23.10.2019

What is dangerous in the forest. With a baby in the forest. Forest dangers. Main felling

Those who love to travel and spend time actively in wild nature, especially in the forest, are obliged to know that the forest is, first of all, a complex set of relationships that have evolved over millennia between plants, animals, soil, sunlight and night haze, air and water. And man has always been a guest in the forest. With the advent of civilization, more and more moved away from the forest. Especially now, this difference is very noticeable. Many modern residents of megacities, except for nightclubs, expensive handbags, strawberry margaritas and pink smoothies, do not know real life, some (even I have such distant acquaintances) have never been in the forest at all in their lives. And of course they do not know how to behave in the prevailing difficult situations, being, for example, in the forest, and stumbling upon dangerous animals or insects. It can be assumed that such situations are very rare, but this does not make it easier for those who got into them.

From personal - when traveling to one of tropical countries, none of the participants in the tour expected any emergencies, the route is "hackneyed", the jungle, although impassable in places, but there are tracks on all sides a few kilometers away, it seems to get lost there is not realistic, wherever you go in an hour you will go out onto the road. But nevertheless, one couple of "urban fashionistas" turned off the main path for a minute and fought off the excursion group. We searched for them for about two hours ... When I saw them after returning, I realized how much people were not ready for such a turn of events. In these two hours they managed to meet a snake, it’s good that they noticed in time, they were bitten by mosquitoes and stumbled upon a hive of wild bees or wasps, got off with just a couple of bites. But wild bees and wasps guarding their hive can attack people and animals, even if they are not allergic to their bites, a few dozen bites can cause shock and even death.
A person in the forest is a guest, but from the point of view of forest, wild animals - an uninvited and uninvited guest, often not at all. knowing the rules behavior. From this arise accidents, emergencies, injuries, fears. Also legends and
myths associated with both exaggeration and downplaying the danger that the forest is fraught with.

Any wild animals living in the forest can pose a danger to humans. The types of dangerous animals are very diverse and their behavior is different when they meet a person, but nevertheless, several general patterns can be noted:

Wild animals, especially birds and mammals, are better than a man adapted to life in the forest. They have more advanced sense organs and are almost always the first to notice a person by smell and sound. Its smell for a wild animal is a strong signal of danger.

One should not exaggerate the widespread opinion about the fearfulness of animals, especially large predators. For some of them, such as the bear and the tiger, a very common behavioral trait is curiosity, which can sometimes turn into unprovoked aggression. In most cases, they want to avoid "communication" with a person and, having sensed and heard you, they leave, but this does not mean that they are afraid of you. It is wild animals that are in the forest on their territory, so they regard the appearance of a person as a violation of the border with all the ensuing consequences. Yes, a predator can leave when he hears you, but only if he is not hungry, does not protect his territory and young. But here exclusively dangerous predator, a connecting rod bear, the sounds of a human voice can, on the contrary, attract.

In the animal world, in contrast to human society, the concepts of "alien", "unknown", "dangerous" often coincide, so you should not count on a friendly attitude from the forest dwellers.

Wild animals, to a greater extent than people, try to avoid danger: mobile animals go as far as possible from a person, inactive ones use various ways passive or active protection and disguises. forest animals
good masters of disguise, they know how to use all sorts of shelters.

The behavior of many wild animals (especially large ungulates and carnivores) changes significantly during certain periods of their life cycle(reproduction, migration, etc.). Animals become much more aggressive, and the danger to
person increases dramatically. For example, a shy elk during the breeding season becomes not so shy, but aggressive, and it is better not to stand in the way of such a one.

Any, even widespread species of wild animals prefer certain habitats, and here the probability of an accidental meeting with dangerous animals of this species is higher. In order not to become a victim of a deadly animal, and even an ordinary fox that has bitten you (foxes can be carriers of rabies), you need to remember two rules. It is necessary to have an idea about the habits of animals and birds, as well as to be attentive and careful when moving through the forest.

Forest emergencies involving dangerous animals can be divided into two groups: active attack - when dangerous beast, without a clear reason for a person, begins to actively attack accidents that occur as a result of careless or illiterate handling of an animal, which in a normal situation is quite neutral towards a person.

Dangerous animals of Russia and neighboring countries

In the main zone of settlement in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, situations of the first type (active attack of an animal) are most often associated with large predatory and ungulate animals, bear, wolf, elk, wild boar, deer, and cats. Attacks that are not provoked by a person are quite rare. According to statistics, for example, a tiger rushes at people for no reason in about 4% of all cases. Usually, the animal attacks: in self-defense, during hunting, being caught near prey, when a person carelessly invades its territory, during the mating season (the so-called rut; animals during this period are especially aggressive), protecting offspring, with persistent pursuit of a wounded animal or just when chance meeting with a person, with sudden close contact.

According to many experts, the most unpredictable large forest predator in terms of behavior is Brown bear. Most sudden encounters with this animal end in a swift flight. However, cases
unprovoked attacks on a person in the European part of Russia are noted almost annually. Unexpectedly "go out to the bear", as a rule, pickers of mushrooms, berries and tourists. Sometimes a bear shows aggression and may even chase a person, but then quickly stops chasing and runs away.

However, much more serious incidents are also known, when the beast besieged a hunting lodge for literally several days, not letting people out of there. Often there are cases of aggression of a bear disturbed in a winter den. However, this is easy to avoid, knowing the favorite bearish places in given forest and bypass them.

A serious danger for an unprepared person is fraught with a meeting with a wolf, although this predator will almost always prefer to hide than attack. IN last years experts note that people encounter wolves in the forest zone more often than
earlier. Fans of forest walks, and especially long-distance routes, should be careful.

Perhaps the most serious danger is a sudden encounter with a wolf or a fox that is sick with rabies. Here the attack is almost guaranteed, and it is almost impossible to avoid it. A sick animal can be recognized by its angry eyes, sharply aggressive behavior, immediate, literally on the move, attack. The animal sometimes seems to spit; there is often foam in the corners of the mouth. These animals are dangerous even when they are already dying and, snarling, cannot move. In no case should you approach them, they may have time to bite, and then a long treatment will be necessary.

Animals with rabies are not found everywhere, and before going to the forest it would be useful to get information from the SES about the foci of the disease. In case of a bite, you should immediately consult a doctor, because only the correct and, most importantly, timely treatment started and carried out guarantees a complete recovery.

Regular for European forests wild ungulates, elks, wild boars, deer, roe deer are much more shy and cautious than predators, and, as a rule, leave people. However, during the mating season, these animals are characterized by increased excitability and aggressiveness and can pose a significant danger.

How to avoid meeting wild dangerous animals?

The best way to avoid dangerous animals is to avoid visiting their habitats. This does not mean that we should be afraid of the wolf and not go into the forest. Choosing a travel destination in advance, you can find out about dangerous places densely populated by predators and not go there. If you still went on a hiking trip, be extremely careful and careful, especially at night. The presence of predators or dangerous ungulates can be indicated by a variety of signs: footprints on the soil, crushed grass and undergrowth, peeled bark on trees, droppings from feeding places, and sometimes, remains of prey.
Wolves, the first to smell a person, make specific sounds (snorting, howling, sonorous barking), warning other members of the pack, and especially young animals.
Boars during the rut or feeding behave so noisily that it is quite easy to notice and hear them.
Animal paths, impassable, overgrown with bushes and littered areas of the forest, windbreaks should be avoided. In such places, there is a high probability of meeting an animal, and besides, it is extremely inconvenient to retreat here. Going to the forest
be sure to tell us where you are going to go and when you plan to return, because in addition to predators, you can just get lost in the forest.

What to do if you meet a dangerous animal in the forest?

First of all - don't panic! The beast feels when a person is afraid of him, your fear will only spur aggression, that is, the instinct of an attack on a weaker opponent may work in the animal. No sudden movements and piercing screams - at least at the first moment, until you are sure that you can really scare the animal in this way, and not attract it. However, sometimes the scream actually frightens the animal and even puts it to flight. But this is an extreme case and it is very unlikely that such a "ride" with a bear.

Ludmila Ovchinnikova
Lesson summary " forest hazards»

Subject: forest hazards.

Introduction to a new topic.

Guys, I suggest you go on a journey through the forest.

slide number 2:

What is a forest for a person? Why do you go to the forest?

Student responses.

What do you think, can the forest conceal in itself danger? What could be for you dangerous? (Berries, mushrooms, insects)

Why do you think we need to know what there are dangers in the forest?

Student responses: to apply this knowledge in life, to expand your horizons, so that in the summer it would be nice to be in the forest.

Are you ready for discoveries? Let's go to the forest!

4. Study new topic lesson.

1. forest hazards

2. Poisonous berries and plants

3. Not edible mushrooms

4. Stinging insects

I. Poisonous plants and berries of the forest.

Do you know what berries you can eat?

Solve riddles.

1. What berry does the bear pick in the forest? (Raspberry)

2. I am a drop of summer on a thin leg,

Weave boxes and baskets for me.

Whoever loves me is glad to bow.

And the name was given to me by my native land. (Strawberry)

3. In haymaking - bitter, and in frost - sweet, what kind of berry? (Kalina)

Well done! Today we will talk about berries and plants that you should avoid.

Often there are reports in the newspapers about the poisoning of children and adults with herbs or berries, and sometimes it ends very sadly. The fact that children need constant supervision is obvious. But even adults, often, can afford to taste a beautiful berry or chew on an accidentally plucked leaf.

Of the thirty thousand plants found in our country, about a thousand are poisonous. What do you understand by the word poisonous?

Student responses

IN explanatory dictionary Ozhegov gives such an interpretation of the word poison.

A poison is a substance that causes poisoning.

Poisonous plants are plants that produce and accumulate poisons in the process of life. causing poisoning man and animals.

Some plants contain poison. It may be contained in different parts plants (leaf, flower, root, berry.)

Now let's take a closer look at some of the poisonous plants that grow in our forests.

slide number 4

You look at the pictures -

These berries, friends, cannot be picked in the forest!

In every poison dangerous is.

If you eat them once

You can get very poisoned

And you will have to heal.

Images poisonous plants.

slide number 5

1. Wolf bast.

It's beautiful, but very dangerous plant. You can get poisoned by its bright red berries or the bark of branches that are cut off for the sake of beautiful, reminiscent of lilac flowers. The juice of the wolf's bast contains poison - daphne. When the juice of the plant gets on the skin, pain, redness, swelling, then blisters and ulcers appear. When poisoned by berries - burning in the mouth and throat, difficulty swallowing, stomach pain, indigestion, vomiting, severe cases- cardiac arrest.

slide number 6

2. Crow's eye.

If you see four wide leaves, and between them a black round berry, this is a raven eye plant. A large black-blue berry resembles a bird's eye. The berry is very beautiful, but do not take it in your mouth - it is poisonous. Poisonous substances have a harmful effect on the heart, and mainly on the stomach and intestines. The plant has an unpleasant odor and often causes headaches.

slide number 7

3. Black henbane, dope, belladonna (belladonna).

Henbane is found in ravines, wastelands, along roads. Poisonous plant.

After tasting young sweet sprouts, seeds or tasting delicious berries, a person feels dry mouth, speech and swallowing disorders. His pupils dilate and vision is disturbed, the pulse quickens, delirium and hallucinations are possible, in severe cases - loss of consciousness.

This plant is not eaten even by animals.

The story of belladonna.

Belladonna helped the inhabitants of a Scottish village get rid of their enemies. The village was taken over by Danish soldiers. Having drunk beer on the occasion of the victory, they turned from winners into losers. The poisonous belladonna juice that the villagers mixed into their beer turned the Danish soldiers from winners to losers.

Slide number 8. Common honeysuckle (wolfberry).

The height of the shrub is from 1 to 2.5 m. It has yellowish-white flowers, and then dark red berries, located on a common stem.

Slide number 9. May lily of the valley.

All parts of the plant are POISONOUS, care must be taken when growing and propagating. Poison is contained even in a vase of water. Leaves, grass and flowers of lily of the valley contain cardiac glycosides. The leaves contain saponins, flavonoids, organic acids alkaloid-mailin.

slide number 10

More than 10 thousand species of poisonous plants are known in the world flora. Now let's see who was attentive and found poisonous plants on the slide?

You carefully studied the material on poisonous plants and correctly managed to name them on the slides. All poisonous plants are very beautiful, but you need to be careful when dealing with them. Many poisonous plants have become rare, some of them are used in medicine in small doses. This: celandine, lily of the valley, etc.

In addition to those plants that we have already met, there are plants that pets do not eat. Why do you think? They are poisonous. These plants grow in the fields. Look at them carefully and remember.

Slide number 11 - 14

Show pictures of plants: caustic ranunculus, spotted hemlock, hellebore, milestones.

Independent work: Compiling a memo "How to Avoid Plant Poisoning"

Independent work in a group.

What memo did you make? (One person from the group tells the memo).

So, what conclusion can be drawn from what you heard?

(do not eat any berries, except for raspberries and strawberries, do not collect unfamiliar plants and flowers in bouquets, do not try unfamiliar berries).

II. Poisonous and edible mushrooms.

Interesting creatures - mushrooms. They are not plants or animals. This is a whole separate kingdom. But not only edible mushrooms grow in our forests, but poisonous ones are also found, which are very dangerous to humans.

What edible mushrooms do you know? (children's answers)

Slide number 14. Edible mushrooms

Which inedible mushrooms You know?

Let's talk to you about inedible mushrooms.

Slide number 15. Fly agaric

And this handsome man on a white leg

He is wearing a red hat

Peas on the hat.

Amanita is very beautiful. It is impossible to confuse it with other mushrooms - it is very noticeable. He dangerous to humans, the poison causes suffocation, fainting. But they like to feast on magpies, squirrels. And moose swallow these mushrooms whole, sometimes several at once. It is believed that fly agaric for moose is a medicine. Do not shoot down the fly agaric, pass by.

Slide number 16. Pale grebe.

Mushroom, according to world statistics, causing the largest number of fatal poisonings. The fruit body is completely covered with a film. Hat 5-15 cm, olive, greenish or grayish with white plates. The flesh is white, fleshy, does not change color when damaged, with a mild taste and smell. At the base of the leg thickening and thin white ring. Confuse with champignon or russula

slide number 17

2. White fungus and gall fungus.

I'm standing on a thick leg

I stand on a smooth leg,

Under the brown hat

Snowy, velvet lining (boletus or white mushroom)

Have an inedible double white fungus. This is a gall fungus. That's what they are different: at the boletus, the hat is white or yellowish below, on the leg there is a pattern in the form of a white mesh. In the gall fungus, the cap is pink below, there is a black mesh on the stem, the flesh turns pink on the cut, while the real one remains white. IN gall fungus there is no poison, it is just very bitter, like bile.

slide number 18

3. Honey mushrooms and false mushrooms.

These friendly guys

Grow on a stump in the forest

Call them: (honey agaric)

False honeycomb brick-red. This poisonous mushroom has a brighter brick-red hat, and the plates are gray or even black. Its flesh is yellow with an unpleasant odor.

Now let's sit quietly in our seats.

Mushroom poisoning is the most dangerous It's called botulism.

Botulism is an extremely serious disease, characterized by high lethality or mortality. (60-70%) .

Considering the difficult, often unfavorable ecological situation and the fact that mushrooms actively absorb and accumulate various substances, including poisonous (pesticides, salts of heavy metals) you need to know that mushrooms must be carefully processed and collected in certain places. Do you think it is possible to pick mushrooms along the road?

People, being in the forest, often knock down poisonous mushrooms feet, trample them.

What do you think, is it possible to do so?

Student responses.

And now try again all together to make a memo for those who like to pick mushrooms in the forest.

Independent work: Drawing up a memo for the mushroom picker. Group work.

Checking the memo

Let's draw a conclusion from what we heard.

1. Do not collect mushrooms unknown to you, do not taste.

2. You can not collect old and wormy mushrooms.

3. You can not pick mushrooms along the roads, you need to go deep into the forest at 300-500 m from the highways.

4. Don't Pick Mushrooms in vain: many animals eat them.

5. Coming from a walk, be sure to wash your hands.

III. Stinging insects.

Slide number 19. Insects

Now let's talk about insects.

What insects do you need fear in the forest? (children's answers)

Have you ever been bitten by stinging insects, and what did you experience?

slide number 20.

Guess the riddles

Stings of wasps, bees.

Too bad the bee injects a small amount of venom. Many insects die from this bite, even large birds and animals. Interestingly, the hedgehog does not react at all to bee venom. The bee, which could not remove its sting from the victim, dies.

But the same bee venom is successfully used to heal some diseases. Medicines are made from bee venom.

A bee will not sting if you do not touch it, do not wave your hands.

slide number 21

Hornets belong to the genus of large wasps.

They nest in hollows, in attics, nests are suspended from tree branches.

Slide number 22. Ticks.

In recent years, significant forest mite became a danger, besides carrying encephalitis, is a disease of the nervous system.

The largest danger tick is observed in May-June.

For the prevention of bites, clothes are selected that completely cover and fit the body, the neck and ears are protected with a hood. At home, a complete examination of the body and clothes is carried out.

On one's own.

The game "Find the extra".

- Fly agaric, russula, breast, butterdish.

- Currant, raspberry, raven eye, blueberry.

- Bee, fly, bumblebee, wasp.

V. Reflection

Our walk is over. Did we complete the lesson?

slide number 23

1) Gather mushrooms and berries that you know well.

2) Stinging insect bees, os: do not touch, do not disturb.

3) After the walk, be sure:

4) Not in the forest.

According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), every year the area of forests on the planet is reduced by 13 million hectares. However, in Russia, the forest area has not only not decreased, but even slightly increased over the past decades. That is, deforestation does not threaten us, despite the impressive scale of clear-cutting in many regions.

Why?

First of all, due to the high capacity of forests temperate zone to self-healing. Most clearings are quickly covered with young forests. The quality of these forests is, of course, much lower than what used to be noisy here, both in terms of their ecological value and in terms of timber resources. Pine forests, spruce forests, oak forests are replaced by commercially less valuable small-leaved young forests (birch and aspen), and artificial reforestation, if carried out, its quality and volumes are low and practically do not change general situation degradation of the species composition of forests. Nevertheless, these are forests, albeit of low value, and there is practically no overall reduction in forest area in the zone due to timber harvesting.

However, in addition to deforestation, forests are subject to other types of impact, often with truly devastating, irreversible consequences. These include fires, industrial emissions, cottage development in green and recreational areas, hydro construction, laying roads, oil and gas pipelines, power lines, etc.

Large fires cause the greatest damage to forests in our country. After catastrophic natural fires, forests regenerate very slowly, as not only the main canopy is destroyed, but also the tree undergrowth, as well as most of the seeds in the soil. When the areas of burnt areas increase to several thousand hectares, this significantly complicates the natural restoration of trees due to the great distance from the preserved edge of the forest.

Here it is appropriate to recall the sad results of the 2010 fire season: many citizens of our country think that forest and steppe fires then covered the most big square in recent years. However, it is not. According to experts from the Institute for Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Forestry. V. N. Sukacheva, in 2010, about 6 million hectares were covered by fires in Russia, while in 2002 this area amounted to more than 11 million hectares. In general, over the past decade in 2000, 2002, 2006, 2008 and 2009, the area forest fires annually exceeded 2 million hectares.

As a result, according to experts, the area of burnt areas in Russian forests is three times the area of clear-cut areas. Moreover, the main causes of fire disasters in Russia are the destruction of the forest protection system, the constant lack of funding and the irresponsible handling of fire by people, and not the weather at all. Thus, funding for forest fire activities in our country at the state level is 15 times less than in Canada, and 30 times less than in the United States, although the forest area in these countries is less than ours. Therefore, forests in vast areas burn down every year. Thus, the number one enemy for our forests today is not logging, but catastrophic fires.

The most serious scourge of densely populated areas is the reduction of forests for development. So, in the Moscow region over the past two decades, 58 thousand hectares of land have been built up, of which only 8 thousand hectares are in the forest park belt. It seems that the figure is not so big, but in reality these are the territories of the most ecologically and socially valuable plantations (located near settlements and reservoirs, in sanitary protection zones, in places most attractive for recreation of the population). This already exceeds the limits set in 1992 by the government of the Moscow Region for the reduction of the forest area of the forest park protective belt.

It is worth mentioning the construction of roads and other linear structures in the forests, as well as the construction of hydraulic structures. The fight against the construction of a high-speed highway through the Khimki forest has already riveted the attention of a significant part of the public, including the world. So Khimki is the most famous example. But across the country there are dozens of situations where the authorities find no other solution than to build a road through the forest. The fate of these forests is sad: as practice shows, the laying of the route is always followed by the construction of adjacent areas, the clearing of forests by hook or by crook.

As for the construction of hydraulic structures, one cannot fail to recall the Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station. Here it gets flooded113 thousand hectares of forests. Contrary to the approved government bodies standards for the preparation of reservoirs, the bed of the Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station is being prepared for filling without deforestation and cleaning of cutting areas in full. After the station is launched, 9 million cubic meters of forest may be under water, the water will be poisoned by decaying wood for many years, forming a man-made "dead sea".

WWF Russia does not call for a radical reduction in the area and volume of timber harvesting. It is impossible to imagine modern civilization without wood. Moreover, rational, sustainable wood harvesting is much more environmentally friendly than the production of many other materials that can replace it - concrete, plastic, aluminum, etc.
Nevertheless, WWF calls for the exclusion from logging of the most valuable ecological and social relations forest areas and plots, among other measures to implement sustainable forest management, in particular, to conduct FSC certification of forests and forest products supply chains. It is necessary to take the most radical measures to ensure the prevention and control of forest fires, to protect the most valuable forest areas from losses as a result of building and laying linear structures, as well as to a more responsible attitude towards hydropower development plans.

Tatiana YANITSKAYA
Photo by Anton ZHURAVKOV

The forest is not just a cluster of trees, but a complex ecosystem that combines plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms and affects the climate, state drinking water, clean air.

Millennia ago, a huge part of the Earth's surface was covered with forests. They spread to North America, occupied a significant proportion Western Europe. The vast territories of Africa, South America and Asia were dense forests.

But with the growth in the number of people, their active development of land for economic needs, the process of deforestation began.

People take a lot from the forest: building materials, food, medicine, raw materials for the paper industry. Wood, needles and tree bark are raw materials for many industries. chemical industry. About half of the extracted wood goes to fuel needs, and a third goes to construction. A quarter of all medicines used come from plants rainforest.

Through photosynthesis, forests give us oxygen to breathe while absorbing carbon dioxide. Trees protect the air from poisonous gases, soot and other pollution, noise. Phytoncides produced by most coniferous plants destroy pathogens.

Forests are habitats for many animals, they are real storehouses of biological diversity. They are involved in creating a microclimate favorable for agricultural plants.

Forest areas protect the soil from erosion processes by preventing surface runoff of precipitation. The forest is like a sponge that first accumulates and then releases water to streams and rivers, regulates the flow of water from the mountains to the plains, and prevents floods. , the forests included in its basin are considered the lungs of the Earth.

Damage to the planet caused by deforestation

Despite the fact that forests are a renewable resource, the rate of their deforestation is too high and is not covered by the rate of reproduction. Millions of hectares of deciduous and coniferous forests.

Tropical forests, which are home to more than 50% of the species that exist on Earth, used to cover 14% of the planet, and now only 6%. India's forested areas have shrunk from 22% to 10% in the last half century. Are destroyed coniferous forests central regions Russia, tracts of forests on Far East and in Siberia, and swamps appear on the site of clearings. Valuable pine and cedar forests are cut down.

The disappearance of forests is . The deforestation of the planet leads to sharp temperature changes, changes in the amount of precipitation and wind speeds.

Burning forests causes carbon monoxide pollution in the air, more carbon monoxide is emitted than is absorbed. Also, when forests are cleared, carbon is released into the air, which accumulates in the soil under the trees. This contributes about a quarter of the process of creating a greenhouse effect on Earth.

Many areas left without forest as a result of deforestation or fires become deserts, as the loss of trees leads to the fact that a thin fertile layer of soil is easily washed away by precipitation. Desertification causes a huge number of ecological refugees - ethnic groups for whom the forest was the main or only source of existence.

Many inhabitants of the forest territories disappear along with their home. Entire ecosystems are being destroyed, plants of irreplaceable species used to obtain medicines, and many biological resources valuable to mankind are being destroyed. More than a million biological species living in tropical forests, is in danger of extinction.

Soil erosion that develops after logging leads to floods, since nothing can stop the flow of water. Level violations lead to floods groundwater, as the roots of trees that feed on them die. For example, as a result of extensive deforestation at the foot of the Himalayas began to suffer from big floods every four years Bangladesh. Previously, floods occurred no more than twice every hundred years.

Punching methods

Forests are cut down for the sake of mining, obtaining timber, clearing the area for pastures, and obtaining agricultural land.

Forests are divided into three groups. The first is prohibited for felling woodlands playing an important ecological role that are nature reserves.

The second group includes forests of limited exploitation, located in densely populated areas, their timely restoration is strictly controlled.

The third group is the so-called operational forests. They are cut down completely and then re-sown.

There are several types of felling in forestry:

Main felling

Clearings of this type are the harvesting of the so-called ripe forest for timber. They can be selective, gradual and continuous. Clear cuts destroy all trees except seedlings. With gradual cutting process is carried out in several stages. With a selective type, only individual trees are removed according to a certain principle, and in general the territory remains covered with forest.

Plant care cutting

This species includes cutting down plants that are not practical to leave. Destroy plants the worst quality, while simultaneously thinning and clearing the forest, improving its lighting and providing nutrients remaining more valuable trees. This allows you to increase the productivity of the forest, its water-regulating properties and aesthetic qualities. Wood from such cuttings is used as a technological raw material.

Integrated

These are reshaping fellings, reforestation and reconstructive fellings. They are carried out in cases of loss of forest useful properties in order to restore them Negative influence on the environment with this type of logging is excluded. Cutting favorably affects the clarification of the territory and eliminates root competition for more valuable breeds trees.

Sanitary

Such felling is carried out to improve the health of the forest, increase its biological stability. This type includes landscape felling, carried out in order to create forest park landscapes, and felling to create fire breaks.

The strongest intervention is produced by clear cuttings.. Negative consequences causes overcutting of trees when more of them are destroyed than grows in a year, which causes depletion forest resources.

In turn, undercutting can cause forest aging and disease of old trees. During clear felling, in addition to the destruction of trees, branches are burned, which leads to the appearance of numerous fires.

Trunks are pulled away by machinery, destroying many ground cover plants along the way, exposing the soil. The young are almost completely destroyed. The surviving shade-loving plants die from excessive amounts of sunlight And strong winds. The ecosystem is completely destroyed and the landscape is changing.

Without harm to the environment, cutting down can be carried out if the principle of continuous forest management based on the balance of cutting down and reforestation is observed. Selective logging is characterized by the least environmental damage.
It is preferable to cut down the forest in winter, when the snow cover protects the soil and young growth from damage.

Measures to eliminate the damage caused by deforestation

In order to stop the process of deforestation, it is necessary to develop norms for the reasonable use of forest resources. The following directions must be followed:

conservation of forest landscapes and its biological diversity;
conducting uniform forest management without depletion of forest resources;
skills training caring attitude to the forest;
strengthening at the state level of control over the conservation and use of forest resources;
creation of forest accounting and monitoring systems;
improvement of forest legislation,

Replanting trees often does not cover the damage caused by logging. IN South America, South Africa And South-East Asia forest areas continue to shrink inexorably.

In order to reduce the damage from felling, it is necessary:

Increase areas for planting new forests
Expand already existing and create new protected areas, forest reserves.
Deploy effective measures to prevent forest fires.
Conduct measures, including preventive measures, to combat diseases and pests.
Conduct selection of tree species that are resistant to environmental stress.
Guard forests from the activities of enterprises engaged in the extraction of minerals.
Realize fight against poachers.
Use effective and least harmful logging techniques. Minimize wood waste and develop ways to use them.
Deploy ways of secondary processing of wood.
Encourage ecological tourism.

What can people do to save forests.

Parent meeting on the topic:

Forest dangers. Prepared by the teacher of the middle group of the 47th kindergarten Auning Lyubov Yuryevna.

poisonous mushrooms

poisonous mushrooms- mushrooms, the use of which in food can cause poisoning. Most often, mushroom poisoning occurs, which have an outward resemblance to edible mushrooms and are accidentally collected with them. To avoid such a mistake, which can be fatal, it is necessary to study well common features mushrooms and know characteristic differences poisonous species. Treatment for mushroom poisoning depends on their type. Toadstool poisoning is accompanied by vomiting and dehydration, after gastric lavage, an exchange transfusion is performed. Deadly poisonous mushrooms are filled with a thick, slimy and sticky liquid that does not obey the laws of nature and digestion. Such mushrooms are terribly dangerous and should be avoided.

poisonous berries

When picking berries, do not confuse edible and healthy ones with poisonous ones! Few poisonous berries. They should be remembered so as not to harm either yourself or your comrades. Poisonous berries can attract the attention of little sweet teeth, because they are so similar to edible ones, even adults can be deceived by ignorance or inattention appearance. The consequences of this mistake can be severe. Indigestion, the face becomes pale and the temperature rises, convulsions may appear, pupils dilate, hallucinations may appear. Vomiting is usually delayed

poisonous plants

Plants that produce and accumulate poisons in the process of life. Cause poisoning of animals and humans. In the world flora, more than 10 thousand species of poisonous plants are known, mainly in the tropics and subtropics, and there are many of them in countries with temperate and cold climates; V Russian Federation about 400 species. It is not uncommon for children to be poisoned by seductive-looking poisonous fruits. Poisoning after eating poisonous plants can occur after a few minutes, for example, after eating yew needles, in other cases - after a few days or even weeks.

stinging insects

Stinging insects are most aggressive in July and August. Their bites are very painful and toxic. Some people are more sensitive to stings than others, although children are usually very sensitive. However, the main risk group is 3% of the population, these are people who are allergic to the poison found in the sting. An allergy to a sting can appear at any time, even if there was no reaction last time.

Ticks

snakes

Among the variety of snakes, there are both harmless and poisonous representatives that are very dangerous for humans and animals. All known snakes are predators. The most active period poisonous snakes in the second half of August and September - they crawl to the wintering place. Indian summer is the snake's last opportunity to bask in the sun, which they do, ahead is wintering. It is extremely dangerous to disturb the peace of snakes during this period. Before wintering, snakes are aggressive, they can attack.