Complete incomplete sentence. "Complete and incomplete sentences

The difference between an incomplete sentence and one-part sentences is described in detail. The definition of elliptic sentences is given. The conditions for setting a dash in an incomplete sentence are listed. An exercise on a topic followed by a check.

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OK Incomplete sentences are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of this sentence, which is easy to restore from the previous context or from the situation

The omitted members of the sentence can be restored by the participants of the communication from the knowledge of the situation referred to in the sentence. For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “Coming! ", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: The bus is coming.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences very common in dialogue. For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's reply is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, circumstance of place and circumstance of time are omitted (cf .: My company is assigned to the forest tomorrow).

OK Out of the situation. At the bus stop: -Goes? (Is the bus coming?) From the previous context. -What is your name? -Sasha. (My name is Sasha.)

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences: Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing (Pushkin). The second part of the complex unionless proposal(I - to nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is omitted (cf .: I am not obedient to anything).

Note! incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena. In one-part sentences, one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning. For example, the form plural The verb-predicate in an indefinitely personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (they knocked on the door), not important (He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding (I was told a lot about you yesterday). In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: Mine; I - nothing).

OK incomplete one-piece 1. One of the main PE is missing 1. Any PE may be missing 2. The meaning of the sentence is clear even without the missing PE 2. Out of context and situation, the meaning of such a sentence is not clear.

In Russian, there is one kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even out of context, situations: Behind the back is a forest. To the right and to the left are swamps (Peskov). These are the so-called "elliptic sentences". They usually have a subject and a minor member - a circumstance or addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot tell which predicate is missing. Wed: Behind the back is / located / a forest is visible. And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverb or object) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

OK Elliptic sentences This is a kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even out of context, situations: Behind the back is a forest. Right and left - swamps

OK Pay attention! Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part denominatives (Forest) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, a pronounced indirect case of a noun or an adverb with a zero connective (All trees in silver). To distinguish between these constructions, it is necessary to take into account the following: 1) one-part denominative sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in denominative sentences, the most typical are agreed and inconsistent definitions. spring forest; Entrance to the hall; 2) Nominal part compound nominal predicate - a noun or adverb in a two-part full sentence indicates a sign-state. Compare: All trees are in silver. All trees are silver.

OK Punctuation marks in an incomplete sentence Omitting a member within a sentence in oral speech may be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is put on the letter: Behind the back is a forest. To the right and to the left - swamps (Peskov); Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing (Pushkin).

OK Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases: in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and a circumstance of a place, an addition, - only if there is a pause in oral speech: Outside the night window - fog (Block); in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (uniformity of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts: Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert (Fedin);

in incomplete sentences built according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonational division of the sentence into parts: For skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits; in an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, when the omitted member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause: The nights have become blacker, the days are cloudier (in the second part, a bunch of steel is restored).

Fill in the missing dashes in the sentences. Justify the punctuation marks. Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad. Our job is to obey, not to criticize. The land below seemed like a sea, and the mountains like huge, petrified waves. The task of the artist is to resist suffering with all his strength, with all his talent. I love the sky, grass, horses, most of all the sea.

Let's check 1. Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i - pretty bad (incomplete sentence, predicate omitted; parallelism of constructions). 2. Our job is to obey, not to criticize (subject - noun in I. p., predicate - infinitive, zero connective). 3. The earth below seemed like a sea, and the mountains like huge, petrified waves (incomplete sentence, omitted SIS link; parallelism of constructions). 4. The artist's job is to resist suffering with all his strength, with all his talent (subject - noun in I. p., predicate - infinitive, zero connective). 5. I love the sky, grass, horses, most of all - the sea (the second part of a complex non-union sentence is an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate I love).

6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl's face. 7. Through the black huge branches of larch silver stars. 8. He won’t get up soon, and will he even get up at all? 9. The river turned blue and the sky turned blue. 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly during the day: one in the morning, another in the evening, a third at noon.

Let's check 6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl's face ( main part complex sentence- an incomplete sentence with the subject omitted). 7. Through the black huge branches of larches - silver stars (an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate is visible). 8. He won’t get up soon, and will he even get up at all? (the second part of the compound sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject omitted he; there is no pause, so there is no dash). 9. The river turned blue, and the sky turned blue (in the second sentence, the link became omitted; parallelism in the constructions of full and incomplete sentences). 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: in the morning - one, in the evening - another, at noon - the third (in a complex sentence, the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete, elliptical (subject and adverb of time); the part of the subject is also omitted - color; parallelism of constructions of incomplete sentences).

11. Who is looking for something, and the mother is always affectionate. 12. A tree is precious by its fruits, but a man by his deeds. 13. In big people I love modesty, and in small dignity. 14. The business of the bakery was going very well, personally mine is getting worse. 15. Turkin further. Author following.

Let's check 11. Who is looking for something, and the mother is always affectionate (in the second part of the complex sentence, the predicate is looking for is omitted). 12. A tree is expensive with its fruits, and a person with deeds (the second part of the complex sentence is incomplete, the predicate is omitted; the parallelism of the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 13. In big people I love modesty, and in small people I love my own dignity (the second part of the complex sentence is incomplete; the predicate I love and the addition in people are omitted; the parallelism of constructions of full and incomplete sentences). 14. The affairs of the bakery were going very well, personally mine was getting worse (the second part of the complex sentence is incomplete; the subject of the case and the predicate were omitted; the parallelism of the constructions of the complete and incomplete sentences). 15. Terkin - further. The author follows (incomplete elliptical sentences consisting of subjects and circumstances; in oral speech there is a pause between the circumstance and the subject, in writing - a dash).

incomplete sentence

A sentence characterized by incompleteness of the grammatical structure or incompleteness of the composition, due to the fact that it lacks one or more members (main or minor), clear from the context or from the situation.

Contextually incomplete sentence. An incomplete sentence that lacks a member named in the preceding text;

this is usually observed in the second part of a complex sentence and in the connecting construction. The truth remains the truth, but the rumor itself remains a rumor(Tvardovsky) (no verbal link in the second part of the compound sentence). The three of us began to talk, as if we had known each other for centuries.(Pushkin) (there is no subject in the postpositive subordinate clause). Patients lay on the balconies, some no longer in bags, but under blankets (Fedin) (there is no predicate in the second part of the non-union complex sentence). You probably know about our work? And about me?(B. Polevoy) (subject and predicate are missing in the connecting construction).

Situationally incomplete sentence. An incomplete sentence in which a member is not named, clear from the situation. I will wear this blue (Fedin) (the setting shows that we are talking about a dress). cf. See also the sentence Here comes, uttered by someone waiting at the station at the sight of an approaching train.

Elliptical proposal. An incomplete sentence in which the absence of a verb-predicate is the norm. To understand such a sentence, there is no need either in the context or in the situation, since the completeness of the content is sufficiently expressed by the proper lexical and grammatical means of this sentence. On the table - a stack of books and even some kind of flower in a half-bottle of cream(A. N. Tolstoy). In the corner is an old leather sofa(Simonov). Terkin - further, the author - after(Twardowski). To the barrier!(Chekhov), Happy sailing! Happy New Year!

Dialogic incomplete sentences. Sentences-replicas (sentences-questions, sentences-answers, sentences-statements), closely related contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extra-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements), which makes them a special type incomplete offers. They may not have members of the sentence at all, and the response can be represented by some particle or interjection. - You have changed a lot. - Is it? Or: -Well, how? -Brrr! The norm of question-answer sentences of dialogic speech is the incompleteness of their composition. (Neschastvitsev:) Where and from where? (Schastlivtsev:) From Vologda to Kerch, sir... And you, sir? (Neschastvitsev:) From Kerch to Vologda(A. Ostrovsky).

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what an "incomplete sentence" is in other dictionaries:

A sentence (in a language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational completeness. ("Modern Russian language" Valgina N. S.) ... Wikipedia

incomplete sentence, -i stationary- In syntactic style: a cliched incomplete sentence, regularly reproduced in familiar situations. What's wrong with you? Good night. Happy New Year! … Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

This term has other meanings, see Proposal. A sentence (in a language) is the smallest unit of a language, which is a grammatically organized compound of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational ... ... Wikipedia

PRODUCT OFFER- offer (offer) the seller's statement about the desire to sell goods, services on certain conditions, is made in writing, which also means messages by telegraph, teletype, telefax. In the text P.t. must contain all the main ... ... Foreign economic explanatory dictionary

OFFER, COUNTER- the response of a potential buyer to the received offer of the seller, containing incomplete agreement with the proposed conditions and one or more new, amended conditions for concluding a transaction ... Big Economic Dictionary

A sentence that has all the members necessary to understand it out of context and speech situation(cp.: incomplete sentence) ...

See incomplete sentence... Dictionary of linguistic terms

§ 238 TYPES OF OFFERS- A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member. A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with the subject and predicate as necessary ... ... Russian spelling rules

Aya, oh; lon, luna, lono. 1. Busy than l. not to the top, not to the brim. Incomplete cart. Incomplete bucket. □ [Baron:] Happy day! I can today In the sixth chest (the chest is still incomplete) Pour a handful of accumulated gold. Pushkin, The Miserly Knight. 2.… … Small Academic Dictionary

The conditions under which the act of speech is carried out that affect the utterance (cf. situationally incomplete sentence, dialogic incomplete sentences in the article incomplete sentence) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Books

• Russian language. 8th grade. Control work of the test form. Workshop. GEF, S. V. Antonova, T. I. Gulyakova. Presented in the manual test papers compiled in accordance with the state educational standard, programs for general education schools, lyceums, gymnasiums. Edition…
• Russian language. 8th grade. Control work of the test form. Workshop for students. GEF, Antonova Svetlana Vasilievna, Gulyakova Tatyana Ivanovna. The test papers presented in the manual are compiled in accordance with the state educational standard, programs for secondary schools, lyceums, and gymnasiums. Edition…

Incomplete sentences - simple sentences with incomplete implementation block diagram phrases or sentences.

Sentences are incomplete monologically and dialogically (incompleteness is more characteristic)

Types of incomplete sentences:

Structurally complete, semantically incomplete (She imagined something.)

2. structurally incomplete, semantically incomplete:

Situationally incomplete (- Is the bus coming? - Is going.)

Contextually-incomplete (The king rides through the village. He rides.)

3. structurally incomplete, semantically complete - elliptical sentences.

Elliptic sentences are two-part sentences in which, with the named subject, a verb is omitted, which can be restored by word forms dependent on it => the semantics of the sentence depends on the context or situation.

1) Sentences with the meaning of movement, movement (Tatiana in the forest, the bear behind her.)

2) Sentences with the meaning "beat", "hit" (Here I am with a stick!)

3) Sentences with the meaning of thought, speech (I tell him about Thomas, and he tells me about Yerema.)

4) Sentences with the meaning "take", "grab" (I'm for a candle, a candle - in the stove)

Syntactically indivisible sentences - sentences that cannot be divided into sentence members (word = sentence), are in opposition to syntactically articulated sentences.

The meaning is determined based on the subsequent or previous context; do not have the whole complex grammatical features, characteristic of syntactically segmented sentences => are considered syntactic statements.

Morphological expression - particles, interjections, modal words, phraseological combinations, yes / no.

1) affirmative - with a direct affirmative answer to the question posed or an expression of agreement with someone's statement. (words - yes, so, well, right, of course, right, etc.)

2) negative - they are a direct negative answer to the question posed or express disagreement with someone's statement (words / words-op - no, no, no, no way, it can’t be, for nothing, not at all, etc. )

3) interrogative - contain a question with a touch of affirmation, denial, motivation, etc.; pronounced with a distinct interrogative intonation (words - yes, no, good, really, really, really, oh, well, etc.)

4) interjection:

Emotional - various feelings are expressed: joy, grief, surprise, fear, etc.

(non-derivative interjection - ah, oh, wow, cheers, etc.;

derivative interjections - fathers, mothers, Lord;

interdom.op-I - my God, fathers-lights, damn it, etc.)

Incentives - expressed will, motivation to action:

A call to respond - hello, ay, hey

Call for help - guard

A call to silence - ts, chsh, shsh

A call for attention - chu

Incitement to move or to stop - let's go, march, stop, sabbath

If the interjection is part of simple sentence, it does not form an interjection sentence. (Oh, if only the night would be faster. - A. Ostrovsky.)

Syntactically inseparable sentences that serve to express the rules of etiquette contain gratitude, greetings, apologies, requests. (modal words - thank you, please, hello, goodbye, goodbye, etc.)

You can also find information of interest in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:

More on the topic 17. Offers are complete and incomplete. Types of incomplete sentences. Inseparable offers.:

1. Classification of a simple sentence. Divisible and indivisible sentences. Two- and one-part sentences, their differences. Complete and incomplete sentences. Question about elliptical sentences. Punctuation marks in incomplete and elliptical sentences.
2. Complete and incomplete sentences. Question about elliptical sentences. Punctuation marks in incomplete and elliptical sentences.
3. 6. Constructive minimum (= base) of software. Common and non-common offers. nominal minimum. Incomplete offers. Elliptical sentences.
4. Structural-semantic classification of sentences. Simple and complex sentences, their distinguishing features. Classification of sentences according to function and emotional coloring. Classification of sentences in relation to reality.

From the point of view of completeness of the sentence structure, they are divided into full And incomplete.

Complete are called sentences in which there are all the members necessary to express a thought.

incomplete sentences are called in which any necessary in meaning and structure member of the sentence (main or secondary) is omitted.

Incomplete can be two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences.

The possibility of skipping sentence members is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the situation of speech, or from the structure of the sentence itself. Thus, the meaning of incomplete sentences is perceived based on the situation or context.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored out of context .

Walked, walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden over a bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context - the previous sentence: In a clean field, in a silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences whose missing members are restored from the situation.

Husband knocked down and wants to look at the widow's tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - the words of Leporello, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Juan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan.

- Oh my God! And here, with this coffin!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna's reaction to the words of the protagonist " stone guest”: Don Juan confessed that he was not a monk, but “unfortunate, a victim of hopeless passion.” There is not a single word in his remark that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation, they can be approximately restored as follows: “You dare to say this here, in front of this coffin!».

May be missed:

• subject: How firmly she entered her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored according to the subject from the previous sentence: How Tatyana has changed!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on water, without any trace, without leaving descendants, without delivering to future children either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored according to the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say, he said to himself, if the police captain hadn’t arrived, I might not have been able to even look at the light of God!) (N.V. Gogol);

• addition: And so I took it! And I fought so hard! And I fed it with gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long have I, it seems, baptized you?);

• predicate: Only not to the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the yards.(M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

• several members of the proposal at once , including the grammatical basis: How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are common as part of complex sentences : He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder ...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Juan reminded me how you scolded me and gritted your teeth.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the subject missing in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in colloquial speech , in particular, in a dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is detailed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.

- I'm angry with my son.
- For what?
- For a bad crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

Among the dialogical sentences, there are sentences of a replica and sentences - answers to questions.

For example:

- Go to the dressing.
- Will kill.
- Crawling.
- All the same, you will not be saved (Nov.-Pr.).

2. Offers-answers vary depending on the nature of the question or remark.

They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence stands out:

- Who are you?
- Passing... wandering...
- Sleep or live?
I'll look over there...(M. G.);

- What's in your knot, eagles?
"Crayfish," the tall man answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.);

They can be answers to a question that requires only confirmation or denial of what has been said:

- These are your poems in Pioneer published yesterday?
- My(S. Bar.);

- Did Nikolai Stepanych show you? asked the father.
- showed(S. Bar.);

- Maybe you need to get something? Bring?
- Do not need anything(Pan.).

Can be answers to a question with suggested answers:

- Do you like it or don't like it? he asked curtly.
“I like it,” he said. a (Pan.).

And finally, answers in the form of a counter-question with the meaning of the statement:

- How will you live?
- And what about the head, and what about the hands?(M. G.)

and answer-requests:

- I came here to propose to you.
- Offer? To me?(Ch.).

Questions and answers are lexically and structurally so closely related to each other that they often form something similar to a single complex sentence, where the question-sentence resembles a conditional clause.

For example:

- And if during sowing they break?
- Then, as a last resort, we will make homemade(G. Nick.).

Dialogic speech, regardless of what structural types of sentences make it up, has its own patterns of construction, caused by the conditions of its formation and purpose: each replica is created in the process of direct communication and therefore has a two-way communicative orientation. Many syntactic features dialogue are connected precisely with the phenomenon of speaking, interspersed with the exchange of statements: this is conciseness, formal incompleteness, semantic and grammatical originality of the compatibility of replicas with each other, structural interdependence.

Elliptical proposals

There are sentences in Russian called elliptical(from Greek word ellipsis, which means "omission", "lack"). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and the context for understanding such sentences is not needed. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, displacement ( I - to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speech - thoughts And his wife: for rudeness, for your going words(A.T. Tvardovsky) and others.

Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, and in book styles (scientific and official business) are not used.
Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a kind of incomplete sentences, while others consider them to be a special type of sentences that adjoins incomplete sentences and is similar to them.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

In an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, in place of the missing member (usually predicate) put a dash , if the missing member is restored from the previous part of the sentence or from the text and a pause is made at the place of the gap.

For example:

They stood opposite each other: he - confused and embarrassed, she - with an expression of challenge on her face.
However, in the absence of a pause, a dash is not put. For example: Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. Below it is a stream lighter than azure, above it is a golden ray of sun.

A dash is placed:

1. A dash is placed in place of a zero predicate in elliptical sentences, divided by a pause into two components - adverbial and subject.

For example:

They cling to each other at home. Behind them are vegetable gardens. Above the yellow straw fields, above the stubble - blue sky and white clouds(Sol.); Behind the highway - a birch forest(Boon.); In a large room on the second floor of a wooden house - long tables, over which hang kerosene lamps - "lightning" with pot-bellied glasses(Kav.).

This punctuation mark is especially stable with the structural parallelism of parts of the sentence: There are eleven horses in the yard, and in the stall there is a gray stallion, angry, heavy, busty(Boon.); A wide ravine, on one side - huts, on the other - a manor(Boon.); Ahead is a deserted September day. Ahead - confusion in this wide world fragrant foliage, herbs, autumn wilt, calm waters, clouds, low sky(Paust.).

2. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences at the place where members of the sentence or their parts are skipped. These omissions are common in parts of a complex sentence with a parallel structure, when the omitted member is restored from the context of the first part of the sentence.

For example:

It was getting dark, and the clouds either dispersed, or now came in from three sides: on the left - almost black, with blue gaps, on the right - gray-haired, rumbling with continuous thunder, and from the west, because of the Khvoshchinsky estate, because of the slopes above the river valley , - muddy blue, in dusty stripes of rain, through which mountains of distant clouds rose pink(Boon.).

Compare the possibility of skipping a dash in everyday speech: They both spoke at once, one about cows, the other about sheep, but the words did not reach Kuzemkin's consciousness.(Bel.).

3. A dash is placed when skipping sentence members restored in the context of dialogue replicas or adjacent sentences.

For example: Do you like green onion pies? I am passion!(M. G.); In another room, the workshop of an artisan jeweler is recreated. In the third - the shepherd's hut, with all the shepherd's utensils. In the fourth - an ordinary water mill. In the fifth - the furnishings of the hut where the shepherds make cheese. In the sixth - just the atmosphere of a peasant hut. In the seventh - the furnishings of the hut, where these very chergy and halishte were woven. All of this is skillfully recreated.(Sol.).

4. A dash is placed in sentences consisting of two word forms with the meaning of the subject, object, circumstance and built according to the schemes: who - what, who - where, what - to whom, what - where, what - how, what - where, etc.

For example: All wells are in operation; The microphone has a heart!; Book - by mail; Grades - for knowledge; You - the key to the university; Following the record - an accident; Trains - "green"!; First of all, efficiency.

1. The concept of an incomplete sentence.

2. Types of incomplete sentences.

3. Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech.

4. Elliptical sentences.

5. Use of incomplete and elliptical sentences.

In Russian, taking into account the structure of the sentence, incomplete sentences.

Incomplete is called a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure. Those or other members formally organizing it (main or secondary) without naming are clear from the context or speech situation.

The functioning of incomplete sentences is associated with the patterns of text construction.

For example, in a sentence: This juice is needed for linden, that for lily of the valley, that for pine, and that for ferns or wild raspberries. (Kuprin).

Only the 1st part is characterized by the completeness of the grammatical structure, and all the rest are incomplete, the omission of the main members in them is contracted - due to the context, i.e. their presence in the 1st part of the sentence.

The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of these sentences is manifested in the use of words in the function of dependent members: the form of definition That(m. r., singular h., I. p.) is due to the form of the unnamed juice, addendum form lily of the valley, pine, fern, raspberry(D. p.) - unnamed control predicate needed.

Thus, despite their absence, these members participate in the formation of incomplete sentences. The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, because the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.

Incomplete sentences in their structure are of the same types as complete sentences. They can be common and non-common, two-part and, as some linguists believe, one-part. But we take as a basis the point of view of linguists who believe that all one-part sentences are complete.

Single-component and incomplete sentences are completely different concepts. Incomplete sentences have missing members in their structure, one-part sentences do not have any one main member at all. In incomplete terms, missing members are usually restored. This can't be done in one piece. In addition, in incomplete sentences, not only main members, but also secondary ones can be omitted. Several members can be omitted at once, for example:

1) Here roads first time divided:

2) one went up the river,

3) another - somewhere right. (The 3rd sentence is incomplete, the subject and predicate are missing.)

Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual And situational.

contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in the nearest sentences or in the same sentence if it is complex.

Ex .: On one side of the breakthrough, arms crossed, in a women's crimson beret - a figurant with blue eyes and small black mustaches over thin, serpentine lips curled into a Mephistopheles smile. On the other stood the chief, and everyone knew that the chief was now standing for the truth and would not hesitate for a single minute (Prishvin).

Predicate omitted in 1 sentence stood(in sentence 2 it is present), and in sentence 2 - part of the circumstance side(in 1 sentence, the same type of circumstance is given completely on one side).

situational incomplete sentences with unnamed members are called, which are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation.

For example: offer Goes! is complemented by the subject subject, depending on the situation of speech (train, teacher, bus, etc.)

-Vania! - faintly came from the stage.

-give yellow(the speech situation suggests that yellow light is meant).

- I - in a shop - I need flour and salt. No need for flour, no need for salt,” he said, “it’s damp and slushy in the yard.

- I put on rubber, said the young woman(meaning boots).

It should be noted that the division of sentences into situational and contextual is to a certain extent conditional, since the word context often denotes the situation of speech. In addition, in written speech, situational sentences acquire some properties of contextual sentences, since the situation of speech is described, receives a verbal expression, for example:

-How cute! - said Countess Marya, looking at the child and playing with him (L. Tolstoy)

Depending on the type of speech, incomplete dialogic And monologue sentences which can be both oral and written.

Dialogic incomplete sentences are interconnected replicas of the dialogue (dialogical unity).

For example:

- Go to the dressing.

-Will kill...

-Crawling…

- You won't be saved.

In the replica of the dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated.

In monologue speech, incomplete sentences can be distinguished, taking into account the level differences in syntactic units:

a) incomplete sentences in which part of a complex form of a word or part of a whole phrase that makes up one member of the sentence is not repeated, for example:

I decided to take up catching songbirds; it seemed to me that it would feed well: I I will catch, A grandma sell(M. Gorky).

b) incomplete sentences that are part of complex sentences of various types, for example:

Youth is rich in hopes, and old age is rich in experience.

Elliptical self-used sentences of a special type are called, the specific structure of which is the absence verbal predicate, not mentioned in the context, i.e. semantically not necessary for the transmission of this message. The predicate that is missing and does not need to be restored, however, participates in the formation of the structure of these sentences, because they contain secondary members of the predicate. In this respect, elliptical sentences are close to incomplete ones.

It should be noted that these sentences do not need a context or a situation in order to represent an action or state. It is expressed by the whole construction as a whole, the purpose of which is to inform about the place, time, method, characterizing the action or state, or to point to the object of the action.

PR: Behind the house is a garden bathed in the sun.

Wide native expanses. In the bowels of coal, gold and copper.

The lexical limitation of the missing verbs-predicates is manifested in the uniformity of the construction of elliptic sentences: the members that make them up are not numerous.

Secondary members in them are either circumstances of place and less often time or reasons.

Eg: Everywhere the steppe; At five o'clock check.

or an addition with the value of the replacement item:

Ex: Silence instead of an answer.

Elliptical sentences are sometimes referred to as incomplete. However, some linguists consider such sentences to be incomplete only in historical terms and do not classify them as incomplete in modern Russian (Gvozdev A.N.)

Such sentences really cannot qualify as incomplete, because their incompleteness is a structural norm. These are typed constructions that do not need to restore any members of the sentence, they are quite complete (even out of context) in terms of their communicative task.

Incomplete and elliptical sentences are used mainly in the field colloquial styles. They are widely used as a sign of colloquialism in fiction or when passing dialogue, and in descriptions. Different types incomplete and elliptical sentences also have a specific stylistic fixation.

For example, the dialogue is dominated by incomplete situational and elliptical sentences with an object distributor:

They began to mend justice: someone by the hair, someone by the ears (G.).

Descriptions tend to be more elliptical sentences. Especially typical for remarks of dramatic works. One can give an example of how Gorky builds a description-remark: the description contains brief description action environment:

Ex: In the left corner there is a large Russian stove, in the left - stone wall - the door to the kitchen, where Kvashnya, Baron, Nastya live ... Everywhere along the walls there are couples. In the middle of the rooming house there is a large table, two benches, a stool, everything is unpainted and dirty.

Some types of contextual incomplete sentences can be reproduced in scientific speech as well. different types incomplete and elliptical sentences as a fact of live colloquial speech in last years are widely used in newspaper language. These designs provide rich material for developing the structure of headings, numerous ellipses here are already a kind of standard. The language of the newspaper strives for dynamism, catchiness. Ex: (examples from newspaper headlines) Scientists - Motherland.

Peace - Earth.

Radio - for schoolchildren.

Control questions

1. What sentences are called incomplete?