06.03.2020
Southern Society 1821 1822. Decembrists. New secret societies
Decembrists- participants in the Russian opposition movement, members of various secret societies of the second half of the 1810s - the first half of the 1820s, who organized the anti-government uprising on December 14, 1825 and were named after the month of the uprising.
Starting from the second half of the 1810s, some representatives of the Russian intelligentsia, the military and the nobles considered autocracy and serfdom to be destructive for the further development of the country. Among them there was a system of views, the implementation of which was supposed to change the foundations of Russian life. The following contributed to the formation of the ideology of the future Decembrists:
acquaintance of many officers who participated in the foreign campaign of the Russian army to defeat Napoleon, with the political and social life in the states Western Europe;
· the influence of the works of Western writers of the Enlightenment: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, F. R. Weiss;
disagreement with the policy of the government of Emperor Alexander I.
The ideology of the Decembrists was not unified, but was mainly directed against autocracy and serfdom. At the same time, the December movement was closely connected with the Polish secret societies, with which, since 1824, it had an agreement on a joint uprising.
Southern society (1821-1825)
On the basis of the "Union of Welfare" in 1821, 2 large revolutionary organizations arose at once: the Southern Society in Kyiv and the Northern Society in St. Petersburg. The more revolutionary and resolute Southern Society was headed by P. I. Pestel, the Northern Society, whose attitudes were considered more moderate, was Nikita Muravyov.
In March 1821, on the initiative of P.I. Pestel, the Tulchinsk Council "Union of Welfare" restored a secret society called the "Southern Society". The structure of society repeated the structure of the Union of Salvation. Only officers were involved in the society, and strict discipline was observed in it. It was supposed to establish a republican system through regicide and a "military revolution", that is, a military coup. political program Pestel's Russkaya Pravda, adopted at a congress in Kyiv in 1823, became the southern society.
Southern society recognized the army as the mainstay of the movement, considering it the decisive force in the revolutionary upheaval. Members of the society intended to take power in the capital, forcing the emperor to abdicate. The new tactics of the Society required organizational changes: only the military, connected mainly with the regular units of the army, were accepted into it; discipline within the Society became tougher; all members were required to submit unconditionally to the leading center - the Directory.
The society was headed by the Root Duma (chairman P. I. Pestel, guardian A. P. Yushnevsky). By 1823, the society included three councils - Tulchinskaya (under the leadership of P. I. Pestel and A. P. Yushnevsky), Vasilkovskaya (under the leadership of S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin) and Kamenskaya (under by V. L. Davydov and S. G. Volkonsky).
In the 2nd Army, regardless of the activities of the Vasilkovskaya Council, another society arose - the Slavic Union, better known as the Society of United Slavs. It arose in 1823 among army officers and consisted of 52 members, advocated a democratic federation of all Slavic peoples. Having finally taken shape at the beginning of 1825, in the summer of 1825 it joined the Southern Society as the Slavic Council (mainly through the efforts of M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin). Among the members of this society there were many enterprising people and opponents of the rule of not rushing. Sergei Muravyov-Apostol called them "chain mad dogs."
It remained before the start of decisive action to enter into relations with the Polish secret societies. Pestel personally conducted negotiations with the representative of the Polish Patriotic Society (otherwise the Patriotic Union), Prince Yablonovsky. The purpose of the negotiations was to recognize the independence of Poland and transfer to it from Russia the provinces of Lithuania, Podolia and Volhynia, as well as the annexation of Little Russia to Poland.
Negotiations were also held with the Northern Society of Decembrists on joint actions. The unification agreement was hampered by the radicalism and dictatorial ambitions of the leader of the "southerners" Pestel, who were feared by the "northerners".
While the Southern Society was preparing for decisive action in 1826, its plans were revealed to the government. Even before the departure of Emperor Alexander I to Taganrog, in the summer of 1825, Count Arakcheev received information about the conspiracy sent by Sherwood, non-commissioned officer of the 3rd Bug Lancers Regiment (to whom Emperor Nicholas later gave the surname Sherwood-Verny). He was summoned to Gruzino and personally reported to Alexander I all the details of the conspiracy. After listening to him, the sovereign said to Arakcheev: "Let him go to the place and give him all the means to discover the intruders." On November 25, 1825, A.I. Maiboroda, the captain of the Vyatka Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Pestel, reported in a letter revealing information about secret societies. A. K. Boshnyak, who served as an official under the head of the Southern military settlements, Count I. O. Vipa, also participated in exposing the plans of the society.
Even earlier, in 1822, a member of the Union of Welfare, officer V.F. Raevsky, was arrested in Chisinau.
Northern society (1822-1825)
The Northern Society was formed in St. Petersburg in 1822 from two Decembrist groups headed by N. M. Muravyov and N. I. Turgenev. It was made up of several boards in St. Petersburg (in guards regiments) and one in Moscow. The governing body was the Supreme Duma of three people (originally N. M. Muravyov, N. I. Turgenev and E. P. Obolensky, later - S. P. Trubetskoy, K. F. Ryleev and A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky) .
The program document of the "northerners" was the Constitution of N. M. Muravyov. The northern society was more moderate in its goals than the southern one, but the influential radical wing (K. F. Ryleev, A. A. Bestuzhev, E. P. Obolensky, I. I. Pushchin) shared the provisions of P. I. Pestel’s Russkaya Pravda.
Local historian of Yakutia N.S. Shchukin in his essay “Alexander Bestuzhev in Yakutsk” cites the latter’s statement: “... the goal of our conspiracy was to change the government, some wanted a republic in the image of the United States; other constitutional king, as in England; others desired, without knowing what, but propagandized other people's thoughts. We called these people hands, soldiers, and accepted them into society only for the number. The head of the St. Petersburg conspiracy was Ryleev.
Academician N.M. Druzhinin in the book “Decembrist Nikita Muravyov” points to the disagreements existing in the Northern Society between N. Muravyov and K. Ryleev and speaks of the emergence in the Northern Society of a militant current grouped around Ryleyev. About the political views of the participants in this trend, N. M. Druzhinin writes that it “stands on different socio-political positions than Nikita Muravyov. First of all, they are staunch Republicans.”
Academician M.V. Nechkina speaks of the presence of the “Ryleev group” and draws the following conclusion: “The Ryleev-Bestuzhev-Obolensky group bore the 14 December uprising: it was that collective of people, without whose activity performances on Senate Square it just wouldn't happen…”
In 1823-1825. K. Ryleev and A. Bestuzhev published three issues of the literary almanac "Polar Star", which contained some revolutionary appeals and ideas (for example, in Ryleev's "Confession of Nalivaika"), which caused problems with censorship. The almanac published short works by A. Pushkin, E. Baratynsky, F. Glinka, I. Krylov, A. Griboedov, A. Khomyakov, P. Pletnev, Senkovsky, V. Zhukovsky and others. Many of the authors were somehow connected with the Decembrists. The question of the role in the activities of the Northern SocietyA. S. Griboyedov and A. S. Pushkin, who closely communicated with its leaders and enjoyed great prestige among freethinkers, still causes discussion in scientific circles.
Uprising on the Senate Square.
Among these disturbing circumstances, the threads of a conspiracy began to emerge more and more clearly, covering, like a net, almost the entire Russian empire. Adjutant General Baron Dibich, as chief of the General Staff, took upon himself the execution of the necessary orders; he sent Adjutant General Chernyshev to Tulchin to arrest the main figures of the Southern Society. Meanwhile, in Petersburg, the members of the Northern Society decided to take advantage of the interregnum to achieve their goal of establishing a republic with the help of a military mutiny.
The abdication of the throne by Tsarevich Konstantin and the new oath during the accession to the throne of Emperor Nicholas were recognized by the conspirators as an opportunity for an open uprising. To avoid disagreement, which constantly slowed down the actions of society, Ryleev, Prince Obolensky, Alexander Bestuzhev and others appointed Prince Trubetskoy as a dictator. Trubetskoy's plan, drawn up by him together with Batenkov, was to inspire the guards with doubts about the abdication of the Tsarevich and lead the first regiment that refused the oath to another regiment, gradually dragging the troops along with it, and then, having gathered them together, announce to the soldiers that there were the testament of the deceased emperor - to reduce the term of service of the lower ranks and that it is necessary to demand that this testament be executed, but not to rely on mere words, but to establish yourself firmly and not disperse. Thus, the rebels were convinced that if the soldiers were honestly told about the goals of the uprising, then no one would support them. Trubetskoy was sure that regiments would not go on regiments, that civil strife could not flare up in Russia, and that the sovereign himself would not want bloodshed and would agree to renounce autocratic power.
The day came December 14 (26), 1825; an uprising began, which was suppressed on the same day (shot with buckshot). According to official S. N. Korsakov, 1,271 people died that day.
Uprising of the Chernihiv Regiment
In the south, things also did not go without an armed uprising. Six companies of the Chernigov regiment released the arrested Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, who spoke with them in Belaya Tserkov; but on January 3, 1826, they were overtaken by a detachment of hussars with horse artillery. Muravyov ordered to go to them without a shot, hoping for the transition of government troops to the side of the rebels, but this did not happen. Artillery fired a volley of grapeshot, confusion arose in the ranks of the Chernigov regiment, and the soldiers laid down their arms. The wounded Muravyov was arrested.
Southern Society of Decembrists, largest organization Decembrists in Ukraine. Created in March 1821 on the basis of the Tulchinsk Council "Prosperity Union". It was headed by the "Directory" consisting of P.I. Pestel, A.P. Yushnevsky and N. M. Muravyov. In accordance with the "statutory rules" (1821), the members of the society were divided into 3 categories, differing in the degree of awareness in the affairs of Yu. e. At the congress of the leaders of the ob-va in Kiev (1823), the division of the ob-va into councils was formalized: Tulchinskaya (headed by Pestel), Kamenskaya (headed by S.G. Volkonsky and V.L. Davydov) and Vasilkovskaya (headed by S.I. Muravyov-Apostol and M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin), and adopted a program document, called. later "Russian Truth" . Southerners were supporters of the republic in the form of a single centralization. state-va, the elimination of serfdom and gratuitous alienation means part of the landowners' land in favor of the peasants, the abolition of class orders, the introduction of civil. freedom and choice. rights for men. Ch. purpose Yu. about. d. - the creation of a strong conspiratorial org-tion, by the way of the military. revolution in the South and in St. Petersburg should overthrow the autocracy, exterminate the royal family and transfer power to the "Times, the supreme government" from the "directors" of the society, a swarm as an organ of the revolution. dictatorship will introduce a new state over the course of a number of years. device. In 1823-24, a branch of the Yu. d., which united cavalry guard officers in Ch. with F.F. Vadkovsky. Through M.I. Muravyov-Apostol Yu. o. d. kept in touch with Northern Society of Decembrists. In the spring of 1824, a meeting of the leaders of the North was held in St. Petersburg. about-va with Pestel, in the course of which a compromise was reached: sowing. the Decembrists were inclined to recognize the rep. principle, and Pestel was ready to accept the idea of Establish, meetings instead of the dictatorship of the "Time, the supreme government." It was decided no later than 1826 to convene a united congress. In 1823-25 Yu. D. negotiated with representatives of the Polish. Patriot Society about joint performance. In Sept. 1825 in Yu. about. d. entered on the rights of the Slavic council Society of United Slavs. In the summer of 1825, a decision was made (agreed with the Northern Society) on a speech in May 1826. Rumors about the disclosure of a secret organization by the government, the death of imp. Alexander I and the situation of the interregnum forced the postponement of the performance, which was supposed to begin with the capture of the headquarters of the 2nd Army, to January 1. 1826. After the arrest on December 13. Pestel and Yushnevsky, the defeat of the uprising on December 14. 1825 in St. Petersburg and suppression Chernihiv Regiment of the uprising Yu. o. D. has ceased to exist.
A. G. Tartakovsky.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia is used.
Literature:
Decembrist revolt. Materials, vol. 4, 7, 9 -13, - M.-L., 1927-75;
Nechkina M.V., Movement of the Decembrists, vol. 1 - 2, M., 1955;
Essays on the history of the Decembrist movement. Sat. Art., M., 1954;
Gunpowder I. V., On the so-called "crisis" of the Southern Society of the Decembrists, "Uch. Zap. Saratov State University", 1956, v. 47, c. historical;
Olshansky P. N., Decembrists and the Polish national liberation movement, M., 1959;
Chentsov N. M., Decembrist uprising. Bibliography, M.-L., 1929;
Decembrist movement. Index of Literature, 1928-1959, comp. R. G. Eymontova, M., 1959.
Read further:
Welfare Union- a secret revolutionary organization of the Decembrists.
Decembrists(biographical guide).
members of the Russian opposition noble movement in the second half of the 1810s and the first half of the 1820s, who organized an anti-government uprising in December 1825 (hence their name).Origins and early stage of the Decembrist movement. "Union of Salvation" (1816-1817) and "Union of Prosperity" (1818-1821). Distribution in noble circles liberal ideas after Patriotic War 1812 and the Foreign Campaign of 18131814 led to the emergence in 18141815 of several "club" societies, where actual problems Russian reality (officer artel in the Semenovsky regiment, the “Holy Artel” of the officers of the General Staff led by A.N. Muravyov, the Kamenetz-Podolsky circle of V.F. Raevsky, the “Society of Russian Knights” M.F. Orlov and M. Dmitriev- Mamonov). In February 1816, six young guards officers (A.N. and N.M. Muravyov, I.D. Yakushkin, M.I. and S.I. Muravyov-Apostles, S.P. Trubetskoy) organized the first secret Decembrist society "Union of Salvation" (since 1817 "Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland"). In 1817, the charter of the society ("Statute") was developed, which proclaimed its main goal to assist the government in carrying out reforms and eradicate social vices. serfdom, inertia and ignorance of the people, unfair trial, widespread extortion and embezzlement, cruel treatment of soldiers, disrespect for human dignity and non-observance of individual rights, the dominance of foreigners. The secret goal was the introduction of representative government in Russia. At the head of the "Union of Salvation" was the Supreme Council of the "boyars" (founders); the rest of the participants were divided into "husbands" and "brothers", who were planned to be grouped into "districts" and "districts", but this was prevented by the small size of the society, which numbered no more than thirty members.In the autumn of 1817, serious disagreements arose in the "Union" caused by the proposal of I.D. Yakushkin to carry out regicide during the stay of the imperial court in Moscow ("Moscow conspiracy"). The majority rejected this idea and decided to dissolve the society, creating on its basis more mass organization able to win the support of public opinion.
The Union of Welfare formed in January 1818 became such an organization. Formally secret, it was essentially semi-legal. There were about two hundred people in its ranks (only men over 18). It was headed by the Root Council (30 founders) and the Duma (6 people), to which the “business councils” and the “side councils” that spun off from them were subordinate. Such councils existed in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tulchin, Poltava, Tambov, Nizhny Novgorod, Chisinau (up to 15 in total). The proclaimed purpose of the "Union of Welfare" was the moral (Christian) education and enlightenment of the people, assistance to the government in its good undertakings and mitigation of the fate of the serfs. Soyuz deployed vigorous activity for the dissemination of liberal and humanistic ideas, in particular through a network of literary and educational societies ("Green Lamp", "Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature", "Free Society for the Establishment of Schools on the Method of Mutual Education", etc.). The secret goal, known only to members of the Root Council, was to establish constitutional government and eliminate serfdom.
If initially in the "Union" there were strong hopes for the introduction of representative government from above, then with the strengthening of reactionary tendencies in the internal and foreign policy Alexandra
I dissatisfaction with the regime grew, and political sentiment among members of the "Union" radicalized. At the St. Petersburg meeting in January 1820, which discussed the question of the future form of government, all its participants spoke in favor of establishing a republic; at the same time, the idea of regicide, proposed by N.M. Muravyov, and the idea of P.I. Pestel about a provisional government with dictatorial powers were rejected. News of the revolutions of 1820 in Spain, Naples, and Portugal and the suppression of the uprising of the Semyonovsky regiment (October 1820) aggravated disagreements in the Union, to resolve which the Moscow Congress was convened in January 1821. It was decided to temporarily dissolve the society in order to weed out both its unreliable and too radical members, and then recreate it in a narrower composition.Southern society (18211825). In March 1821, on the initiative of P.I. Pestel, the Tulchinsk Council rejected the decisions of the Moscow Congress and restored the "Union" under the name "Southern Society"; the idea of establishing a republican system through regicide and a military coup ("military revolution") was approved. Its members were recruited exclusively from officers; the structure of society repeated the structure of the "Union of Salvation"; it was subject to strict discipline. Annual congresses of the Southern Society were convened. It was headed by the Root Duma (P.I. Pestel (chairman), A.P. Yushnevsky (guardian) and N.M. Muravyov). By 1823, the society included three councils Tulchinskaya (headed by P.I. Pestel and A.P. Yushnevsky), Vasilkovskaya (headed by S.I. Muravyov-Apostol and M.P. V.L.Davydov and S.G.Volkonsky). In the summer of 1825, the Society of United Slavs joined it as a Slavic Council (it arose in 1823 among army officers; it had 52 members; it advocated a democratic federation of all Slavic peoples).The program document of the “southerners” was P. I. Pestel’s Russkaya Pravda, approved at the Kiev Congress of 1823. It combined democracy with unitarism, which completely excluded the principle of self-government. Russia was to become a single and indivisible state with common for all its parts political system and laws; all the ethnic groups inhabiting it merged into one people. After the seizure of power, it was supposed to establish a republican system and representative government based on universal equal suffrage for men from the age of twenty: the inhabitants of each volost (original territorial unit) were given the right to annually elect deputies to the volost, district and regional (gubernia) assemblies; the latter elected the deputies of the People's Council, the supreme unicameral legislature; executive power was to be exercised by elected district and chief regional posadniks, and at the national level by the State Duma. It was envisaged to establish an institution of constitutional control - the Supreme Council of one hundred and twenty members elected for life. The complete liberation of the peasants from the land was proclaimed; all land in the state was supposed to be divided into private and public; each citizen was assigned the right to receive an allotment from the public fund free of charge; a land maximum of five thousand acres was established; the surplus was subject to confiscation or ransom. The privileges of the nobility and other classes were destroyed; equality of citizens before the law. Freedom of personality, religion, press, trade and entrepreneurial activity; jury trial was introduced. But it was planned to implement this project only after a long (ten- or fifteen-year) period of the dictatorship of the provisional revolutionary government.
There were divisions within the Southern Society about the course of action. If the majority of its members, together with P.I. Pestel, believed that an uprising in the south made sense only if the conspirators succeeded in St. Petersburg, then the leadership of the Vasilkovskaya uprava considered it possible for the Second (southern) army to act independently. There was no unity on the issue of regicide: if M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin considered it as a prerequisite for such a speech, then S.I. Muravyov-Apostol condemned such tactics and relied on an open military uprising.
The "southerners" managed to establish contacts with a secret organization of Polish officers, the Patriotic Society, despite disagreements over the future borders of the Polish state. They also negotiated with the Northern Decembrist Society ( cm. below), agreeing with him at the end of 1824 a plan of joint action: the “military revolution” will be started by the “northerners” in St. Petersburg, and the “southerners” will support it with an uprising in the Second Army. However, all attempts by P.I. Pestel to achieve the unification of the two societies, even at the cost of programmatic concessions (renunciation of republican demands), ran into resistance from the “northerners”, who strongly objected to the project of a provisional government with unlimited powers and feared the dictatorial ambitions of the leader of the “southerners”.
Northern society (18221825). The northern society was formed in St. Petersburg in 1822 from two Decembrist groups, one headed by N.M. Muravyov, the other by N.I. Turgenev. All its members were divided into "convinced" (full rights) and "consonant" (incomplete). The governing body was the Supreme Duma of three people (originally N.M. Muravyov, N.I. Turgenev and E.P. Obolensky; later it included S.P. Trubetskoy, K.F. Ryleev and A.A. Bestuzhev). The society included several councils in St. Petersburg (in a number of guards regiments) and one in Moscow. In terms of its political goals, it was more moderate than the Southern one, although it included an influential radical wing that shared the provisions of P.I. Pestel’s Russkaya Pravda (K.F. Ryleev, A.A. Bestuzhev, E.P. , I.I. Pushchin).The program document of the "northerners" was considered the "Constitution" of N.M. Muravyov. Its main thesis was the establishment in Russia of a constitutional monarchy based on the principle of separation of powers: the emperor’s rights were significantly limited (he could not legislate, declare war, make peace, and even leave the country), he remained the supreme commander and head executive power which he shared with the government; legislative power belonged to the bicameral People's Council; the upper house (Supreme Duma) also had the highest judicial and control functions and authorized the appointment of ministers, supreme judges and ambassadors. To participate in elections to the People's Council, property (property in the amount of 500 rubles), age (21 years), gender (only men), educational qualifications and residence qualifications were established; communal peasants were not granted direct suffrage (one elector from 500 people), with the exception of the election of the volost foreman. It was planned to abolish serfdom, but without transferring the landlords' land to the peasants (according to the second version of the "Constitution", they were allocated two acres of arable land per yard). It provided for the abolition of estates, the Table of Ranks, workshops and guilds, the elimination of military settlements, the introduction of civil liberties (press, speech, movement, religion) and a public jury trial. It was supposed to establish a federal state structure on the model of the USA: Russia was divided into fifteen autonomous powers-regions, each of which also had to have a bicameral legislature; the powers, in turn, were divided into counties, headed by thousands; and thousands, and all other local officials and judges were elected.
As for the methods of seizing power, the "northerners", like the "southerners", counted exclusively on the "military revolution". Immediately after it, it was planned to create a provisional government, but only for a short time to prepare for the convocation of a constituent assembly of the Zemstvo Duma from representatives of all estates.
Uprising 14 (26) December 1825. By 1825, the authorities became aware of the activities of the Decembrists thanks to the denunciations of non-commissioned officer I.V. Sherwood and captain A.I. Maiboroda, a member of the Southern Society. However, they did not have time to take any measures against the conspirators due to the complicated internal political situation. November 19 (December 1), 1825 Alexander died in Taganrog I . The legitimate heir to the throne was his brother Konstantin Pavlovich, but he formally renounced his rights back in 1823. Only a narrow circle of people knew about this, and therefore on November 27 (December 9) the guards and civilian population Petersburg swore allegiance to Konstantin. However, Konstantin did not accept the crown, which was now supposed to pass to his brother Nikolai Pavlovich, who was unpopular with the troops. On December 14 (26), the oath to the new emperor was appointed.The northern society decided to take advantage of the interregnum situation in order to provoke a rebellion in the guards and achieve the granting of a constitution. On December 13 (25), at a meeting with K.F. Ryleev, an action plan was developed: the conspirators intended to draw the troops along, bring them to Senate Square, surround the Senate building, and force the senators to renounce the oath to Nicholas
I and on their behalf, address the people with a Manifesto on the "destruction of the former government" and the creation of a provisional government; at the same time it was planned to seize Winter Palace and arrest royal family(A.I. Yakubovich), as well as the lesson Peter and Paul Fortress(A.M. Bulatov). S.P. Trubetskoy was elected the leader of the uprising; P.G.Kakhovsky was instructed to kill the emperor. But at the last moment P.G.Kakhovsky and A.I.Yakubovich refused to carry out their part of the plan.Nikolai Pavlovich and the capital's Governor-General M.A. Miloradovich knew about the impending uprising, but made no effort to prevent it.
On the morning of December 14 (26), the Decembrists went to the guards barracks. Brothers A.A. and M.A. Bestuzhev and D.A. Shchepin-Rostovsky managed to raise the Moscow Life Guards Regiment and bring it to Senate Square by 11 o'clock. Then it turned out that the senators had already sworn allegiance to Nicholas
I and parted. At about 1 pm, the Marine Guards crew led by N.A. Bestuzhev and A.P. Arbuzov joined the rebels, then several companies of the Life Guards Grenadier Regiment under the command of N.A. Panov and A.N. Sutgof. In total, about 3 thousand people gathered in front of the Senate, but they found themselves without a leader S.P. Trubetskoy did not appear on the square; E.P. Obolensky was elected instead of him. However, the Decembrists were no longer able to take the initiative into their own hands.Attempts by M.A. Miloradovich, Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, Metropolitan Seraphim of St. Petersburg and Metropolitan Eugene of Kyiv to persuade the rebels to disperse were unsuccessful; M.A. Miloradovich was mortally wounded by a shot by P.G. Kakhovsky. Then Nicholas
I pulled units loyal to him to the square (about 9 thousand infantry, about 3 thousand cavalry, 36 guns). The horse guards attacked the rebels twice, but were repulsed. With the approach of twilight, artillery came into action: volleys of grapeshot dispersed the rebels, some of whom rushed along the Neva ice to Vasilyevsky Island. M.A. Bestuzhev unsuccessfully tried to stop them and lead them on the attack. The rebellion was put down. The losses of the rebels amounted to approx. 300 people On the same night, approx. 500 peopleThe uprising of the Chernigov regiment December 29, 1825 (January 10, 1826) January 3 (15), 1826. On the eve of the events at the Senate Square in Tulchin, P.I. Pestel was arrested. The leadership of the Southern Society passed to S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, who shortly before that became a member of the Root Duma. Upon learning of the failure of the uprising in St. Petersburg, he offered to organize an independent action, but this idea was rejected by the majority of the "southerners".On December 27, 1825 (January 8, 1826), brothers S.I. and M.I. Muraviev-Apostles were detained by gendarmes in the village of Trilesy (Kiev province). However, the next day, officers of the Chernigov regiment A.D. Kuzmin, M.A. Shchepillo, I.I. Sukhinov and V.N. Soloviev, members of the Society of United Slavs, released them. Under these conditions, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol decided to start an uprising. December 29, 1825 (January 10, 1826) he managed to rebel the 5th company of the Chernigov regiment stationed in Trilesy. The rebels moved to Vasilkov, where the main forces of the regiment were located; in the village of Kovalevka they were joined by the 5th musketeer and 9th grenadier companies. On the morning of December 30 (January 11), they entered Vasilkov, where the rest of Chernigov joined them. The rebels numbered 970 soldiers and 8 officers.
In Vasilkov, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol published a revolutionary manifesto "Catechism", in which he called for the elimination of the monarchical system. He refused to accept the plan of decisive action proposed by the “Slavs” officers (immediate march on Kiev) and decided to go to Borisov in order to join the pro-Decembrist Aleksopol and Akhtyrsky hussar regiments there, and then capture Zhitomir. On January 1 (13), 1826, Chernigov residents reached the village of Motovilovka, where they learned about the refusal of the Decembrists-Alexopolites to participate in the uprising. Then on January 2 (14) they moved to Belaya Tserkov, hoping for support from the 17th Chasseur Regiment, but the command of the 2nd Army managed to withdraw him from this area. In such a situation, the Chernigovites turned back to Triles, but on January 3 (15), 1826, near Kovalevka, they were attacked and defeated by a detachment of General F.K. Geismar. Died ok. 50 people; 869 soldiers and five officers were arrested, including S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, who was wounded in the head.
Other local performances of the Decembrists. On December 24, 1825 (January 5, 1826), Decembrist officers K.G. They convinced the soldiers not to swear allegiance to Nicholas I , but the command was able to isolate the instigators and bring the battalion into obedience. On February 6 (18), 1826, during a review of the Poltava Infantry Regiment, Captain S.I. Trusov, a member of the Society of United Slavs, called on the soldiers to overthrow the new emperor, but could not drag them along and was immediately arrested.Investigation and trial of the Decembrists. To investigate the activities of secret societies, Nikolai I created a Special Investigation Commission, headed by Minister of War A.I. Tatishchev; Special investigative committee was established in Warsaw. A total of 579 people were under investigation. 289 people were found guilty, of which 121 were committed to the specially formed Supreme Criminal Court, which included members of the State Council, the Senate, Holy Synod and a number of senior civil and military officials. On June 29 (July 10), 1926, the court sentenced five Decembrists to death by quartering, 31 to death by hanging, and the rest to death. different terms hard labor and exile. July 10 (22), 1826 Nicholas I mitigated the sentence, retaining the death penalty by hanging only for the main "instigators" P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, G.P. the execution took place on the night of July 13 (25), 1826 on the crown work of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The punishments for other convicts were also reviewed. All of them, with the exception of A.N. Muravyov, were deprived of their ranks and nobility. Depending on the degree of guilt, they were divided into 11 categories: 107 of them were sent to Siberia (88 to hard labor, 19 to a settlement), 9 were demoted to soldiers ( cm. APPLICATION). Another 40 Decembrists were convicted by other courts. OK. 120 were subjected to extrajudicial repressions (imprisonment in a fortress, demotion, transfer to active army to the Caucasus, transfer under police supervision). The cases of the soldiers who participated in the uprising were examined by Special Commissions: 178 were driven through the ranks, 23 were sentenced to other types of corporal punishment; of the rest (about 4 thousand) formed a consolidated guards regiment and sent to the Caucasian theater of operations.The dispatch of the Decembrists to Siberia began already in July 1826. Until the autumn of 1827, most of them were kept in the Blagodatsky mine near Nerchinsk, then they were transferred to Chita, and in the fall of 1830 they were concentrated at the Petrovsky hard labor factory near Irkutsk. After serving the terms of hard labor, the convicts were settled in different places Siberia. By the early 1840s they were concentrated mainly in major cities(Irkutsk, Tobolsk). Part of the Decembrists was transferred to the Caucasus, where some of their courage earned promotion to officers, like M.I. Pushchin, and some, like A.A. Bestuzhev and V.S. Tolstoy, died in battle.
The general amnesty of the Decembrists followed only after the death of Nicholas
I on the occasion of the coronation of Alexander II in 1856. Only a minority waited for it, including I.D. Yakushkin (d. 1857), D. A. Shchepin-Rostovsky (d. 1858), I. I. Pushchin (d. 1859), S.P. Trubetskoy (d. 1860), A.N. Muravyov (d. 1863), S.G. Volkonsky (d. 1865), E.P. Obolensky (d. 1865), M.A. Bestuzhev (d. 1871) , A.N. Sutgof (d. 1872), M.I. Muravyov-Apostol (d. 1886). Some of them (M.I. Pushchin, P.M. Svistunov, A.N. Muravyov, I.A. Annenkov) accepted Active participation in the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861.Significance of the Decembrist uprising. The performance of the Decembrists was formally the final link in the chain of military coups d'état of the guards, which abounded in the history of Russia in 18V. At the same time, it was significantly different from the previous ones, because its goal was not to change the monarchs on the throne, but to carry out cardinal socio-economic and political transformations. Despite the defeat of the Decembrists, which determined the overall conservative ("protective") character of Nicholas's reign, the uprising of 1825 shook the foundations of the regime and, in the long term, contributed to the radicalization of the opposition movement in Russia.see also PESTEL PAVEL IVANOVICH;
MURAVYEV-APOSTLE, SERGEY IVANOVICH;KAKHOVSKY, PETER GRIGORYEVICH. APPLICATIONDECABRISTS CONVINCED BY THE SUPREME CRIMINAL COURT
Out of ranks(death penalty by quartering, replaced by hanging): P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, G.P. Kakhovsky, K.F. Ryleev.
1st category(death penalty by hanging, replaced by eternal hard labor or 20 years of hard labor): S.P. Trubetskoy, N.M. Muravyov, E.P. Obolensky, N.I. Turgenev (in absentia), D.A. Shchepin-Rostovsky, A.A. Bestuzhev (hard labor was replaced by a settlement in Yakutia), A.P. Arbuzov, N.A. Panov, A.N. Sutgof, V.K. D. Yakushkin, D. I. Zavalishin, V. A. Divov, A. P. Yushnevsky, M. I. Muraviev-Apostol, S. G. Volkonsky, V. L. Davydov, A. P. Baryatinsky, A .V.Poggio, A.Z.Muraviev, I.S.Povalo-Shveikovsky, F.F.Vadkovsky, A.I. and P.I. Borisov, M.M. Spiridov, I.I. Gorbachevsky, V.A. Bechasnov, A.S. Pestov, Ya.M. Andreevich.
2nd category(political death and eternal hard labor, most replaced by 1520 years of hard labor): N.A. and M.A. Bestuzhev, M.S. Lunin, M.F. Mitkov, P.N. Svistunov, I.A. Annenkov, K.P. Thorson, A.A. and N.A. Kryukov, F.B. Wolf, V.S. Norov, V.P. Ivashov, N.V. Basargin, A.I. Tyutchev, P.F. Gromnitsky, I.V. Kireev, A .F.Frolov.
3rd category(eternal hard labor, replaced by 20 years of hard labor): G. S. Batenkov, V. I. Shteingel.
4th category(15 years of hard labor, replaced by 12 years of hard labor): M.A. Fonvizin, P.A. Mukhanov, A.I. Odoevsky, A.P. and P.P. Belyaev, A.N. Muravyov, M.M. Naryshkin, I.V. Poggio, P.I. Falenberg, N.I. Lorer, P.V. Avramov, A.O. Kornilovich, P .S.Bobrishchev-Pushkin, I.F.Shimkov, P.D.Mozgan. I.I. Ivanov.
5th category(10 years of hard labor, replaced by the first two 8 years of hard labor): N.P. Repin, M.K. Kyuchelbeker, M.A. Bodisko, A.E. Rosen, M.N. Glebov.
6th category(6 years of hard labor, replaced by 5 years of hard labor): A.N. Muravyov (hard labor was replaced by a settlement in Siberia), Yu.K. Lyublinsky.
7th rank(4 years of hard labor, replaced by 2 years of hard labor): S.I. Krivtsov, A.F. Bryggen, V.S. Tolstoy, Z.G. Chernyshev, V.K. Tizenhausen, V.N. Likharev, A.V. .Entaltsev, I.B. Avramov, N.A. Zagoretsky, I.Yu. Polivanov, A.I. Cherkasov, N.Ya. erstel.
8th rank(settlement in Siberia): F.P. Shakhovskoy, V.M. Golitsin, B.A. Bodisko, M.A. Nazimov, A.N. Andreev, N.A. Chizhov, V.I. G.Krasnokutsky, N.S.Bobrishchev-Pushkin, N.F.Zaikin, I.F.Foht, A.F.Furman, Ap.V.Vedenyapin, N.O.Mozgalevsky, A.I.Shakhirev.
9th grade(settlement in Siberia, replaced by deprivation of ranks, nobility and entry into soldiers without seniority): P.P. Konovnitsin, N.N. Orzhitsky, N.P. Kozhevnikov.
10th rank(deprivation of ranks and entry into soldiers with seniority): M.I. Pushchin.
11th category(deprivation of ranks and entry into soldiers with length of service): P.A. Bestuzhev, V.A. Musin-Pushkin, N. Akulov, F.G. Vishnevsky, A.A. Fok, M.D. Lappo, Al. V. Vedenyapin, N. R. Tsebrikov (with deprivation of the nobility and without seniority).
Ivan Krivushin
LITERATURENechkina M.V. Decembrists. M., 1975
Decembrists: Biographical Directory. M., 1988
Gordin Ya.A. The rebellion of the reformers. M., 1989
Dumin S.V., Sorokin V.S. Decembrist revolt. M., 1993
Decembrists and their time. M., 1995
Defenders of freedom. St. Petersburg, 1996
Kiyanskaya O.I. "Military revolution" of the Decembrists: the uprising of the Chernihiv infantry regiment: Abstract. diss. … cand. ist. Sciences. M., 1997
December 14, 1825. Sources, research, historiography, bibliography. Issue. 13. St. Petersburg, 19972000
The Decembrist movement: history, historiography, heritage: Abstracts of the Interuniversity Scientific Conference. 56 December 2000. Ryazan, 2000
Eidelman N.Ya. Amazing generation. Decembrists: Faces and Fates. SPb., 2001
Alekseev S.P. Decembrists. M., 2002
Nevelev G.A. Decembrists and Decembrists. St. Petersburg, 2003
Ilyin P.V. The personal composition of the secret societies of the Decembrists: problems of study // National history. 2004. № 6
Leaders: Pestel, Yushnevsky, S. Muravyov-Apostol, P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Volkonsky.
Members of the Southern Society served in the troops serving in Ukraine. The city became the center of the Southern society Tulchin. dominated in southern society Pestel whose authority was unquestioned.
Pestel developed Russian Truth program.
4. Northern Society 1821 - 1825
Leaders: N. Muravyov, Trubetskoy, Pushchin(friend of Pushkin) , Ryleev(poet), Lunin, Obolensky.
N. Muravyov developed the project Constitution". It was not a Northern Society program. The draft "Constitution" was discussed by members of the society, Muravyov did not have time to complete work on the program of the organization.
Ideas of the Decembrists
|
Program provisions |
northern society |
Southern Society |
|
Form of government |
A constitutional monarchy |
Republic |
|
Separation of powers as a guarantee against the emergence of dictatorial power in the country |
Separation of powers |
|
|
Suffrage |
Voters: age qualification (from 21 years old), gender (male), property (not less than 500 rubles a ser.), education. Deputies: persons with real estate worth 30 thousand rubles could be elected. or 60 thousand rubles. movable property. Representatives of the propertied strata of the population could enter the parliament. This made it possible to attract accomplished educated people to govern the country. |
Qualification of sex and age |
|
Legislature |
People's Council: Bicameral Parliament |
People's Council: unicameral parliament |
|
executive power |
The head of the executive branch is the emperor |
The government is formed by parliament |
|
Estates |
Canceled |
Canceled The creation of a "civilian" class |
|
Serfdom |
canceled |
canceled |
|
Land issue |
Allotment of land to peasants - 2 acres per yard. |
Allotment of land to peasants - 12 des. Preservation of private property, including noble ownership of land. |
|
State form. devices |
Federation of 14 powers. Federalism is the counterweight to a strong central government. A federal structure will better ensure the preservation of the freedoms of citizens |
unitary state |
|
Citizens' rights |
Democratic rights: freedom of speech, religion, inviolability of the person, assembly, equality of all citizens before the law. The right to create public organizations(Pestel did not have this position) |
Civil and political rights were given to men from the age of 20. Democratic rights: freedom of speech, assembly, movement, religion, inviolability of the person, equality of all citizens before the law, etc. |
|
Judicial system |
Creation of a new democratic court: equality of all citizens before the court, liquidation of class courts, publicity, openness of legal proceedings, competitiveness of the judicial process, i.e. participation of a prosecutor and a lawyer, jury trial |
Creation of a new democratic court: equality of all citizens before the court, liquidation of class courts, publicity, openness of legal proceedings, competitiveness of the judicial process, i.e. participation of a prosecutor and a lawyer, jury trial |
|
Cancellation of recruitment and liquidation of military settlements The introduction of universal military service from the age of 15. |
Project Muravyov was over moderate, it is more consistent with Russian reality. The consciousness of the Russian people was monarchical.
Project Pestel was radical.
The transformation programs were based on the ideas of the Enlightenment. The Decembrists tried adapt the ideas of the Enlightenment to Russian conditions.
The secret society of the Decembrists, created in March 1821 in Ukraine on the initiative of P.I. Pestel on the basis of the Union of Welfare. The members of society are mostly officers. The structure of society repeated the structure of the Union of Salvation. The political program was Russkaya Pravda by P.I. Pestel. On its basis, they sought to unite with the "Northern Society". Since 1823, they maintained contact with the Polish Patriotic Society, in 1825 they joined the Society of United Slavs. Members of the society took part in the uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825. It was crushed after the defeat of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. (See the diagram "Secret societies of the Decembrists")
Watch value Southern Society (1821-1825) in other dictionaries
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Joint-Stock Company — -
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