Meeting on Security and Cooperation c. Helsinki process. Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Need help studying a topic?

An agreement between 35 states of Europe and North America, which established the principles of a peaceful and humane international order in Europe. This agreement was the result of highest point"Détente" policy.

Participating countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Vatican, Great Britain, Hungary, East Germany, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, USA, USSR, Turkey, Finland, France, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Sweden, Yugoslavia.

On July 3, 1973, in Helsinki, on the initiative of the superpowers, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe began, which was supposed to resolve all issues that arose during the “ cold war» international problems in Europe. The meeting was attended by representatives of almost all European countries, as well as the USA and Canada.

September 18, 1973 - July 21, 1975 negotiations took place in Geneva with the participation of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, German Democratic Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Holy See, United Kingdom, United States States of America, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Turkey, Finland, France, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Sweden and Yugoslavia.

On August 1, 1975, the heads of these states, meeting in Helsinki, solemnly signed the Final Act of the meeting. This was the moment of triumph of the policy of peace, peaceful and good-neighborly coexistence of countries with different social systems.
The act addressed a wide range of international issues, including trade, industrial cooperation, cooperation in the field of science and technology, security environment, cultural and interpersonal relationships.

The states that signed the Act pledged to "respect each other's sovereign equality and identity" ... "each other's right to freely choose and develop their political, social, economic and cultural systems, as well as the right to establish their own laws and administrative rules.”

An important provision that remains relevant today was that “borders may be changed, in accordance with international law, peacefully and by agreement. They also have the right to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties, including the right to be or not to be a party to union treaties; they also have the right to neutrality”...

The participating States promised to refrain from international relations"from the use or threat of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with this Declaration."

“The participating States regard as inviolable all of each other's borders, as well as the borders of all states in Europe, and will therefore refrain now and in the future from any encroachment on these borders.

They will accordingly also refrain from any demands or actions aimed at the seizure and usurpation of part or all of the territory of any participating State.”

Chapter VII was specifically devoted to respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief.

In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, participating States will act in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.”

There was a contradiction between the principles of non-interference in each other's internal affairs and guarantees of civil rights - after all, in order to guarantee rights, it was necessary to intervene in the affairs of countries that violate them.

In those countries where civil rights were violated, they continued to be trampled upon, and attempts by other states were criticized domestic policy governments violating human rights were declared interference in internal affairs.

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) was created to monitor compliance with the Helsinki Agreement. In some countries of Eastern Europe, including the USSR, public Helsinki groups emerged that exposed violations of human rights agreements on the territory of socialist countries. Members of these groups were persecuted by the authorities, and in the early 80s. most of them were destroyed.

The act became the apogee of “Détente”, after which relations between the USSR and the USA began to gradually deteriorate.

In 1979, due to disputes over deployment in Europe nuclear missiles medium range two blocks, and also due to the input Soviet troops to Afghanistan, Soviet-American relations deteriorated again, “Détente” ended, and the “Cold War” resumed.

Historical sources:

Akhromeev S., Kornienko G. Through the eyes of a marshal and a diplomat. M., 1992;

In the name of security and cooperation. To the results of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Helsinki on July 30 - August 1, 1975. M., 1975;

Dobrynin A. Purely confidential. Ambassador to Washington under six US presidents (1962-1986). M., 1996;

L.I. Brezhnev. 1964-1982. Bulletin of the Presidential Archive. Special edition. M., 2006;

Kissinger G. Diplomacy. M., 1997.

The key event of détente in Europe was the meeting on security and cooperation on the continent, which took place in the capital of Finland, Helsinki, in three stages:

At the first stage, July 3-7, 1973, a meeting of foreign ministers developed an agenda and determined the main directions of work.

At the second (September 18, 1973 - July 21, 1975), experts prepared the main documents of the meeting on security, economic and humanitarian issues.

On August 1, 1975, the leaders of 33 European states, as well as the USA and Canada, signed the Final Act of the meeting. Its core is the Declaration of Principles that will guide the participating States in their mutual relations.

The Declaration includes the following principles:

1. Respect for sovereignty.

2. Non-use of force or threat of force.

3. Inviolability of borders.

4. Territorial integrity of states.

5. Peaceful settlement of disputes.

6. Non-interference in internal affairs.

7. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

8. Equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies.

9. Cooperation between states.

10. Conscientious fulfillment of obligations under international law.

In addition to the Declaration, the following documents were adopted: “Cooperation in the field of economics, technology, environment”, “Cooperation in humanitarian and other fields”, “The issue of security cooperation in the Mediterranean”, “On confidence-building measures and some aspects of security and disarmament” .

The Helsinki Conference was a turning point in the period of détente. Even the return to confrontation in the early 1980s could not overcome the significance of the Helsinki process.

Final Act: Interstate agreements, grouped into several sections:

In the international legal field: consolidating the political and territorial results of the Second World War, setting out the principles of relations between participating states, including the principle of the inviolability of borders; territorial integrity of states; non-interference in the internal affairs of foreign states;

In the military-political field: coordination of confidence-building measures in the military field (pre-notification of military exercises and major troop movements, presence of observers at military exercises); peaceful settlement of disputes;

IN economic field: coordination of the main areas of cooperation in the field of economics, science and technology and environmental protection;

In the humanitarian field: harmonization of obligations on issues of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of movement, contacts, information, culture and education, the right to work, the right to education and health care.

53. End of the Vietnam War. "Nixon's Guam Doctrine". Paris Conference on Vietnam. Basic solutions.

After the signing of the armistice agreement, the South Vietnamese troops numbered more than a million people, the armed forces of North Vietnam stationed on the territory of the South numbered more than two hundred thousand soldiers.

The ceasefire agreements in South Vietnam were not implemented. Both the communists and the South Vietnamese government troops divided the territory under their control during the battles. Northern Vietnam continued to transfer reinforcements to his troops in the south along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which was facilitated by the cessation of American bombing. Economic crisis South Vietnam, as well as the reduction in the volume of American military assistance under pressure from the US Congress in 1974, contributed to the decline in the fighting qualities of the South Vietnamese troops. An increasing number of territories of South Vietnam de facto fell under the rule of North Vietnam. South Vietnamese government troops suffered losses. In December 1974 - January 1975, the North Vietnamese army conducted a test operation to capture Phuoc Long Province to test the US response. Convinced that the United States did not intend to resume its participation in the war, in early March 1975, North Vietnamese troops launched a large-scale offensive. The South Vietnamese army was disorganized and in most areas failed to provide adequate resistance. As a result of the two-month campaign, North Vietnamese troops occupied most of South Vietnam and approached Saigon. On April 30, 1975, the communists raised the banner over the Independence Palace in Saigon - the war was over.

The Guam Doctrine is a doctrine put forward by Richard Nixon on June 25, 1969, during a speech to military personnel on the island of Guam. The essence of the Guam Doctrine was that the United States abandoned its obligation to defend its allies from external aggression with the help of its army, except in cases of aggression from major powers such as China or the USSR. In this case, they were guaranteed protection from nuclear strikes and air and naval support. US allies had to deal with local communist movements or hostile neighbors on their own.

This US step was positively received by the rest of the world. By 1973, the United States completed its withdrawal from Vietnam, and in 1975 the Vietnam War ended in complete victory for the Vietnamese communists.

During the war, 56,555 American military personnel were killed, 303,654 Americans were injured, and after the withdrawal of American troops, US opponents won a complete and unconditional victory in the war. All this had a negative impact on the state of American society - the result of the Vietnam War was seen as a defeat for the United States, and psychological trauma was inflicted on the entire country. However, even during the war, the United States began to look for ways to relieve international tension, and this, together with the new foreign policy doctrine, made détente in international relations possible. As a result, the United States was able to improve relations with China and the USSR and subsequently play on the contradictions between them, which strengthened the US position on the world stage.

The 1973 Paris Agreement on ending the war and restoring peace in Vietnam, signed on January 27 by the foreign ministers of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the United States, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG RYV) and the Saigon administration; text P. s. developed during the Paris negotiations four sides in Vietnam, which began in January 1969. In accordance with Art. 1 P. p. The United States pledged to respect the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Vietnam

Subsequent articles stipulated the immediate cessation of military operations in South Vietnam, as well as all US military operations against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam; complete withdrawal from South Vietnam within 60 days of troops and military personnel of the United States and other foreign states allied to the United States and the Saigon administration.

Signing P. s. was an important victory for the Vietnamese people, the peace-loving forces of the whole world in the fight against imperialist aggression, and a significant contribution to the easing of international tension.

In 1975, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was held in Helsinki. As a result of the meeting, the OSCE (English OSCE, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) was created - the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the largest in the world regional organization dealing with security issues. Currently, the OSCE unites 57 countries located in North America, Europe and Central Asia. The former name was the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE).

The “Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe” was convened on the initiative of the USSR and the socialist states of Europe as a permanent international forum representatives of 33 European countries, as well as the USA and Canada, to develop measures to reduce military confrontation and strengthen security in Europe.

The meeting was held in three stages: July 3-7, 1973 - Helsinki - meeting of foreign ministers, September 18, 1973 - July 21, 1975 - Geneva - making proposals, amendments and agreeing on the text of the Final Act, July 30 - August 1 1975, in the capital of Finland, Helsinki, the heads of 35 states signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (the so-called Helsinki Agreements).

The development of the agreements reached was consolidated at meetings of the participating states. Thus, in 1992, the Helsinki meeting took place on top level. The document “Challenge of the Time of Change” was adopted, which marked the beginning of the transformation of the CSCE from a forum of predominantly political dialogue between participating states into a transregional organization aimed at maintaining military-political stability and developing cooperation “from Vancouver to Vladivostok.” The CSCE received broad powers and opportunities to take practical measures to prevent and resolve local and regional conflicts.

Two years later, in 1994, the Budapest Summit took place. A decision was made to rename the CSCE from January 1, 1995 to OSCE - the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. The political declaration “Towards a genuine partnership in new era”, an agreement to begin developing a model of common and comprehensive security for Europe in the 21st century, military-political agreements (“Code of Conduct Concerning Military-Political Aspects of Security”, “Principles Governing Non-Proliferation”, etc.).

The organization is aimed at preventing the emergence of conflicts in the region, resolving crisis situations, eliminating the consequences of conflicts.

Basic means of ensuring security and solving the main tasks of the organization:

« The first basket", or the political-military dimension:

Arms proliferation control;

Diplomatic efforts to prevent conflicts;

Measures to build trust and security.

“Second basket”, or economic and environmental dimension: economic and environmental safety.

“Third basket”, or human dimension: protection of human rights;

Development of democratic institutions;

Election monitoring.

The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, also known as the Helsinki Final Act, the Helsinki Accords or the Declaration of Helsinki (English: Helsinki Declaration) is a key document related to the activities of the OSCE. Signed by the heads of 35 states in the capital of Finland, Helsinki, July 30 - August 1, 1975.

Interstate agreements grouped into several sections:

In the international legal field: consolidating the political and territorial results of the Second World War, setting out the principles of relations between participating states, including the principle of the inviolability of borders; territorial integrity of states; non-interference in the internal affairs of foreign states;

In the military-political field: coordination of confidence-building measures in the military field (pre-notification of military exercises and major troop movements, presence of observers at military exercises); peaceful settlement of disputes;

In the economic field: coordination of the main areas of cooperation in the field of economics, science and technology and environmental protection;

In the humanitarian field: harmonization of obligations on issues of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of movement, contacts, information, culture and education, the right to work, the right to education and health care.

The text of the Final Act included five sections: security issues, economics and scientific and technical exchange, Mediterranean problems, humanitarian problems, further steps to develop cooperation after the signing of the Final Act. But the literature has established a division of the “Helsinki agreements” not according to sections of the document, but according to the profiles of the agreements themselves.

According to this principle, the provisions of the Final Act are grouped into three blocks (“three baskets”):

1) political agreements;

2) agreements on economic, scientific and technical issues;

3) decisions of a humanitarian nature.

This volume contains the texts of the agreements of the first and third “baskets”, around which there was intense political struggle in subsequent years.

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, which began in Helsinki on July 3, 1973 and continued in Geneva from September 18, 1973 to July 21, 1975, concluded in Helsinki on August 1, 1975 High Representatives Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, German Democratic Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, the Holy See, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Turkey, Finland, France, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Sweden and Yugoslavia...

The High Representatives of the participating States solemnly adopted the following.

Issues related to security in Europe

The participating states of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe adopted the following:

a) Declaration of Principles to Guide the Mutual Relations of the Participating States. The participating States declare their determination to respect and apply in relation to each of them with all other participating States, regardless of their political, economic and social systems, as well as their size, geographical location and level of economic development, the following principles, which are all of paramount importance and which will guide their mutual relations:

I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty

The participating States will respect each other's sovereign equality and identity, as well as all rights inherent in and covered by their sovereignty, which include, in particular, the right of each State to legal equality, to territorial integrity, to freedom and political independence. They will also respect each other's right to freely choose and develop their own political, social, economic and cultural systems, as well as the right to establish their own laws and administrative regulations.

Under international law, all participating States have equal rights and responsibilities. They will respect each other's right to determine and carry out as they wish their relations with other States in accordance with international law and in the spirit of this Declaration. They believe that their borders can be changed, in accordance with international law, peacefully and by agreement. They also have the right to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties, including the right to be or not to be a party to union treaties; they also have the right to neutrality.

II. Non-use of force or threat of force

The participating States will refrain, in their mutual as well as in their international relations generally, from the use or threat of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with this Declaration. No considerations can be used to justify resorting to the threat or use of force in violation of this principle.

Accordingly, participating States will refrain from any action that constitutes a threat of force or the direct or indirect use of force against another participating State.

They will likewise refrain from all uses of force for the purpose of coercing another participating State to renounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights. They will likewise refrain in their mutual relations from any acts of reprisal by force.

No such use of force or threat of force will be used as a means of settling disputes or matters that may give rise to disputes between them.

III. Inviolability of borders

The participating States regard as inviolable all of each other's borders, as well as the borders of all states in Europe, and will therefore refrain now and in the future from any encroachment on these borders.

They will accordingly also refrain from any demands or actions aimed at the seizure and usurpation of part or all of the territory of any participating State.

IV. Territorial integrity of states

The participating states will respect the territorial integrity of each participating state.

Accordingly, they will refrain from any action inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations against the territorial integrity, political independence or unity of any participating State and, in particular, from any such action constituting the use of force or threat of force.

The participating States will likewise refrain from making each other's territory the object of military occupation or other direct or indirect measures of force in violation of international law, or the object of acquisition by means of such measures or the threat of their implementation. No occupation or acquisition of this kind will be recognized as legal.

V. Peaceful settlement of disputes

The participating States will resolve disputes between them by peaceful means in a manner that does not jeopardize international peace and security and justice.

They will endeavor in good faith and in a spirit of cooperation to reach, within a short period of time, a fair solution based on international law.

For these purposes they will use such means as negotiations, survey, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, trial or other peaceful means of their own choice, including any settlement procedure agreed to before any dispute to which they were parties arose.

In the event that the parties to a dispute do not reach a resolution of the dispute through one of the above-mentioned peaceful means, they will continue to seek mutually agreed upon means of peacefully resolving the dispute.

The participating States that are parties to a dispute between them, like other participating States, will refrain from any action that may aggravate the situation to such an extent as to jeopardize the maintenance of international peace and security, and thereby make a peaceful settlement of the dispute more difficult.

VI. Non-interference in internal affairs

The participating States will refrain from any interference, direct or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal or external affairs of another participating State, regardless of their relationship.

They will accordingly refrain from any form of armed intervention or threat of such intervention against another participating State.

They will likewise, in all circumstances, refrain from any other act of military or political, economic or other coercion designed to subordinate to their own interests the exercise by another participating State of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thereby secure for themselves advantages of any kind .

Accordingly, they will, among other things, refrain from providing direct or indirect assistance terrorist activities or subversive or other activities aimed at the violent overthrow of the regime of another participating State.

VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief

The participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

They will promote and develop the effective exercise of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and freedoms which all flow from the inherent dignity human personality, and are essential for its free and complete development.

Within this framework, the participating States will recognize and respect the freedom of the individual to profess, alone or in community with others, a religion or belief, acting in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience.

The participating States on whose territory there are national minorities will respect the right of persons belonging to such minorities to equality before the law, will provide them with full opportunity to effectively enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms and will thus protect their legitimate interests in this area.

The participating States recognize the universal importance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for which is an essential factor for peace, justice and prosperity, necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations and cooperation between them, as among all States.

They will respect these rights and freedoms at all times in their mutual relations and will make efforts, jointly and individually, including cooperation with the United Nations, to promote universal and effective respect for them.

They affirm the right of individuals to know their rights and responsibilities in this area and to act in accordance with them.

In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, participating States will act in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfill their obligations as set out in international declarations and agreements in this area, including, but not limited to, the International Covenants on Human Rights, if bound by them.

VIII. Equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies

The participating States will respect the equality of rights and the right of peoples to control their own destinies, acting at all times in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and relevant rules of international law, including those relating to the territorial integrity of States.

Based on the principle of equality and the right of peoples to decide their own destinies, all peoples always have the right, in complete freedom, to determine, when and how they wish, their internal and external political status without outside interference and to exercise their political, economic, social and cultural affairs at their own discretion. development.

The participating States reaffirm the universal importance of respect and the effective implementation of equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies for the development of friendly relations between them, as among all states; they also remind us of the importance of eliminating any form of violation of this principle.

IX. Cooperation between states

The participating states will develop their cooperation with each other, as with all states, in all areas in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. In developing their cooperation, the participating States will attach particular importance to the areas as defined in the framework of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, with each of them contributing in full equality.

They will strive, by developing their cooperation as equals, to promote mutual understanding and trust, friendly and good neighborly relations among themselves, international peace, security and justice. They will equally strive, by developing their cooperation, to enhance the well-being of peoples and contribute to the realization of their aspirations, taking advantage, in particular, of the benefits flowing from increasing mutual knowledge and from progress and achievements in the economic, scientific, technical, social, cultural and humanitarian fields. They will take steps to promote conditions conducive to making these benefits available to all; they will take into account the interests of all in reducing differences in levels of economic development and, in particular, the interests of developing countries throughout the world.

They affirm that governments, institutions, organizations and people can play an appropriate and positive role in helping to achieve these goals of their cooperation. They will strive, by expanding their cooperation as defined above, to develop closer relations among themselves on a better and more durable basis for the benefit of the peoples.

X. Conscientious fulfillment of obligations under international law

The participating States will fulfill in good faith their obligations under international law, both those obligations that arise from generally accepted principles and norms of international law, and those obligations that arise from treaties or other agreements consistent with international law to which they are parties.

In the exercise of their sovereign rights, including the right to establish their own laws and administrative regulations, they will be consistent with their legal obligations under international law; they will, in addition, take due account of and implement the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

The participating States confirm that, in the event that the obligations of Members of the United Nations under the Charter of the United Nations are in conflict with their obligations under any treaty or other international agreement, their obligations under the Charter in accordance with Article 103 of the UN Charter.

All the principles stated above are of paramount importance and, therefore, they will be equally and strictly applied in interpreting each of them in light of the others.

The participating States express their determination to fully respect and apply these principles, as set out in this Declaration, in all aspects of their mutual relations and cooperation, so as to secure to each participating State the benefits arising from the respect and application of these principles by all.

The States Parties, having due regard to the principles set out above and in particular the first sentence of the tenth principle, “Compliance in good faith with obligations under international law”, note that this Declaration is without prejudice to their rights and obligations and those of relevant treaties and other agreements and arrangements. .

The participating States express the conviction that respect for these principles will contribute to the development of normal and friendly relations and the progress of cooperation between them in all fields. They also express the belief that respect for these principles will contribute to the development of political contacts between them, which, in turn, will contribute to a better mutual understanding of their positions and views.

The participating States declare their intention to conduct their relations with all other States in the spirit of the principles set forth in this Declaration.

Cooperation in humanitarian and other areas

1. Contacts between people.

The participating States express their intention to now begin to implement the following:

Contacts and regular meetings based on family ties, with a view to promoting further development contacts on the basis of family ties, participating States will consider favorably requests for travel for the purpose of allowing persons to enter or leave their territory on a temporary and, if so desired, regular basis to meet members of their families.

Applications for temporary travel to meet family members will be considered regardless of the country of departure or entry; existing procedures for issuing travel documents and visas will be applied in this spirit. The processing and issuance of such documents and visas will be carried out within a reasonable time; in cases of urgent need - such as serious illness, death - on an extraordinary basis. They will take such steps as may be necessary to ensure reasonable levels of fees for the issuance of official travel documents and visas.

They confirm that the submission of a request relating to contacts based on family ties will not lead to a change in the rights and obligations of the person making the request or his family members.

- Family reunion

The participating States will consider in a positive and humane spirit requests from individuals who wish to be reunited with members of their family, paying particular attention to requests of an urgent nature, such as those from the sick or elderly. They will consider these requests as quickly as possible.

They will, where necessary, reduce the fees charged in connection with these requests to ensure that they are kept at a reasonable level.

Unsatisfied requests for family reunification may be resubmitted at the appropriate level and will be reviewed after a short period of time by the authorities of the home or host country respectively; in such circumstances, fees will only be charged if the request is granted.

Persons whose requests for family reunification have been granted may bring with them or send household and personal items; To this end, the participating States will use all possibilities contained in existing rules.

Until members of the same family are reunited, meetings and contacts between them can be carried out in accordance with the procedure for contacts based on family ties.

The participating States will support the efforts of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies involved in family reunification.

They confirm that submitting a request for family reunification will not lead to a change in the rights and obligations of the person submitting the request or his family members.

The receiving State Party will take appropriate care for the employment of persons from other participating States who come to that State for permanent residence as part of family reunification with its citizens, ensure that they are provided with equal educational opportunities as their own citizens, medical care and social security.

- Marriages between citizens of different states

The participating States will consider requests for exit and entry permits from persons who choose to marry a national of another participating State sympathetically and on a humanitarian basis.

The preparation and issuance of documents required for the above purposes and for marriage will be carried out in accordance with the provisions adopted regarding family reunification.

When considering requests from already married spouses from different participating States to enable them and the minor children of their marriage to transfer their habitual residence to the State in which one of them has his habitual residence, participating States will also apply the provisions adopted in relation to family reunification.

- Travel for personal or professional reasons

The participating States intend to promote greater opportunities for their citizens to travel for personal or professional reasons and, to this end, they intend, in particular:

Gradually simplify and flexibly apply the exit and entry procedures;

Facilitate the movement of citizens from other participating States across their territories with due regard to security requirements.

They will seek to gradually reduce, where necessary, fees for visas and official travel documents.

They intend to explore, as appropriate, means of improving bilateral consular practices, including legal and consular assistance, including, as appropriate, the conclusion of multilateral or bilateral consular conventions or other relevant agreements and arrangements.

They confirm that religious cults, institutions and organizations operating within the constitutional framework of the participating States, and their representatives, can, within the scope of their activities, carry out contacts and meetings between them and exchange information.

- Improving conditions for tourism on an individual or collective basis

The participating States consider that tourism contributes to more full knowledge about the life, culture and history of other countries, the growth of mutual understanding between peoples, improved contacts and the wider use of leisure. They intend to promote tourism development on an individual or collective basis.

- Meetings between youth

The participating states intend to promote the development of contacts and exchanges between young people.

2. Information

The participating States express their intention, in particular:

a) Improving the dissemination, access and exchange of information

- Oral information

To promote the dissemination of oral information by encouraging lectures and lecture tours by eminent persons and specialists from other participating States, as well as exchanges of views such as round tables, seminars, symposiums, summer courses, congresses and bilateral and multilateral meetings.

- Printed information

To contribute to improving the distribution in their territory of newspapers and printed publications, periodical and non-periodical, from other participating States...

Film, radio and television information

Contribute to improving the dissemination of film, radio and television information.

For these purposes:

They will encourage the increased display and transmission of a wider variety of filmed information from other participating States illustrating various aspects of life in their countries and obtained on the basis of such agreements or arrangements as may be necessary between the organizations and firms directly concerned;

They will facilitate the import by competent organizations and firms of recorded audiovisual materials from other participating States.

The participating States note the expansion of the dissemination of radio information and express the hope that this process will continue in a manner consistent with the interests of mutual understanding between peoples and the goals determined by this Meeting.

b) Cooperation in the field of information

Encourage cooperation in the field of information on the basis of short- or long-term agreements or arrangements.

In particular:

They will promote greater cooperation between authorities mass media, including between telegraph agencies, publishing houses and publishing organizations;

They will promote cooperation between broadcasting and television organizations, both public and private, national and international, in particular through the exchange of live or recorded radio and television programs, co-production and distribution of such programs;

They will encourage meetings and contacts both between journalistic organizations and between journalists of the participating States;

They will look favorably on the possibility of reaching agreements between periodicals, including newspapers, of the participating States on the exchange of articles and their publication;

They will encourage the exchange of technical information, as well as the organization of joint research and the holding of meetings of specialists to exchange experiences and opinions in the field of print, radio and television.

c) Improving working conditions for journalists

The participating States, Desiring to improve the conditions under which journalists from one of the participating States carry out their professional activity in another Member State, mean

In particular:

Facilitate, on a reciprocal basis, travel arrangements for journalists from participating States within the country in which they carry out their professional activities, and gradually provide greater opportunities for such travel, subject to the rules relating to the presence of areas closed for security reasons;

Increase opportunities for personal communication between journalists from participating States and sources of their information, including organizations and official institutions.

Helmut Schmidt - Federal Chancellor of the German Democratic Republic.

Erich Honecker - First Secretary Central Committee Socialist Unity Party of Germany of the United States of America.

Gerald Ford - President of the United States of America of the Republic of Austria.

Bruno Kreisky - Federal Chancellor.

Kingdoms of Belgium: Leo Tindemans - Prime Minister.

People's Republic of Bulgaria: Todor Zhivkov - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party and Chairman of the State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria.

Canada: Pierre Elliott - Trudeau Prime Minister.

Republic of Cyprus: His Beatitude Archbishop Makarios III - President of the Republic of Cyprus.

Denmark: Anker Jorgensen - Prime Minister.

Spain: Carlos Arias Navarro - Head of Government.

Republic of Finland: Urho Kekkonen - President of the Republic.

French Republic: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing - President of the Republic.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Harold Wilson - First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Hellenic Republic: Hungarian People's Republic: Konstantinos Karamanlis -Prime Minister.

Hungarian People's Republic: Janos Kadar - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, member of the Presidium of the Hungarian People's Republic.

Ireland: Liam Cosgrave - Prime Minister.

Iceland: Geir Hallgrímsson - Prime Minister.

Italian Republic: Aldo Moro - President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic and as Acting President of the Council of European Communities.

Principalities of Liechtenstein: Walter Kieber - Head of Government.

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: Gaston Thorne - Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Republic of Malta: Dominic Mintoff - Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

Principalities of Monaco: André Saint-Mle - Minister of State, President of the Government Council, representing His Serene Highness the Prince of Monaco.

Norway: Trygve Bratteli - Prime Minister.

Kingdom of the Netherlands: Joop M. Den Oyl - Prime Minister.

Polish People's Republic: Edward Gierek - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party.

Portugal: Francisco Costa Gomes - President of the Republic.

Socialist Republic of Romania: Nicolae Ceausescu - President of the Socialist Republic of Romania.

San Marino: Gian Luigi Berti - Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs.

Holy See: Agostino Casaroli - Secretary of the Council for State Affairs of the Church, special delegate of His Holiness Pope Paul VI.

Sweden: Olof Palme - Prime Minister.

Swiss Confederation: Pierre Graber - President of the confederation, head of the federal political department.

Czechoslovak Socialist Republic: Gustav Husak - General Secretary of the Central Committee Communist Party Czechoslovakia, President of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

Republic of Turkey: Suleyman Demirel - Prime Minister.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: L.I. Brezhnev - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Josip Broz Tito - President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

The detente between the West and the East made it possible to convene the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Consultations on it took place in 1972-1973. in the capital of Finland, Helsinki. The first stage of the meeting was held at the level of foreign ministers from July 3 to July 7, 1973 in Helsinki. Representatives of 33 European countries, as well as the USA and Canada took part in it - See: Valiullin K.B., Zaripova R.K. Russian history. XX century Part 2: Tutorial. - Ufa: RIO BashSU, 2002. P.148..

The second phase of the meeting took place in Geneva from September 18, 1973 to July 21, 1975. It represented rounds of negotiations lasting from 3 to 6 months at the level of delegates and experts appointed by the participating states. At this stage, agreements were developed and agreed upon on all items on the meeting agenda.

The third stage of the meeting took place in Helsinki on July 30 - August 1, 1975 at the level of senior political and government leaders countries participating in the meeting, leading national delegations - See: History of Russia, 1945-2008. : book for the teacher / [A.V. Filippov, A.I. Utkin, S.V. Alekseev and others] ; edited by A.V. Filippova. -- 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Education, 2008. P.247..

The Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from July 3 to August 1, 1975 was the result of a peaceful progressive process in Europe. Representatives of 33 European countries, as well as the USA and Canada were present in Helsinki. The meeting was attended by: General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee L. I. Brezhnev, US President J. Ford, French President V. Giscard d'Estaing, British Prime Minister G. Wilson, Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany G. Schmidt, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the PUWP E Terek; General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, President of Czechoslovakia G. Husak, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the SED E. Honecker; First Secretary of the Central Committee of the BCP, Chairman of the State Council of the People's Republic of Belarus T. Zhivkov, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Socialist Workers' Party J. Kadar; General Secretary of the RCP, President of Romania N . Ceausescu; Chairman of the CSJ, President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito and other leaders of the participating states. The Declaration adopted by the CSCE proclaimed the inviolability European borders, mutual renunciation of the use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-interference in the internal affairs of participating countries, respect for human rights, etc.

The heads of delegations signed the Final Act of the meeting. This document is still in effect today. It includes agreements that must be implemented in full as a whole, on:

1) security in Europe,

2) cooperation in the field of economics, science and technology, environmental protection;

3) cooperation in humanitarian and other fields;

4) further steps after the meeting - See: Ratkovsky I. S., Khodyakov M. V. History Soviet Russia- St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Lan", 2001. P.414..

The Final Act contains 10 principles defining the norms of relationships and cooperation: sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty; non-use of force or threat of force; inviolability of borders; territorial integrity; peaceful settlement of disputes; non-interference in internal affairs; respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies; cooperation between states; fulfillment of international legal obligations.

The Final Act guaranteed recognition and immunity post-war borders in Europe (which was in the hands of the USSR) and imposed obligations on all participating states to respect human rights (this became the basis for using the problem of human rights against the USSR) - See: Sokolov A.K., Tyazhelnikova V.S. Well Soviet history, 1941-1999. - M.: Higher. school, 1999. P.195..

The signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) by the heads of 33 European states, as well as the United States and Canada on August 1, 1975 in Helsinki became the apogee of détente. The Final Act included a declaration of principles for relations between the CSCE participating countries. Highest value The USSR attached recognition to the inviolability of post-war borders and the territorial integrity of states, which meant the international legal consolidation of the situation in Eastern Europe. The triumph of Soviet diplomacy was the result of a compromise: the Final Act also included articles on the protection of human rights, freedom of information and movement. These articles served as an international legal basis dissident movement within the country and the campaign to protect human rights in the USSR, which was actively carried out in the West.

It should be said that, starting from 1973, there was an independent negotiation process between representatives of NATO and the Department of Internal Affairs on arms reduction. However, the desired success was not achieved here due to the tough position of the Warsaw Pact countries, which were superior to NATO in common types weapons and those who did not want to reduce them.

After the signing of the Helsinki Final Act Soviet Union felt like a master in Eastern Europe and began installing new SS-20 medium-range missiles in the GDR and Czechoslovakia, restrictions on which were not provided for by the SALT agreements. .Under the conditions of the campaign to protect human rights in the USSR, which sharply intensified in the West after Helsinki, the position of the USSR became extremely tough. This prompted retaliatory measures from the United States, which, after Congress refused to ratify SALT II in the early 1980s, placed Western Europe"cruise missiles" and Pershing missiles capable of reaching the territory of the Soviet Union. Thus, a military-strategic balance was established between the blocs in Europe - See: History of Russia. 1917--2004: Educational. manual for university students / A. S. Barsenkov, A. I. Vdovin. - M.: Aspect Press, 2005. P.514..

The arms race had an extremely negative impact on the economies of countries whose military-industrial orientation did not decrease. The general extensive development increasingly affected the defense industry. The parity with the United States achieved in the early 1970s concerned primarily intercontinental ballistic missiles. Already from the late 1970s, the general crisis of the Soviet economy began to have a negative impact on the defense industries. The Soviet Union began to gradually fall behind in certain types of weapons. This was discovered after the emergence of the US " cruise missiles"and became even more obvious after the United States began working on the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program. Since the mid-1980s, the leadership of the USSR has begun to clearly realize this lag. The depletion of the regime's economic capabilities is becoming more and more apparent.

Helsinki, August 1, 1975 FINAL ACT OF THE CSCE (extract) Questions relating to security in Europe The participating States of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, reaffirming their goal of promoting improved relations between them and providing conditions in which their peoples can live in conditions of genuine and lasting peace, being protected from any threat or attack on their safety; Convinced of the need to make efforts to make détente both a continuous and increasingly viable and comprehensive process, universal in scope, and that the implementation of the results of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe will be one of the greatest contributions into this process; Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the common desire of the participating States to achieve the goals as set forth by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer relations between them in all fields and thus therefore, to overcome the opposition arising from the nature of their relationship in the past, and to better mutual understanding; mindful of your general history and recognizing that the existence of common elements in their traditions and values ​​can help them in the development of their relationships, and being willing to seek, taking fully into account the uniqueness and diversity of their positions and views, opportunities to join their efforts in order to overcome mistrust and build trust, resolve issues that divide them, and cooperate in the interests of humanity; Recognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe, as well as their common interest in developing cooperation throughout Europe and among themselves, and expressing their intention to make efforts accordingly; Recognizing the close link between peace and security in Europe and the world as a whole, and aware of the need for each to contribute to the strengthening of international peace and security and to the promotion of fundamental rights, economic and social progress and the well-being of all peoples; Adopted the following: 1 a) Declaration of Principles to Guide the Relationships of the Participating States Participating States, reaffirming their commitment to peace, security and justice and to the process of developing friendly relations and cooperation; Recognizing that this commitment, reflecting the interests and aspirations of peoples, embodies for each participating State a responsibility now and in the future, enhanced by past experience; Reaffirming, in accordance with their membership in the United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations, their full and active support for the United Nations and for enhancing its role and effectiveness in promoting international peace, security and justice and in promoting the solution of international problems, as well as the development of friendly relations and cooperation between states; Expressing their general commitment to the principles set out below, which are in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, and their general will to act, in the application of these principles, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations; Declare their determination to respect and apply in the relations of each of them with all other participating States, regardless of their political, economic and social systems, as well as their size, geographical location and level of economic development, the following principles, which are all paramount importance and by which they will guide their mutual relations: I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty The participating States will respect each other’s sovereign equality and identity, as well as all rights inherent in and covered by their sovereignty, which include, in particular, the right of each state to legal equality, to territorial integrity, to freedom and political independence. They will also respect each other's right to freely choose and develop their political, social, economic and cultural systems, as well as the right to establish their own laws and administrative regulations. Under international law, all participating states have equal rights and obligations. They will respect each other's right to determine and carry out as they wish their relations with other States, in accordance with international law and in the spirit of this Declaration. They believe that their borders can be changed, in accordance with international law, peacefully and by agreement. They also have the right to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties, including the right to be or not to be a party to union treaties; they also have the right to neutrality. II. Non-use of force or threat of force The participating States will refrain in their mutual, as well as in their international relations generally, from the use of force or threat of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state or in any other manner inconsistent - We are committed to the purposes of the United Nations and to this Declaration. No considerations may be used to justify resorting to the threat or use of force in violation of this principle. Accordingly, participating States will refrain from any action that constitutes a threat of force or the direct or indirect use of force against another participating State. Equally, they will refrain from all manifestations of force for the purpose of coercing another participating State to renounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights. Likewise, they will also refrain in their mutual relations from any acts of reprisal by force. No such use of force or threat of force will be used as a means of settling disputes or matters that may give rise to disputes between them. III. Inviolability of Borders The participating States regard as inviolable all of each other's borders, as well as the borders of all states in Europe, and will therefore refrain, now and in the future, from any encroachment on these borders. They will accordingly also refrain from any demands or actions aimed at the seizure and usurpation of part or all of the territory of any participating State. IV. Territorial integrity of the state The participating states will respect the territorial integrity of each of the participating states. Accordingly, they will refrain from any action inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations against the territorial integrity, political independence or unity of any participating State and, in particular, from any such action constituting the use of force or threat of force. The participating States will likewise refrain from making each other's territory the subject of military occupation or other direct or indirect measures of force in violation of international law, or the subject of acquisition through such measures or the threat thereof. implementation. No occupation or acquisition of this kind will be recognized as legal. V. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes The participating States will resolve disputes between them by peaceful means in a manner that does not jeopardize international peace and security and justice. They will endeavor in good faith and in a spirit of cooperation to reach, within a short period of time, a fair solution based on international law. To this end, they will use such means as negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial proceedings or other peaceful means of their own choice, including any settlement procedure agreed to before the disputes in which they were involved parties. In the event that the parties to a dispute do not reach a resolution of the dispute through one of the above-mentioned peaceful means, they will continue to seek mutually agreed upon means of peacefully resolving the dispute. The participating States that are parties to a dispute between them will, like other participating States, refrain from any action that may aggravate the situation to such an extent as to jeopardize the maintenance of international peace and security, and thereby make a peaceful settlement of the dispute more difficult. VI. Non-interference in internal affairs The participating States will refrain from any interference, direct or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal or external affairs within the domestic competence of another participating State, regardless of their relationship. They will accordingly refrain from any form of armed intervention or threat of such intervention against another participating State. They will likewise, in all circumstances, refrain from any other act of military or political, economic or other coercion intended to subordinate to their own interests the exercise by another participating State of the rights inherent in its sovereignty, and such in a way to secure advantages of any kind. Accordingly, they will, inter alia, refrain from providing direct or indirect assistance to terrorist activities or subversive or other activities aimed at the violent overthrow of the regime of another participating State. VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief The participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, for everyone, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion. They will promote and develop the effective exercise of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and freedoms which all flow from the inherent dignity of the human person and are essential to his free and full development. Within this framework, the participating States will recognize and respect the freedom of the individual to profess, alone or in community with others, a religion or belief, acting in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience. The participating States on whose territory there are national minorities will respect the right of persons belonging to such minorities to equality before the law, will provide them with full opportunity to effectively enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms and will thus protect their legitimate interests in this area. The participating States recognize the universal importance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for which is an essential factor for peace, justice and prosperity, necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations and cooperation between them, as among all States. They will respect these rights and freedoms at all times in their mutual relations and will endeavor, jointly and individually, including in cooperation with the United Nations, to promote universal and effective respect for them. They affirm the right of individuals to know their rights and responsibilities in this area and to act in accordance with them. In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, participating States will act in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfill their obligations as set out in international declarations and agreements in this area, including, but not limited to, the International Covenants on Human Rights, if bound by them. VIII. Equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies The participating States will respect the equal rights and the right of peoples to control their own destinies, acting at all times in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and relevant rules of international law, including those relating to the territorial integrity of States. Based on the principle of equality and the right of peoples to decide their own destinies, all peoples always have the right, in conditions of complete freedom, to determine, when and how they wish, their internal and external political status without outside interference and to exercise their political, economic, social and cultural development. The participating States reaffirm the universal importance of respect and the effective implementation of equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies for the development of friendly relations between them, as among all states; they also remind us of the importance of exceptions for any form of violation of this principle. IX. Cooperation among States Participating States will develop their cooperation with each other, as with all States, in all areas in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. In developing their cooperation, the participating States will attach particular importance to the areas as defined by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, with each of them contributing in full equality. They will strive, by developing their cooperation as equals, to promote mutual understanding and trust, friendly and good neighborly relations among themselves, international peace, security and justice. They will equally strive, by developing their co-operation, to enhance the welfare of peoples and contribute to the realization of their aspirations, taking advantage in particular of the benefits flowing from increasing mutual knowledge and from progress and achievements in the economic, scientific , technical, social, cultural and humanitarian fields. They will take steps to promote conditions conducive to making these benefits available to all; they will take into account the interests of all in reducing differences in levels of economic development and, in particular, the interests of developing countries throughout the world. They affirm that governments, institutions, organizations and people can play a relevant and positive role in helping to achieve these goals of their cooperation. They will strive, by expanding their cooperation as defined above, to develop closer relations among themselves on a better and more durable basis for the benefit of the people. X. Compliance in good faith with obligations under international law The participating States will fulfill in good faith their obligations under international law, both those obligations that arise from generally accepted principles and norms of international law and those obligations that arise from treaties consistent with international law or other agreements to which they are parties. In the exercise of their sovereign rights, including the right to establish their own laws and administrative regulations, they will be consistent with their legal obligations under international law; they will, in addition, take due account of and implement the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The participating States confirm that, in the event that the obligations of Members of the United Nations under the Charter of the United Nations are found to be in conflict with their obligations under any treaty or other international agreement, their obligations under the Charter, in accordance with Article 103 of the UN Charter, shall prevail. All the principles stated above are of paramount importance and, therefore, they will be equally and strictly applied when each is interpreted in light of the others. The participating States express their determination to fully respect and apply these principles, as set out in this Declaration, in all aspects of their mutual relations and cooperation, so as to secure to each participating State the benefits arising from the respect and application of these principles by all. The States Parties, having due regard to the principles set out above and in particular the first sentence of the tenth principle, “Compliance in good faith with obligations under international law,” note that this Declaration does not affect their rights and obligations, nor those of relevant treaties and other agreements and arrangements. The participating States express the conviction that respect for these principles will contribute to the development of normal and friendly relations and the progress of cooperation between them in all fields. They also express the belief that respect for these principles will contribute to the development of political contacts between them, which, in turn, will contribute to a better mutual understanding of their positions and views. The participating States declare their intention to conduct their relations with all other States in the spirit of the principles set forth in this Declaration.