requirements for aerospace on-board equipment.

Currently, the military air defense of NATO countries includes (or will receive in the near future) a number of autonomous anti-aircraft missile systems and air defense systems.

According to foreign military experts, the most advanced mobile military air defense missile system designed to combat low-flying (including high-speed at M = 1.2) targets at ranges up to 18 km is the French all-weather complex (THD 5000). All its equipment is located in two all-terrain armored vehicles (Fig. 4): one of them (located in the control platoon) is equipped with the Mirador II detection and target designation radar, an electronic computer and target designation data output equipment; on the other (in the fire platoon) - a target tracking and missile guidance radar, an electronic computer for calculating the flight trajectories of targets and missiles (it simulates the entire process of destroying detected low-flying targets immediately before launch), a launcher with four missiles, infrared and television systems tracking and devices for transmitting radio commands for missile guidance.

Rice. 4. French military complex ZURO “Crotal” (THD5000). A. Detection and targeting radar. B. Radar station for target tracking and missile guidance (combined with the launcher).

The Mirador II detection and target designation station provides radar search and acquisition of targets, determination of their coordinates and transmission of data to the tracking and guidance radar of the fire platoon. According to the principle of operation, the station is coherent - pulse - Doppler, it has high resolution and noise immunity. The station operates in the 10 cm wavelength range; The antenna rotates in azimuth at a speed of 60 rpm, which ensures a high rate of data acquisition. The radar is capable of detecting up to 30 targets simultaneously and providing the information necessary to classify them according to the degree of threat and then select 12 targets for issuing target designation data (taking into account the importance of the target) to the radar of firing platoons. The accuracy of determining the range and height of the target is about 200 m. One Mirador II station can serve several tracking radars, thus increasing the firepower of covering concentration areas or troop routes (the stations can operate on the march) from air attack. The tracking and guidance radar operates in the 8-mm wavelength range and has a range of 16 km. The antenna forms a beam 1.1° wide with circular polarization. To increase noise immunity, a change in operating frequencies is provided. The station can simultaneously monitor one target and direct two missiles at it. An infrared device with a radiation pattern of ±5° ensures launch of the missile at the initial part of the trajectory (the first 500 m of flight). The “dead zone” of the complex is an area within a radius of no more than 1000 m, the reaction time is up to 6 seconds.

Although the tactical and technical characteristics of the Krotal missile defense system are high and it is currently in mass production (purchased by South Africa, the USA, Lebanon, Germany), some NATO experts prefer the layout of the entire complex on one vehicle (armored personnel carrier, trailer, car) . Such a promising complex is, for example, the Skygard-M missile defense system (Fig. 5), a prototype of which was demonstrated in 1971 by the Italian-Swiss company Contraves.

Rice. 5. Model of the mobile complex ZURO "Skygard-M".

The Skygard-M missile defense system uses two radars (a detection and target designation station and a target and missile tracking station), mounted on the same platform and having a common 3-cm range transmitter. Both radars are coherent pulse-Doppler, and the tracking radar uses a monopulse signal processing method, which reduces the angular error to 0.08°. The radar range is about 18 km. The transmitter is made on a traveling wave tube; in addition, it has an instantaneous automatic frequency tuning circuit (by 5%), which turns on in the event of strong interference. The tracking radar can simultaneously track the target and its missile. The reaction time of the complex is 6-8 seconds.
The control equipment of the Skygard-M ZURO complex is also used in the Skygard ZA complex (Fig. 6). A characteristic feature of the complex’s design is the radar equipment that can be retracted inside the cabin. Three versions of the Skyguard complex have been developed: on an armored personnel carrier, on a truck and on a trailer. The complexes will enter service with military air defense to replace the Superfledermaus system of similar purpose, widely used in the armies of almost all NATO countries.

Rice. 6. Mobile complex ZA "Skyguard" of Italian-Swiss production.

The military air defense systems of NATO countries are armed with several more mobile missile defense systems (clear-weather, mixed all-weather systems and others), which use advanced radars that have approximately the same characteristics as the stations of the Krotal and Skygard complexes, and decisive similar tasks.

The need for air defense of troops (especially armored units) on the move led to the creation of highly mobile military systems of small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery (MZA) based on modern tanks. The radar systems of such complexes have either one radar operating sequentially in the modes of detection, target designation, tracking and gun guidance, or two stations between which these tasks are divided.

An example of the first solution is the French MZA “Black Eye” complex, made on the basis of the AMX-13 tank. The MZA DR-VC-1A (RD515) radar of the complex operates on the basis of the coherent-pulse Doppler principle. It is characterized by a high rate of data output and increased noise immunity. The radar provides all-round or sector visibility, target detection and continuous measurement of their coordinates. The received data enters the fire control device, which within a few seconds calculates the pre-emptive coordinates of the target and ensures that a 30-mm coaxial anti-aircraft gun is aimed at it. The target detection range reaches 15 km, the error in determining the range is ±50 m, the station's radiation power per pulse is 120 watts. The station operates in the 25 cm wavelength range (operating frequency from 1710 to 1750 MHz). It can detect targets flying at speeds from 50 to 300 m/sec.

In addition, if necessary, the complex can be used to combat ground targets, while the accuracy of determining the azimuth is 1-2°. IN stowed position the station folds up and is closed with armored curtains (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Radar antenna of the French mobile complex MZA “Black Eye” (automatic deployment to combat position).

Rice. 8. West German mobile complex 5PFZ-A based on a tank: 1 - detection and target designation radar antenna; 2 - “friend or foe” identification radar antenna; 3 - radar antenna for target tracking and gun guidance.

Promising MZA complexes made on the basis of the Leopard tank, in which search, detection and identification tasks are solved by one radar, and target tracking and control tasks by a paired anti-aircraft installation- another radar, considered: 5PFZ-A (Fig. 5PFZ-B, 5PFZ-C and “Matador” 30 ZLA (Fig. 9). These complexes are equipped with highly reliable pulse-Doppler stations capable of searching in a wide or circular sector and highlighting signals from low-flying targets against the background of high levels of interference.

Rice. 9. West German mobile complex MZA “Matador” 30 ZLA based on the Leopard tank.

The development of radars for such MZA complexes, and possibly for medium-caliber ZA, as NATO experts believe, will continue. The main direction of development will be the creation of more informative, small-sized and reliable radar equipment. The same development prospects are possible for radar systems of ZURO complexes and for tactical radar stations for detecting air targets and target designation.

NATO Command The purpose of the joint air defense system is definitely the following:

Ø prevent the intrusion of possible enemy aircraft into the airspace of NATO countries in peacetime;

Ø to prevent them from striking as much as possible during military operations in order to ensure the functioning of the main political and military-economic centers, strike forces of the armed forces, strategic forces, aviation assets, as well as other objects of strategic importance.

To perform these tasks it is considered necessary:

Ø provide advance warning to the command of a possible attack through continuous monitoring of the airspace and obtaining intelligence data on the state of the enemy’s attack means;

Ø cover from air strikes nuclear forces, the most important military-strategic and administrative-economic facilities, as well as areas of troop concentration;

Ø maintaining high combat readiness of the maximum possible number of air defense forces and means to immediately repel an attack from the air;

Ø organization of close interaction of air defense forces and means;

Ø in the event of war - destruction of enemy air attack weapons.

The creation of a unified air defense system is based on the following principles:

Ø covering not individual objects, but entire areas, stripes

Ø allocation of sufficient forces and means to cover the most important areas and objects;

Ø high centralization of control of air defense forces and means.

The overall management of the NATO air defense system is exercised by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe through his deputy for the Air Force (also Commander-in-Chief of the NATO Air Force), i.e. commander in chief The Air Force is the Air Defense Commander.

The entire area of ​​responsibility of the NATO joint air defense system is divided into 2 air defense zones:

Ø northern zone;

Ø southern zone.

Northern air defense zone occupies the territories of Norway, Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the coastal waters of the countries and is divided into three air defense regions (“North”, “Center”, “Northeast”).

Each district has 1–2 air defense sectors.

Southern air defense zone occupies the territory of Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the basin Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea and is divided into 4 air defense regions

Ø “Southeast”;

Ø "South Center";

Ø “Southwest;

Air defense areas have 2–3 air defense sectors. In addition, 2 independent air defense sectors have been created within the boundaries of the Southern zone:

Ø Cypriot;

Ø Maltese;

For air defense purposes the following is used:

Ø fighter-interceptors;

Ø Long, medium and short range air defense systems;

Ø anti-aircraft artillery (ZA).

A) In service NATO air defense fighters The following fighter groups consist of:

I. group - F-104, F-104E (capable of attacking one target at medium and high altitudes up to 10,000m from the rear hemisphere);

II. group - F-15, F-16 (capable of destroying one target from all angles and at all altitudes),

III. group - F-14, F-18, "Tornado", "Mirage-2000" (capable of attacking several targets from different angles and at all altitudes).

Air defense fighters are entrusted with the task of intercepting air targets at the highest possible altitudes from their base over enemy territory and outside the SAM zone.

All fighters have cannon and missile weapons and are all-weather, equipped with a combined weapon control system designed to detect and attack air targets.

This system typically includes:

Ø interception and targeting radar;

Ø counting device;

Ø infrared sight;

Ø optical sight.

All radars operate in the range λ=3–3.5 cm in pulse (F–104) or pulse-Doppler mode. All NATO aircraft have a receiver indicating radiation from radar operating in the range λ = 3–11.5 cm. Fighters are based at airfields 120–150 km away from the front line.

B) Fighter tactics

When performing combat missions, fighters use three methods of combat:

Ø interception from the position “Duty at the airport”;

Ø interception from the “Air duty” position;

Ø free attack.

"Duty officer at the airport"– the main type of combat missions. It is used in the presence of a developed radar and ensures energy savings and the availability of a full supply of fuel.

Flaws: shifting the interception line to one’s territory when intercepting low-altitude targets

Depending on the threatening situation and the type of alarm, the duty forces of air defense fighters can be in the following degrees of combat readiness:

1. Ready No. 1 – departure 2 minutes after the order;

2. Ready No. 2 – departure 5 minutes after the order;

3. Ready No. 3 – departure 15 minutes after the order;

4. Ready No. 4 – departure 30 minutes after the order;

5. Ready No. 5 – departure 60 minutes after the order.

The possible line for a meeting between military and technical cooperation with a fighter from this position is 40–50 km from the front line.

"Air duty" – used to cover the main group of troops in the most important objects. In this case, the army group zone is divided into duty zones, which are assigned to air units.

Duty is carried out at medium, low and high altitudes:

–In PMU – in groups of aircraft up to a flight;

-At SMU - at night - by single planes, changeover. produced in 45–60 minutes. Depth – 100–150 km from the front line.

Flaws: – the ability to quickly attack enemy duty areas;

Ø are forced to adhere to defensive tactics more often;

Ø the possibility of the enemy creating superiority in forces.

"Free Hunt" – for the destruction of air targets in a given area that does not have continuous air defense missile coverage and a continuous radar field. Depth - 200–300 km from the front line.

Air defense and air defense fighters, equipped with detection and targeting radars, armed with air-to-air missiles, use 2 attack methods:

1. Attack from the front HEMISPHERE (at 45–70 0 to the target’s heading). It is used when the time and place of interception are calculated in advance. This is possible when tracking the target longitudinally. It is the fastest, but requires high pointing accuracy both in location and time.

2. Attack from the rear HEMISPHERE (within the heading angle sector 110–250 0). Can be used against all targets and with all types of weapons. It provides a high probability of hitting the target.

Having good weapons and moving from one method of attack to another, one fighter can perform 6–9 attacks , which allows you to shoot down 5–6 BTA aircraft.

Significant disadvantage Air defense fighters, and in particular fighter radars, is their work based on the use of the Doppler effect. So-called “blind” heading angles (angles of approach to the target) arise, in which the fighter’s radar is not able to select (select) the target against the background of interfering ground reflections or passive interference. These zones do not depend on the flight speed of the attacking fighter, but are determined by the target’s flight speed, heading angles, approach and the minimum radial component of the relative approach speed ∆Vbl., specified by the performance characteristics of the radar.

The radar is capable of identifying only those signals from the target. have a certain Doppler ƒ min. This ƒ min is for radar ± 2 kHz.

In accordance with the laws of radar
, where ƒ 0 is the carrier, C–V light. Such signals come from targets with V 2 =30–60 m/s. To achieve this V 2 the aircraft must fly at a heading angle q=arcos V 2 /V c =70–80 0, and the sector itself has blind heading angles => 790–110 0, and 250–290 0, respectively.

The main air defense systems in the joint air defense system of NATO countries are:

Ø Long-range air defense systems (D≥60km) – “Nike-Ggerkules”, “Patriot”;

Ø Medium-range air defense system (D = from 10–15 km to 50–60 km) – improved “Hawk” (“U-Hawk”);

Ø Short-range air defense systems (D = 10–15 km) – “Chaparral”, “Rapra”, “Roland”, “Indigo”, “Crosal”, “Javelin”, “Avenger”, “Adats”, “Fog-M”, "Stinger", "Blowmap".

NATO air defense systems principle of use are divided into:

Ø Centralized use, applied according to the plan of the senior manager in zone , area and air defense sector;

Ø Military air defense systems that are part of the ground forces and are used according to the plan of their commander.

To funds used according to plans senior managers include long- and medium-range air defense systems. Here they operate in automatic guidance mode.

The main tactical unit of anti-aircraft weapons is - division or equivalent parts.

Long- and medium-range air defense systems, with a sufficient number of them, are used to create a continuous cover zone.

When their number is small, only individual, most important objects are covered.

Short-range air defense systems and air defense systems used to cover ground forces, roads, etc.

Each anti-aircraft weapon has certain combat capabilities for shelling and hitting targets.

Combat capabilities – quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the capabilities of air defense systems units to carry out combat missions at a specified time and in specific conditions.

The combat capabilities of an air defense missile system battery are assessed by the following characteristics:

1. Dimensions of shelling and destruction zones in vertical and horizontal planes;

2. Number of simultaneously fired targets;

3. System response time;

4. The ability of the battery to conduct long-term fire;

5. Number of launches when firing at a given target.

The specified characteristics can be predetermined only for a non-maneuvering purpose.

Firing zone - a part of space at each point of which it is possible to point a r.

Affected area – part of the firing zone within which the target is met and hit with a given probability.

The position of the affected area in the firing zone may change depending on the direction of flight of the target.

When the air defense system is operating in the mode automatic guidance the affected area occupies a position in which the bisector of the angle limiting the affected area in the horizontal plane always remains parallel to the direction of flight towards the target.

Since the target can approach from any direction, the affected area can occupy any position, while the bisector of the angle limiting the affected area rotates following the turn of the aircraft.

Hence, a turn in the horizontal plane at an angle greater than half the angle limiting the affected area is equivalent to the aircraft leaving the affected area.

The affected area of ​​any air defense system has certain boundaries:

Ø along H – lower and upper;

Ø according to D from release. mouth – far and near, as well as restrictions on the exchange rate parameter (P), which determines the lateral boundaries of the zone.

Lower limit of the affected area – Nmin of firing is determined, which ensures the specified probability of hitting the target. It is limited by the influence of the reflection of radiation from the ground on the operation of the RTS and the closing angles of positions.

Position closing angle (α)– is formed when the terrain and local objects exceed the position of the batteries.

Upper and data bounds affected areas are determined by the energy resource of the river.

Near border the affected area is determined by the time of uncontrolled flight after launch.

Lateral borders affected areas are determined by the course parameter (P).

Exchange rate parameter P – the shortest distance (KM) from the point where the battery is located and the projection of the aircraft track.

The number of simultaneously fired targets depends on the number of radars irradiating (illuminating) the target in the air defense missile system batteries.

The system reaction time is the time that passes from the moment an air target is detected until the missile is launched.

The number of possible launches on a target depends on the long-range detection of the target by the radar, the course parameter P, H of the target and Vtarget, T of the system reaction and the time between missile launches.

Brief information about weapon guidance systems

I. Command telecontrol systems – flight control is carried out using commands generated at the launcher and transmitted to fighters or missiles.

Depending on the method of obtaining information, there are:

Ø – command systems telecontrol type I (TU-I);

Ø – command telecontrol systems of type II (TU-II);

- target tracking device;

Missile tracking device;

Device for generating control commands;

Radio command line receiver;

Launchers.

II. Homing systems – systems in which flight control is carried out by control commands generated on board the rocket itself.

In this case, the information necessary for their formation is provided by the on-board device (coordinator).

In such systems, homing missiles are used, in the flight control of which the launcher does not take part.

Based on the type of energy used to obtain information about the target’s movement parameters, systems are distinguished: active, semi-active, passive.

Active – homing systems, in cat. the target irradiation source is installed on board the river. The signals reflected from the target are received by the on-board coordinator and are used to measure the parameters of the target's movement.

Semi-active – the TARGET irradiation source is located on the launcher. The signals reflected from the target are used by the on-board coordinator to change the mismatch parameters.

Passive – to measure the movement parameters of the TARGET, the energy emitted by the target is used. This can be thermal (radiant), light, radio-thermal energy.

The homing system includes devices that measure the mismatch parameter: a calculating device, an autopilot and a steering tract

III. TV guidance system – missile control systems, incl. flight control commands are formed on board the rocket. Their value is proportional to the deviation of the missile from the equal-signal control created by the radar sights of the control point.

Such systems are called radio beam guidance systems. They come in single-beam and double-beam types.

IV. Combined guidance systems – systems, in cat. The missile is aimed at targets sequentially by several systems. They can find application in long-range complexes. This may be a combination of command systems. telecontrol at the initial part of the missile’s flight path and homing at the final one, or guidance via a radio beam at the initial part and homing at the final one. This combination of control systems ensures that missiles are aimed at targets with sufficient accuracy at long firing ranges.

Let us now consider the combat capabilities of individual air defense systems of NATO countries.

a) Long-range air defense systems

–SAM – “Nike-Hercules” – designed to hit targets at medium, high altitudes and in the stratosphere. It can be used to destroy ground TARGETS with nuclear weapons at a distance of up to 185 km. It is in service with the armies of the USA, NATO, France, Japan, and Taiwan.

Quantitative indicators

Ø Firing zone– circular;

Ø D max the maximum affected area (where it is still possible to hit the target, but with a low probability);

Ø Nearest border of the affected area = 11 km

Ø Lower The boundary of the pore zone is 1500m and D = 12 km and up to H = 30 km with increasing range.

Ø V max p.–1500m/s;

Ø V max damage.r.–775–1200 m/s;

Ø n max crank.–7;

Ø t point (flight) of the rocket – 20–200s;

Ø Rate of fire – 5 min → 5 missiles;

Ø t / ream. Mobile air defense system -5–10h;

Ø t / coagulation – up to 3 hours;

Qualitative indicators

The control system for the N-G missile defense system is radio command with separate radar folding behind the target missile. In addition, by installing special equipment on board, it can carry out homing to the source of interference.

The battery management system uses the following types of pulse radars:

1. 1 target designation radar operating in the range λ=22–24cm, type AN/FRS–37–D max rel.=320km;

2. 1 target designation radar s (λ=8.5–10 cm) s D max rel.=230 km;

3. 1 target tracking radar (λ=3.2–3.5cm)=185km;

4. 1 radar identified. range (λ=1.8cm).

A battery can fire at only one target at a time, because the target and missile tracking radar can track only one target and one missile at a time, and there is one such radar in the battery.

Ø Weight of a conventional warhead – 500kg;

Ø Nuclear Warhead (trot eq.)– 2–30kT;

Ø Home m cancer.–4800kg;

Ø Fuse type– combined (contact + radar)

Ø Damage radius at high altitudes:– OF BC-35–60m; I. Warhead – 210-2140m.

Ø Prob. The lesions are unmaneuverable. goals 1 cancer. on effective D–0,6–0,7;

Ø T reload PU–6min.

Strong zones of the N-G air defense system:

Ø large D of the lesion and significant reach along the N;

Ø the ability to intercept high-speed targets"

Ø good noise immunity of all radar batteries along angular coordinates;

Ø homing to the source of interference.

Weak sides SAM "N-G":

Ø impossibility of hitting a target flying at H>1500m;

Ø with increasing D →the accuracy of missile guidance decreases;

Ø highly susceptible to radar interference along the range channel;

Ø decrease in efficiency when firing at a maneuvering target;

Ø the battery’s rate of fire is not high and it is impossible to fire at more than one target at a time

Ø low mobility;

SAM "Patriot" - is an all-weather complex designed to destroy aircraft and ballistic missiles operational-tactical purposes at low altitudes
in conditions of strong enemy radio countermeasures.

(In service with the USA, NATO).

The main technical unit is a division consisting of 6 batteries of 6 fire platoons each.

The platoon includes:

Ø multifunctional radar with phased array;

Ø up to 8 PU missile launchers;

Ø truck with generators, power supply for radar and control unit.

Quantitative indicators

Ø Firing zone - circular;

Ø Impact area for a non-maneuvering target (see figure)

Ø Far border:

on Nb-70km (limited by Vtargets and R and missiles);

at Nm-20km;

Ø Near limit of destruction (limited by t uncontrollable missile flight) - 3 km;

Ø Upper limit affected areas (limited by Rу rocket = 5 units) - 24 km;

Ø Min. the border of the affected area is 60m;

Ø Vcancer. - 1750m/s;

Ø Vts.- 1200m/s;

Ø t floor cancer.

Ø tpol.rak.-60 sec.;

Ø nmax. cancer. - 30 units;

Ø reaction syst. - 15sec;

Ø Rate of fire:

One PU - 1 cancer. after 3 seconds;

Different PU - 1 cancer. in 1 sec.

Ø tdevelopment of the complex -. 30 min.

Qualitative indicators

Pariot SAM control system combined:

At the initial stage of the missile's flight, control is carried out by the command method of the 1st type; when the missile approaches the target (in 8-9 seconds), a transition is made from the command method to the method. guidance through a missile (command guidance of the 2nd type).

The guidance system uses a phased array radar (AN/MPQ-53). It allows you to detect and identify air targets, track up to 75-100 targets and provide data for guiding up to 9 missiles at 9 targets.

After the launch of the missile, according to a given program, it enters the radar coverage area and its command guidance begins, for which, in the process of surveying the space, all selected targets and those guided by the missile are tracked. At the same time, 6 missiles can be aimed at 6 targets using the command method. In this case, the radar operates in pulse mode in the range l = 6.1-6.7 cm.

In this mode, the viewing sector is Qaz=+(-)45º Qum=1-73º. Beam width 1.7*1.7º.

The command guidance method stops when there are 8-9 seconds left before R. meets Ts. At this point, a transition occurs from the command method to the missile guidance method.

At this stage, when irradiating the central and vertical radars, the radar operates in pulse-Doppler mode in the wave range = 5.5-6.1 cm. In the guidance mode through the missile, the tracking sector corresponds, the beam width when illuminated is 3.4 * 3.4º .

D max rev. at =10 - 190 km

Start mр – 906 kg

The Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA), funded by the US Department of Defense, released a report ahead of the start of the NATO summit on what measures need to be taken to protect the Baltic states from Russia. First of all, the so-called Suwalki corridor, which separates the Kaliningrad region from the territory of Belarus.

The authors of the report note, in particular, the significantly increased capabilities of the Russian armed forces to maneuver on the battlefield and the ability to conduct disinformation campaigns. The Russian armed forces hone these skills in numerous exercises - one of the most large-scale exercises was the Zapad-2017 maneuvers, which were also carried out on the territory of Belarus and the Kaliningrad region.

According to CEPA analysts, the aggravation in the Baltic states (and a hypothetical attack by Russia through the Suwalki corridor) will also be accompanied by an aggravation of all conflicts in the post-Soviet space, from Donbass and Transnistria to Nagorno-Karabakh.

However, other than Russia’s desire to “create a land bridge” across Suwalki and thus strengthen its political influence in the region, no other clear motives for such a scenario (fraught with a full-scale nuclear war, given the provisions of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty) are given in the report. It should be noted that the author is General Ben Hodges, who was until recently the commander of NATO Allied Forces in Europe.

As measures to contain Russia, it is proposed, firstly, to strengthen the protective component in the Baltic states and redeploy closer to the Suwalki corridor and the Kaliningrad region anti-missile systems short-range M1097 Avenger. Secondly, to provide operational capabilities to NATO units in the region, create forward logistics points and fuel depots so that they can quickly transfer additional troops to the Baltics from Germany and Poland.

Thirdly, it is proposed to reduce the time it takes to respond to potential threats to Russia, as well as strengthen the exchange of intelligence between NATO member countries, as well as between NATO and non-alliance partner countries such as Finland, Sweden and Ukraine. At the same time, the importance of restoring the competencies of the alliance member countries in the field of proficiency in the Russian language and understanding of regional problems is emphasized. It is also proposed to instruct units of the Forces special operations NATO countries stationed in the Baltics, train local law enforcement agencies tactics to counter Russia's subversive actions.

Plus, they propose to place a full-fledged field headquarters on the division’s staffs on the borders with Russia, instead of rotating every 90 days, which should “send a signal of containment of Russia.” In addition, it is proposed to establish a new NATO Close Operations Command (REOC), as well as give more powers to the multinational NATO division in the northeast, in Szczecin, Poland, in order to “transfer the decision-making initiative in the event of a Russian attack to the commanders of units located directly in the Baltics."

Alarming and sometimes alarmist notes regarding NATO’s potential capabilities to confront Russia in the Baltic states have already become the usual leitmotif of a significant part of publications on the topic of Russian-American relations in the Western media. Thus, the American press complains that NATO troops in the event of a conflict with Russia may lose the first phase of the war due to bad roads and bureaucracy. While the main parts of the North Atlantic Alliance reach the eastern borders, the Russian army will occupy the entire Baltic states, which became clear from the analysis of the latest exercises of the Saber Strike alliance forces.

Thus, US heavy equipment returned from exercises to its place of permanent deployment in Germany for four months by rail, and the soldiers of the unit at this time were left without means of transportation. At the same time, it is clarified that the equipment had to be unloaded and loaded again, since the rails on the railways in the Baltic states are wider than those in Western Europe. The movement was slowed down by the detention of American military personnel by Hungarian border guards due to improper coupling of armored personnel carriers with wagons.

The increase in NATO military activity in the EU can already be observed. The international military exercises of the Saber Strike 2018 alliance began in Latvia. About three thousand soldiers from 12 countries take part in them, including the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Latvia, Albania and others. According to the Latvian Ministry of Defense, the purpose of the maneuvers, which will last until June 15, is to improve the quality of cooperation between alliance members and NATO regional partners.

Atlantic Resolve,” for which the Pentagon received four times more funds in 2017 – $3.4 billion – is supposed to expand the presence of NATO troops, in particular the United States, on the “eastern flank” to “deterrify” and contain Russia. At the end of the past 1,750 soldiers and 60 aircraft units of the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade have already arrived in Germany to counter Russia, from where units have been distributed to Latvia, Romania and Poland.NATO plans include strengthening troop groups along the entire western border of Russia - in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia , Poland, Bulgaria and Romania.

According to the European press, NATO also intends to increase the contingent of the rapid reaction force, located mainly in Eastern Europe - representatives of 23 EU states signed a declaration of intent to take part in "permanent structural cooperation on security and defense issues", with the final decision on the composition grouping will be adopted in December this year. In particular, it is assumed that the operational group will be staffed by 30 thousand military personnel, it will also include several hundred combat aircraft and ships. It is worth noting that at the moment international rapid response teams stationed in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland are under the control of Germany, Great Britain, the USA and Canada.

According to a number of European military analysts, the increase in the degree of anti-Russian sentiment on the eve of the start of the 29th NATO summit is an attempt to torpedo Trump’s policy of increasing the share of European expenditures in the alliance’s budget structure - since at the moment the main financial burden of the military bloc is borne by the United States. The current American administration is inclined to change this order. Immediately, however, a bogeyman appears on the horizon again." Russian threat", which can take over all nearby countries and spread its "authoritarian influence"...