What are complete sentences? Incomplete and complete sentences

Incomplete sentence

A sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure or incomplete composition due to the fact that it lacks one or more members (main or secondary) that are clear from the context or from the situation.

Contextually incomplete sentence. An incomplete sentence that lacks a member named in the preceding text;

This is usually observed in the second part complex sentence and in the connecting structure. The truth remains the truth, but rumor remains rumor(Tvardovsky) (there is no verb link in the second part of the complex sentence). The three of us started talking as if we had known each other for centuries(Pushkin) (there is no subject in the postpositive subordinate clause). Patients were lying on the balconies, some of them were no longer in bags, but under blankets (Fedin) (the predicate is missing in the second part of the non-union complex sentence). You probably know about our work? And about me?(B. Polevoy) (subject and predicate are missing in the connecting construction).

Situationally incomplete sentence. An incomplete sentence in which a member that is clear from the situation is not named. I will wear this blue one (Fedin) (the setting shows that we are talking about a dress). Wed also the sentence Here comes, uttered by someone waiting at the station at the sight of an approaching train.

Elliptical sentence. An incomplete sentence in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm. To understand such a sentence, there is no need for either context or situation, since the completeness of the content is sufficiently expressed by the sentence’s own lexical and grammatical means. On the table there is a stack of books and even some kind of flower in a half-bottle of cream(A.N. Tolstoy). There is an old leather sofa in the corner(Simonov). Terkin - next, the author - next(Tvardovsky). To the barrier!(Chekhov), Happy sailing! Happy New Year!

Dialogical incomplete sentences. Sentences-replicas (sentences-questions, sentences-answers, sentences-statements), closely related to each other contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extra-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements), which makes them a special type incomplete sentences. They may contain no sentence members at all, and the response may be represented by some particle or interjection. - You have changed a lot. - Really? Or: - Well, how? - Brrr! The norm for question-and-answer sentences in dialogical speech is their incomplete composition. (Neschastlivtsev:) Where and where? (Schastlivtsev:) From Vologda to Kerch... And you, sir? (Neschastlivtsev:) From Kerch to Vologda(A. Ostrovsky).

Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what an “incomplete sentence” is in other dictionaries:

A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. (“Modern Russian language” by N. S. Valgina) ... Wikipedia

incomplete sentence, -I am stationary- In syntactic style: a clichéd incomplete sentence, regularly reproduced in familiar situations. What's wrong with you? Good night. Happy New Year! ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

This term has other meanings, see Sentence. A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation... ... Wikipedia

PRODUCT OFFER- offer (offer) is a statement by the seller about the desire to sell goods or services under certain conditions, made in writing, which also means messages by telegraph, teletype, or fax. In the text P.t. must contain all the basic... Foreign economic explanatory dictionary

COUNTER OFFER- the response of a possible buyer to the received offer from the seller, containing incomplete agreement with the proposed conditions and one or more new, amended conditions for concluding a transaction... Large economic dictionary

A sentence that contains all the elements necessary to understand it out of context and speech situation(cp.: incomplete sentence) ...

See incomplete sentence... Dictionary of linguistic terms

§ 238. TYPES OF SENTENCES- A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member. A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with a subject and predicate as necessary... ... Russian spelling rules

Aya, oh; bosom, bosom, bosom. 1. Busy with something. not to the top, not to the brim. Incomplete cart. Incomplete bucket. □ [Baron:] Happy day! Today I can pour a handful of accumulated gold into the sixth chest (into the chest that is still incomplete). Pushkin, The Miserly Knight. 2.… … Small academic dictionary

The conditions in which the act of speech is carried out, influencing the utterance (cf. situationally incomplete sentence, dialogical incomplete complete sentences There is an incomplete sentence in the article) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Books

• Russian language. 8th grade. Examinations of the test form. Workshop. Federal State Educational Standard, S. V. Antonova, T. I. Gulyakova. Presented in the manual test papers compiled in accordance with the state educational standard, programs for secondary schools, lyceums, gymnasiums. Edition…
• Russian language. 8th grade. Examinations of the test form. Workshop for students. Federal State Educational Standard, Antonova Svetlana Vasilievna, Gulyakova Tatyana Ivanovna. The tests presented in the manual are compiled in accordance with the state educational standard, programs for secondary schools, lyceums, and gymnasiums. Edition…

1. Everything simple sentences Based on the presence of members, sentences are divided into two types: complete and incomplete.

• Sentences in which no members are missing - full: The sun was setting to the west.

• Incomplete Sentences are sentences in which a necessary member of the sentence is missing - main or secondary: Do you want to eat? - Will!(the meaning of the second sentence without the previous phrase is not clear).

Signs of an incomplete sentence:

• a missing member of a sentence is easily restored thanks to previous sentences (by context) or general situation speeches;

• an incomplete sentence is always a variant of a complete sentence;

• The omission of a sentence member is necessarily confirmed by the presence in it of words dependent on this member, as well as by the context or situation of speech.

2. Complete and incomplete sentences often confused with two-part and one-part sentences.

But the latter belong to a different classification of simple sentences - according to the nature of the grammatical basis.

• Two-piece Sentences are sentences that have both a subject and a predicate: The grove dissuaded golden birch cheerful tongue.

• One-piece Sentences are sentences in which there is only one main member (or subject or predicate), and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence: Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves.

3. How to distinguish complete and incomplete sentences from two-part and one-part ones?

Sample reasoning (using the example of the sentence in bold) :

— Do you feel pain now?

- Now very small...

1. Let's find out: the proposal " Now very small... » — complete orincomplete?

The reader understands from the context that in the sentence "Now very small...»

• missing words feel And pain;
• besides, there is a word small, which can only refer to the word pain;
• Using these missing words, you can reconstruct the full version of the sentence: Now I feel very little pain...;
• Finally, it’s not in vain that the previous sentence was given “Do you feel pain now?”, from it we take information to restore the missing members of the sentence.
  

Thus, the proposal " Now very small... ", indeed, incomplete, because this is a sentence in which necessary members of the sentence are missing, which are easily restored thanks to the previous sentence (“Do you feel pain now?”).

2. Let’s find out: this sentence “ Now very small...» — two-part orone-piece?

We need to find a grammatical basis (if there is both a subject and a predicate, then the sentence is two-part; if there is either only a subject or only a predicate, then the sentence is one-part).

• It should be remembered that when parsing sentences by members not only those words that are present are taken into account, but also those that are implied and are necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence.

So, we have a proposal “ Now very small...”, but its full version should be considered “Now I feel very little pain...”.

• It has a predicate feel(1st person indicative verb);

• the subject is missing, it is restored only by meaning - by selecting the necessary pronoun for a given predicate verb: I feel(1st person pronoun). There are no signs of an incomplete sentence here (see the paragraph above “Signs of an incomplete sentence”).

We conclude that the proposal " Now very small..." one-part, because it contains only the predicate.

3. General conclusion: offer " Now very small...» incomplete, one-part.

Additionally on Guenon:

That is, those in which one of the members is missing are often found in both colloquial and literary speech. Not only secondary, but also the main members of the sentence - the subject or predicate - may be absent from them.

Their semantic load is easily restored both from the context (from the sentences preceding the given one) and from the knowledge of the interlocutor or reader of the situation.

Example of an incomplete sentence:

Where is your brother?

Here “Left” is an incomplete sentence consisting of one word. It is missing a subject, but you can understand from the previous statement who exactly it is about. we're talking about(about brother).

It is somewhat difficult to distinguish between incomplete and one-part sentences in which either the subject or the predicate is missing. Here you can use the following criterion. For example, from the sentence “They are picking berries in the forest,” it is completely unclear who exactly is performing the action. Let’s take another example: “Where are your friends? “They pick berries in the forest.” The subject is missing here, but from the context you can easily determine who exactly is performing the indicated action (girlfriend). This means that in the first case we are dealing with a one-part sentence, and in the second case with an incomplete two-part sentence, although the list of words in them is exactly the same.

It should be noted that dialogue with incomplete sentences is the most common, characteristic situation of their use. The teacher, exploring such examples in educational practice, it is enough to simply create in students the idea of ​​an incomplete sentence as a variety of a complete one - in contrast to one-part sentences, where one of the (necessarily!) main members is not missing, but is simply impossible. To do this, you can also compare complete and incomplete sentences. In incomplete, all members retain the same grammatical forms and functions as in complete. In turn, they can also be incomplete if the word that is missing from them can be easily restored from the context:

What's your name, girl?

Incomplete sentences (examples can be found below) can be of two types, depending on how their meaning is restored: contextual or situational. Inside the first there are:

Knowledge is power.

As for punctuation marks in incomplete sentences, a dash is often placed in them. Its role in this case, as mentioned above, is to replace the missing word, usually a predicate.

I came home from class early, and my sister came late.

In this example, a dash replaces the word “came”, avoiding incorrect, unnecessary repetition.

There is bread and fruit on the table.

In this example, a dash is used instead of a missing predicate (an elliptical sentence).

By the presence or absence of the necessary members of the proposal distinguish between complete and incomplete simple sentences.

Complete sentences- these are simple sentences that contain all the members necessary for the semantic completeness of the sentence. Being strong is good, being smart is twice as good.

Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which any member of the sentence (main or secondary) or several members of the sentence are missing. Missed sentence members are easily restored from previous sentences or the speech situation itself. The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge . Compare: ... and a person is illuminated by knowledge.

Incomplete two-part proposals should be distinguished from one-part complete, in which there is only one main member of the sentence, and the second is not and cannot be in the structure.

Incomplete can be both two-part and one-part sentences. Sentences in dialogue are often incomplete.

- What's your name?
- Alexei.
- What about your father?
- Nikolaich.

An incomplete sentence can be the second part of a complex sentence. Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. The predicate in the second part of the complex sentence is omitted. You received the letters, but I did not. Addendum omitted.

The omission of sentence members in pronunciation can be expressed by a pause, and in writing it is indicated by a dash. It dawns early in summer, and late in winter.

In the so-called situational incomplete sentences missing members are not restored. They are not named anywhere in the text by words, but are inferred from the speech situation, that is, their meaning is revealed by extra-speech circumstances, gestures, and facial expressions. Behind me! Cheers! Bon Voyage!

In the scientific literature, the issue of complete and incomplete sentences is covered in contradictory ways.

Incomplete is a sentence in which any member of the sentence or group of members of the sentence is missing, the omission of which is confirmed by the presence of dependent words of the sentence, as well as data from the context or situation of speech.

Types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors:

Written or oral sphere of use

Monologue or dialogue

Interaction of a sentence with context

There are incomplete sentences:

contextual(incomplete - incomplete sentences in monologue speech; dialogue lines - incomplete sentences in dialogic speech)

situational

Incomplete lines of dialogue are very common in colloquial speech. They are usually short and contain something new that the speaker wants to tell the interlocutor.

According to the target orientation, incomplete dialogue lines can be divided into 3 groups:

Responses. Contains the answer to the question asked in the previous response.

Questions.

Continuing remarks convey something additional to what was said in the initial sentence.

Situational cues are a type of incomplete sentences for colloquial speech. They are used as full-fledged units of communication only in a certain situation. When the very setting of the speech suggests to the interlocutors the concepts that are being discussed, but which are not expressed verbally as part of a given replica. Going.

Elliptical sentences.

Sentences like " I am going home" In linguistic literature, the term elliptical sentences is used in different meanings:

instead of the term "incomplete sentence"

denotes a type of incomplete sentence

serves as the name of the type of sentences adjacent to incomplete ones.

Ellipsis – is an abbreviation of a verb phrase in a sentence; elimination of the verbal component without replacing it in the context.

Types of elliptical sentences:

A sentence with the meaning of movement - movement. Actor + word denoting direction, goal, final point of movement. The function of an independent member of a sentence is a pronoun, a noun in a singular form, denoting a person, animal or object capable of movement. The second member is adverbs of place, nouns in v.p. with a pretext in, on, or in d.p. with a pretext To

A sentence with the meaning of speech or thought. They have an object in p.p. with a pretext O or about or in v.p. with the preposition about.

A sentence meaning to hit, hit. Subject of action + dependent words in v.p. and so on. Here I am - with a stick!

Offer equivalents

This is a special grammatical device used in communication to express agreement or disagreement, as well as emotionally expressive reactions to the speech of the interlocutor. Yes. No! No matter how it is! Still would.

They do not have an independent informative meaning, but only confirm, deny or evaluate the content of the specific sentence with which they are correlated.

As sentence equivalents, they have only intonation design, but lack grammatical form and are not articulated.

By value they are divided into 3 groups:

word-sentences expressed by particles with general meaning affirmation or denial

modal words-sentences with the additional meaning of probability/supposition.

Interjective words are sentences that are divided into: emotional-evaluative sentences that represent a reaction to a situation, a message, a question. Well?!; incentive offers; sentences that are an expression of speech etiquette.