Studying the geography of Russia
by natural areas

The course offers new, or firmly forgotten old, approaches to studying the traditional Russian geography course. It was natural zones that taught the geography of the USSR in the 4th grade in the pre-war and early post-war years. At the same time, they talked not only about nature, but also about the population and economy of the country. This approach will make it possible to put already known and newly studied theoretical concepts on a factual basis, to link nature with economy. The content of the course deliberately uses a simple style of presentation so that this material can be used in any grade level.

The study of geography by natural areas involves considering population and production in close connection with natural conditions and resources. The human influence on the environment, the opportunity to improve natural conditions and repair damage caused to nature.

SYLLABUS

LECTURE 1

Zones and belts
as the basis for zoning Russia

Russia, which occupies a huge space in the north of Eurasia, is not only the largest, but also the most northern country in the world. Within its borders is the northernmost continental point of land on Earth.

Ask students the following questions.

Canada is considered a northern country.

1. Compare the latitude of the northernmost continental points of Canada and Russia.

2. Compare the latitude of the northernmost island points of these countries.

3. Compare the latitudes of the southern points of these countries.

4. The US-Canada border runs parallel for a long distance. Determine the latitude of this parallel. Which Big city in Russia located at the same latitude? Is it considered a northern or southern city for Russia?

The results of these measurements can be depicted graphically (Fig. 1). Sufficient measurement accuracy in all these tasks is half a degree.

At latitude 69.5° is Norilsk, a city with a population of 180 thousand people. Where else at this latitude or further north are cities with the same or greater population?

Murmansk, latitude 69°, 430 thousand people.

St. Petersburg, latitude 60°, 5 million people.

Moscow, latitude 56°, 10 million people.

Ask the same question that applied to Norilsk in relation to Murmansk, St. Petersburg and Moscow. The answer will be the same everywhere: cities of the same population or larger cities with the same or more northern latitudes No.

Russia occupies the northern part of Eurasia - the eastern third of Europe and the northern third of Asia (Fig. 2). Within Russia are the northern and eastern extreme continental points of the continent; both of them are in Asia. The continent is most elongated from west to east in its northern part, that is, within Russia.

The basis for zoning in this course is natural zoning. In the future, we will clarify to what extent zones can be considered natural, and in which zones nature has been so changed by man that we have to talk about natural-economic zones.

Zoning

A natural combination of relief, climate, surface and groundwater, soils, biocenoses is called natural territorial complex; the generally accepted abbreviation for this term is PTK. The term is also widely used to denote the same concept landscape(German Landschaft- terrain). The branch of physical geography that studies natural territorial complexes is called landscape science. However, different experts understand the term “landscape” differently, and there is no hope that they will come to a common opinion in the foreseeable vicinity. PTC can be considered different levels- from small characteristic areas earth's surface to the geographic shell, which represents the global PTC.

This multi-level nature of natural-territorial complexes greatly complicates their perception at school. We will use only one of these levels - natural areas, which, as experience has shown, are perceived more easily by schoolchildren than other generalizing concepts.

One of the fundamental laws of physical geography is law of geographical zoning, consisting in the fact that Due to the uneven distribution of the solar radiant energy across latitudes and uneven humidification, the entire complex of natural conditions and their individual components consistently and definitely change across latitudes, generally symmetrically relative to the equator. As a result, there are natural areas(Greek zone - belt) - vast areas with similar climatic conditions, primarily temperatures and moisture, which determine generally homogeneous soils, vegetation and animal world.

On the plains, the zones are stretched, as a rule, along parallels, latitudinally. Zonal vegetation, soils and fauna create a certain appearance of the area. Zoning was noted by ancient geographers, and the first strict formulation of the law belongs to V.V. Dokuchaev. The names of the zones are given according to their most physiognomic feature - the predominant type of vegetation: steppe, forest, tundra zones, etc.

Natural conditions are determined by many factors, some of which are zonal, others azonal(there is a Greek negative prefix here A-).

The geological structure is azonal. It influences geographical conditions mainly indirectly, through the relief and partly through the soil.

The relief, to the extent that it is predetermined by the geological structure and tectonic movements, is azonal. External (exogenous) processes of relief formation are largely determined by climate (glacial activity; processes associated with permafrost; transport and deposition of sand by wind, etc.), therefore the relief also has zonal features, although, as a rule, not large relief forms are zonal , and the ones that complicate them are small.

In some cases, the main factors in the formation of natural conditions are not zonal, but local factors - the nature of rocks, the influx and outflow of moisture, etc. For example, in several neighboring zones, floodplain meadows may have a similar character, pine forests on the sands, swamps. This phenomenon is called intrazonality(Latin prefix intra- - inside).

Zoning is also visible in the ocean, although for an observer it is much less obvious than on land.

In the mountains, the latitudinal zonation usual for plains gives way to altitudinal zone.

What determines zoning

Usually zoning is considered as something primary, predetermined. Meanwhile, it is the result of the interaction of many factors related to breadth, but by no means limited to the well-known thesis: closer to the equator - warmer(for the Northern Hemisphere it can be shorter: further south - warmer). Ultimately, zonation is determined by climate. The climate of Russia is determined mainly by the fact that it

Lies in high latitudes;

Occupies a vast area within the big continent, there are places in the country that are very far from the ocean;

Open to the north, to the Arctic Ocean, and from warm southern countries fenced off by mountains.

Let us recall the belts distinguished on Earth according to various characteristics. The distribution of heat on the globe depends on many reasons, but in the most general outline it is certainly determined by latitude, so that the position of the territory is relative lighting zones already shows to a large extent what the climate is like there. Illumination zones are determined by the inclination of the earth's axis relative to the orbital plane. The border between the polar and temperate light zones runs along the Arctic Circle - a parallel with latitude 66.5°. North of the Arctic Circle there are polar days in summer, and polar nights in winter - the longer they are, the closer to the pole.

The northern part of Russia lies beyond the Arctic Circle, where there is a polar day and a polar night. White nights occur in summer at a distance of 6-7° latitude from the Arctic Circle, at latitudes of 60° and higher, that is, on a very large part of the territory of Russia. Beyond the Arctic Circle, white nights precede the onset of the polar day; after its end, white nights are also observed for some time.

Beyond the polar circles, to a latitude of approximately 73°, in winter it gets light around noon, although the Sun does not rise. In Murmansk (69° N latitude) you can walk freely on the streets; street lighting is turned off.

Russia does not reach the Northern Tropic very far, so the Sun does not reach its zenith on our territory.

Give students a problem.

On the day of the summer solstice, the Sun at noon is at its zenith over the Northern Tropic. At what angular distance from the zenith will it be on this day at the southern point of Russia? In your locality? (Obviously, by the same number of degrees as the point in question is from the Northern Tropic.)

The climate of any place is more accurately characterized by its position relative to thermal zones. The boundaries between them are drawn by isotherms.

The boundary between the perpetual frost zone and the cold zone is the 0 °C isotherm of the warmest month. In the perpetual frost zone, the temperature at some points can rise above zero, but the average monthly temperature is always negative. The isotherm of the warmest month is in most cases July; but the water has a colossal heat capacity, it warms up slowly, and in some places the maximum can reach August. A significant part of the Arctic Ocean is located in this belt; Russia owns small polar islands here.

The cold belt is also limited from the south by the isotherm of the warmest month - July, with a possible transition to August, 10 °C. All the large Arctic islands of Russia and the north of its mainland, including the Yamal, Taimyr and Chukotka peninsulas, lie in the cold belt (Fig. 3); There are also small areas where the July isotherm of 10 °C occurs at lower latitudes, but these areas are in the mountains; we will not take them into account.

The rest of Russia is located in the northern temperate zone. The average annual temperature of one of the warmest cities in Russia, Sochi, is about 16 °C, that is, it is still quite far from the temperatures of the hot zone; in most of the European part of the country it does not reach 5 degrees, and in the Asian part it is predominantly negative.

There is a system of belts associated with the general circulation of the atmosphere. When studying this topic at school and at university, these belts are talked about, but there is no generally accepted name for this system of belts; let's call them belts atmospheric pressure . Meanwhile, these belts, along with thermal ones, create the basis for the emergence of air masses of various types, on which the classification of climates is based.

Table 1

Atmospheric pressure belt system

The system is built on the unrealistic assumption that the underlying surface on Earth is homogeneous. The location of the continents and oceans, the topography of the earth's surface distort the picture very much, the boundaries between the belts are unclear, and there are transitional areas. However, the objective existence of the belts is beyond doubt.

Based on thermal belts and belts associated with the general circulation of the atmosphere, a system was built climatic zones.

There are several climate classifications. Of these, the most widely used classification in Russia is the one created by Moscow University professor Boris Pavlovich A"lisov. It is based on the fact that there are several types of air masses that differ in the place of their formation - Arctic (in the Southern Hemisphere - Antarctic), temperate, tropical and equatorial. They clearly correlate with atmospheric pressure belts - in the order in which they are given in Table 1.

Table 2 shows only those climatic zones that exist on the territory of Russia.

table 2

Climatic zones of Russia
according to B.P. Alisov

Note. AB - arctic air, VUS - air temperate latitudes, TV - tropical air.

Air masses that are uncharacteristic for it in general or in particular can also invade the belt for a short time. this season. Thus, residents of Moscow, located in the temperate zone, sometimes experience the effects of alien air masses: in winter, severe frosts are caused by arctic air, usually coming from the northeast, and in summer, hot and dry weather can be caused by tropical air masses, especially since they are not far away - during this season they can form over the territory of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Russia's position in the system of climate zones is visible on the map climatic zones and areas in the atlas for 7th grade.

TO Arctic belt Russia includes almost all the Arctic islands and a strip of the continental margin of the Asian part of the country from Yamal to Chukotka, rarely exceeding 500 km in width.

The subarctic belt begins in the west as a narrow strip along the coast Kola Peninsula, expands to the east, its southern border passes south of the mouth of the Ob and then goes almost along the shortest line to Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In the east the width of the belt exceeds
1000 km.

Almost the entire remaining territory of Russia lies in the temperate climate zone, differing quite significantly in the degree of continental climate and in the influence of the oceans on the climate.

On Black Sea coast The Caucasus has a small area with a subtropical climate.

Natural areas

Eurasia has everything natural areas that are found on the globe. Of these, Russia contains the Arctic desert, tundra, taiga, mixed forests, steppes, temperate deserts and subtropics, as well as zones transitional between the above. The areas occupied by subtropics and deserts are very small. Some believe that the driest regions of Russia should be classified as dry steppes; In the future, arguments will be given in favor of the fact that there are deserts in Russia.

Mountains occupy a smaller part of Russia. But the area of ​​territories where latitudinal zonation replaced by altitudinal zonality or combined with it, it is still very large, at least 4 million km 2.

The general relationship between belts and zones on the territory of Russia can be presented as follows (Table 3).

The atlas for grades 8-9 contains a map of Russia's vegetation. On it, types of vegetation are given in much more detail than by zones, so the zones are difficult to read. It is better to use the map of natural zones of Eurasia in the atlas for 7th grade or maps of natural zones of Russia in the atlas for natural history.

Table 3

Belts and zones in Russia

Population and large regions of Russia

Three-fifths of its population lives in European Russia and the Caucasus, that is, on 30% of the country’s territory. In other words, the average population density west of the Urals is much higher than to the east. The main feature of the composition of the Russian population is its multinationality. The 2002 census recorded over 160 nationalities. Russians make up 80% of the population. Only in most of European Russia are Russians the indigenous population who have lived there almost always; they came to other places when other peoples were already living there. But now Russians in many such areas constitute the majority and have long been considered the indigenous population. The second largest people in Russia are the Tatars (3.8%), followed by Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Chechens, Armenians, Mordovians, Avars, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Udmurts, Azerbaijanis, Mari, Germans, Kabardians, Ossetians, Dargins, Buryats, Yakuts, Kumyks, Ingush, Lezgins (0.3%). All other nations together make up less than 3% of the population.

Most of the listed peoples have their own national-territorial entities within the Russian Federation. Ukrainians, Armenians, Belarusians, Kazakhs and Azerbaijanis make up the main population of the five former Soviet republics. The Germans stand apart; there have always been many of them in Russia and the USSR, at times up to two million (about 0.8% of the USSR population), but the departure to their historical homeland, assimilation, and also the fact that a significant part of the Germans living in the USSR are now in Kazakhstan; Germans make up 0.4% of the Russian population.

When characterizing both the nature of Russia and its population and economy, its large parts are usually distinguished: European Russia, the Caucasus, the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East.

This zoning is based on various criteria.

European Russia is mostly flat. Latitudinal zoning is most fully represented here; all the zones that exist in Russia also exist in European Russia, only arctic deserts not on the mainland, they are located on the islands. The Russian nation and the core of the Russian state were formed on the Russian Plain; the main part of the country's economy is concentrated here.

The Caucasus includes the plains of the Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus Mountains proper. IN Caucasus mountains Altitudinal zonation is expressed better than anywhere else in Russia. The Caucasus has been inhabited since ancient times, but became part of Russia only about 200 years ago.

The Urals separate European Russia and Siberia. The region called the Urals includes Ural Mountains, and the lands on both sides of them. The Urals were the first large ore base and the first region of heavy industry in the country.

Siberia is the entire trans-Ural part of Russia, except for the river basins flowing into the Pacific Ocean and its seas. Siberia is very large, its area is approximately equal to the size of Canada or China. Due to the huge area of ​​Siberia, it is difficult to consider it as a single natural area. Rather, we highlight Siberia because for Russia, along with the Far East, it is a territory of relatively late development. This, as well as the harsh natural conditions of Siberia, explains both the low population density and the relatively small disturbance natural environment.

The Far East is a territory that includes river basins flowing into the Pacific Ocean. Main feature Far East is that most of its geographical features are due to the proximity of the Pacific Ocean, which is manifested in everything - in relief and tectonics ("Pacific Ring of Fire"), in climate, in direct connection with the countries lying on the shores of the Pacific Ocean.

QUESTIONS and TASKS

1. Could the southern border of the cold belt not coincide with the 10 °C isotherm plotted in Figure 3? Justify your answer.

2. Formulate the main characteristics by which large regions of Russia are distinguished. (In some cases, two characteristics are possible for the same region.)

3. Calculate how many times the average population density in European Russia is higher than in Asian Russia.

4. Based on Table 3, highlight natural zones that exactly correspond to one climatic zone, and zones located in two neighboring climatic zones. Do the same for the light and heat zones.

Tasks:to form knowledge about the geographical location, size, borders of Russia; show the influence of geographical location on nature and population settlement; teach skills to characterize the geographical location of Russia; strengthen calculation skills geographical coordinates objects on the map and the length of the country in degrees and km, using a cartographic grid.

Move lesson

I. Introductory conversation and preparation for the perception of new knowledge.

When starting to study the topic of the lesson, the teacher reminds that the concept “ geographical position» is already known to schoolchildren and they know how geographic location affects the natural conditions of continents, natural zones, and states. To remember this knowledge, the teacher suggests answering the questions:

1.What is included in the characteristics of the geographical location of a territory?

2.Why does the study of any territory - continent, country - begin with an acquaintance with the geographical location?

Having clarified the answers, the teacher invites the schoolchildren to write down the concept of “geographical location” and a plan of the geographical location of Russia in their notebooks. This plan can then be used to characterize the geographical location of individual regions of the country.

Geographic location is the position of an object on the earth's surface in relation to other objects or territories.

Plan for characterizing the geographical location of Russia:

1.Position on the continent in relation to the equator and prime meridian.

2.Extreme points and their geographical coordinates.

3.Length in degrees and km from north to south and from west to east.

4.The size of the territory of Russia.

5.Position in thermal zones and natural zones.

6.Land borders. Neighboring states.

7.Maritime borders. Neighboring states.

8.The influence of the peculiarities of the geographical location of Russia on natural conditions and the life of the population.

II. Gaining new knowledge.

1.The physical and geographical position of Russia is characterized in the process of dialogue and implementation of practical work No. 1 (p. 6, 34-35 in the workbook).

A) Russia is located on the territory of Eurasia in the northern and eastern hemispheres, only the Chukotka Peninsula is located in the western hemisphere.

B) Extreme points and their coordinates:

northern island - Cape Fligeli (81 ° 49 "N) on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago;

northern continental - Cape Chelyuskin (77 ° 43 "N) on the Taimyr Peninsula;

Cape Chelyuskin was discovered in 1742 by a participant in the Great Northern Expedition, navigator S.I. Chelyuskin, and was named North-Eastern by him. In 1843, the cape received the name of its discoverer.

southern - Mount Bazardyuzyu (41 0 11 "N) in the Republic of Dagestan;

western - spit of the Gulf of Gdansk Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad;

“In the Kaliningrad region, on a coastal spit, there is the western tip of Russia. Beyond the spit lies the Baltic Sea, part of the Atlantic, almost always gray under cloudy skies and dull blue when the clouds clear.

With a hiss, the boat's keel crashed into the shoreline. We jumped out and, under the creaking cries of seagulls, almost getting stuck in the sand up to our knees, we began to climb a steep dune. Bare mountains of sand rose, like dunes in the Karakum desert, with striped ripples, with rare tufts of sandy oats, with small bird tracks. But more often the hills are covered with forest. The dunes moved, burying housing; now they are almost all secured.

I climb out to the crest of the dune. They are the highest in Europe here. The sand is very fine, gold grains are visible in it, probably amber.

From the ridge there is a view on one side of the endless sea with a white, noisy strip of surf, and on the other - a calm enclosed bay. The narrow green ribbon of the spit stretches for tens of kilometers.

A striped red and green pillar stands firmly on the spit. It marks the westernmost point of our Motherland.”

7 - 10.);

eastern mainland - Cape Dezhnev (169 ° 40 "W) on the Chukotka Peninsula;

It was discovered in 1648 by the Russian explorer S.I. Dezhnev, who first rounded this cape. Dezhnev’s petitions say that he walked around the Big Stone Nose. IN XVII - XVII 1st century They mentioned this cape under the names Necessary Nose, Chukotka Nose. In 1898, to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the discovery of the cape at the request of the Russian Geographical Society it was renamed in honor of its discoverer.

“Standing in the drizzling rain at the easternmost point of Asia, I felt that I was standing on the edge of the earth and that behind me stretched a huge continent, whose name is Eurasia.

The picture of this eastern tip of Asia was so gloomy and majestic and made such an impression that I wanted to see and remember as much as possible in order to talk about it later. Cape Dezhnev is a completely exposed rock of various rocks, vertically piled up from the water in intricately varied ridges. The tops of these rocks, cut by teeth of all kinds, were covered with a gigantic blanket of fog, above which black squall clouds quickly rushed, driven by air currents in different directions.” (Pershin A.A. Cape Dezhnev. History of the monument.);

eastern island - on Ratmanov Island (170°W) in the Bering Strait;

In 1816, Lieutenant O. E. Kotzebue discovered (as it later turned out, erroneously) an island in the Bering Strait and named it in honor of Lieutenant Commander M. I. Ratmanov, with whom he in 1803 - 1806. participated in the first Russian circumnavigation. When it became clear that there was no island, the name was moved to one of the three Diomede Islands.

“...For many hours now our ship has been persistently cutting through the blue thickness of the Bering Strait. The water here is vitriol-colored. Icy, transparent. Above the water there is a constant hubbub of birds.

We are heading to Ratmanov Island. In the east, this is the last piece of land that belongs to our country. Behind it is Krusenstern Island. But this is no longer our island - it belongs to the United States of America. There is a meridian between the islands, from which it is customary to count the time of the coming day.

Having rounded Ratmanov Island from the north, we find ourselves between the Diomede Islands. The strait is restless. Bottle-glass waves throw our ship from side to side. ...We go from north to south. Far away on the horizon is the lilac shore of the mainland. To the right, the shores of Ratmanov Island rise like a block of stone, menacing and solemn. They rise up a level plateau for four hundred meters, descending almost like a vertical rockfall to the restless water. The shores are fantastically beautiful. The autumn sun, crystal clear water and the same blue sky cut the island into a transparent frame, making it seem even more convex and solemn.

To our left is the American coast. The island is clearly visible. The same steep banks, rock slides and white surf at their feet. ...In the diving eyepiece of binoculars, the American village of Eliki. This is a small village where about fifty Eskimos and several Americans live.”

(Karpov G.V., Solovyov A.I. Reader on the physical geography of the USSR. S. 7 - 10.)

Students plot the extreme points on the contour map (task 2 on pp. 34 - 35 in the workbook) and independently determine their coordinates. The teacher can use additional material if the students have free time and developed skills in working with contour maps.

C) Then students independently determine the extent of Russia in degrees and km from north to south and from west to east.

The length of the Russian mainland along the 100° meridian

V. length is 28°, or 3108 km.

The length of Russia from west to east along the Arctic Circle is 160°, or 7120 km.

The results are recorded on contour map(task 3 on pp. 34 - 35 in the workbook).

D) Russia is the largest state in the world. It occupies an area of ​​17.1 million square meters. km.

During the dialogue, the data from the table “Areas of individual continents and largest countries world”, given on p. 7 textbooks. Schoolchildren draw a conclusion about which continents and countries Russia is larger in area (Antarctica, Australia and Oceania, Canada, USA, China, Brazil).

“In Europe there is only one country where you can truly understand what space is - this is Russia,” wrote Gaido Gazdanov.

D) Almost the entire country is north of 50° N. sh., therefore large areas are occupied by forest zones (taiga predominates), forest-tundra and tundra.

E) The teacher gives a definition of the concept of “state border”, the students write it down in their notebooks.

The state border is the line that defines the boundaries of the state territory.

The length of Russia's borders is almost 61 thousand km. The western and southern borders are predominantly land, while the northern and eastern borders are sea.

Using the map of the atlas “Geographical Position of Russia” (pp. 2 - 3), schoolchildren independently complete task 1 on p. 34 - 35 in the workbook (draw the borders of Russia, identify neighbors and write their names). The teacher draws students' attention to the fact that Russia has maritime borders with some states. Here it is necessary to give a definition of the concept of “territorial waters”, which is also written down in the notebook.

Territorial waters are sea ​​waters, adjacent to the land territory of the state and included in its composition. The width of territorial waters is 12 miles (or 22.2 km).

2.The teacher explains how geographic location influences the characteristics of nature, the economy and the life of the population.

Russia is the largest state by area. Naturally, the natural conditions in such a vast area are very diverse. Many features of Russia's nature are associated with its northern location. More than half of the country's territory (64.3%) is located north of the sixtieth parallel. At the same latitude in Europe are only Finland, Iceland, most of Sweden and almost all of Norway. But unlike Russia, these countries are intensively heated warm waters and the air currents of the Atlantic and therefore have a relatively mild climate. Russia, on the other hand, is characterized by the severity of its climate: low winter temperatures and its duration, less precipitation, and large annual temperature amplitudes. With the exception of some small regions of the Ciscaucasia and the North Caucasus, all of Russia is a cold northern country. This directly affects all areas of economic activity and people’s daily lives. Huge amounts of money are spent on fighting the cold. During a long, harsh winter, a huge amount of energy resources is spent for these purposes. Thus, in Moscow, during the heating season, about 3 tons of coal are consumed per inhabitant (in standard fuel units), in Norilsk - 7 tons. Only on 40% of the territory of our country can people build cities and towns without special expensive measures to protect against adverse impacts harsh natural environment. Large expenses for heating, construction, clothing, and food increase the cost of living for Russians.

The severity of the climate has a particularly detrimental effect on agriculture. IN cold country It is necessary to have a high content of animal proteins in the diet. But intensive livestock farming in Russia is difficult due to the lack of more valuable feed crops - corn and soybeans: they can grow in our country only in limited areas. About 45% of all agricultural land is in conditions of insufficient moisture. Quite rightly, the majority of Russian agricultural land is classified as a risky farming zone.

The cold expanses of Russia are washed over a vast area by cold and cool seas. In the seas of the Arctic Ocean, floating ice remains throughout the year. In the most harsh winters Almost all seas freeze off the coast of Russia, even those located near its southern borders. In addition to ice, thick cold fogs hinder navigation in autumn and winter. All this complicates the work of Russian ports, requires additional costs and special measures to ensure their normal functioning.

In general, the influence of the main natural features Russia's influence on the life and economic activities of its population is contradictory. The northern position of the country, the cold freezing seas washing it, and permafrost sharply worsen the ecological qualities of the natural environment, complicate all types of production activities, and reduce people’s living standards. At the same time, vast spaces of Russia with well-preserved natural natural complexes represent enormous value as the country's environmental potential.

III. Fixing the material.

In order to consolidate the material received, students answer the following questions and complete assignments:

1.Measure distances in degrees and km along the 70th meridian and 60th parallel.

2.Determine the shortest distance between Moscow and Vladivostok.

3.Calculate how many times the territory of Russia is larger than the territory of France - the largest state in Europe (the area of ​​France is 545 thousand sq. km).

4.Identify boundary objects by their coordinates: a) 43° N. w. 146° E. d.; b) 54° N. w. 170° E. d.

5.Do Russia and India have a common border?

6.How would the nature of Russia change if its territory was crossed by the equator?

IV. Summing up the lesson.

Homework:§ 1, finish practical work No. 1 (task 2 on p. 6 in the workbook).

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Where does the Motherland begin?... Is the Russian Federation really the largest state in terms of area?

2 slide

Slide description:

Geographical location of Russia. What is geographical location? Name the points of the plan for characterizing the GP of a geographical object. On what continent and in what part of it is the Russian Federation located? In which hemispheres is the Russian Federation located? What oceans wash the Russian Federation? List the seas washing the shores of the Russian Federation. Who knows which countries our country borders on?

3 slide

Slide description:

Geographical location of Russia. How to prove that Russia is the largest state in terms of area? It is necessary to characterize the Russian State Enterprise according to the plan. Position on the continent in relation to the equator and prime meridian. Determine the extreme northern and southern points and their coordinates, as well as the extent from north to south. Determine the extreme eastern and western points and their coordinates, as well as the extent from west to east. Find out the area of ​​the Russian Federation and compare it with the areas of other countries known to you. Position in thermal zones and natural zones. Land borders. Neighboring states. Maritime borders. Neighboring states. The influence of the features of the Russian State Program on natural conditions and the life of the population.

4 slide

Slide description:

5 slide

Slide description:

Task for group No. 1. Find out whether the equator crosses Russia and in which hemisphere Russia is located in relation to the equator. Find out whether the prime meridian crosses Russia and in which hemispheres Russia is located in relation to the prime meridian. Find out what continent Russia is located on and in what part of it. Identify the territories that are located in the Western Hemisphere. Task for group No. 2. Determine the extreme northern and southern points of Russia and their coordinates. Determine the extreme western and eastern points and their coordinates. Determine the extent of Russia from north to south along 100°E. Determine the extent of Russia from west to east along 60°N latitude. Using reference books, identify the area of ​​Russia and compare it with the areas of other states and continents.

6 slide

Slide description:

Group assignment No. 3. Determine in which thermal zones Russia is located. Determine in which natural zones Russia is located. Find out how location in these belts and zones will affect the nature of Russia. Building group No. 4. Find out what a state border is and its types. Find out the length of the Russian state border. Determine land borders and neighboring states. Determine maritime boundaries and neighboring states. Draw borders and states on outline maps.

7 slide

Slide description:

Practical work No. 1. Drawing on a contour map of the studied geographical objects Draw the state border of the Russian Federation on the contour map (in red). Label the extreme points of the Russian Federation (both mainland and island). Label the oceans and seas that wash our country. Shade the area located in the Western Hemisphere. Sign neighboring states.

8 slide

Slide description:

So, having studied the text of the textbook and considered physical cards world and Russia, we came to the conclusion that Russia is the largest state in terms of area. Naturally, the natural conditions in such a vast area are very diverse. Many features of Russia's nature are associated with its northern location. More than half of the country's territory (64.3%) is located north of the sixtieth parallel, so Russia is characterized by the severity of its climate. With the exception of the Ciscaucasia and the North Caucasus, all of Russia is a cold northern country. Great length from north to south and west to east leads to a diversity of climatic zones and regions, as well as natural zones. Russia is a state that washes the most a large number of seas.

Heat zones

• cold

• moderate

• tropical

Climate depends on the distribution of heat on Earth. The equator region receives the most direct sunlight, so there is a tropical zone on either side of the equator. To the north and south pole the smallest number hits solar heat, cold belts are located here. Between them there is a temperate zone.

What are natural areas ?

these are large areas with similar natural conditions, flora and fauna, shaped like belts

Climate depends on the distribution of heat on earth. Vegetation and fauna depend on climatic conditions. Therefore, natural areas also have the shape of belts.

Natural areas

The sequence of natural zones is similar to various continents. In the picture: Ice deserts. Tundra and forest-tundra. Coniferous forests(taiga). Mixed and broad-leaved forests. Forest-steppes and steppes. Deserts and semi-deserts. Savannas and woodlands. Hard-leaved and evergreen forests and shrubs. Variably humid forests. Humid and tropical forests. Areas of altitudinal zonation.

Natural areas of Eurasia

The nature of Russia is very diverse. In the direction from north to south, several natural zones alternate: ice zone, tundra zone, forest zone, steppe zone, desert zone. The transition zone between forest and steppe zones is called forest-steppe

cold belt

ice desert zone

tundra zone

The climate is very

cold

• long harsh winter
• Very short cold summer

Animal adaptations:

• thick subcutaneous fat layer
• can feed on plankton

Around the poles both land and sea all year round covered with ice. But where warm sea currents pass, the water is free of ice and rich in plankton - small plants and animals floating in the water column. Fish feed on plankton, and birds, seals, walruses and other inhabitants of this zone feed on fish.

Ice Desert Animals

1. Polar bear 2. Emperor penguin 3. Seals. 4. Orca 5. Walrus

Plant adaptations:

• Dwarf stature (do not have time to develop)
• The roots are located in the top layer of soil

Animal adaptations:

• They feed on mosses and lichens
• Thick warm wool
• Change color in winter
• Can live under the snow

Climate

cold

• long and cold winter

• short and cool summer

Winter lasts longer than academic year at school, and summer is only 1 month. During the summer, only the top layer of the earth manages to thaw, and below it remains permafrost - a solid layer with ice into which plant roots cannot penetrate.

Vegetable world tundra

1.Dwarf birch. This little tree is older than your parents! 2. Lichen moss is the main source of food for reindeer. Lichens grow very slowly - only the thickness of a matchstick per year. 3.Cloudberry 4.Cranberry The trace of an all-terrain vehicle that has driven only once across the tundra remains a dead strip for decades.

Fauna of the tundra

1. Polar owl 2. Reindeer 3. Ptarmigan 4. Arctic fox 5. Belek

Moderate belt

Forest zone

Steppe zone

main feature temperate climate the fact that the seasons differ well.

Temperate desert zone

Forest zone

The forest zone is the widest in the temperate thermal zone.

Climate

moderate, humid

• winter is cold, not very long

• summer is warm, non-dry

Summer here is much warmer than in the tundra; during the summer the trees have time to gain strength to survive the winter, although frosty, but not so long. In the north of the forest zone, taiga is widespread - a forest of coniferous trees. In areas with milder climates, deciduous forests predominate.

Animal adaptations:

• have thick warm fur
• stocking up for the winter
• some hibernate in winter
• climb trees and hide in the forest
• feed on tree parts
• many birds fly south for the winter

Plant adaptations :

• Some have needles
• Deciduous trees shed their leaves for the winter
• seeds are spread by animals
• can grow in clearings
• Shade-tolerant

Wildlife of the forest

1. Christmas tree 2.Hare 3.Wolf 4.5. Deer 6. Bear 7. Raccoon

Stepnaya zone

Steppes are grassy plains. The steppe is one of the most favorable places to live. In one season, steppe plants grow up to 1 meter, and corn is even taller than human height. Upper layer land in the steppe - black soil - the most fertile soil in the world.

Climate

moderate

• Cold winter
• Dry summer

However, there are no trees in the steppe, only grass. In summer, water quickly evaporates after rain and the plants do not have time to drink enough. Therefore, only those plants that are able to better retain moisture and tolerate both summer drought and winter cold survive in the steppe.

Plant adaptations:

• herbaceous plants
• long thick roots
• narrow hard leaves
• the underground part is larger than the above ground part
• have bulbs

Animal adaptations:

• lead a normal lifestyle
• feed on plant parts
• stocking up for the winter

Flora of the steppes

1. Poppy 2. Feather grass 3. Cornflower 4. Tulip

Fauna of the steppes

• Steppe eagle 2. Bustard 3. Tsokor 4. Mole 5. Gopher
• Steppe eagle 2. Bustard 3. Tsokor 4. Mole 5. Gopher
• Steppe eagle 2. Bustard 3. Tsokor 4. Mole 5. Gopher
• Steppe eagle 2. Bustard 3. Tsokor 4. Mole 5. Gopher

• Previously, herds of large herbivorous animals grazed in the steppes: antelope, saigas, bison. But people turned the steppes into fields and gardens and the herbivores had nowhere to feed. Now they are found only in the zoo. Wild horses - tarpans - became extinct.

Temperate desert zone

Towards the equator summer heat is intensifying, and the rain is becoming less and less. Steppes give way to deserts.

The climate is hot, dry

• Hot Summer
• little rain in both winter and summer
• Cold winter

Few plants and animals are able to cope with frost in winter, heat in summer and lack of water all year round.

Plant adaptations :

Animal adaptations:

• prickly plant leaves
• have a very long root

• the skin is covered with scales that protect from the sun and water loss
• unpretentiousness to food

Flora of temperate deserts

1. Saxaul 2. Camel thorn 3. Succulent

Wildlife of temperate deserts

1. Turtle 2. Cobra 3.4. Long-eared roundheads

Tropical belt

Savannah zone

IN tropical zone the sun at noon is at its zenith, that is, directly overhead in both winter and summer. That. Direct rays of the sun greatly heat the earth all year round. The seasons here are either wet or dry. Therefore, the heat in the tropics is different: when it rains, it’s hot, like in a bathhouse, and when it doesn’t, it’s hot, like in a frying pan. The closer to the equator, the longer the rainy season.

Zone tropical forests

The climate is hot, dry

• It's always hot
• Very little rain
• Driest place on earth

This is the driest place on earth. It happens that not a single rain falls in a whole year.

Animal adaptations:

• skin in the form of scutes
• nocturnal
• some hibernate
• can accumulate fat
• can go a long time without food

Plant adaptations:

• very long roots
• store water
• some can drink salt water

Plants can obtain, store, save, and even drink salt water. Hard shields on the skin of animals protect them from heat and evaporation. Many are adapted to a nocturnal lifestyle (jerboa), having good vision, allowing you to hunt at night when it is not so hot. During the day they sleep in cool burrows. Some hibernate during the hottest times of the year. Camels store fat in humps on their backs. During his journey through the desert, he does not drink, but his humps are gradually losing weight.

Flora of tropical deserts

1. Cacti 2.3. Solyanka

Wildlife of tropical deserts

1.2. Camels 3. Scarab beetle 4. Scorpion 5. Jerboa

Savannah zone

Savannas are tropical steppes with tall grass and sparse trees.

The climate is hot

• rainy summer
• winter is dry
• winter is hotter than summer

In summer the rainy season begins, plants grow, bloom and bear fruit, and animals and birds bear offspring. In winter there comes a dry period, hotter than summer.

Plant adaptations:

Animal adaptations:

• They grow, bloom and bear fruit in summer and the rainy season.
• In winter, some trees shed their leaves (due to drought)

• herbivores grazing in large groups for protection from predators
• predators kill weak and sick animals, ensuring a healthy population

The savanna has the greatest diversity of large herbivores and predators on earth.

Flora of savannas

1. Baobab 2. Agave 3. Palm 4. Acacia

Savanna fauna

1. Lions 2. Zebra 3. Giraffe 4. Elephant 5. Antelope 6. Cheetah

Rainforest zone

The closer to the equator, the shorter the dry period of the year. Where it completely disappears, savannas are replaced by evergreen tropical rainforests.

The climate is hot, humid

• hot wet winter
• hot humid summer
• every day it rains
• no dry period

Tropical forests are also called rain forests. Every morning the sun rises across a cloudless sky, the coolness of the night quickly gives way to heat. The dew evaporates, clouds appear during the day and it becomes stuffy. A thunderstorm with tropical downpour begins. Around evening the rain stops and the heat subsides. Everything repeats itself in the morning.

Animal adaptations:

• Adapted to life in tree canopy
• They feed on leaves and fruits of trees
• Various climbing devices (prehensile hands, tail, suction cups, etc.)

Plant adaptations :

• Tiered forest
• Lots of vines
• Many settle on tree branches (orchids)
• the trees are very tall - reaching towards the sun

Dampness and twilight reign in the tropical forest. The trees reach towards the sun, reaching the height of a 20-story building. Each layer of the forest contains a huge variety of plants. Plants grow very quickly in hot and humid climates. All animals are adapted to life in tree branches. Even predators, such as the panther, are excellent tree climbers.

Flora of the rainforest

1.2. Multi-tiered a tropical forest. Lianas come down from tall trees. 3.4. Orchids settle directly on tree branches to reach the light. Bright flowers attract insects for pollination.

Wildlife of the rainforest

• Anteater 2. Hummingbird 3. Toucan 4. tree frog(lays eggs in water that accumulates at the base of leaves after rain.) 5. Jaguar 6. Gorilla 7. Macaw parrot

In order to answer this question you need to know the following:

• geographical location of the Crimean peninsula;
• what are natural areas and what they are like;
• What are thermal zones and what types do they exist?

What natural areas exist

Natural zones are certain areas of the earth's surface that have significant differences in various indicators, namely: natural conditions, temperature regime, vegetation, fauna, etc.

There are many natural zones that start from the Antarctic and Arctic deserts, where low temperatures and permafrost, tundra, deserts and steppe forests. And also constantly variable-humid forests, which have very rich vegetation and high temperatures. However, these are not all natural areas existing on the planet.

Using a map of natural zones of the world or Russia, you can answer the question posed. Thus, on the Crimean peninsula the main place is occupied by the natural zone of steppes and forest-steppes.

Heat zones and their differences

Individual areas are usually called thermal zones globe, which differ in their average temperature throughout the year.

There are several thermal zones. Cold belts of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, because Since they are the furthest away from the planet’s equator, the Sun warms them the least, and as a result, the temperature is the lowest.

The temperate zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres warm up quite well in summer period However, in winter it is quite cool there due to the lack of sunlight.

The hot zone is located on both sides of the equator and is the most warm place planets both in summer and winter.

Having examined the thermal zones both theoretically and on the map, and also knowing the geographical location of the Crimean peninsula, we can conclude that the southern part of the Crimean peninsula is located in a temperate thermal zone. And the rest of it belongs more to the hot thermal zone. This is due to the difference in temperatures in winter and summer, as well as proximity to the equator.