Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Exam

Secondary general education

Line UMK I. L. Andreeva, O. V. Volobueva. History (6-10)

General history

Russian history

Unified State Examination in History: reviewing assignments with the teacher

Sergey Agafonov, co-authorhistory textbooks , methodologist at the Russian Textbook Corporation*,teacher of the highest category:“In my opinion, half of the success (if not more) in the history and social studies exam depends on the number of thoroughly analyzed standard tasks. Namely the sorted tasks, and not just the completed ones. It is important to include events, processes, phenomena national history into the context of universal history, establishing connections between various social phenomena and processes.”

Evgeniy Mikhailovich Polushin, first category history and social studies teacher, 5 years of teaching experience, graduate of the history department of Moscow State Pedagogical University. IN AND. Lenina, Ph.D.:“The Unified State Examination in History consists of 25 tasks. The answers to tasks 1-19 are a sequence of numbers or words, tasks 20-25 require detailed answers. Let's look at completing these tasks. The apparent simplicity of the first 19 tasks is offset by the lack of answer options, so solid knowledge is required, and you can’t count on luck.”

1. In the first task, it is supposed to arrange events related to domestic and world history in chronological order:

1) Convening of the first Zemsky Sobor

2) Proclamation of Charlemagne as emperor

3) Annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire

Here it would be good to know the dates: 1) - 1549; 2) - 800 g; 3) - 1783 and the problem is solved, but such striking events in history are well remembered, at least in chronological order.

2. In the second task you need to establish a correspondence between events and years. And again, it is necessary to know the dates, at least to imagine the era of the reign of which political figure we are talking about. The events of our history are often correlated with the rulers of the country, why not use this in the exam? The task is complicated by the fact that there are more dates than events, that is, the elimination method will not work here.

The date of the baptism of Rus' is firmly known to any schoolchild who takes the Unified State Exam in history - 988. The decree “on free cultivators” is also textbook - 1803, the abolition of localism is clearly associated with the 17th century - 1682, and the 19th Conference of the CPSU is Gorbachev, hence - 1988

3. The third task involves the exclusion of two abbreviations that do not relate to the period 1945-1953:

1) CPSU; 2) NATO; 3) CMEA; 4) CIS; 5) SNK; 6) UN.

In this case, we will need to know that the Council of People's Commissars (Council of People's Commissars) is the first Soviet government. Its existence dates back to an earlier period, and the CIS (commonwealth independent states) is currently heard, which also does not correspond to the specified period.

4. Write the term in question:

The highest government position in the Novgorod Republic in the XII-XV centuries. he was elected at the veche for one or two years and supervised the activities of all officials, together with the prince he was in charge of issues of administration and court, commanded the army, led the veche meeting and the boyar council.

From the first words, “The highest government position in the Novgorod Republic...” it is clear that we are talking about the mayor. In addition to the mayor, a thousand was elected in Novgorod; an assistant mayor, he led the city militia. The archbishop was the head of the church, and the prince had only military functions.

5. Establish a correspondence between events and facts:

The pair World War I - Brusilov's breakthrough is obvious. The Battle of Austerlitz and the Anti-French coalitions too. Prince Igor and his famous unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians are studied in school, in addition to history, in music and literature lessons. The Battle of Klushino is an unsuccessful attempt by Vasily Shuisky to stop the Polish army, after which he was overthrown by the Seven Boyars, and the Poles occupied Moscow.

6. Match the fragments historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers:

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

A)“We grant by this personal decree, with our royal and paternal mercy, all those who were formerly in the peasantry and under the citizenship of the landowners, to be loyal slaves to our own crown, and we reward with the ancient cross and prayer, heads and beards, liberty and freedom and forever Cossacks, without requiring recruitment collections, per capita and other monetary taxes, ownership of lands, forests, hay lands and fishing grounds, and salt lakes without purchase and without quitrent, and we free all those previously committed from the villains of the nobles and city bribery judges to the peasants and the entire people - imposed taxes and burdens.”

B)“If any of the landowners wishes to release their well-acquired or family peasants, individually or as a whole village, to freedom and at the same time approve for them a plot of land or a whole dacha, then making conditions with them that are recognized by mutual agreement as the best, he has to present them at the request his through the provincial noble leader to the Minister of Internal Affairs for consideration and submission to us; and if a decision follows from us in accordance with his wishes: then these conditions will be presented in the Civil Chamber and will be recorded with the serfs with the payment of legal duties. ...The peasants and villages, released from the landowners under such conditions with the land, if they do not wish to enter other states, can remain on their own lands as farmers and in themselves constitute a special state of free cultivators.”

CHARACTERISTICS

1) This document was published by Alexander 11
2) The execution of this document is made dependent on the will of the landowners
3) A contemporary of the publication of this document was A.D. Menshikov
4) This document was published by Alexander 1
5) According to this document, some duties introduced by Peter 1 are abolished
6) This document was issued by the leader of the popular uprising.

REASONING

The first fragment refers to the manifestos of Emelyan Pugachev. This becomes obvious if you pay attention to the style - it is similar to the imperial manifestos of the 18th century, as well as the content - the promise of the abolition of conscription and the return of the old cross and beards. It was the recruitment kits and the capitation tax that were innovations of Peter I.

The second fragment is an excerpt from the decree “On Free Plowmen” of 1803, which, as you know, allowed landowners to free peasants with land with the consent of the emperor.

Thus, the answer: A - 5.6; B - 2.4

7. Which three of the following events date back to the 18th century:

1) Battle of Borodino
2) Gangut naval battle
3) defense of Shipka
4) the battle of Gross-Jägersdorf
5) Sinop naval battle
6) battle of Rymnik

Some pretty famous battles are presented here, let's remember them. The Battle of Borodino is the war of 1812, the Gangut naval battle refers to the Northern War of 1700-1721, the Defense of Shipka is an episode of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, the Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf refers to the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. , Sinop naval battle - Crimean War, 1853, The Battle of Rymnik took place during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791.

Accordingly, the 18th century includes: the Gangut naval battle, the Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf and the battle of Rymnik.

8. Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a blank, select the number of the required element:

A) Commander of the 62nd Army, which particularly distinguished itself in the Battle of Stalingrad___
B) The complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade occurred in January___
B) September 30, 1941 began___

Missing elements:
1) defense of the Brest Fortress
2) 1943
3) 1944
4) V.I. Chuikov
5) N.F. Vatutin
6) battle for Moscow

The Great Patriotic War in the course of Russian history of the 20th century. Much attention is paid, and significant battles that had a significant impact on the course of the Second World War are especially highlighted. One of them is the Battle of Stalingrad, in which the 62nd Army under the command of V.I. especially distinguished itself. Chuikova.

The Leningrad blockade was lifted during one of the 10 operations of 1944, namely the Leningrad-Novgorod operation, while the blockade was broken back in 1943.

On September 30, 1941, of course, the Battle of Moscow began, that is, its defensive stage, and the counteroffensive near Moscow on December 5-6, 1941 became the first major successful offensive operation of the Red Army in the Second World War.

9. Establish a correspondence between events (processes, phenomena) and the participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column:

EVENTS (PROCESSES, PHENOMENA)
A) Russian development of Siberia and the Far East
B) internecine war in the Moscow principality
B) Northern War
D) economic reforms of the 1960s. in USSR

PARTICIPANTS
1) Dmitry Shemyaka
2) Ivan 111
3) E.P. Khabarov principality in the second half of the 15th century.
4) A.N. Kosygin
5) G.A. Potemkin
6) B.P. Sheremetev

Russia's development of Siberia and the Far East is associated with the name of E.P. Khabarova. The internecine war in the Principality of Moscow was fought between Vasily the Dark and his brothers Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka. B.P. Sheremetev - commander of the Northern War. A.N. Kosygin - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

10. Read an excerpt from the Resolution of the Presidium of the Board of the Union of Writers of the USSR and indicate the last name missing three times in the text:

“Awarding___ the Nobel Prize, essentially, for the novel “Doctor Zhivago”, hastily covered up with pompous phrases about its lyrics and prose, actually emphasizes the political side of the unscrupulous game of reactionary circles... Considering the political and moral fall of___, his betrayal towards the Soviet people, to the cause of socialism, peace, progress, paid for by the Nobel Prize in the interests of inciting the Cold War, - the Presidium of the Board of the USSR Writers' Union, the Bureau of the Organizing Committee of the RSFSR SP and the Presidium of the Board of the Moscow Branch of the RSFSR SP deprive ___ the title of Soviet writer, expel him from the membership of the USSR SP."

In this task, the title of the novel will tell you the name of the author. Of course, this is Pasternak.

11. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each blank, indicated by a letter, select the number of the required element:

Missing elements:
1) formation of the Holy Roman Empire
2) the first convocation of the Estates General in France
3) XIII century.
4) Battle of Kulikovo
5) XVII century
6) the emergence of the Frankish state
7) X century
8) oprichnina
9) the beginning of the compilation of Russian Pravda

The difficulty of this task is that it is necessary to synchronize the events of domestic and foreign history, which is not easy for children.

XI century in the history of Russia is the creation of “Russian Truth”.

The Battle of the Ice or the Battle of Lake Peipus - 1242, which means the 13th century, the baptism of Rus' - 988, i.e. X century, and the formation of the Holy Roman Empire in 962 - also X century.

It turns out that in the XIV century. The Battle of Kulikovo took place (1380) and the first convening of the Estates General in France (1302).

12. Read an excerpt from the USSR Constitution:

“Article 1. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the entire people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nations and nationalities of the country. Article 2. All power in the USSR belongs to the people. The people exercise state power through the Soviets of People's Deputies, which form the political basis of the USSR. All other government bodies are controlled and accountable to the Councils of People's Deputies. Article 3. Organization and activities Soviet state are built in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism: election of all government bodies from bottom to top, accountability to their people, binding decisions of higher bodies for lower ones. Democratic centralism combines unified leadership with initiative and creative activity on the ground, with the responsibility of each government body and official for the assigned work. Article 4. The Soviet state, all its bodies operate on the basis of socialist legality, ensure the protection of law and order, the interests of society, the rights and freedoms of citizens. State and public organizations and officials are obliged to comply with the Constitution of the USSR and Soviet laws. Article 5. Most important questions state life submitted for public discussion, and also put to a popular vote (referendum). Article b. The guiding and guiding force of Soviet society, the core of its political system, state and public organizations is the Communist Party Soviet Union. The CPSU exists for the people and serves the people...”

Using the passage and your knowledge of history, choose three true statements from the list below:

1) This Constitution of the USSR was adopted during the leadership of the USSR by I.V. Stalin
2) The principle of democratic centralism presupposes that decisions of higher authorities are binding on lower ones
3) Article 5 of this Constitution of the USSR has never been implemented during the entire history of the Soviet Union
4) According to this passage, there is Soviet power in the USSR
5) This Constitution of the USSR was adopted by the XXV Congress of the CPSU
6) One of the articles of the USSR Constitution presented in the passage was abolished before the collapse of the USSR

In this passage from the Constitution of the USSR there are several “beacons” that you need to pay attention to:

1) mention in Art. 6 about the CPSU as the “guiding and guiding force” of Soviet society. This immediately indicates that we have before us the “Brezhnev” Constitution of 1977.
2) mention of the referendum.

We need to choose the right judgments. 1) - discard immediately, because Brezhnev led. 2) - suitable, because in Art. 3 it is written quite clearly about this. 3) - not suitable, because a referendum on preserving the USSR was held in 1991 4) - definitely fits. 5) - not suitable, because Party congresses did not adopt the Constitution, but only Congresses of Soviets. 6) - suitable, because 6 tbsp. was canceled in 1990, before the collapse of the USSR, which occurred in 1991.

Look at the diagram and complete tasks 13-16:

13. Name Russia’s enemy country in the war to which the diagram is dedicated:

Assignments for historical map often cause difficulties. In this case, a map of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 is presented. This is clear from the geographical names.

14. What is the name of the commander of the Russian troops in the battle indicated on the diagram by the number “1”:

The number “1” indicates the Battle of Mukden in Manchuria. The Russian troops were commanded by General Kuropatkin.

15. Indicate the name of the battle, the area of ​​which is shaded and indicated on the diagram with the number “2”:

The number “2” indicates the Tsushima naval battle.

16. Which judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three judgments from the six proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table:

1) The city indicated on the diagram by the number “3” was not surrendered to the enemy
2) The Russian squadron in the battle, indicated on the diagram by the number “2”, was commanded by Z.P. Rozhestvensky
3) The peace treaty following the war, the events of which are indicated in the diagram, was signed in American city Portsmouth
4) One of the defenders of the city, indicated on the diagram by the number “3”, was R.I. Kondratenko
5) As a result of the war, the events of which are indicated in the diagram, Russia lost the city of Vladivostok
6) In the battle indicated on the diagram by the number “1”, Russian troops won.

Here again we choose the right judgments. The number 3 denotes the fortress city of Port Arthur; it was surrendered to the enemy by General Stoessel in 1904. Accordingly, 1) is not suitable. 2) - suitable, because The Russian squadron was commanded by Rozhdestvensky. 3) - suitable, because The peace treaty was actually signed in the American Portsmouth. 4) - suitable, because Kondratenko is the hero of the defense of Port Arthur. 5) - does not fit, Russia did not lose Vladivostok. 6) - does not fit, near Mukden the Russian army was most likely defeated, and Mukden was captured by the Japanese.

17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column:

CULTURAL MONUMENTS
A) “The Tale of Bygone Years”
B) Tsar Cannon
B) painting “Boyarina Morozova”
D) sculpture “Worker and Collective Farm Woman”

CHARACTERISTICS
1) the cultural monument was created in the 16th century.
2) the cultural monument was created in the 17th century. author - I.E. Repin
4) author - V.I. Mukhina
5) author-monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor
6) author - V.I. Surikov

“The Tale of Bygone Years,” according to the generally accepted version, belongs to the pen of the monk Nestor. The Tsar Cannon was cast by master Chokhov in the 16th century. The painting “Boyaryna Morozova” was painted by V.I. Surikov. The sculpture “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” was created by V.I. Mukhina.

18. Which judgments about this coin are correct? Choose two judgments from the five proposed:

1) This coin was released after the Cuban missile crisis
2) The monument depicted on the coin was erected in memory of the Battle of Stalingrad
3) By the time of the collapse of the USSR, the number of ribbons on the coat of arms of the USSR depicted on the coin had decreased
4) The war, to which the coin is dedicated to the anniversary of the victory, began in the first ten days of June
5) The monument depicted on the coin was created according to the design of sculptor V.I. Mukhina.

The anniversary coin depicts the sculpture “The Motherland Calls.” It was created in 1967 according to the design of the sculptor Vuchetich. Again we choose the right judgments. 1) - true, the Cuban Missile Crisis took place in 1962. 2) - true, in memory of the Battle of Stalingrad and installed in Volgograd. You can stop here; the condition required you to choose two correct judgments. 3) - incorrect, the number of tapes has not changed since 1956. 4) - not true, the Second World War began on June 22, and this is the third decade. 5) - not true, Vuchetich.

19. Indicate photographs showing buildings whose construction was completed during the same period when this coin was issued (during the leadership of the USSR by the same statesman):

First, we need to remember who led the USSR in 1967, at the time of the opening of the monument “The Motherland Calls!” In Volgograd. This is L.I. Brezhnev (1964-1982). This means that the building numbered 2) is suitable - the House of the Soviets, built in the late 1970s, and 3) is a book house on Novy Arbat, built under Brezhnev.

TASKS 20-25

From the emperor's manifesto

“Immortal glory, wise Monarch, Dear Sovereign, Our Grandfather, Peter the Great, All-Russian Emperor, what burden and great labors he was forced to endure solely for the well-being and benefit of His fatherland, raising Russia to a perfect knowledge of both military, civil, and political affairs , not only the whole of Europe; but most of the world is not a false witness. But how to restore this it was necessary, first of all... to accustom the noble nobility and show how great the advantages of the proclaimed powers are in the well-being of the human race against countless peoples immersed in the depths of ignorance; Therefore, at that time, the very extreme insisted on the Russian nobility, showing its excellent signs of favor to them, ordered them to enter the military and civil services, and, moreover, to train noble youth not only in various liberal sciences, but also in many useful arts...
The aforementioned establishment, although at the beginning it was somewhat associated with coercion, but was very useful, was followed by everyone who owned the Russian Throne since the time of Peter the Great, and especially by Our Dear Aunt, of blessed memory, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, imitating the deeds of the Sovereign, Her Parent, knowledge political affairs and various sciences spread and multiplied... We see with our pleasure, and every true son of his fatherland must admit, that countless benefits have followed from this, rudeness has been destroyed in those who are careless about the common good, ignorance has changed into common sense, useful knowledge and diligence in service has multiplied skilled and brave generals in military affairs, in civil and political affairs it has placed knowledgeable and fit for duty people, in a word, to conclude, noble thoughts have rooted in the hearts of all true Russian patriots boundless loyalty and love for Us, great zeal and excellent There is zeal for Our service, and therefore We do not find the need for compulsion to serve, which was necessary until now...

1) All nobles who are in Our various services can continue this for as long as they wish...”

20. Indicate the year in which this manifesto was published. Identify the emperor who issued this manifesto. Please provide a name for this manifest:

At the very beginning of the document it is stated that this is a manifesto. The text of the document speaks of the exemption of nobles from compulsory service established by Peter I. Accordingly, this is the Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility from 1762, and its author is Peter III.

21. What, according to the author of the manifesto, is the reason that forced Peter I to oblige the nobles to serve and study? What does the author of the manifesto see as the merit of Elizaveta Petrovna? How does the author explain the reason for the decision expressed in the last sentence of this passage?

This task can be completed based solely on the text of the document. 1) The reason was the need to have an educated nobility to serve for the benefit of the fatherland. 2) Elizaveta Petrovna “disseminated and multiplied various sciences” (founded Moscow University, for example). 3) The reason is that the nobility became educated and diligent in service. This means there is no need to force him to do it.

22. Indicate any three measures that are not mentioned in this manifesto, taken by the author of the manifesto during his reign:

Peter III did not rule for long, about six months, and was killed by the guards conspirators who elevated Catherine II to the throne, but he managed to do something. Firstly, he abolished the persecution of the Old Believers (Pugachev promised the old faith, posing as Peter III); secondly, he began the secularization of church lands, which was then continued by Catherine II; thirdly, he brought Russia out of the Seven Years' War by concluding an alliance with Prussia, which, in many ways, brought the wrath of the guard upon him.

23. In 1990, a program for the transition of the USSR to a market economy was developed, which was called “500 days”. Indicate any two areas of economic reform that were planned to be implemented as part of the implementation of this program. Indicate the reason for the rejection of this program by the President of the USSR:

The “500 days” program assumed a transition to a market economy, for which it was necessary: ​​1) privatize state property and 2) abolish centralized management of the economy, i.e. planning. Gorbachev rejected this program, fearing social unrest.

24. In historical science, there are controversial issues on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view existing in historical science:

“The political activity of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich was successful”

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point view, and two arguments that can be used to refute it. Be sure to use historical facts when presenting your arguments.

REASONING

Arguments in support:

1) Svyatoslav defeated the neighbor of Kievan Rus - the Khazar Khaganate, to which the Slavs once even paid tribute.

2) He appointed his own sons as rulers of individual lands, not the leaders of tribal unions, as was the case before, which reduced the risk of separatism.

Arguments to refute:

1) Svyatoslav spent a lot of time on campaigns, leaving Kyiv squads without cover, which the Pechenegs took advantage of more than once.

2) Svyatoslav was defeated by the Byzantine army, concluding a peace that was not particularly beneficial for Rus', and was killed by the Pechenegs while returning home from this campaign.

25. You need to write a historical essay about one of the periods of Russian history:

1) 912-945; 2) December 1812 - December 1825; 3) March 1921 - October 1928. The essay must:

Evgeniy Mikhailovich Polushin, history teacher:“I decided to take the period from December 1812 to December 1825. This is the time from the expulsion of the French from Russian territory during the Patriotic War of 1812 to the Decembrist uprising. In this eventful historical period, in my opinion, two stand out in particular - the creation of the Holy Alliance in 1815 and the Decembrist uprising of 1825.

The initiator of the creation of the Holy Alliance was the Russian Emperor Alexander I, who from his youth dreamed of an international arbitration court, necessary to prevent military conflicts. The Holy Alliance was formed after the Napoleonic Wars in order to preserve the European order that was established after the victory of the anti-French coalition over Napoleonic France and to prevent revolutions.

This union, originally founded by Russia, Prussia and Austria, gradually included almost all European monarchs. But the existence of the Holy Alliance did not bring the fruits that Alexander I had hoped for. Russia, faithful to the ideals of the Holy Alliance, suppressed the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. and even sent Russian troops to suppress the revolution in Austria-Hungary. Such Russian activity frightened some European countries and made it possible to suspect our country of having plans for expansion, for example, in the Balkans, which was later reflected during the Crimean War, in which Russia had no allies. The lack of allies and international isolation were important reasons for Russia's disappointing defeat in this war.

N. Muravyov is one of the founders of the Northern Society of Decembrists and the author of the “Constitution” - the program of this society. Secret societies arose among Russian officers after the foreign campaign of the Russian army. In Europe they became acquainted with the way of life and methods government controlled, which were very different from Russian realities. The officers dreamed of realizing the absence of serfdom and the relative economic well-being of peasants in Russia. In the way of this, in their opinion, stood the autocratic government, firmly standing guard over serfdom and administrative tyranny. Although until the end of the 1810s, its young officers hoped for the goodwill of the emperor and dreamed of helping the authorities in reforming the country. Convinced that Alexander had lost interest in reforms, the conspirators headed for an armed uprising. The Northern Society, created by N. Muravyov, represented the moderate wing of the conspirators, which proposed the preservation of the monarchy provided that it became constitutional. The Decembrist uprising, as they later became known, took place on December 14, 1825 and was brutally suppressed by troops loyal to the government. The Decembrists had a huge influence on further history our country, stirring up the thinking part of society, becoming an example of selfless service to the idea of ​​​​the well-being of the country. Although there is another opinion, formulated by P. Chaadaev. He did not approve of the Decembrist uprising. He considered it senseless and even harmful, frightening and embittering the authorities, and making liberal reforms impossible in the foreseeable future. In many ways he was right.”

*Since May 2017, the united publishing group "DROFA-VENTANA" has been part of the Russian Textbook corporation. The corporation also includes the Astrel publishing house and the LECTA digital educational platform. General Director Alexander Brychkin, graduate of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, candidate economic sciences, head of innovative projects of the DROFA publishing house in the field of digital education (electronic forms of textbooks, Russian Electronic School, digital educational platform LECTA). Before joining the DROFA publishing house, he held the position of vice president for strategic development and investments of the publishing holding EKSMO-AST.

Today, the publishing corporation "Russian Textbook" has the largest portfolio of textbooks included in the Federal List - 485 titles (approximately 40%, excluding textbooks for special schools). The corporation's publishing houses own the most popular sets of textbooks in Russian schools in physics, drawing, biology, chemistry, technology, geography, astronomy - areas of knowledge that are needed for the development of the country's productive potential. The corporation's portfolio includes textbooks and teaching aids for primary schools, which were awarded the Presidential Award in the field of education. These are textbooks and manuals in subject areas that are necessary for the development of the scientific, technical and production potential of Russia.

Greetings, dear readers of the site, and in this post I will continue the conversation dedicated to historical portraits!
Today we will present 6 original historical portraits from Yuri Dolgoruky to Dmitry Donskoy. By the way, I recommend adding this site to your bookmarks so as not to miss anything interesting :)

Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky - historical portrait C6

Life time: late 11th century - mid 12th century (~ 1091-1157)

Reign: 1125–1157

Lived at the end of the 11th - mid-12th centuries. Ruled in Suzdal, Rostov, Peryaslav, Kyiv from 1125 to 1157. He received the nickname “Dolgoruky” for his frequent interference in foreign lands. During his reign, the following areas of activity can be distinguished.

Domestic policy:

1.1. The beginning of Yuri's domestic policy was the struggle for the great reign of Kiev. On the way to Kiev, he moved the center of the principality from Rostov to Suzdal, became the first independent prince of North-Eastern Rus', subjugated Murom, Ryazan, seized lands along the banks of the Volga, conquered Volga Bulgaria, defeated the troops of the Kyiv prince Izyaslav and illegally took possession of Kiev, as a result Why did I return back to Suzdal, because... violated the rule of Yaroslav the Wise - the ladder. By the middle of the 12th century. Yuri Dolgoruky seized the Kyiv throne.

1.2. Having become the Prince of Kyiv, Yuri took up urban planning: he built several fortresses; founded such cities as Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Moscow.

1. Foreign policy:

2.1. Yuri, according to the tradition started by Vladimir the Red Sun, strengthened ties with Byzantium by concluding a second marriage to a relative of the Byzantine emperor.

2.2.As already written earlier, before becoming the Great Prince of Kyiv in 1120, Yuri led a successful campaign against Volga Bulgaria.

As a result In his activities, Yuri Vladimirovich, achieved the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv, pursued a successful policy of urban development, became the prince who laid the foundation for the dynasty of Vladimir-Suzdal and Moscow rulers, and was remembered as the organizer of North-Eastern Rus'. Yuri's activities, in comparison with other rulers of our state, were quite insignificant, but in historical science he is associated as the founder of the capital - the city of Moscow.

Andrey Yurievich Bogolyubsky - historical portrait.

Life time: 1st quarter of the 12th century. - end of the 3rd quarter of the 12th century.

Reign: 1157–1174

He was the son of Yuri Dolgoruky. He received his nickname “Bogolyubsky” for the founding of his western residence in Bogolyubovo, where he spent all his free time. After the death of his father, Andrei inherited the Kiev throne, but abandoned it in favor of rule in Rostov, Suzdal and Vladimir. The main activities of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

1. Domestic policy:

1.1. The defeat of Kyiv. Andrei Yuryevich stubbornly fought to conquer Novgorod and led a complex military policy in the south of Rus'. In 1169 Kyiv rebelled against its prince. As a result, Andrei punished Kyiv, defeating it. After conquering Kyiv to his power, he still forced himself to be recognized as the Grand Duke, without leaving his cities of Suzdal, Rostov and Vladimir. Kyiv lost its centuries-old eldership and was plundered. After the defeat of Kyiv, he moved the center of the Orthodox capital - he took one of the most revered shrines from Vyshgorod to Vladimir - the icon of Vladimir Mother of God. Through his actions, Andrei Yuryevich tried to create a metropolitanate of Vladimir, separate from Kyiv, but the Church of Constantinople did not allow this.

1.3. Construction of temples. During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl and the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir were erected.

1. Foreign policy:

2.1. In 1164, Andrei organized his first military campaign against Volga Bulgaria, which ended very successfully.

2.2. In 1172, a second military campaign was carried out against Volga Bulgaria, which, like the first, ended in success.

Results of activities:

The results of the foreign policy of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky were successful campaigns against Volga Bulgaria. The results of these two campaigns were the capture of the Bulgar city of Bryakhimov, the complete burning of three other cities, and their complete plunder. During his reign, this ruler pursued a very successful domestic policy. He turned the Vladimir lands into the powerful Vladimir-Suzdal principality, which became one of the most influential in Rus'. The Vladimir prince left behind a huge cultural heritage. Churches, temples, holidays, cathedrals, the main residence of the prince are an invaluable contribution to Russian culture.

Historical portrait of VsevolodIII Big Nest

Life time: middleXII century – 1 quarterXIII century

Reign: 1176–1212

After the death of Prince Andrei, his policy was continued by his brother Vsevolod III the Big Nest, who received his nickname because he had so many sons. Vsevolod brutally avenged the death of his brother and won a victory over the boyars. In fact, a monarchical form of government became established in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. The main activities of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

1. Domestic policy:

1.1. Under Vsevolod, his principality became the strongest in Rus'. He tried to subjugate Novgorod to his power, expanding the territory of his principality at the expense of the Novgorod lands. He was also able to subjugate Kyiv, Chernigov, Ryazan, Novgorod, and Pereyaslavl-Yuzhny to his power. The reasons for Vsevolod's success were his reliance on new cities, such as Vladimir, Dmitrov, Kostroma and Tver, where the boyars were relatively weak, and Vsevolod also tried to rely on the noble class.

1.2. Construction of temples. Vsevolod also erected and reconstructed cultural monuments. During his reign, the Assumption Cathedral was reconstructed, the Demetrievsky Cathedral, the Nativity Cathedral, and the Vladimir Detinets were built.

1. Foreign policy:

2.1. Vsevolod, like his father and brother, successfully fought with Volga Bulgaria.

2.2. Vsevolod also very successfully repelled the raids of the Polovtsians, thereby protecting the southern borders of Rus' from attack together with the Vladimir, Ryazan and Suzdal princes.

Results of activities:

During the reign of Vsevolod, the Vladimir-Suzdal principality became the strongest in Rus'. He concluded two profitable trade agreements with Volga Bulgaria and took part in successful campaigns against the Polovtsians. He expanded his possessions and subjugated Novgorod and Ryazan. Just like his brother Andrei, he made an invaluable contribution to Russian culture.

Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky C6

Life time: 1 quarterXIII century – 3rd quarterXIII century

Reign: 1252-1263

Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky - Novgorod, Prince of Kiev. famous Russian commander, famous for his rich foreign policy. The main activities of Alexander Nevsky.

1. Domestic policy:

1.1. During his reign, Alexander Nevsky visited the Horde several times, collaborating with it. After helping with the census, he received a label for the Great Reign. On the other hand, the prince went against the Mongol-Tatars, preventing their raids on Rus', pursuing the policy of “Sword in the West, Peace in the East.”

1.2. Alexander Yaroslavovich, like his predecessors, pursued a construction policy. He reconstructed and created temples, cathedrals, cities.

1. Foreign policy:

Results of activities:

Laid the beginning of cooperation between Russian princes and the Horde. He made a small but important contribution to Russian culture, and as a result of foreign policy, he saved Rus' from the crushing raids of the Mongol-Tatar and Swedes.

Ivan Danilovich Kalita - historical portrait C6

Lifetime: 4th quarterXIII century – 2 thirdsXIV century

Reign: 1328-1340

Vladimir, Novgorod, Moscow prince - Ivan Danilovich Kalita, son of Daniil Alexandrovich - the founder of the dynasty of Moscow princes. Ivan I made a huge contribution to the strengthening of the Moscow Principality. The main areas of activity of Ivan Kalita.

Domestic policy:

1.1. He moved the residence of Metropolitan Peter to Moscow, thereby increasing the influence of the Moscow principality in Rus'.

1.2. He strengthened autocratic power and established a number of reforms. new order succession to the throne, introduced an agricultural law, and extended his influence to the lands of North-Eastern Rus'.

1.3. Construction of temples and cathedrals. Under Ivan Kalita, the Assumption Cathedral, the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor, the Archangel Cathedral, and the Church of St. John the Climacus were built.

Foreign policy:

2.1. Ivan the First, through his policies, created a strong relationship with the Golden Horde. Secure the collection of tribute from Russian princes. They spoke of him as the “Gatherer of the Russian Land”

2.2. He received a label for the Great Reign for helping the Horde in the punitive operation of Tver.

Results of activities:

Ivan Kalita made a great contribution to the unification of Russian lands, elevated Moscow above other principalities of Rus', established strong peaceful relations with the Golden Horde, and also made a great contribution to Russian culture of the 13th-14th centuries.

Historical portrait of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy

Life time: middleXIV century –IV quarterXIV century

Reign: 1363-1389

Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, Prince of Vladimir and Moscow, son of Ivan the Red. He received the nickname “Donskoy” for his brilliant victory at the Battle of Kulikovo. The main activities of Dmitry Donskoy.

Domestic policy:

1.1. He continued the policy of “gathering Russian lands” of Ivan I Kalita.

1.2. He retained the right of the Moscow prince to the great reign of Vladimir. As a result of this struggle, Dmitry Ivanovich, with the support of the Church, retained the right of the Moscow princes to the great reign in Vladimir.

Foreign policy:

2.1. The Battle of the Vozha River in 1378 is a victory for the Russian troops.

2.2. Battle of Kulikovo 1380 – victory of Russian troops.

2.3. Reflection of the raids of Lithuanian troops (Lithuanian-Moscow war) – victory of the Russian troops.

Results of activities:

As a result of his reign, Dmitry Donskoy was able to unite the Moscow and Vladimir principalities, and pursued an extremely active foreign policy with the Golden Horde, Lithuania, and Tver. After the battle on the Kulikovo Field, he destroyed the belief in the invincibility of the Golden Horde, strengthened the grand-ducal power and Moscow authority.

These are historical portraits, dear friends! I hope they helped you to finally repeat the period of Ancient Rus'. Also, to successfully solve the Unified State Examination and State Examination tests, I recommend remembering a number of terms, the link to which is provided below. See you in the next post))

Also, to write cool historical portraits for maximum points, I recommend that you purchase Roman Pazin’s book “150 Historical Figures: Materials for Preparation for the Unified State Exam.” This book contains all the necessary materials for preparing for the Unified State Exam in history, and separately, for writing assignment 40/C6 (historical portrait)

YOU CAN PURCHASE THE BOOK HERE =>>

Similar materials

C6. Consider the historical one. Situations and answer the questions. Spring-autumn 1917 There was an intense political struggle in Russia. During which the issue of alternatives for the development of the country was resolved. One of the important events of this period was the speech of L.G. Kornilov. A variety of forces united in the fight against him - from A.F. Kerensky to the Bolsheviks.

Why did the positions of such different political forces coincide? How did Kornilov's speech end? What changes in the political situation occurred at the end of August - September 1917? Give the facts.

1. Reasons can be given:

— there was a real threat of establishing a military dictatorship;

- Kornilov’s speech could lead to the fall of the Provisional Government;

— Kornilov demanded the dispersal of the Soviets, in which various political forces were represented

1. In response:

A) it should be said about the defeat of Kornilov’s speech;

B) the following changes in the political situation can be named:

— strengthening the positions of the Bolsheviks in the Soviets (Bolshevisation of the Soviets);

- the Bolsheviks put forward a course towards an armed uprising and the transfer of full power to the Soviets;

— A.F. Kerensky’s loss of support from all leading political parties;

C6. Consider the historical one. Situations and answer the questions. In 1921, a collection of articles “Change of Milestones” was published in Prague. The collection gained great popularity and caused heated controversy among the Russian emigration.

List any three issues that were discussed. And characterize the positions held by the authors for each of them.

1. The issues that have become the subject of discussion can be named:

– about the causes and essence of the revolution and the Civil War;

— about the attitude towards Soviet power;

- about the essence and possible consequences of the NEP;

— about the prospects for the development of Russia.

2. The following main ideas of the “Smenovekhites” can be named:

— understanding of the revolution and the Civil War as a phenomenon caused by the entire Russian history;

— a revision of the attitude towards Bolshevism and the Soviet government as a force capable of ensuring the restoration of the national and state unity of Russia at a new historical stage; the conclusion about the need for emigration to cooperate with the Bolsheviks for the revival of Russia;

— understanding of the transition to NEP as an internal degeneration of Bolshevism (“economic Brest”);

- hope. That cooperation with the Bolsheviks will push the process of their internal degeneration

1.Events can be named:

1. The following reasons may be given:

Participants that existed in Russia since 1816. secret societies for a long time they developed plans to seize power. However, the speech on December 14, 1825 on Senate Square in St. Petersburg was defeated.

Name at least two reasons for the defeat of the Decembrists’ speech on the development of social thought. On the internal policy of Nicholas 1? Give at least three provisions.

The following reasons for the defeat of the Decembrists can be named:

— insufficient preparation of the speech (since the Decembrists hastened to take advantage of the interregnum situation);

— the Decembrists’ bet on a conspiracy (and a military coup)

— dictator S.P. Trubetskoy did not appear at Senate Square;

- wait-and-see tactics of the Decembrists

- decisive actions (cruel measures) of Nicholas 1 against the Decembrists (use of artillery);

- The Decembrists did not take advantage of the support of the people.

The influence of the Decembrists on the development of social thought and domestic policy was manifested:

— in the awareness by representatives of public thought of the inconsistency of the ideological foundations of the Decembrist movement (development of new socio-political theories);

— in the emergence (development) of the revolutionary tradition in Russia;

- in the emergence of new trends in social thought in subsequent decades (Westerners, Slavophiles, representatives of “Russian”, “communal” socialism);

- in Nicholas 1’s implementation of policies aimed at strengthening autocratic power.

C6. After the victorious end of the Second World War of 1941-1945. The public spoke out on the liberalization of the regime, the renunciation of repression, and the implementation of economic reforms.

What opinions existed in the country's leadership on this issue? Give two opinions. What political course was ultimately chosen? Provide at least three facts to support your conclusion.

Opinions:

- proposals on the use of the NEP experience, the reform of collective farmers, the resolution of small businesses, the adoption new Constitution

— justification for the policy of tightening the system, “tightening the screws.” A new round of repression. Strengthening collective farms, priority restoration and development of heavy industry, priority financing of the military-industrial complex.

It must be said that the basis of post-war policy was the second approach. And the facts can be named:

- the transfer of funds from villages to cities took on expanded proportions, purchase prices remained extremely low, taxes increased

— first of all, the restoration of enterprises in the heavy and defense industries took place; the light and food industries and agriculture experienced an acute lack of government funding

- repressions were resumed (in relation to Soviet prisoners of war. “Leningrad Affair”, “Doctors’ Affair”)

— a tough ideological campaign was launched (decrees in the field of art and literature condemning the work of prominent poets, composers, filmmakers, discussions in science that ended with the destruction of entire scientific fields, etc.)

C6. Consider the historical situation and complete the task.

After the end of the Second World War, the economic situation of the USSR was difficult; the Soviet leadership considered different ways economic revival.

What possible paths of industrial development have been put forward? Please indicate at least two of them. Which path was chosen and why? (Indicate one main reason.)

Proposed ways of industrial development:

A group of leaders (A.A. Zhdanov, N.A. Voznesensky and others) considered it possible not to force the development of industry, counting on the post-war crisis in Western countries;

- another group (L.P. Beria, L.P. Malenkov and others) took into account the strengthening of Western countries after the war. The US possession of the atomic bomb and proposed accelerated development of heavy industry, especially defense

The path of development and the reasons for its choice can be named:

Stalin supported:

- the second path, which formed the basis for the preparation and implementation of the post-war five-year plan;

— compliance of this direction with the basic doctrine of building communism on the basis of the primary development of heavy industry.

C6. In the spring of 1921, a decision was made to replace the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind.

What other proposals for a way out of the crisis of the early 1920s? spoke out during this period? Give at least two sentences. Explain why it was necessary to make radical changes to the economic and political course? Give at least three reasons for changing course.

Other proposals made during this period can be mentioned:

Tightening the policy of “war communism”, expanding violence, creating labor armies

- a complete rejection of “war communism” and the policy of direct transition to communism. Replacement of surplus appropriation with tax in kind, introduction of NEP

The following reasons can be given:

- acute economic crisis caused by a long war

The crisis of the policy of “war communism”

- difficulties of transition from war to peace

- peasant uprisings in the Tambov province, the Volga region, Siberia, the Urals, the Don, etc.

Discontent in the army, Kronstadt uprising

— demonstrations of workers in Moscow. Petrograd, other cities

- intensification of the activities of the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, and other political forces opposed to Bolshevism.

C6. In 1928-1929 there was a discussion about the pace of industrialization.

What other opinions were expressed on this issue at that time? Give two opinions. What approach to industrialization was ultimately chosen? Provide at least three facts related to this course.

Opinions can be named:

— N.I. Bukharin spoke out in favor of carrying out innovation taking into account the capabilities of the peasantry while maintaining the proportions between industry and agriculture

— I.V. Stalin, abandoning his previous position, insisted on speeding up industrialization at any cost, financing it by pumping it from villages to cities.

It must be said that the course for forced I. has been chosen, and the following facts associated with its implementation can be mentioned:

- in 1928, the planned figures were revised towards a sharp increase

— As a result of forced industrialization, the USSR came to second place in terms of industrial production, and dozens of large industrial enterprises were built

— the planned growth plans were not achieved, there was a tendency for them to fall

- financing of the economy was mainly carried out at the expense of the village, its price was collectivization, the lag of light industry, a decrease in the living standards of the population, and the use of free prison labor

— during the years of industrialization in the USSR, a command economic system was finally formed, subordinate to directive planning. It is completely about the state, systematically resorting to non-economic methods of coercion.

C6. At the end of the 1960s. There was an actual refusal to carry out the economic reform of 1965.

What opportunities for economic development existed during that period? Name at least two. What were the reasons for the economic difficulties of the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s? Give at least three reasons.

Possibilities can be named:

- continuation of the reform, updating the economic mechanism, allowing enterprise independence, using material incentives, combining administrative regulation with economic

- widespread use of administrative forms of economic management, the actual preservation of a command economy

— deep reform economic system countries, significant adjustments to the basic structures of the command economy (directive planning, centralized pricing, etc.)

Reasons can be given:

- refusal to actively carry out, and especially to deepen, economic reforms of the mid-1960s.

- dominance of the command economic system

Extensive economic development

— difficulties with the introduction of scientific and technical progress achievements into the economy under a command system

— disproportions in the development of certain industries

— high level military-industrial complex costs

— the gap between the growth of monetary incomes of the population and the pace of economic development

— dependence on primary industries and world prices for oil and gas

C6. Specify character traits development of capitalism in Russia in 1861-1890.

Development of capitalism in industry:

— the industrial revolution began under serfdom and ended after the abolition of serfdom (by the end of the 19th century). There was a transition to the factory, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat were formed

- acceleration of the pace of industrial development due to reforms of 1861-1874.

- combination of manufactures with developed forms of capitalist economy (factory, banking system, advanced technology), formation of monopolies

- development of means of communication, acceleration of commodity exchange

— the regulatory role of the state in the development of industry (loans, government orders, bank support)

— participation of foreign capital in the Russian economy

Development of capitalism in agriculture:

- remnants of serfdom in the village, peasant community

— social stratification peasants (kulaks, farm laborers), peasant entrepreneurship

- social contradictions, conflicts

— tightening of exploitation of the masses, imperfection of labor legislation

- the bourgeoisie did not have political power

Conclusion: disproportions in socio-economic development (developed economy, backward villages, inequality of social groups)

C6. Name the main phenomena and processes of socio-economic development of Russia in the 17th century.

New phenomena in economics:

- the beginning of the spread of manufacturing production (state-owned and merchant manufactories)

- the transition of artisans to small-scale production (to the market, and not by order), specialization of crafts in certain regions of Russia

— the emergence of all-Russian trade fairs (Arkhangelskaya, Irbitskaya, Makaryevskaya)

— formation of the all-Russian market

— development of trade with the countries of Europe and the East, the policy of mercantilism

- growth of cities, including fortified cities on Southern Urals, in Siberia, economic development of new lands

Social development:

- changes in the social structure of society (strengthening of the nobility, equalizing its rights with the boyars, growth of urban population, emergence of the Cossacks)

- the final enslavement of the peasants by the Council Code of 1649

- increased tax pressure

— Social protests (Salt and Copper riots, uprising led by S. Razin) ; general definition of the 17th century - “rebellious age”

C6. In the middle of the 13th century. The Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Nevsky sought to maintain peaceful relations with the Horde khans, avoid conflicts and not give reasons for new invasions.

Name at least two attempts by Russian principalities and lands to pursue a policy towards the Horde different from the one described above in the mid-13th century. What reasons predetermined the choice made by Prince Alexander Nevsky? Give at least three reasons.

Attempts:

- in the early 50s. 13th century Grand Duke Vladimir Andrei Yaroslavich, in alliance with Daniil Galitsky and the Tver prince, prepared a campaign against the Horde and was defeated

- in the same years, Daniil Galitsky tried to resist the Horde, but was defeated and was forced to admit dependence on the Horde khans

In 1257, the anti-Horde uprising in Novgorod was brutally suppressed

Causes:

— devastated and fragmented Rus' did not have sufficient forces to resist the Horde

- Al. Nevsky sought to concentrate his main forces on countering the aggression of the crusaders from the West - the policy chosen by Al. Nevsky allowed Russian lands to restore destroyed agriculture, crafts, and trade

- it made it possible to avoid new destructive invasions of the Horde armies.

C6. Consider the historical situation and complete the task.

Khan Batu, after the defeat of Russian cities and lands, imposed tribute on them. The Mongols never “fought” Novgorod, but the Novgorodians paid the Golden Horde tribute. Why did the Mongols “not fight” Novgorod? Please provide at least two reasons. Why were the Novgorodians forced to pay tribute to the Golden Horde? Give at least three statements.

The Mongols “did not fight” Novgorod because:

- Batu’s army suffered significant losses and was weakened by the resistance of Rus';

- wooded and swampy terrain and spring thaw created great difficulties for the Mongol horsemen

Judgments that the Novgorodians were forced to pay tribute in favor of the Horde, because:

— The Horde sent its “numerals” to Novgorod for a population census and levying tribute to the Novgorodians;

- Prince Al. Nevsky believed that it was not yet possible to challenge the Horde of Rus';

- under the threat of the appearance of Horde troops, the Novgorodians were forced to come to terms with the demands of the Horde and agree to pay tribute.

C6. Name the main stages and key events formation and development of the Old Russian state.

Stages of development of the Old Russian state:

- 9-10 centuries – unification of East Slavic tribes, formation of a single state;

- end of the 10th-11th centuries - the heyday of the ancient Russian state (creation of a system of power and military organization)

The end of the 11th - 1st half of the 12th century - the beginning of the collapse of the state, fragmentation, princely strife.

Key events and phenomena:

— prerequisites for the formation of a state (the decomposition of the tribal community, the allocation of tribal nobility, the development of economic and trade relations, the formation of intertribal alliances, the desire to organize resistance to enemies)

- chronicle information about the calling of the Varangians

- Norman theory of the formation of the ancient Russian state

- the activities of the first Rurikovichs, the subjugation of the East Slavic tribes, the unification of Kyiv and Novgorod.

- baptism of Rus' under Vladimir Svyatoslavich, adoption of Christianity

— the reign of Yaroslav the Wise: the formation of the political system, the creation of a code of laws

— the threat of fragmentation, attempts to maintain unity; Vladimir Monomakh.

C6. in the mid-17th century, under the leadership of Patriarch Nikon, reforms were carried out in the Russian Orthodox Church.

What proposals for reforms, different from the position of Patriarch Nikon, were made during that period? Give two sentences. What consequences did Nikon's church reforms have? Give at least three consequences.

Offers other than Nikon's:

- when carrying out the unification of church rituals and liturgical books, rely not on Greek, but on ancient Russian models

Consequences:

- the reform led to the unification of church rituals and liturgical books, contributed to the strengthening of the spiritual and ideological integrity of Russian Orthodoxy

- a long dispute about the supremacy of secular and spiritual power was resolved in favor of secular power, an important step was taken towards the subordination of the church by the state

— an intense struggle between supporters and opponents of Nikon and his reforms led to a split in the Russian Orthodox Church

- the Old Believer movement became one of the forms of social protest in the second half of the 17th - 1st half of the 18th century.

C6. In 1956 First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N.S. Khrushchev spoke at the 20th Party Congress with a report “On the cult of personality and its consequences,” in which he condemned Stalin’s repressions as alien to the socialist system and stated that they did not affect the essence of socialism created in the USSR.

What other opinions exist on this issue? Give at least two opinions. Give at least three facts related to the policy of de-Stalinization during the Thaw.

Opinions can be named:

- the society built in the USSR in the 1930s is not socialist, it is a totalitarian society

— Stalin’s repressions were a direct continuation of politics Communist Party and the Soviet state, which was carried out after the October Revolution of 1917.

- Stalin’s repressions were caused by a fierce class struggle, the resistance of anti-socialist principles, and built in the 1930s. society is a society of real socialism

— adoption of the resolution “On the cult of personality and its consequences” in July 1956;

— the beginning of the rehabilitation of victims of repression;

— rehabilitation of a number of peoples who were deported in the 1930s and 1940s.

- condemnation of the cult of personality of I.V. Stalin at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961)

— publication of literary works containing criticism of Stalinist repressions (“One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by A.I. Solzhenitsyn, “For Distance” by A.T. Tvardovsky, etc.)

— relative liberalization of public life (inconsistent, combined with deviations from the policy of de-Stalinization)

C6. Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

Until the early 1920s. Soviet Russia was in international isolation. The governments of European countries and the United States were in no hurry to give diplomatic recognition to the Bolsheviks. And the Bolsheviks built their policy based on the idea of ​​a world communist revolution. In 1922 Two events occurred that marked the beginning of change.

Name these events. Provide at least three reasons. Allowing our country to emerge from international isolation.

1.Events can be named:

– participation of Soviet Russia in the Genoa Conference;

- signing of an agreement with Germany in Rapallo.

1. The following reasons may be given:

To interest foreign countries in developing economic relations with Russia;

- end of the Civil War;

— our country’s transition to the NEP, which was perceived by many as evidence of serious changes in the country’s domestic policy;

- to interest foreign political and business circles in solving the problem of the tsarist debts and compensating for losses incurred as a result of nationalization.

C6. Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

In 1855, when Alexander 2 ascended the throne, the feudal economic system was in a state of crisis.

What demands on the agrarian question were put forward by representatives of social thought and different classes? How in the provisions of the Peasant Reform of 1861. reflected the desire of Alexander 2 to reconcile the interests of different classes?

Requirements of social thought, different classes:

A) demands of representatives of the “protective” direction (M.P. Pogodin): abolish serfdom;

B) representatives of the liberal opposition (K.D. Kavelin, B.N. Chicherin) advocated:

- abolition of serfdom;

- peasants receiving land for ransom;

- preservation of landownership;

C) representatives of the radical opposition (N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov) demanded:

- abolish serfdom;

- transfer the land to the peasants free of charge;

D) the peasants hoped:

- free yourself from serfdom;

- receive land free of charge;

- increase your land holdings.

Alexander 2 tried to reconcile the interests of different classes by:

- peasants received personal freedom;

- the peasants received land. But for ransom;
- the temporary obligation of peasants was introduced (the free labor of temporarily obliged peasants was beneficial to the landowners);

- part of the peasant lands (sections) passed to the landowners;

— the labor system, largely caused by the peasants’ lack of land, provided the landowners’ farms with labor.

What suggestions about further actions governments arrived in the spring of 1881. Emperor Alexander 3? Give two sentences. Name the course chosen by the emperor and give three measures that implemented it.

Proposals received by Alexander 3:

- continuation of the reforms of the previous reign, the creation of a legislative body for the development of bills with the involvement of elected representatives from zemstvos (Loris-Melikov project);

— strengthening of autocratic power, the inviolability of the autocratic principle of government, rejection of the “extremes” of the reforms of the 1860s and 1870s. tightening of police measures to combat the revolutionary movement (position of K.P. Pobedonostsev)

It is said about Alexander’s choice of 3rd course to strengthen the autocracy and the measures are named:

- promulgation of the Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy

Restoring the omnipotence of censorship. Persecution of the democratic press

— restriction of university autonomy

- introduction of the institution of zemstvo chiefs to control the bodies of peasant self-government

- rejection of the principle of all-class in activities in the activities of zemstvos and city dumas

— limiting the powers of zemstvos, strengthening control over them by governors

— limitation of the principles of transparency in legal proceedings and the irremovability of judges.

C6. Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

In the 15th century The Russian boyars held tightly to the right of localism. And the boyars said: “It’s death for them to be without places.” However, in the early 80s. 17th century Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich abolished localism.

What was the reason for this measure? What was the significance of the abolition of localism?

The following reasons can be given for the abolition of localism in the 80s. 17th century

The urgent need for reforms in Russia required a change in the principle of appointment to senior government positions;

- parochial orders had a negative impact on the state and military service, the system of distribution of ranks and positions in the Russian state;

— localism constrained the tsar’s right to choose officials;

Localism introduced rivalry, envy, and disputes among the boyars.

Provisions on the significance of the abolition of localism:

— the main source of career advancement was personal qualities, professional skills, and zealous service to the sovereign;

- a blow was dealt to the claims of the feudal nobility to power;

- representatives of the nobility gradually became the support of absolutism and won the struggle for dominance in the ruling elite of Russia.

C6. Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

Started in the late 1940s. The Cold War period was characterized by confrontation between the USSR and the USA, an increasing arms race, leading to the danger of a nuclear war.

What were the changes in the international relations in the 1970s? Why did they become possible?

Changes in international relations:

- a period of some normalization of relations between the USSR and Western countries began, called détente;

— important agreements were concluded between the USSR and the USA (on the limitation of missile defense systems in 1972, the limitation of strategic weapons in 1979);

— there was an improvement in relations between the USSR and France and Germany;

- The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was signed in Helsinki.

Reasons for the transition to discharge:

Accumulation by blocs opposing each other of approximately equal amounts of nuclear weapons (military-strategic parity of the USSR and the USA);

— awareness by the world community of the pointlessness of building up nuclear weapons;

— the USSR’s calculation of strengthening the socialist camp and the revolutionary movement in the world during the process of detente;

— US calculation to weaken the military-industrial complex and the defense capability of the USSR.

C6. In 1988 General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev announced the deepening of political reforms and the need to democratize Soviet society while maintaining the socialist choice. What other opinions were expressed on this issue at that time? Give two opinions. Give at least three facts related to political reforms.

Opinions can be named:

— it is necessary to abandon political reforms, limit publicity, curtail democratization processes, since they threaten the gains of socialism;

— it is necessary to act more decisively, to carry out consistent democratic reforms, to allow a real multi-party system, to hold free alternative elections, to eliminate censorship, to recognize ideological diversity, including the right to the existence of ideologies opposed to the communist one.

The following facts can be mentioned:

- held in 1989 elections of people's deputies on an alternative basis;

— heated discussions at the 1st Congress of People's Deputies

- creation of the first political parties that opposed the omnipotence of the CPSU

— abolition of the sixth article of the USSR Constitution on the CPSU as the guiding and guiding force of Soviet society;

— activities of the Interregional Group of People's Deputies.

C6. At the beginning of the 19th century, M.M. came up with a reform program. Speransky. He proposed implementing the principle of separation of powers, creating a State Duma and State Council, and carrying out other reforms.

What other ideas on the issue of the country's development prospects were expressed during the reign of Alexander 1? Name two shows. Was Speransky's program implemented? Why? Give at least three reasons.

Views can be named:

— Russia does not need transformations, it needs “not a constitution, but fifty efficient governors” and unlimited autocracy (N.M. Karamzin)

- radical changes are necessary - the adoption of the Constitution and the establishment of the constitutional system, the limitation or elimination of autocracy, the abolition of serfdom (Decembrists).

Project M.M. Speransky was not fully implemented, and the reasons can be given:

— M.M.’s plans Speransky caused sharp discontent among court society

- he did not find support among the capital’s bureaucracy, which was afraid of the new system of passing civil service

— the failure of the reforms was also influenced by the personal qualities of Alexander 1, who retreated under the pressure of conservative sentiments

— an important reason is the contradiction between the need for reforms and the real danger of a social explosion caused by reforms.

C6. Consider the historical situation and answer the questions.

What goals did Alexander 1 set when deciding to go on a campaign? What were the goals of the Russian soldiers who took part in the campaign? What were the consequences of the foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-1814? For international situation Russia?

Goals:

Alexandra 1:

— weaken France’s position in Europe;

— create a system of international treaties for the purpose of coordinated actions in resolving controversial issues

- restore legitimate monarchies in France and Spain.

Russian soldiers, participants in the campaign:

- liberate the peoples of Europe from Napoleon's rule;

- defeat Napoleon's army to prevent the possibility of new wars.

Consequences of the Foreign Campaigns of 1813-1814. for Russia's international position:

— Russia made a decisive contribution to the military defeat of Napoleonic France;

— Russia, among the victorious countries of Napoleon, determined the fate of the peoples of Europe after the Napoleonic wars;

- The Kingdom of Poland became part of the Russian Empire;

— Russia took part in the creation and activities of the Holy Alliance;

— Russia’s position in the international arena has strengthened

Dmitry Donskoy (reigned 1359-1389; years of life beginning of the 3rd quarterXIVcentury - 4th quarterXIVcentury) - Moscow prince

Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (1772-1839 - years of life, 3rd quarter of the 18th century - second quarter of the 19th; from Paul 1 to Nicholas 1 - activity) - great Russian reformer

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (1894-1971 - years of life, 1953 -1964 - reign) - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, outstanding political figure, leader of the Soviet state. The period of his leadership is called the “thaw”

Ambiguity in assessments of N.S.’s performance results. Khrushchev:

Pros: the policy of de-Stalinization, social reforms that contribute to the growth of the living standards of the population.

Disadvantages: currency decisions (especially in the economy), the Cuban missile crisis, which brought the world to the brink of a third world war.

Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054 – years of reign, years of life – 4th quarterXcenturies – 2nd halfXIcentury) - Grand Duke of Kyiv

Svyatoslav Igorevich (957-972 - years of reign, 942-972 - years of life) - Kiev prince, son of Igor and Olga

Nicholas II (1868-1918 - years of life, 1894 - 1917 - years of reign) - the last Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty

Alexander Nevsky (1220-1263 - years of life, 1236 - 1263 - reign)- Prince of Novgorod (1228-1229), Grand Duke of Kiev (1249 - 1263), Grand Duke of Vladimir (1249 - 1263)

Kutuzov, Golenishchev-Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (1745 - 1813 - years of life; 2nd quarter of the 18th century - first quarter XIXcentury)- Russian commander, field marshal general (August 31, 1812).

Suvorov Alexander Vasilyevich (1730-1800 - years of life; 2nd quarter of the 18th century - 4th quarter of the 18th century) - Russian commander and military theorist, generalissimo. Count of Rymniksky, Prince of Italy.

Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich (1906 - 1982 - years of life; 1964 - 1982 - years of leadership) - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (since 1964), Hero of the USSR, the period of his leadership is called “stagnation”.

Ivan (I) Daniilovich Kalita (1325-1340 - reign; last quarter of the 13th century - 2nd quarter of the 14th century) - Prince of Moscow (from 1325), Grand Duke of Vladimir, Prince of Novgorod (1328 - 1337)

Oleg (879-912 - reign; 3rd quarterIXcentury – 912 – years of life)

AlexanderII(1818 – 1881 – years of life; 1855 – 1881 – years of reign) – the great Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty, for the abolition of serfdom he went down in history under the nickname “Liberator”

AlexanderIII(life 1845-1894, reign 1881-1894))

M.S. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991 - years of leadership) - an outstanding political figure, ideologist, first and last president USSR, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. The period of his reign is called “perestroika”

V.V. Putin (born in 1958) – President of the Russian Federation (2000-2008; 2012 – present)

Igor (912 -945 - reign)

Olga (945 - 969 - years of reign) - princess, ruled in Rus' during the childhood of her son Svyatoslav and during his military campaigns

VladimirI Saint (980 - 1015 - years of reign) - a prince who during his reign received the nickname "Red Sun"

Peter I the Great (1682-1725 - years of reign; 1672 - 1725 - years of life) - the great Russian emperor of the endXVII– startedXVIIIcenturies

Ivan the Terrible (reigned 1547-1584) - Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus'

Elizaveta Petrovna(1741-1761) – empress of the era palace coups

Sergei Yulievich Witte (1849-1915) –Russian statesman,Minister of Railways, Minister of Finance,Chairman of the Committee of Ministers, Chairman of the Council of Ministers