International organizations direct their activities. International organizations and their role in the modern world. Regional integration associations

In the modern world, international organizations are the main organizer of communication between states.

An international organization is an association of states in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty for the implementation of cooperation in political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, having the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations derived from the rights and obligations of the states into an autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of the member states.

Modern international economic organizations are divided into 2 types: intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.

The role of both of them is significant, and all of them contribute to the communication of states in various fields life.

The purpose of creating any international organization is to unite the efforts of states in one area or another: political (OSCE), military (NATO), economic (EU), monetary (IMF) and others.

An organization such as the UN should coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas. In this case, the international organization acts as an intermediary between the member states. Sometimes states refer the most complex issues of international relations to organizations for discussion and resolution. It is very important for every international organization to have an appropriate organizational structure which confirms the permanent nature of the organization, and thus distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation.

Intergovernmental organizations have headquarters, members represented by sovereign states and subsidiary bodies.

An important feature of an international organization is that it has rights and obligations, which are generally enshrined in its constituent act. An international organization cannot exceed its authority.

An international organization also has independent international rights and obligations, which means that it has an autonomous will different from the will of the member states. This sign means that any organization in its field of activity can choose independently the means of fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states.

Thus, an international organization that has the above features is considered an international intergovernmental organization.

Also in the modern world there is another type of international organizations - these are international non-governmental organizations, which are any international organizations that are not established on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement.

Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but operate in at least two states. Are being created similar organizations on the basis of the founding act.

The formation of any type of international organizations was based on the importance of solving a particular problem that arises between states. The importance of the problem was determined by themselves independent states, hence their classification was determined, therefore, international organizations aimed at solving these problems acquired the status of an intergovernmental or non-governmental international organization.

international political economic scientific legal

• 3. Modern international economic organizations
• 1. World Trade Organization - WTO (World Trade Organization - WTO).

Established in 1995, the World Trade Organization (the agreement was signed in Marrakesh in 1994) replaced the GATT, which was transformed in accordance with the results of the Uruguay Round and includes all agreements and arrangements adopted under the auspices of the GATT.

The World Trade Organization is the sole legal and institutional backbone of the world trading system.

Fundamental differences between WTO and GATT:

• 1) GATT was a set of rules (multilateral agreement) uniting agreements (concluded since 1980) of a selective nature and the Secretariat. The WTO is a permanent organization dealing with obligations for absolutely all of its members.
• 2) GATT was used as a "provisional basis". WTO commitments are complete and permanent.
• 3) GATT rules applied to trade in goods. The WTO deals with trade in services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property.

The purpose of the WTO is to liberalize international trade and give it a sustainable basis for economic growth and development, and improve the well-being of people.

This is achieved partly through the development and establishment of rules and agreements relating to trade between member countries and partly through negotiations aimed at further liberalizing trade in goods and services.

WTO functions:

• A) administrative work related to multilateral agreements and their implementation;
• B) monitoring the state of world trade and providing advice on management issues in the field of international trade;
• C) acting as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations;
• D) provision of conciliation mechanisms for the settlement of trade disputes;
• D) monitoring the trade policy of states;
• E) cooperation with other international institutions that influence the definition of global trade policy.

Fundamental principles of the WTO:

• - trade without discrimination (most favored nation principle);
• - predictable and expanding market access;
• - promotion of fair competition;
• - protection through customs duties;
• - encouragement of development and economic reforms.

in the WTO this moment includes 153 countries such as Australia, Austria, Canada, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, USA, Turkey, etc.

The organizational structure of the WTO is defined in Art. IV Agreement on the establishment of the WTO. The highest body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which meets every two years.

The current work of the WTO is carried out by the General Council, which consists of representatives of WTO members. The General Council delegates functions to three councils: the Council for Trade Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the Council for Trade in Goods and the Council for Trade in Services.

The Council for Trade in Goods oversees the operation of the multilateral agreements on trade in goods contained in Annex 1A of the Agreement Establishing the WTO.

He manages the activities of 14 committees that monitor compliance with the principles of the WTO and the GATT - 1994 agreements in the most important areas of WTO activity in the field of trade in goods.

In 1996, the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements was established to oversee WTO free trade area and customs union agreements, providing a forum for negotiation and discussion of the relationship between regional agreements and the multilateral trading system.

The Council on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) monitors compliance with the relevant agreement contained in Annex 1C to the Agreement Establishing the WTO. He also deals with issues related to avoiding conflicts related to the international trade in counterfeit goods.

The Council for Trade in Services oversees the implementation of the relevant agreement contained in Annex 1B, and also provides assistance to negotiating groups on issues such as basic telecommunications, movement of individuals, maritime services. It has a committee on trading in financial services and working group for professional services.

4 committees are subordinate to the General Council: committee on trade and development; committee on restrictions related to the balance of payments; budget, finance and administration committees. Also, it has 2 special bodies under its jurisdiction: for conducting periodic reviews of trade policy and for considering contentious issues.

2. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - OPEC (ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES - OPEC).

OPEC was created at the Baghdad conference in 1960. Its charter, approved in Caracas in 1961, was completely revised in 1965 and later amended several times.

The goals of creating OPEC:

• - coordination and unification of the oil policy of the Member States;
• - determination of the most effective individual and collective means of protecting their interests;
• - finding ways and means to ensure price stability on world oil markets in order to prevent their unnecessary and damaging fluctuations;
• - the need to ensure sustainable incomes of oil-producing countries; efficient, cost-effective and regular supply of consumer countries; fair returns on investment in the oil industry; protection environment for the benefit of present and future generations.

OPEC consists of 12 countries. The founders of OPEC are 6 countries: Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya and Saudi Arabia. Subsequently, 6 more countries were accepted as members: Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, Nigeria, UAE.

Article 7 of the OPEC Charter defines inclusion in the organization - only founding members and those countries whose applications for admission were approved by the Conference can be full members.

Any other country that exports crude oil to a significant extent and has interests fundamentally similar to those of member countries may become a full member, provided that its admission is approved by a majority, including the votes of all founding members.

The status of an associate member cannot be granted to any country that does not have interests and goals that are fundamentally similar to those of the member states.”

The conference, consisting of delegations (up to 2 delegates, advisers, observers) representing member states, is usually led by the Ministers of Petroleum, Extractive Industries or Energy. It is the supreme body of OPEC. At meetings held twice a year, usually at headquarters in Vienna, the Conference determines the main directions of OPEC policy, ways and means of their practical implementation, and decides on reports and recommendations submitted by the Board of Governors, as well as on the budget.

The Conference elects its President (remains in this position until the next meeting), confirms the appointment of members of the Board of Governors. In its work, the Conference relies on a number of committees, including the Ministerial Monitoring Committee, established in order to monitor the situation on the markets and make recommendations on certain measures, as well as special committees.

The Board of Governors holds at least 2 sessions per year, at which all member states must be represented. The Council is responsible for managing the activities of OPEC and for implementing the decisions and resolutions of the Conference, decides on reports submitted by the Secretary General, submits reports and recommendations to the Conference, and prepares the annual budget.

The Secretariat carries out its functions under the direction of the Board of Governors. The Secretary General is the highest official of the Organization, authorized representative OPEC and the head of the Secretariat. He organizes and directs the work of the Organization. The OPEC Economic Commission is dedicated to promoting stability in international oil markets at fair price levels so that oil can maintain its importance as a primary global energy source in line with OPEC's objectives, carefully monitors changes in energy markets and informs the Conference of these changes. .

3. International Chamber of Commerce - ICC (INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE - ICC).

The International Chamber of Commerce was founded as a non-governmental organization in 1919. It is a global private enterprise organization that brings together companies and other associations from developing and developed countries.

Creation goals:

• - promoting the development of entrepreneurship in the world by encouraging trade, investment and free markets, free movement of capital;
• - the adoption of effective and consistent measures in the economic and legal spheres in order to promote harmonious development and freedom of international trade;
• - protection of the private enterprise system;
• - stimulating the regulation of entrepreneurship by entrepreneurs themselves.

• 1) drawing the attention of governments to business problems;
• 2) presenting recommendations to the government of the country where the meeting of the "Group of 7" is taking place;
• 3) representation of the points of view existing in industrialized and developing countries, in the United Nations and its specialized agencies;
• 4) ensuring the harmonization of trade practices;
• 5) preparation of voluntary codes of business conduct;
• 6) consideration of issues affecting entrepreneurship, banking, the environment, financial system, insurance, marine and air Transport, taxation, international investment, intellectual property, marketing and trade policy;
• 7) comments on legislative proposals and other changes affecting the scope of the ICC, and bringing their views to the attention of the world community;
• 8) the fight against economic crime.

Membership can be acquired through membership in an ICC National Committee or National Group, or direct membership in countries that do not have a National Committee or Group.

The following economic organizations can become members:

• - corporations, companies, firms and other legal entities, as well as individuals associated with international business;
• - national and local organizations representing the business and professional interests of their members, if the main goals of such organizations are not political.

The Council, which is the highest governing body, meets, as a rule, twice a year. Council members are appointed by national committees and groupings.

The Executive Board, which consists of 15 to 21 members, is responsible for the implementation of ICC policies. It meets at least three sessions a year, twice jointly with the Council. The General Secretary is the Secretary of the Executive Council.

The Finance Committee advises the Executive Council on financial matters, prepares the budget, controls budget expenditures and revenues, and submits regular reports to the Executive Council.

The International Headquarters, headed by the Secretary General, coordinates all the activities of the ICC.

ICC policy and practical advice are developed by specialized working bodies (commissions, working groups). The commissions deal with major ICC policy issues (international trade policy, finance, international arbitration, insurance, taxation, multinational enterprises and international investment, environment, energy). Working groups are established on an ad hoc basis to develop and implement specific projects, on which they report to the appropriate permanent body.

International Court of Arbitration, including the International Maritime Dispute Settlement Organization and International Center expertise, is the leading body for resolving international trade disputes through arbitration.

The International Bureau of Chambers of Commerce (IBCC) is the worldwide forum of chambers of commerce. It provides international meetings to discuss emerging issues, exchange of experience and knowledge between senior officials of the chambers of developed and developing countries, as well as countries with economies in transition.

The World Industry Council on the Environment acts as an advocate for business interests related to environmental issues, and maintains close ties with governments and international organizations.

ICC services to combat economic crime:

• 1) The International Maritime Bureau deals with the prevention and fight against fraud in international maritime transport;
• 2) The ICC Anti-Counterfeiting Bureau deals with the prevention of counterfeiting of goods with trademarks, as well as patents, copyrights and industrial designs and models;
• 3) The Economic Crime Bureau deals with commercial crimes in the field of banking, investment, insurance;
• 4) The Maritime Cooperation Center promotes the development of international maritime cooperation at all levels and in all aspects of the maritime industry, with the exception of shipbuilding.

The Congress is the supreme body of the ICC.

Conferences are held between congresses to discuss specific topics of importance to international community business circles.

National committees and groups represent the main economic interests of their countries.

4. UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD (UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT - UNCTAD).

Created in accordance with the resolution of the General Assembly, in 1964 as a special permanent body of the UN. The first session of the conference took place in Geneva in 1964. Subsequently, UNCTAD sessions were held every four years.

UNCTAD members are 193 States.

The goals of creating UNCTAD:

• A) promoting the development of international trade in order to accelerate economic growth and development, especially in developing countries;
• B) the establishment of principles and policies relating to international trade and related problems of economic development, in particular in the field of finance, investment, transfer of technology;
• C) consideration and assistance in organizing the activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and related problems of economic development;
• D) taking, if necessary, measures for negotiating and approving multilateral legal acts in the field of trade;
• E) coordinating the policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade and related development, acting as a center for such coordinating.

Functions of UNCTAD:

• 1. Regulation of trade and economic relations between states;
• 2. Development of measures to regulate international trade in commodities;
• 3. Development of measures and means of trade policy and economic cooperation;
• 4. Promoting the development of economic cooperation among developing countries;
• 5. Coordination of the policy of governments and regional economic groupings on the development of world trade and other problems;
• 6. Regulation of restrictive business practices;
• 7. Conducting analytical work on a wide range of issues: globalization and development, investment, development of enterprises and technologies, international trade in goods and services, development of infrastructure in the service sector;
• 8. Promoting the coordination of activities within the UN;
• 9. Cooperation with international economic organizations (WTO, International Trade Center UNCTAD/WTO).
• 5. International shopping mall UNCTAD / WTO - ITC (INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTER UNCTAD / WTO - ITC).

Established in 1964 by decision of the member countries of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) with the aim of promoting trade development by providing foreign trade information and consulting services in the field of international commercial activities, as well as providing technical services for the implementation of specific projects.

Since 1968, UNCTAD has joined the GATT as a member of the ITC. The legal status of the ITC was defined by the General Assembly in 1974 as a working subsidiary body of the GATT and the UN, acting through UNCTAD. In 1995 its name changed to ITC UNCTAD/WTO due to the formation of the WTO as the successor to GATT.

In accordance with its status, the ITC does not have its own membership. In fact, its members are the member states of the WTO and UNCTAD.

Creation goals:

• - Promoting the creation of infrastructure in developing countries to stimulate trade;
• - identification and assistance in the development of export markets;
• - Creation of specialized national trade facilitation services;
• - stimulating the development of trade on a multilateral basis;
• - personnel training; improving the technique of import operations.

• 1. Assistance in improving the quality of products and the development of marketing activities;
• 2. Provision of services on the technique of trading operations;
• 3. Providing information about international trade;
• 4. Assistance in personnel training;
• 5. Providing assistance in the implementation of import and provision operations;
• 6. Identification of needs and development of trade facilitation programs.

In all areas, ITC pays special attention to the least developed developing countries.

The fundamental guiding principles for the activities of the ITC are determined by the General Council of the WTO and the Trade and Development Board of UNCTAD. Intergovernmental control over the work of the ITC is carried out by the Joint Advisory Group - JAG on ITC Affairs, which includes representatives of all member states of UNCTAD and the WTO. The competence of the JAG includes holding annual sessions to review the activities of the ITC and develop recommendations for the governing bodies of UNCTAD and the WTO. Between JAG sessions, ITC's operations are carried out by the Secretariat, which is responsible for the overall management of ITC's operations. ITC does not have regional or country offices.

Funding for ITC activities comes from equal contributions from UNCTAD and WTO to the regular budget.

ITC coordinates its activities with a number of international organizations, especially those within the UN system.

When classifying international organizations, various criteria can be applied.

1. By the nature of the members, they can be distinguished:

1.1. interstate (intergovernmental) - participants are states

1.2. non-governmental organizations - unite public and professional national organizations, individuals, for example, the International Red Cross, the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the International Law Association, etc.

2. According to the circle of members, international organizations are divided into:

2.1. universal (worldwide), open to the participation of all states of the world (the United Nations (UN), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations of the UN system (its specialized agencies), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Civil Defense Organization, etc.),

2.2. regional, whose members can be states of one region (Organization of African Unity, European Union, Commonwealth of Independent States).

3. According to the objects of activity, we can say:

3.1. about organizations general competence(UN, Organization of African Unity, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe)

3.2. special (International Labor Organization, Universal Postal Union). There are also political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and other organizations.

62. Legal nature of an international organization

An international intergovernmental organization has a derivative and functional legal personality and is characterized by the following features.

First, it is created by states that fix their intention in a constituent act - the Charter - as a special version of an international treaty.

Secondly, it exists and operates within the framework of the constituent act that determines its status and powers, which gives its legal capacity, rights and duties a functional character.

Thirdly, it is a permanent association, which is manifested in its stable structure, in the system of its permanent bodies.

Fourth, it is based on the principle of sovereign equality of member states, while membership in the organization is subject to certain rules that characterize the participation of states in the activities of its bodies and the representation of states in the organization.

Fifth, states are bound by the resolutions of the organs of the organization within their competence and in accordance with the established legal force of these resolutions.

Sixthly, each international organization has a set of rights inherent in a legal entity. These rights are fixed in the constituent act of the organization or in a special convention and are implemented subject to the national legislation of the state in whose territory the organization performs its functions. As a legal entity, it is competent to enter into civil law transactions (conclude contracts), acquire property, own and dispose of it, initiate cases in court and arbitration, and be a party to litigation.

Seventh, an international organization has privileges and immunities that ensure its normal activities and are recognized both at the location of its headquarters and in any state in the exercise of its functions.

For the legal nature of international organizations, it is characteristic that its common goals and principles, competence, structure, scope common interests have an agreed contractual basis. Such a basis is the statutes or other constituent acts of international organizations, which are international treaties. The question of the relationship between state sovereignty and the general goals and interests of the organization is resolved in its founding act.

International organizations - one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states. They arise on the basis of an agreement between the participants. The activity of international organizations is regulated by the charter, their effectiveness depends on the degree of coordination between states. The main goals and objectives of all international organizations are the creation of a constructive multilateral base for international cooperation, the establishment of global and regional zones of peaceful coexistence. Today in the world there is a huge number of various blocs and unions of countries that can be combined into three groups: political, economic and mixed.

The main purpose of the activity political blocs - cooperation of the participating countries in the political and military spheres, participation in the creation of a collective defense system, cooperation in maintaining peace and security in their territories and in general in the world, coordination of efforts to solve military-political and legal problems.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO - military-political union of 18 countries, created on 05/04/1949 as part of the USA, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland; in 1952 Greece and Turkey joined it, in 1955 - Germany, in 1981 - Spain. In 1966, France withdrew from the military structure, in 1983 - Spain, and in 1999 the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary entered.

Target: ensuring the freedom and security of all members by political and military means in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter; common action and comprehensive cooperation to strengthen the security of participating States; ensuring a fair order in Europe based on common values, democracy and human rights. Headquarters - Brussels, Belgium).

Interparliamentary Union. An international governmental organization that brings together national parliamentary groups. Created in 1889 Target - unification of parliamentarians of all countries to strengthen peace and cooperation between states. Headquarters - Geneva, Switzerland).

Organization of African Unity - OAU. Created on May 26, 1963 at the conference of heads of state and government African countries in Addis Ababa. Compound (52 African countries. Target: promoting unity and solidarity among African countries, intensifying and coordinating efforts to improve living standards; protection of sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence; elimination of all forms of colonialism; coordination of cooperation in the fields of politics, defense and security, economy, education, health and culture. Headquarters - Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

ANZUS. The five-sided block of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore. Target - promotion of collective defense in the Pacific region. Permanent headquarters No.

Organization of American States - OAS. A military-political union created in 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota, which adopted the Charter of the OAS. Compound (35 countries. Target: maintaining peace and security in America; prevention and peaceful settlement of conflicts between participating States; organizing common actions to repel aggression; coordination of efforts to solve political, economic, legal problems; promotion of economic, social, scientific, technical and cultural progress of the participating countries. Headquarters - Washington (USA).

The strengthening of integration processes in the global economy has strengthened the status economic unions and factions countries that aim to promote the economic development of the participating countries, improve the living standards of their population and protect the economic interests of these states on the world stage.

Amazon pact- the trade and economic bloc, created on the basis of the Agreement on Cooperation in the Amazon, gained strength in 1980. Compound (8 countries. Target: accelerated general development and rational use natural resources the Amazon basin, protecting it from foreign exploitation, cooperation in building infrastructure. Headquarters - Lima (Peru).

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD - was formed in 1961 as the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, formed to make the best use of American economic and financial assistance for the reconstruction of Europe (Marshall Plan) in cooperation with European countries- beneficiaries of this assistance. Compound (25 countries). Target : contribution to the development of the world economy by ensuring optimal economic growth, increasing employment and living standards, maintaining the financial stability of the participating states; promotion of economic and social welfare by coordinating the policies of participating States; harmonization of OECD assistance to developing countries. Headquarters - Paris, France).

Arab Maghreb Union - UAM - established in 1989 compound included 5 countries: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia. Target : assistance in the successful solution of issues of economic development, ensuring the high competitiveness of the goods of the countries of the region in the markets of the world. Headquarters - Rabat (Morocco).

Association of Caribbean States - ACS - founded by representatives of 25 countries and 12 territories at a conference in Cartagena in 1994. In compound included 24 countries. Target : promoting the economic integration of countries Caribbean. Headquarters - Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago).

Andean Pact - AP- trade and economic union, formed in 1969 by Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela. In 1976, Chile withdrew. Panama has been an associate member since 1969. Target : liberalization of regional trade and introduction of common external tariffs; Creation common market; coordination of economic policy regarding foreign capital; development of industry, agriculture and infrastructure through common programs; mobilization of internal and external financial resources; balancing the economic influence of Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. Headquarters - Lima (Peru).

Visegrad Four formed in 1991 by Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Target - elimination of restrictions and customs borders in trade between members of the Quartet. Permanent headquarters No.

European Free Trade Association - EFTA - established in 1960 compound included 9 countries. Target - independent economic policy; duty-free trade among the participating countries while maintaining their own tariffs in relation to other countries. Headquarters - Geneva, Switzerland).

Latin American Integration Association - LAAI - formed on the basis of the Treaty of Montevideo II, signed by the participating countries, which came into force in 1981. compound included 11 countries. Target - Creation of a single Latin American market. Within the boundaries of LAAI, subregional groups remain: the Treaty of the La Plata Basin (1969), the Cartagena Agreement (1969), the Agreement on Cooperation between the Countries of the Amazon Zone (1978). Headquarters - Montevideo (Uruguay).

La Plata Group - trade and economic union formed on the basis of the Treaty on Economic Integration and General Development of the La Plata River Basin in 1969. compound included 5 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay. Target: general economic development, use and protection of the resources of the La Plata basin. In 1986, a long-term economic cooperation program was signed between Argentina and Brazil - the "act of integration", to which Uruguay joined, and in 1991 - Paraguay. Headquarters - Buenos Aires, Argentina).

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries - OPEC - organized in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad. The charter was adopted in 1965, and over time it experienced multiple changes. Compound (12 countries): Venezuela, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, Algeria, Nigeria, UAE, Gabon. Target : coordination and unification of the oil policy of the member states; determination of the most effective means of protecting their interests; search for means to ensure price stability in the world oil markets; environmental protection. Controls up to 50% of world oil trade. Headquarters - Vienna, Austria).

North American Free Trade Association - NAFTA - the agreement on the creation was signed on December 17, 1992 in Washington, came into force on January 1, 1994. Compound : USA, Canada, Mexico. Target: creation of a free trade zone in North America for 15 years; measures are envisaged to liberalize the movement of goods, services, capital across borders with the gradual elimination of customs and investment barriers. In the future, the unification of all American states(similar to the EU in Europe). Permanent headquarters No.

The Black Sea Region for Economic Cooperation - CHRES - was created in 1990-1992 IN compound included 11 countries: Ukraine, Russia, Greece, Turkey, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Armenia. Target: creation of a regime of free movement of goods, services and capital in order to expand industrial cooperation and common entrepreneurship; expansion of economic ties in the Azov-Black Sea region and nearby territories. Provides for common projects in the field of transport, television, energy, ecology, science and technology, agriculture, Food Industry, creation of SEZ. Possible location headquarters Chief Executive Committee - Istanbul (Türkiye).

BENELUX - economic union created on the basis of the customs union. The agreement on the establishment was signed in 1958 for a period of 50 years, began to operate in 1960. Compound : Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg. Headquarters - Brussels, Belgium).

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - APEC - established at the initiative of Australia in 1989 in the amount of 12 countries. In 2001, there were 21 countries. IN compound included: Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, USA, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Russia, Vietnam, Peru. Target : creation of APEC; easing mutual trade barriers; exchange of services and investments; expansion of cooperation in the field of trade, environmental protection, etc. Until 2010, it is planned to create an APEC Free Trade Zone. Permanent headquarters No.

TO mixed blocks belong to integration groupings of countries whose goal is cooperation in several areas. The direction of cooperation is determined by the goals of creating the organization.

Association of countries South-East Asia- ASEAN - political and economic union established in 1967 in Bangkok. IN composition 9 countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar. In 2005, the President of Russia V.V. Putin attended the next summit. Target: promotion of regional cooperation in the economic, social and cultural spheres with the aim of strengthening peace in the region; acceleration of economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through common action on the principle of equality and partnership; cooperation in agriculture, industry, trade, transport, communications in order to improve the living standards of the population; strengthening peace and stability, etc. Headquarters - Jakarta (Indonesia).

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - SAARC - political and economic union established in 1985 in Dhaka. Compound (7 countries): India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives. Target : Accelerating the economic, social and cultural development of the participating countries, establishing peace and stability in the region. In 1987, an agreement on the establishment of a regional food fund and a convention to combat terrorism were signed in Delhi. Headquarters - Kathmandu (Nepal).

Caribbean Community - CARICOM - political and economic organization for cooperation in the areas of trade, credit, currency relations, coordination of economic and foreign policy, creating shared objects. Created in 1973 on the basis of the Chaguaramas Treaty (Trinidad and Tobago). IN compound included 13 countries. Target : political and economic cooperation; foreign policy coordination; economic convergence of the common customs regime; policy coordination in the areas of currency and credit, infrastructure and tourism, agriculture, industry and trade; cooperation in the fields of education and health. Headquarters - Georgetown (Guyana).

League of Arab States - Arab League - established in 1945 in Cairo on the basis of the Arab League pact. Compound (21 countries). Target: strengthening ties between participating States in various fields (economy, finance, transport, culture, health care); coordination of actions of the participating states to protect national security, ensure independence and sovereignty; prohibition of the use of force to settle disputes. Relations are based on the principles of respect for the existing regimes in other countries and the rejection of attempts to change them. Headquarters - Cairo (Egypt).

Organization "Islamic Conference" - OIC - established in 1971 at a conference of heads of state and government of Muslim countries in Rabbat (Morocco). Compound (50 countries. Target : promoting the strengthening of Muslim solidarity; protection of holy places; support for the struggle of all Muslims to secure independence and national rights; support for the struggle of the Palestinian people; cooperation in economic, social, cultural, scientific and other spheres of life. Headquarters - Jeddah (Saudi Arabia).

Commonwealth of Nations - a voluntary association of independent states, symbolized by the British monarch, recognized head of the Commonwealth. Created in 1947 Compound (51 countries). Target : regular consultations of countries on issues of economy, finance, science, education, military sphere; promoting the well-being of peoples. At meetings of the heads of state and government of the Commonwealth member states, the international situation, issues of regional development, socio-economic situation, cultural issues, as well as special programs Commonwealth. Headquarters - London, Great Britain).

Commonwealth of Independent States - CIS - political and economic union established by agreement of December 8, 1991 Compound (12 countries): Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine. The seat of the Executive Secretariat is Minsk (Belarus). CIS budget is formed from equal contributions from participating States. Target: formation of conditions for the stable development of countries in the interests of raising the living standards of the population; gradual creation of a common economic space based on market relations; Creation equal opportunity and guarantees for all business entities; general implementation of economic projects; solution of economic problems; political, military, economic and cultural cooperation of the participating countries. Headquarters - Minsk, Belarus) .

United Nations - UN - established on October 24, 1945, in 2002 it had 190 members. Observers UN: Vatican, Palestine, Organization of African Unity, European Union, Organization of the Islamic Conference, International Committee of the Red Cross, etc. Officially not part of the UN one country is the Vatican. Target : support and strengthening of international security; development of relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination; international cooperation in solving world problems of a political, economic, social, cultural nature; promoting respect for human rights; transformation of the UN into a center for coordinating the efforts of nations and peoples to achieve common goals. Headquarters - New York, USA).

Main subsections The UN is as follows: General Assembly (GA) - the main body of the UN, which unites all its members (on the principle of "one state - one vote"). Security Council (SC) - a single body of the UN, which can make decisions binding on the members of the UN. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOR) - is responsible for economic and social cooperation and solves tasks related to the implementation of the GA recommendations (studies, reports, etc.). Coordinates the activities of the UN specialized agencies. Guardian Council - consists of from the permanent members of the Security Council and resolves issues of US trusteeship over some of the islands of Micronesia.

International Court - the principal judicial and legal organ of the United Nations. Created in 1945, location - The Hague (Netherlands). The court decides disputes only between states. UN Secretariat - consists of of the Secretary-General (elected for 5 years) and staff appointed by him, who are responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the UN. High Commissioner for Human Rights appointed by the Secretary General and responsible for the activities of the United Nations in the field of human rights. official languages UN - English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French.

TO specialized divisions of the UN relate: IAEA - International Agency for atomic energy (headquarters - Vienna); WMO - World Metrology Organization (Geneva); WHO - World Health Organization (Geneva) ; WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization (protects copyright in any area - Geneva ); UPU - Universal Postal Union ( Berne ); IMO - International Maritime Organization (marine safety and ocean protection - London ); ICAO - International organization civil aviation (Montreal ); ILO - The International Labour Organization ( Geneva ); IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; IMF ; ITU - international union telecommunications (radio, telephone, telegraph - Geneva) ; IFAD - International Foundation agricultural development - Rome ; UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization - Paris;FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Rome.

international organization is an association of states, created in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty, for the implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, having the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations derived from the rights and duties of states, and autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of member states.

Comment

• contradicts the foundations of international law, since over the states - the primary subjects of this law - there is not and cannot be supreme power;
• vesting a number of organizations with managerial functions does not mean transferring to them part of the sovereignty of states or their sovereign rights. International organizations do not and cannot have sovereignty;
• the obligation of direct execution by the member states of the decisions of international organizations is based on the provisions of the constituent acts and no more;
• no international organization has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of a state without the consent of the latter, because otherwise it would mean a gross violation of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of a state with consequences for such an organization negative consequences;
• the possession of a “supranational” organization with the authority to create effective mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing compliance with binding rules is just one of the qualities of the legal personality of an organization.

Signs of an international organization:

Any international organization must have at least the following six features:

Establishment under international law

1) Creation in accordance with international law

This feature is, in fact, crucial. Any international organization must be established on a legal basis. In particular, the establishment of any organization should not infringe on the recognized interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole. The constituent document of the organization must comply with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law. According to Art. 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm which is accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can only be modified by a subsequent norm of general international law bearing the same character.

If an international organization has been created illegally or its activity is contrary to international law, then the constituent act of such an organization must be recognized as null and void and its operation terminated as soon as possible. An international treaty or any of its provisions is invalid if its execution is connected with any act that is illegal under international law.

Establishment based on an international treaty

2) Establishment based on an international treaty

As a rule, international organizations are created on the basis of an international treaty (convention, agreement, treatise, protocol, etc.).

The object of such an agreement is the behavior of the subjects (parties of the agreement) and the international organization itself. The parties to the founding act are sovereign states. However, in last years Intergovernmental organizations are also full members of international organizations. For example, European Union is a full member of many international fishing organizations.

International organizations may be created in accordance with the resolutions of other organizations with more general competence.

Implementation of cooperation in specific areas of activity

3) Implementation of cooperation in specific areas of activity

International organizations are created to coordinate the efforts of states in a particular area. They are designed to unite the efforts of states in the political (OSCE), military (NATO), scientific and technical (European Organization for Nuclear Research), economic (EU), monetary (IBRD, IMF), social (ILO) and in many other areas. At the same time, a number of organizations are authorized to coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas (UN, CIS, etc.).

International organizations become intermediaries between member states. States often refer to organizations for discussion and resolution of the most complex issues of international relations. International organizations, as it were, take over a significant number of issues on which relations between states had previously had a direct bilateral or multilateral character. However, not every organization can claim an equal position with states in the relevant areas of international relations. Any powers of such organizations are derived from the rights of the states themselves. Along with other forms of international communication (multilateral consultations, conferences, meetings, seminars, etc.), international organizations act as a body of cooperation on specific problems of international relations.

Availability of an appropriate organizational structure

4) Availability of an appropriate organizational structure

This sign is one of the important signs of the existence of an international organization. It seems to confirm the permanent nature of the organization and thus distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation.

Intergovernmental organizations have:

• headquarters;
• members represented by sovereign states;
• necessary system main and subsidiary bodies.

The highest body is the session, convened once a year (sometimes once every two years). The executive bodies are councils. The administrative apparatus is headed by the executive secretary (general director). All organizations have permanent or temporary executive bodies with different legal status and competence.

The presence of the rights and obligations of the organization

5) The presence of the rights and obligations of the organization

It was emphasized above that the rights and obligations of the organization are derived from the rights and obligations of the member states. It depends on the parties and only on the parties that the given organization possesses exactly such (and not another) set of rights, that it is entrusted with the performance of these duties. No organization, without the consent of the member states, can take actions affecting the interests of its members. The rights and obligations of any organization are enshrined in a general form in its constituent act, resolutions of the highest and executive bodies, in agreements between organizations. These documents enshrine the intentions of the Member States, which must then be implemented by the relevant international organization. States have the right to prohibit an organization from taking certain actions, and an organization cannot exceed its powers. For example, Art. 3 (5 "C") of the IAEA Statute prohibits the agency, in the performance of its functions related to the provision of assistance to its members, to be guided by political, economic, military or other requirements that are incompatible with the provisions of the Statute of this organization.

Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

6) Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

It is about the possession by an international organization of an autonomous will, distinct from the wills of the member states. This feature means that, within the limits of its competence, any organization has the right to independently choose the means and methods for fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states. The latter, in a certain sense, does not care how the organization implements the activities entrusted to it or the statutory obligations in general. It is the organization itself, as a subject of international public and private law, that has the right to choose the most rational means and methods of activity. In this case, the member states exercise control over whether the organization is lawfully exercising its autonomous will.

Thus, international intergovernmental organization- this is a voluntary association of sovereign states or international organizations, created on the basis of an interstate agreement or a resolution of an international organization of general competence to coordinate the activities of states in a specific area of ​​cooperation, having an appropriate system of main and subsidiary bodies, having an autonomous will different from the wills of its members.

Classification of international organizations

Among the international organizations it is customary to single out:

1. by type of membership:
   • intergovernmental;
   • non-governmental;
2. around the participants:
   • universal - open to the participation of all states (UN, IAEA) or to the participation of public associations and individuals of all states (World Peace Council, International Association Democratic lawyers).
   • regional - whose members may be states or public associations and individuals specific geographical region (Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States, Cooperation Council for Arab States Persian Gulf);
   • interregional - organizations in which membership is limited by a certain criterion that takes them beyond regional organization, but not allowing to become universal. In particular, participation in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is open only to oil-exporting states. Only Muslim states can be members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC);
3. by competence:
   • general competence - activities affect all spheres of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural and others (UN);
   • special competence - cooperation is limited to one special area (WHO, ILO), subdivided into political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious;
4. by the nature of powers:
   • interstate - regulate the cooperation of states, their decisions are advisory or binding for the participating states;
   • supranational - are vested with the right to make decisions directly binding individuals and legal entities of the Member States and acting on the territory of the states along with national laws;
5. depending on the procedure for admission to international organizations:
   • open - any state can become a member at its own discretion;
   • closed - admission to membership is made at the invitation of the original founders (NATO);
6. by structure:
   • with a simplified structure;
   • with a developed structure;
7. by way of creation:
   • international organizations created in the classical way - on the basis of an international treaty with subsequent ratification;
   • international organizations created on a different basis - declarations, joint statements.

Legal basis of international organizations

The basis for the functioning of international organizations is the sovereign will of the states that establish them and their members. Such an expression of will is embodied in an international treaty concluded by these states, which becomes both a regulator of the rights and obligations of states and a constituent act of an international organization. The contractual nature of the constituent acts of international organizations is enshrined in the 1986 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations.

The charters of international organizations and relevant conventions usually clearly express the idea of ​​their constituent character. Thus, the preamble to the UN Charter proclaims that the governments represented at the San Francisco Conference "have agreed to accept the present Charter of the United Nations and hereby establish an international organization called the United Nations...".

Constituent acts serve as the legal basis for international organizations, they proclaim their goals and principles, and serve as a criterion for the legitimacy of their decisions and activities. In the founding act, the states decide on the international legal personality of the organization.

In addition to the constituent act of essential importance for determining legal status, competences and procedures for the functioning of an international organization have international treaties affecting various aspects of the organization's activities, for example, those treaties that develop and specify the functions of the organization and the powers of its bodies.

Constituent acts and other international treaties serving legal basis the creation and activities of international organizations characterize such a side of the status of an organization as the implementation of the functions of a subject of national law as a legal entity. As a rule, these issues are regulated by special international legal acts.

The creation of an international organization is an international problem that can only be solved by coordinating the actions of states. States, by coordinating their positions and interests, determine the totality of the rights and obligations of the organization itself. Coordination of actions of the states at creation of the organization is carried out by them.

In the process of functioning of an international organization, the coordination of the activities of states acquires a different character, since it uses a special mechanism that is permanently operating and adapted for consideration and coordinated solution of problems.

The functioning of an international organization is reduced not only to relations between states, but also between the organization and states. These relations, due to the fact that states voluntarily agreed to certain restrictions, agreed to obey the decisions of an international organization, may have a subordinate nature. The specificity of such subordination relations lies in the fact that:

1. they depend on coordination relations, i.e., if the coordination of the activities of states within the framework of an international organization does not lead to a certain result, then subordinate relations do not arise;
2. they arise in connection with the achievement of a certain result through the functioning of an international organization. States agree to submit to the will of the organization due to the awareness of the need to take into account the interests of other states and the international community as a whole, in order to maintain such an order in international relations in which they themselves are interested.

Sovereign equality should be understood as legal equality. In the 1970 Declaration On the principles of international law relating to friendly relations and cooperation among states in accordance with the UN Charter, it is said that all states enjoy sovereign equality, they have the same rights and obligations, regardless of differences in economic and social, political or other nature. With regard to international organizations, this principle is enshrined in the constituent acts.

This principle means:

• all states have equal rights to participate in the creation of an international organization;
• every state, if it is not a member of an international organization, has the right to join it;
• all member states have the same rights to raise questions and discuss them within the organization;
• each member state has an equal right to represent and defend its interests in the bodies of the organization;
• when making decisions, each state has one vote, there are few organizations that work on the principle of the so-called weighted vote;
• The decision of an international organization applies to all members, unless otherwise stipulated in it.

Legal personality of international organizations

Legal personality is a property of a person, in the presence of which it acquires the qualities of a subject of law.

An international organization cannot be seen as a mere sum of member states, or even as their collective agent acting on behalf of all. In order to fulfill its active role, an organization must have a special legal personality, different from the mere summation of the legal personality of its members. Only under this premise does the problem of the impact of an international organization on its sphere make any sense.

Legal personality of an international organization includes the following four elements:

1. legal capacity, i.e. the ability to have rights and obligations;
2. legal capacity, i.e. the ability of the organization to exercise its rights and obligations by its actions;
3. the ability to participate in the process of international law-making;
4. ability to take legal responsibility for their actions.

One of the main attributes of the legal personality of international organizations is that they have their own will, which allows it to directly participate in international relations and successfully carry out its functions. Most Russian lawyers note that intergovernmental organizations have an autonomous will. Without its own will, without a certain set of rights and obligations, an international organization could not function normally and fulfill the tasks assigned to it. The independence of the will is manifested in the fact that after the organization is created by the states, it (the will) is already a new quality in comparison with the individual wills of the members of the organization. The will of an international organization is not the sum of the wills of the member states, nor is it the fusion of their wills. This will is "isolated" from the wills of other subjects of international law. The source of the will of an international organization is the constituent act as a product of the coordination of the wills of the founding states.

Most important features legal personality of international organizations are the following qualities:

1) Recognition of the quality of an international personality by the subjects of international law.

The essence of this criterion lies in the fact that member states and relevant international organizations recognize and undertake to respect the rights and obligations of the relevant intergovernmental organization, their competence, terms of reference, to grant privileges and immunities to the organization and its employees, etc. According to the constituent acts, all intergovernmental organizations are legal entities. Member States shall vest them with legal capacity to the extent necessary for the performance of their functions.

2) The presence of separate rights and obligations.

Separate rights and obligations. This criterion of the legal personality of intergovernmental organizations means that organizations have rights and obligations that are different from those of states and can be exercised on international level. For example, the UNESCO Constitution lists the following responsibilities of the organization:

1. promoting rapprochement and mutual understanding of peoples through the use of all available media;
2. encouraging the development of public education and the dissemination of culture; c) assistance in the preservation, increase and dissemination of knowledge.

3) The right to freely perform their functions.

The right to freely perform their functions. Each intergovernmental organization has its own constituent act (in the form of conventions, statutes or resolutions of an organization with more general powers), rules of procedure, financial rules and other documents that form the internal law of the organization. Most often, in the performance of their functions, intergovernmental organizations proceed from implied competence. In the performance of their functions, they enter into certain legal relations with non-member states. For example, the UN ensures that non-member states act in accordance with the principles set out in Art. 2 of the Charter, as it may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.

The independence of intergovernmental organizations is expressed in the implementation of prescriptions of norms constituting the internal law of these organizations. They may establish any subsidiary bodies that are necessary for the performance of the functions of such organizations. Intergovernmental organizations may adopt rules of procedure and other administrative rules. Organizations have the right to remove the vote of any member who is in arrears in dues. Finally, intergovernmental organizations may ask their member for an explanation if he does not comply with the recommendations on the problems of their activities.

4) The right to conclude contracts.

The contractual legal capacity of international organizations can be attributed to the main criteria of international legal personality, since one of the characteristic features of the subject of international law is its ability to develop the norms of international law.

In the exercise of their powers, agreements of intergovernmental organizations are of a public law, private law or mixed nature. In principle, each organization can conclude international treaties, which follows from the content of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations of 1986. In particular, the preamble of this Convention states that an international organization has such legal capacity to conclude treaties that necessary for the performance of its functions and the achievement of its objectives. According to Art. 6 of this Convention, the legal capacity of an international organization to conclude treaties is governed by the rules of that organization.

5) Participation in the creation of international law.

The law-making process of an international organization includes activities aimed at creating legal norms, as well as their further improvement, modification or cancellation. It should be emphasized that no international organization, including a universal one (for example, the UN, its specialized agencies), has "legislative" powers. This, in particular, means that any norm contained in the recommendations, rules and draft treaties adopted by an international organization must be recognized by the state, firstly, as an international legal norm, and secondly, as a norm binding on a given state.

The law-making of an international organization is not unlimited. The scope and type of lawmaking of the organization are strictly defined in its founding agreement. Since the charter of each organization is individual, the volume, types and directions of law-making activities of international organizations differ from each other. The specific scope of powers granted to an international organization in the field of lawmaking can only be clarified on the basis of an analysis of its constituent act.

In the process of creating norms governing relations between states, an international organization can play various roles. In particular, in the initial phases of the law-making process, an international organization may:

• be an initiator, proposing to conclude a certain interstate agreement;
• act as the author of the draft text of such an agreement;
• convene in the future a diplomatic conference of states in order to agree on the text of the treaty;
• itself to play the role of such a conference, carrying out the coordination of the text of the treaty and its approval in its intergovernmental body;
• after the conclusion of the contract, perform the functions of the depositary;
• enjoy certain powers in the field of interpretation or revision of the contract concluded with its participation.

International organizations play a significant role in the formation of customary norms of international law. The decisions of these organizations contribute to the emergence, formation and termination of the norms of custom.

6) The right to enjoy privileges and immunities.

Without privileges and immunities, the normal practical activity of any international organization is impossible. In some cases, the scope of privileges and immunities is determined by a special agreement, and in others - by national legislation. However, in general terms, the right to privileges and immunities is enshrined in the founding act of each organization. Thus, the UN enjoys on the territory of each of its members such privileges and immunities as are necessary to achieve its goals (Article 105 of the Charter). The property and assets of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), wherever they are located and whoever is their holders, are immune from search, confiscation, expropriation or any other form of seizure or alienation by executive or legislative action (Article 47 of the Agreement on institution of the EBRD).

Any organization cannot invoke immunity in all cases when it, on its own initiative, enters into civil legal relations in the host country.

7) The right to ensure the implementation of international law.

Giving international organizations the authority to ensure the implementation of international law indicates the independent nature of organizations in relation to member states and is one of the important signs of legal personality.

At the same time, the main means are the institutions of international control and responsibility, including the application of sanctions. Control functions are carried out in two ways:

• through the submission of reports by Member States;
• observation and examination of a controlled object or situation on the spot.

International legal sanctions that can be applied by international organizations can be divided into two groups:

1) sanctions, the implementation of which is permissible by all international organizations:

• suspension of membership in the organization;
• expulsion from the organization;
• denial of membership;
• exclusion from international communication on certain issues of cooperation.

2) sanctions, the powers to implement which have strictly defined organizations.

The application of sanctions assigned to the second group depends on the goals of the given organization. For example, the UN Security Council, in order to maintain or restore international peace and security, has the right to use coercive actions by air, sea or land forces. Such actions may include demonstrations, blockades and other air, sea or ground forces members of the UN (Article 42 of the UN Charter)

In case of a gross violation of the rules for the operation of nuclear facilities, the IAEA has the right to apply the so-called corrective measures, up to issuing an order to suspend the operation of such a facility.
Intergovernmental organizations have been granted the right to take a direct part in resolving disputes that arise between them and international organizations and states. When resolving disputes, they have the right to resort to the same peaceful means of resolving disputes that are usually used by the primary subjects of international law - sovereign states.

8) International legal responsibility.

Acting as independent entities, international organizations are subjects of international legal responsibility. For example, they should be held accountable for the illegal actions of their officials. Organizations may become liable if they abuse their privileges and immunities. It should be assumed that political responsibility may arise in the event that an organization violates its functions, fails to comply with agreements concluded with other organizations and states, for interference in the internal affairs of subjects of international law.

Liability of organizations may arise in case of violation of the legal rights of their employees, experts, brute force, etc. They are also obliged to be liable to the governments where they are located, their headquarters, for illegal actions, for example, for unjustified alienation of land, non-payment utilities, violation of sanitary standards, etc.

In the modern world, international organizations are the main organizer of communication between states. international organization – this is an association of states in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty for the implementation of cooperation in political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, having the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations derived from the rights and obligations of states into an autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of the member states.

Modern international organizations are divided into 2 main types:

Intergovernmental;

Non-Governmental Organizations.

The role of both of them is significant, and all of them contribute to the communication of states in various spheres of life. But still, these two types have their own characteristics, signs.

Any intergovernmental organization must have at least six features.

First, it is created in accordance with international law. This is the most significant feature of decisive importance. Any government organization should be created on a legal basis, namely, the organization should not infringe on the interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole.

In addition, any international organization is created on the basis of an international treaty(convention, agreement, treatise, protocol, etc.). The parties to such an agreement are sovereign states, and, in recent times, intergovernmental organizations have also become participants in international organizations. For example, the EU is a member of many international fisheries organizations.

Target creation of any international organization is uniting the efforts of states in a particular area:

political (OSCE) ,

Military (NATO) ,

Economic (EU) ,

monetary and financial (IMF)

- and in others.

But an organization like UN should coordinate the activities of states almost in all areas . In this case, the international organization acts mediator between states - members. Sometimes states refer the most complex issues of international relations to organizations for discussion and resolution.

It is very important for every international organization to have an appropriate organizational structure. This sign, as it were, confirms the permanent nature of the organization and thus distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation. Intergovernmental organizations have headquarters, members represented by sovereign states and subsidiary bodies.

The next important feature of an international organization is the presence she has rights and obligations, which in general form enshrined in its founding act. An international organization cannot exceed its authority.

An international organization also has independent international rights and obligations, that is, it has an autonomous will different from the will of the member states. This sign means that any organization in its field of activity can choose independently the means of fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states. Thus, an international organization that has the above features is considered an international intergovernmental organization.

But as already mentioned, in the modern world there is another type of international organizations, these are international non-governmental organizations, which are considered to be any international organization that is not established on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement. Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but carry out their activities in at least two states. Such organizations are created on the basis of a constituent act. Similar organizations arose at the beginning of the 19th century, and at present there are about 8000 . International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) play an active role in all aspects of modern international relations. And in a number of areas they are even leaders, for example, this red cross committee , whose principles of activity are humanity, impartiality, independence and voluntariness, has made a great contribution to the interaction of states in various fields.

An international non-governmental organization complies with the following conventions criteria:

The goals of the organization are of international importance;

Activities to achieve established goals - of international importance;

The state of registration is chosen by the founders of the organization and the establishment of the organization is carried out in accordance with the internal legislation of the state of registration;

Members (participants) of the organization are subjects of at least two states, or the effective activity of the organization is carried out in at least two states.

However, despite some difference between international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, they actively cooperate. The main form of such cooperation is the consultative status. Each intergovernmental organization has its own rules for granting consultative status to INGOs.

International organizations of any kind are recognized to solve various problems in their fields of activity. About 1000 international conferences are currently convened annually to solve political, economic, military and other problems. As an institution of international relations, they appeared in the second half of the 19th century. According to experts, in the middle of the 21st century, approximately 50,000 international conferences will be held annually. International conferences are not international organizations, but are more commonly referred to as multilateral or parliamentary diplomacy.

Any conference has strictly defined goals and objectives. Most often, intergovernmental conferences are convened to develop and adopt international treaties, the conclusion of acts, a set of principles for cooperation in a specific area of ​​international relations. For example, the Vienna meeting in 1986. representatives of the participating States, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe approved the Final Document, which determined the main areas of cooperation in the field of economy, science and technology, and the environment. A significant number of international conferences are convened to discuss the pressing problems of our time. In recent years, the most important international conferences convened under the auspices of the United Nations.

The formation of any type of international organizations was based on the importance of solving a particular problem that arises between states. The importance of the problem was determined by the independent states themselves, hence their classification was determined, that is, international organizations aimed at solving these problems acquired the status of an intergovernmental or non-governmental international organization.