Brief description of military equipment in the Second World War. Military equipment of the Great Patriotic War. Torpedo boat project "Komsomolets"

Photo. Multi-purpose all-wheel drive army vehicle

Willys-MV (USA, 1942)

Weight without load 895kg. (2150lbs)

Liquid-cooled carburetor engine 42hp / 2500 rpm 4-cycle. 2200cm²

Gearbox: 3 speeds + 1 reverse

Maximum speed on the highway: 104 km / h.

Fuel consumption 14l/100kl.

Tank 57l.

Photo. Antitank gun. M-42. 45 mm. Caliber 45mm. Barrel length 3087mm. The maximum rate of fire is 15-30 rounds per minute.

Photo. Katyusha. Rocket mortar BM-13. Created in 1939 design bureau A. Kostyukov. Performance characteristics: Caliber: 132mm. Weight without shells: 7200kg. Number of guides: 16 Firing range: 7900m.

Photo. 122 mm. Howitzer. Model 1938 Created in 1938 F. Petrov's design team. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 2400kg. Firing range: 11800m. Maximum elevation angle + 63.5°. Rate of fire 5-6 rds / min.

Photo. 76 mm. Divisional Cannon. Model 1942 Created in 1938-1942. design bureau V. Grabin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 1200kg. Firing range: 13290m. The maximum elevation angle is + 37°. Rate of fire 25 rds / min.

Photo. 57 mm. Anti-tank gun. Model 1943 Created in 1938-1942. design bureau V. Grabin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 1250kg. Firing range: 8400m. The maximum elevation angle is + 37°. Rate of fire 20-25 rds / min.

Photo. 85 mm. Anti-aircraft gun. Model 1939 Created in 1939 G. D. Dorokhin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 4300kg. Firing range in height: 10500m. Horizon: 15500m. Maximum elevation angle + 82°. Rate of fire 20 rds / min.

Photo. Barrel 203 mm. Howitzers. Model 1931 Designers F. F. Pender, Magdesnev, Gavrilov, Torbin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 17700kg. Firing range: 18000m. Maximum elevation angle + 60°. Rate of fire 0.5 rds / min.

Photo. 152 mm. Howitzer gun M-10. Model 1937 Created in 1937 design group of F. Petrov Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 7270kg. Firing range: 17230m. Maximum elevation angle + 65°. Rate of fire 3-4 rds / min

Photo. 152 mm. Howitzer D-1. Model 1943 Created in 1943 design group of F. Petrov Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 3600kg. Firing range: 12400m. Maximum elevation angle + 63.30°. Rate of fire 3-4 rds / min.

Photo. Field kitchen. KP-42 M.

Photo. Heavy Tank IS-2. Created in 1943 design group Zh. Ya. Kotina, NL Dukhov Tactical and technical characteristics: Combat weight: 46t. Booking: forehead of the hull; 120mm; side of the hull; 90mm; tower 110mm. Speed: 37km/h Highway range: 240km. Armament: 122mm gun; 3 machine guns 7.62mm; anti-aircraft machine gun 12.7mm Ammunition: 28 rounds, 2331 rounds Crew: 4

Photo. Heavy self-propelled artillery mount ISU-152 Created in 1944. Tactical and technical characteristics: Combat weight: 47t. Booking: forehead of the hull; 100mm; side of the hull; 90mm; cabin 90mm. Speed: 37km/h Highway range: 220km. Armament: 152mm gun-howitzer; 12.7mm anti-aircraft machine gun Ammunition: 20 rounds Crew: 5 people

Photo. Heavy Tank IS-3 Developed under the guidance of designer M. F. Blazhi. Adopted in 1945. Tactical and technical characteristics: Combat weight: 45.8 tons. Speed: 40 km/h Cruising range on the highway: 190 km. Power: 520hp Armament: 122mm gun D-25T model 1943. machine gun 7.62mm DT, machine gun 12.7mm DShK. Ammunition: 20 shells Crew: 4 people

Information from the Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad, in the city of Volgograd.

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ARMED FORCES OF THE MAIN PARTICIPANTS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR COUNTRY Number of armed forces (million people) By the beginning of 1941 By the beginning of 1945 Germany 7.2 9.4 Japan 1.7 7.2 Italy 1.5 - USA 1.8 11.9 Great Britain 3.2 4.5 USSR 5.2 9.4 China (Gomi ndang) 2.5 4.0 China (Communist) 0.4 0.9

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CORRELATION OF FORCES OF THE USSR AND GERMANY IN THE MOSCOW DIRECTION IN AUTUMN 1941 Combat forces and means Red Army German troops Personnel (thousand people) 120 1800 Number of tanks 990 1700 Number of guns and mortars (thousand) 7.6 14 Number of aircraft 667 1390

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Lend-lease (from the English "lend" - to lend and "lease" - to lease) is a kind of lending program for allies by the United States of America through the supply of machinery, food, equipment, raw materials and materials. Under the Lend-Lease Act, the United States could supply machinery, ammunition, equipment, and so on. countries whose defense was vital to the States themselves. All deliveries were free. All machinery, equipment and materials spent, expended or destroyed during the war were not subject to payment. Property left after the end of the war and suitable for civilian purposes had to be paid for.

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The share of Lend-Lease deliveries in the total amount of products manufactured and delivered to the USSR

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Aircraft 22,150 Tanks 12,700 SUVs and ATVs 51,503 Trucks 375,883 Motorcycles 35,170 Tractors 8,071 Rifles 8,218 Automatic weapons 131,633 Pistols 12,997 Freight wagons 11,155 Locomotives 1,981 Cargo ships 90 Anti-submarine ships, etc. 105

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Il-2 is the most massive combat aircraft in history, more than 36 thousand units were produced. In the Red Army, the aircraft received the nickname "humpback" (for characteristic shape fuselage). The designers called the aircraft they developed a "flying tank". The ground forces of the Wehrmacht had a bad reputation for the aircraft and earned several honorary nicknames, such as "butcher", "iron Gustav" Il-2 took part in the battles in all military operations of the Great Patriotic War, as well as in the Soviet-Japanese War. In February 1941, mass production began. The first serial Il-2s were manufactured in Voronezh at plant number 18 (in November 1941 the plant was evacuated to Kuibyshev). IL-2 was mass-produced at aircraft factories No. 1 and No. 18 in the city of Kuibyshev, at aircraft factory No. 30 in Moscow.

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The development was started by the designers and engineers of the special design bureau of the NKVD, SKB-29, in the middle of 1938. Created on the basis of an experimental twin-engine high-altitude fighter "100", the Pe-2 made its first flight on December 22, 1939 and began to be mass-produced at the end of 1940. The Pe-2 also served as a flying laboratory for testing rocket boosters. The first flight with an active rocket launcher took place in October 1943. The speed increased by 92 km/h. Experiments with various options Pe-2s with rocket launchers continued until 1945

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The first three serial Tu-2s, produced by plant No. 166, hit the Kalinin Front in September 1942. The machines were part of the 3rd Air Army. Front-line pilots highly appreciated the Tu-2. They emphasized the high efficiency of the aircraft, capable of dropping large bombs on the target, powerful defensive weapons, ease of piloting and high flight qualities. For the creation and organization of serial production of the Tu-2 bomber A.N. Tupolev was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree in 1943, in 1944 - the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree and the Order of Suvorov of the 2nd degree, and was also promoted to Major General of the Engineering and Technical Service. In 1945, Tupolev became a Hero of Socialist Labor.

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Yak-7 Soviet single-engine fighter aircraft of the Great Patriotic War. It was developed at plant number 301 shortly after the start of the war on the initiative of the OKB brigade A. S. Yakovlev, who was at this plant to help in the development of the Yak-7UTI. The Yak-7 has been produced since 1941, a total of 6399 aircraft of 18 different modifications were built, including training and combat ones. By the end of 1942, it began to be rapidly replaced by a more advanced Yak-9, which later became the most massive Soviet fighter of the Great Patriotic War.

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The La-5 fighter appeared under circumstances that were not quite ordinary, if not dramatic, for a design team led by S.A. Lavochkin. Fighter LaGG-Z. for the release and improvement of which this design bureau was responsible, due to insufficient efficiency, they were removed from production. And the very existence of KB is now in question. Of course, the designers perfectly understood the nature of LaGG's shortcomings and were already design work by its fundamental modification. Along with the need for a sharp improvement in flight data, the main thing in this matter was the efficiency and the requirement for the continuity of the LaGG-Z design and its new modification. Only if these conditions were met was it possible to transfer the plant to the production of a new aircraft before the Yak fighter was on the assembly line (as planned). And the design bureau of S.A. Lavochkin coped with this task successfully.

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For the production of armored vehicles in the Urals, the military-production complex "Tankograd" was created. Thousands of planes and tanks left the assembly lines of defense enterprises. This made it possible to form air and tank armies, which played a decisive role in the offensive of the Soviet Armed Forces in 1943-1945.

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T-34 - was the main tank of the Red Army until the first half of 1944, when it was replaced by the T-34-85 modification tank. From 1942 to 1945, the main production of the T-34 was deployed at powerful machine-building plants in the Urals and Siberia, and continued into the post-war years. The leading plant for modifying the T-34 was the Ural Tank Plant No. 183. The T-34 tank had a huge impact on the outcome of the war and on further development world tank building. Due to the combination of its combat qualities, the T-34 was recognized by many specialists and military experts as one of best tanks Second World War. When it was created, Soviet designers managed to find the optimal ratio between the main combat, tactical, ballistic, operational, running and technological characteristics. The T-34 tank is the most famous Soviet tank and one of the most recognizable characters Second World War.

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Serial production of the T-44 began in 1944, but during the Great Patriotic War it was carried out on a limited scale in order to prevent a reduction in the production of the T-34-85 during large-scale offensive operations. T-44

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In general, the tank fully justified the expectations of the command as a means of qualitatively strengthening units and subunits designed to break through well-fortified enemy lines in advance, as well as storm cities. Is -2

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OT-34 - was created on the basis of the T-34. Unlike the line tank, it was armed with an ATO-41 automatic gunpowder piston flamethrower, located in place of the course machine gun, which, for example, in comparison with the solution for the KV-8, made it possible to save the 76-mm gun. OT-34

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Katyusha - appeared during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the unofficial name of the barrelless systems of field rocket artillery (primarily and initially - BM-13, and later also BM-8, BM-31 and others). Such installations were actively used by the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Second World War. The popularity of the nickname turned out to be so great that "Katyushas" in colloquial speech post-war MLRS on automobile chassis began to be often called, in particular BM-14 and BM-21 "Grad". Subsequently, by analogy with the "Katyusha", a number of similar nicknames ("Andryusha", "Vanyusha") were given by Soviet soldiers and other installations (BM-31, etc.) of rocket artillery, but these nicknames were not so widespread and popular and generally known much less.

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Balance of forces in the Stalingrad direction in November 1942 Forces and means Red Army Germany and its allies Personnel (thousand people) 1134.8 1011.5 Number of tanks 1560 675 Number of guns and mortars 14934 10290 Number of aircraft 1916 1219

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The balance of forces in the Orel-Kursk direction in early July 1943 Forces and means Soviet troops German troops Personnel (thousand people) 1336 900 Number of tanks and self-propelled guns 3444 2733 Number of guns and mortars 19100 10000 Number of aircraft 2172 2050

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PRODUCTION OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT IN THE LARGEST COUNTRIES IN 1943-1944 COUNTRY PRODUCTION OF TANKS (thousand units) PRODUCTION OF AIRCRAFT (thousand units) 1943 1944 1943 1944 GERMANY 19.8 27.3 25.2 38.0 JAPAN 1.0 1.0 16.3 28.3 USSR 24.0 29.0 35.0 40.3 LEAD UK 8.6 7.5 23.7 26.3 USA 29.5 17.6 85.9 96.4

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Of the divisional guns, the most common was the 76 mm ZIS-3 gun. In the initial period of the war, the 76-mm F-22 gun and the 76-mm USV gun were also used. The corps artillery was represented by 122 mm A-19 guns, a 152 mm howitzer of the 1909/30 model, and a 152 mm ML-20 howitzer-gun. Anti-tank guns included 45 mm 53-K, 45 mm M-42 and 57 mm ZIS-2 anti-tank guns. Anti-aircraft artillery used 37-mm 61-K anti-aircraft guns, as well as 76-mm 3-K and 85-mm 52-K guns.

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Before the war, increased attention was paid to the development of automatic weapons - the ABC self-loading rifle was followed by the SVT and AVT. However, the main small arms of the Soviet army was the Mosin rifle. In addition, the PPSh submachine gun also received some distribution. Nagan revolvers and TT pistols were used as officer weapons. Main light machine gun there was a DP, and the Maxim machine gun, developed before the First World War, was used as an easel machine gun. The DShK heavy machine gun, also used as an anti-aircraft gun, also received some distribution.

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Mosin rifle. 7.62-mm (3-line) rifle of the 1891 model (Mosin rifle, three-line) is a magazine rifle adopted by the Russian Imperial Army in 1891. It was actively used from 1891 until the end of the Great Patriotic War, during this period it was repeatedly modernized. The name of the three-ruler comes from the caliber of the rifle barrel, which is equal to three Russian lines (an old measure of length equal to one tenth of an inch, or 2.54 mm - respectively, three lines are equal to 7.62 mm). On the basis of the rifle of the 1891 model and its modifications, a number of samples of sports and hunting weapons, both rifled and smoothbore, were created.

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Shpagin submachine gun. The 7.62-mm Shpagin submachine gun of the 1941 model (PPSh) is a Soviet submachine gun developed in 1940 by designer G.S. Shpagin and adopted by the Red Army on December 21, 1940. PPSh was the main submachine gun of the Soviet armed forces in the Great Patriotic War. After the end of the war, in the early 1950s, the PPSh was decommissioned by the Soviet Army and gradually replaced by the Kalashnikov assault rifle, it remained in service with the rear and auxiliary units, parts of the internal troops and railway troops for a little longer. In service with paramilitary security units was at least until the mid-1980s. Also, in the post-war period, PPSh was supplied in significant quantities to countries friendly to the USSR, for a long time it was in service with the armies various states, was used by irregular formations and throughout the twentieth century was used in armed conflicts around the world.

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Pistol arr. 1933 (TT, Tulsky, Tokareva) - the first army self-loading pistol of the USSR, developed in 1930 by the Soviet designer Fedor Vasilyevich Tokarev. The TT pistol was developed for the 1929 competition for a new army pistol, announced to replace the Nagant revolver and several foreign-made revolvers and pistols that were in service with the Red Army by the mid-1920s. The German cartridge 7.63 × 25 mm Mauser was adopted as a regular cartridge, which was purchased in significant quantities for the Mauser S-96 pistols in service.

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Military equipment from the Great Patriotic War, installed as monuments and museum exhibits in St. Petersburg.

Wall newspapers of the charitable educational project "Briefly and clearly about the most interesting" (website website) are intended for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg. They are delivered free of charge to most educational institutions, as well as to a number of hospitals, orphanages and other institutions in the city. The publications of the project do not contain any advertising (only logos of the founders), politically and religiously neutral, written in easy language, well illustrated. They are conceived as an information "slowdown" of students, the awakening of cognitive activity and the desire to read. Authors and publishers, without claiming to be academically complete in the presentation of the material, publish interesting facts, illustrations, interviews with famous figures of science and culture, and thereby hope to increase the interest of schoolchildren in the educational process. Please send comments and suggestions to: [email protected].. We thank the Department of Education of the Administration of the Kirovsky District of St. Petersburg and everyone who selflessly helps in distributing our wall newspapers. We thank the project "Book of Memory", the Military History Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps, the Museum and Exhibition Complex "Sestroretsky Frontier" and Sergey Sharov for the materials provided in the issue. Many thanks to Alexei Shvarev and Denis Chaliapin for valuable comments.

This issue is dedicated to military equipment that fought on the fields of the Great Patriotic War, and is now installed as monuments on the territory of St. Petersburg. With the help of these tanks, ships, aircraft and guns, the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany, driving the enemy from the territory of our country and freeing the peoples of Europe. These combat vehicles (and some of them remained in single copies) are worthy of being carefully preserved, studied, remembered and proud of them. The issue was prepared in cooperation with the Book of Memory project, whose task is to find and systematize all the monuments dedicated to the events of the Second World War of 1939-1945 in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. “Behind the scenes” of the newspaper so far there are post-war monuments: the T-80 tank on the Oil Road, “ rocket train” at the Museum of Railway Engineering, the S-189 submarine on the Lieutenant Schmidt Embankment, the MIG-19 aircraft in the Aviator Park, the Triton-2M submarine in Kronstadt and some others. And we plan to devote a separate newspaper to the military equipment installed on pedestals in the Leningrad Region. Also in a separate issue we will talk about the extensive collection of the Artillery Museum on Kronverksky Island.

Admiralteisky district

1. 305 mm railway artillery mount

Photo: Vitaly V. Kuzmin

The Museum of Railway Technology at the former Varshavsky railway station exhibits many unique exhibits. One of the most interesting is huge gun. The explanatory plate says: “Railway artillery installation TM-3-12. Gun caliber - 305 mm. The maximum firing range is 30 km. Rate of fire - 2 shots per minute. Weight - 340 tons. Built at the Nikolaev State Plant in 1938. A total of 3 installations were built of this type, while using guns dismantled from the battleship "Empress Maria". Participated in the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. From June to December 1941 they took part in the defense of the Soviet naval base on the Hanko Peninsula (Finland). Disabled by Soviet sailors during the evacuation of the base, subsequently restored by Finnish specialists using the guns of the Russian battleship " Alexander III". They were in service until 1991, decommissioned in 1999. The installation arrived at the museum in February 2000.” The same artillery transporter is in the Moscow Museum on Poklonnaya Hill. Address: Obvodny Canal Embankment, 118, Museum of Railway Engineering.

2. Railway armored platform

This 22-ton armored platform was made in 1935. During the Great Patriotic War, such armored platforms equipped with anti-aircraft guns or machine guns were used to protect trains from attacks by enemy aircraft. Address: Obvodny Canal Embankment, 118, Museum of Railway Engineering.

Vasileostrovskiy district

3. Icebreaker "Krasin"

Photo: website, Georgy Popov

The icebreaker "Krasin" (until 1927 - "Svyatogor") was built in 1916 in England by order of the Russian government. For several decades, it was the most powerful Arctic icebreaker in the world. In 1928, the Krasin rescued the surviving members of the expedition to North Pole on the airship "Italia", which crashed off the coast of Svalbard. After that, "Krasin" became known throughout the world. During the Second World War, the famous icebreaker acquired naval artillery and paved the way for the "polar convoys". That was the name of the caravans of ships with military and civilian cargo that our allies (USA and Great Britain) sent to the USSR. Dozens of ships led "Krasin" through the ice of the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea and White Sea. Over 300 Krasinsk residents received government awards for courage and bravery shown during the escort during the war years. Since 2004, the icebreaker has been a branch of the Museum of the World Ocean. Address: Lieutenant Schmidt embankment near the 23rd line of Vasilyevsky Island.

4. Towers of the main caliber of the cruiser "Kirov"

Photo: website, Georgy Popov

The Soviet light artillery cruiser "Kirov" was built at the Baltic Shipyard No. 189 in Leningrad and launched in 1936. On the very first day of the war, it repelled an air raid on Riga with an anti-aircraft caliber, then massive air raids on the Main Base Baltic Fleet in Tallinn. After the relocation of the Baltic Fleet squadron to Kronstadt and until the end of the war, the Kirov remained the flagship (this is the name of the ship on which the commander is located). Actively participated in the defense of Leningrad. In total, during the war, "Kirov" repelled the attacks of 347 enemy aircraft. In 1942-44, he occupied a position mainly between the Palace Bridge and the Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge, from where he conducted live firing. At the end of the war, with its main caliber, it supported the offensive operations of our army. 100-kilogram shells fired from triple guns 10 meters long hit the target at a record distance of 40 kilometers for those times. More than a thousand crew members were awarded government awards for heroism and courage. In 1961, the Kirov was retrained as a training ship and regularly made trips with cadets in the Baltic Sea. After the ship was excluded from the lists of the fleet in 1974, it was decided to install its two bow 180-mm towers and propellers as a Memorial to the feat of the sailors of the Baltic Fleet. Installed in 1990. Address: Sea embankment, 15-17.

5. Torpedo boat project "Komsomolets"

Photo: lenww2.ru, Leonid Maslov

Although this boat on a granite pedestal is post-war, it was installed in memory of the feat of sailors of torpedo boats of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet in the Great Patriotic War. Similar torpedo boats of the Komsomolets project of the Baltic Fleet sank 119 enemy ships and vessels during the war years. Installed in 1973. Address: Harbour, the territory of the exhibition complex "Lenexpo", Bolshoy Prospekt Vasilievsky Island, 103.

6. Submarine "Narodovolets"

Photo: website, Georgy Popov

This diesel-electric torpedo submarine was built at the Baltic Shipyard No. 189 in Leningrad in 1929. At first, such boats were called "Narodovolets", then they were renamed "D-2" (according to the first letter of the name of the lead ship - "Decembrist"). The boat took a direct part in the battles of the Great Patriotic War. The first ships sunk by her were a transport with a cargo of coal and a sea ferry. After the end of the war, the boat continued to serve in the Baltic Fleet, and then was based in Kronstadt as a training station. In 1989, after restoration work, the boat was installed on the shore as a monument to the heroic submariners, scientists, designers and shipbuilders of the Great Patriotic War. The Submarine Museum opened in 1994. Address: Shkiperskiy protok, 10.

Vyborgsky district

7. "Katyusha"

This legendary Katyusha (multiple launch rocket system based on a 6-wheeled 4-ton ZIS-6 off-road truck) is a monument to the military and labor glory of the Karl Marx Machine-Building Association, on whose territory it was installed. At the enterprise, which traditionally produced spinning machines for cotton and wool, with the beginning of the war they began to make ammunition and weapons, including Katyushas. On a granite pedestal there is an inscription: "To you who left here for the front, to you who remained to forge the weapons of Victory, to the soldiers and workers of the Great Patriotic War, this monument will be erected." To the right and left behind the car are bronze groups of soldiers and workers. The monument was opened in 1985. Address: Bolshoi Sampsonievsky prospect, 68.

8. Cannon "ZIS-3" on Courage Square

Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva

A memorial composition consisting of the legendary ZIS-3 cannon of the 1942 model and four anti-tank "hedgehogs". The flowers on the pedestal are planted in the form of the inscription "Remember". 76mm divisional cannon"ZIS-3" became the most massive Soviet artillery gun produced during the Great Patriotic War (a total of 103,000 guns were produced). This gun is also recognized by experts as one of the best guns of the entire Second World War due to its outstanding qualities, economy and simplicity. In the post-war period, the ZIS-3 was in service with the Soviet Army for a long time, and was also actively exported to a number of countries, in some of which it is still in service. The memorial was opened in 2011. Address: Courage Square.

Kalininsky district

9. Cannon "ZIS-3" on Metallistov Avenue

Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva

During the war years, in the building of the North-West Regional Center of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (Ministry Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences natural Disasters), there was an MPVO school (local air defense) and artillery courses. In honor of this, a 76-mm ZIS-3 cannon was installed on a granite slab in the park in front of the building, which participated in the defense of Leningrad. Eight stars are drawn on the shield of the gun - according to the number of enemy aircraft shot down. To the left of the gun, on a separate granite pedestal, there is a symbolic open book, on the pages of which is depicted Saint Isaac's Cathedral in the days of the Blockade and the Victory salute. Address: Metallistov Avenue, 119.

Kirovsky district

10. Tank "IS-2" on the territory of the Kirov plant

Photo: website, Georgy Popov

On the territory of the Kirovsky Zavod association there is an IS-2 tank, produced at the end of the war in Chelyabinsk. On a pedestal of granite blocks there is a bronze plaque with the text: “1941–1945. This heavy tank was installed here in memory of the glorious deeds of the tank builders of the Kirov Plant. "IS-2" was the most powerful and most armored of the Soviet production tanks during the war and one of the strongest tanks at that time in the world. These tanks have been produced since 1943 at the Chelyabinsk Kirov plant, created in the shortest possible time on the basis of equipment evacuated from Leningrad. Tanks of this type played a big role in the battles of 1944-1945, especially distinguishing themselves during the storming of cities. After the end of the war, the IS-2s were modernized and were in service with the Soviet and Russian armies until 1995. The memorial was opened in 1952. Address: Stachek Avenue, 47.

11. KV-85 tank on Stachek Avenue

Photo: website, Georgy Popov

This copy (one of the two known surviving ones) of the KV-85 tank was installed in 1951 at the initiative of the tank designer Joseph Kotin. "Tank-winner" is part of the Kirovsky Val memorial, which is part of the "Green Belt of Glory of Leningrad". The heavy tank "KV" ("Klim Voroshilov") was produced at the Chelyabinsk Tank Plant from 1939 to 1942 and had no equal for a long time. Index "85" means the caliber of the gun in millimeters. Shells fired from standard German anti-tank guns bounced off him, leaving no damage to his armor. It was produced only in August-October 1943. A total of 148 machines of this type were manufactured. The forerunner of the IS heavy tank. Address: Stachek Avenue, 106-108.

12. Izhora Tower on Korabelnaya Street

Near the well-preserved bunker (Long-term firing point), the so-called "Izhora Tower" was installed - a machine-gun armored tower under easel machine gun systems "Maxim" sample 1910-1930. The tower was found by search engines on the Karelian Isthmus near the Yatka River. Armor thickness - 3 centimeters, weight about 500 kilograms. Such machine-gun armored turrets were produced by the Izhora plant and were actively used on the defense lines of Leningrad. The memorial appeared here in 2011 with the support of the administration of the Kirovsky district. Address: Korabelnaya street, in the square at the intersection with Kronstadtskaya street.

Kolpinsky district

13. "Izhora Tower" in Kolpino

Photo: lenww2.ru, Alexey Sedelnikov

The same armored tower was installed in Kolpino as part of the memorial "To the Armored Workers of the Izhora Plants". The armored tower had lain in the Sinyavino swamps for more than 50 years and was found by the Zvezda search team. It has marks from artillery shell fragments. The inscriptions on the stone, also brought from Sinyavino, read: “A low bow to all the creators of Russian armor at the Izhora factories” and “A memorial sign to the Armored Workers of the Izhora factories” was installed in the year of the 100th anniversary of the birth of M.I. Koshkin, the general designer of the T-34 tank. Mikhail Koshkin insisted that the turret of his famous tank should also be made of heavy-duty armor cast using the Izhora technology. The memorial was erected in 1998. Address: Kolpino, at the intersection of Proletarskaya Street and Tankistov Street.

Krasnogvardeisky district

14. 406-mm gun at the Rzhev range

This barrel length unique gun"B-37" - 16 meters, a two-meter projectile for it weighs more than a ton, the firing range is 45 kilometers. A plate is attached to the armored turret: “406-mm gun mount of the Navy of the USSR. This gun of the Red Banner NIMAP (Scientific and Testing Naval Artillery Range) from August 29, 1941 to June 10, 1944 took Active participation in the defense of Leningrad and the defeat of the enemy. With well-aimed fire, it destroyed powerful strongholds and nodes of resistance, destroyed military equipment and manpower of the enemy, supported the actions of the Red Army units of the Leningrad Front and the Red Banner Baltic Fleet in the Nevsky, Kolpinsky, Uritsko-Pushkinsky, Krasnoselsky and Karelian directions. Clarification from the NIMAP website: “In January 1944, during the breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad, 33 shells were fired at the enemy from this gun. One of the shells hit the building of power plant No. 8, occupied by the enemy. As a result of the hit, the building was completely destroyed. A crater from a 406-mm projectile with a diameter of 12 m and a depth of 3 m was found nearby. This experimental installation was the most powerful Soviet artillery system used during the Second World War. It was planned to arm four with such guns in three-gun turrets. battleships type " Soviet Union", laid down in 1939–1940. In connection with the outbreak of war, none of the ships of this project could not be built.

15. 305-mm gun at the Rzhev range

Photo: aroundspb.ru, Sergey Sharov

This naval cannon was made at the Obukhov plant in 1914 on a Zhuravl-type proving ground. Four of these guns were one of the batteries of the Krasnaya Gorka fort during the Great Patriotic War. Two such former Russian guns are today in Finland, and only one has survived in Russia - this. Text on the memorial plaque: "From August 29, 1941 to June 10, 1944, a 305-mm naval gun mount fired on Nazi troops during the defense of Leningrad." The most powerful weapon ever mass-produced on ships of the Russian or Soviet navy. The Rzhev test site called "experimental artillery battery" was established more than a century and a half ago with the aim of testing new types of guns. Over time, the battery turned into the main artillery range of Tsarist Russia, and then the Soviet Union. The Scientific and Testing Naval Artillery Range (NIMAP) today occupies a significant area northeast of St. Petersburg. Unique artillery pieces that participated in the defense of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War are stored here. So far, the territory of the landfill is closed to the public, but the issue of assigning these famous guns status of monuments of history and culture of the Russian Federation.

16. Anti-aircraft gun "52-K"

Photo: lenww2.ru, Alexey Sedelnikov

The 85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 model "52-K" is an exhibit of the State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg. This blockade military weapon, together with the memorial sign "Regulator" is part of the memorial complex "Road of Life - 1st kilometer". The memorial was erected in 2010. Address: Ryabovskoe highway, near the house 129.

Krasnoselsky district

17. Aircraft, tank and anti-aircraft guns in the village of Khvoyny

Photo: lenww2.ru, Alexey Sedelnikov

The village of Khvoyny is a "piece" of the Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg, surrounded on all sides by the territory of the Gatchinsky district of the Leningrad region. This is an active military unit, but the passage to the memorial is free. On the stele with a bas-relief depicting besieged Leningrad, there is a quote from the speech of L.I. Brezhnev (the leader of the USSR in 1966-1982) when Leningrad was awarded the Golden Star of the Hero: 00-day defense of the besieged Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War. It was one of the most outstanding, most amazing mass feats of the people and the army in the entire history of wars on earth. Nearby on the site there is a T-34/85 tank (1944) with the inscription "For the Motherland", a 130-mm anti-aircraft gun KS-30 (1948) and a model of the Yak-50P aircraft. Under the anti-aircraft gun there is a memorial plaque with the inscription: “To the anti-aircraft gunners who defended Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Leningrad was saved by the courage of the brave. Eternal glory to the heroes."

Kronstadt district

18. Torpedo boat project "Komsomolets"

Photo: wikipedia.org, Vasyatka1

Post-war torpedo boat of the Komsomolets project, similar to the one installed in Gavan. Here, in the area of ​​the former Litke base, torpedo boats were based during the war. The armament of the boat is clearly visible - two 450-mm torpedo tubes and aft twin installation of 14.5-mm machine guns. "To sailors-katerniks of the Baltic" - it is written on the plate. A square was laid out around the monument, lindens were planted. Historical reference of the newspaper "Kronstadt Vestnik": "During the Great Patriotic War, in the fighting of surface ships in the waters of the shallow Gulf of Finland, which was completely littered with mines, the Baltic boat crews of torpedo boat brigades mainly participated. They were fearless and daring, and their attacks inflicted big damage. And many commanders of these small but formidable ships became Heroes of the Soviet Union. Both during the war and decades after it, minesweeping brigades worked in the Gulf of Finland, stuffed with mines, which included special flat-bottomed boats - minesweepers. More than ten such ships and more than a hundred sailors perished in the course of operations to clear the fairways. In memory of the courage and dedication of boat sailors, this sign is established. The memorial was opened in 2009. Address: Kronstadt, Gidrostroiteley street, 10.

19. Artillery installation of the battleship "Gangut"

Photo: lenww2.ru, Oleg Ivanov

76-mm two-gun artillery mount 81-K of the battleship "Gangut" (after 1925 the battleship was called the "October Revolution"). "Gangut" was laid down in 1909 at the Admiralty Shipyard in St. Petersburg under the leadership of the outstanding Russian shipbuilder A.N. Krylov. He took part in the First World War. During the Great Patriotic War, he participated in the defense of Leningrad, was damaged by German artillery fire and aviation. Since 1954 she was used as a training ship, in 1956 she was expelled from the Navy and dismantled. The text of the plate on the gun: "Two-gun installation of foreman of the 1st class Ivan Tambasov." The monument was opened in 1957. Address: Kronstadt, Kommunisticheskaya street, intersection with Obvodny Canal. Nearby are two anchors of the famous battleship.

20. Cutting the submarine "Narodovolets"

Photo: lenww2.ru, Leonid Kharitonov

Part of the fencing of the cabin of a diesel-electric torpedo submarine of the Narodovolets (D-2) series. Text on the memorial plaque: “The firstborn of the Soviet submarine shipbuilding. Laid down in 1927 in Leningrad. Entered service in 1931. From 1933 to 1939 she was part of the Northern Military Flotilla. From 1941 to 1945 she led active fighting against the fascist invaders at the KBF (Red Banner Baltic Fleet). During the war, she sank 5 enemy ships with a total displacement of 40,000 tons. Located in the closed territory of the 123rd Red Banner Brigade submarines.

resort area

21. Artillery semi-caponier "Elephant"

Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva

Caponier (from French word"deepening") - a defensive structure for conducting flank (side) fire in both directions. Accordingly, the semi-caponier is designed to fire at the enemy in only one direction along the fortress wall. In the photo - artillery semi-caponier No. 1 (call sign - "Elephant") of the Forward Line of the Karelian fortified area ("KaUR"), built to protect the old Soviet-Finnish border. Caponier is the main exhibit of the Sestroretsky Frontier Museum and Exhibition Complex. During the Great Patriotic War, the "Elephant" shot through the lowland from the Kurort to Beloostrov, the approaches to the Sestra River and the railway bridge with artillery fire. The interior of the semi-caponier has been restored in the museum, and a collection of search finds has been placed. The outdoor exposition includes various types of small fortifications: two reinforced concrete firing points delivered from the area of ​​Beloostrov and Mednoye Lake, the Izhora tower already known to us, an observation tower of the 1938 model, firing points based on the towers of the T-28, KV-1, T-70, BT-2 tanks, a Finnish machine-gun armored cap, gouges, hedgehogs, obstacles and other interesting exhibits . Address: Sestroretsky Frontier Museum and Exhibition Complex, Sestroretsk, not far from the intersection of the Primorskoye Highway with the Kurort-Beloostrov railway.

22. Firing point from the body of the tank "T-28"

Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva

This is a copy of the firing point discovered by search engines on the Karelian Isthmus. It was built from the hull of a three-turreted T-28 medium tank, produced in 1933–1940 at the Kirov Plant in Leningrad. The tank was turned over, placed on a wooden foundation and covered with earth. The entrance was through the removed grille. This procedure was described in the book "Manual for Engineers: Fortifications" in the chapter "Using an inverted tank hull to set up a machine-gun blockhouse." Museum and Exhibition Complex "Sestroretsky Frontier".

23. Firing point with the tower of the tank "KV-1"

Photo: Sergey Sharov

This is a copy of the turret of the KV-1 tank, which was installed on a concrete casemate built in 1943 on the Karelian Isthmus. Such turret artillery mounts with 76-mm cannons mounted in the turrets of KV tanks were intended to strengthen the anti-tank defense of fortified areas. Museum and Exhibition Complex "Sestroretsky Frontier".

24. Defensive-offensive armor sliders

Photo: Sergey Sharov

Two armored sliders are on display at the Sestroretsky Frontier Museum and Exhibition Complex. It is known about one of them that he was armed with a casemate artillery mount based on a 76-mm tank gun of the 1938 model of the year and had the call sign "Halva" (in the photo he is in the background). In the book of B.V. Bychevsky “City-Front” there is such a description: “... The creation of the so-called “armor belt” around Leningrad began. Developed mass production technology various types prefabricated pillboxes. Somehow they brought a front-line machine gunner to the Izhora plant to check the newly made squat structure of armor plates. The machine gunner climbed under the cap, examined it inside and got out. “You know what, friend,” he turned to the welder, “let's cut a wider hole in the bottom. We will make a frame of logs for this thing and put it right on the trench.” “Or maybe weld a towing hook to the wall? suggested the welder. - Go on the offensive and take it with you. A tractor or a tank will boldly drag it!” “And that’s true,” the machine gunner rejoiced. “It will be kind of like a slider for us: both for defense and for the offensive.” That is how we christened this structure that day - “defensive-offensive armored slider”. Under this name, she became widely known throughout the Leningrad front. Museum and Exhibition Complex "Sestroretsky Frontier".

Moskovsky district

25. T-34-85 tanks of the Pulkovsky Frontier memorial

Photo: lenww2.ru, Alexey Sedelnikov

Memorial "Pulkovo Frontier" is included in the " Green Belt glory." It was here that in 1941-1944 the front line of the defense of Leningrad passed. The memorial includes a mosaic panel dedicated to the combat and labor exploits of Leningraders, a birch alley and concrete anti-tank gouges. On both sides of the memorial there are two tanks "T-34-85" with tail numbers 112 and 113. "T-34-85" - Soviet medium tank period of the Great Patriotic War, adopted in 1944 and forming the basis of the tank forces of the Soviet army until the mid-1950s. The installation of a more powerful 85-mm gun significantly increased the combat effectiveness of the tank compared to its predecessor, the T-34-76. The memorial was opened in 1967. Address: 20th kilometer of Pulkovskoye Highway.

Nevsky district

26. Tank "T-34-85" on the territory of the plant "Zvezda"

Photo: lenww2.ru, Olga Isaeva

The T-34-85 tank was installed on the territory of the Zvezda machine-building plant, which until recently bore the name of K.E. Voroshilov. A bronze plaque was fixed on the pedestal: "In memory of the military and labor feat of the Voroshilovites." It was founded in 1932 in Leningrad on the basis of the Machine-Building Department of the oldest enterprise in the country - the Bolshevik plant (now the Obukhovsky Plant) and initially specialized in the production of tanks. In the pre-war period and during the Great Patriotic War, the plant produced about 14.5 thousand tanks. During the war, evacuated factory workers created almost 6,000 T-34 tanks in Omsk and more than 10,000 tank engines in Barnaul. In the shops of the plant in besieged Leningrad, tanks were repaired, mines and armored shields were produced. The monument was opened in 1975. Address: Babushkina street, 123, on the territory of OAO Zvezda.

27. Firing point with the tower of the tank "KV-1"

A model of the turret of the KV tank was installed at the bunker of the Izhora defensive line. As the press service of the city administration reported, “during the war, a similar tower was located in the same place, as evidenced by the tank’s rotary mechanism built into the upper part of the pillbox. Enthusiasts, relying on historical drawings, restored the tank's turret, returning the pillbox to its original appearance. The memorial was restored in 2013. Address: Rybatskoye, Murzinskaya street, not far from the intersection with Obukhovskoy oborony avenue.

Petrogradsky district

28. Cruiser "Aurora"

Photo: wikipedia.org, George Shuklin

Avrora, a cruiser of the 1st rank of the Baltic Fleet, was launched in 1900 at the New Admiralty shipyard, one of the oldest shipbuilding enterprises in Russia. Emperor Nicholas II ordered the name of the ship "Aurora" (the Roman goddess of dawn) in honor of the sailing frigate "Aurora", which became famous during the defense of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. During the Great Patriotic War, the cruiser was in Oranienbaum and defended Kronstadt from air raids. Nine 130-mm guns removed from the cruiser (along with part of the crew) became part of the Duderhof battery, which heroically fought against German tanks. Monuments and memorials included in the "Green Belt of Glory" were erected on the positions of the guns of the Aurora battery. Since 1948, the Aurora has been permanently moored at the Nakhimov Naval School. In 2010, the cruiser was withdrawn from the Navy and is a branch of the Central Naval Museum. In September 2014, the Aurora was towed to the repair dock of the Kronstadt Marine Plant, where it will remain until 2016.

29. "Three-inch" of the late XIX century in the Artillery Museum

Photo: VIMAIViVS

3-inch (76-mm) experimental rapid-fire field gun model 1898 in the outdoor display of the Artillery Museum. This is one of the first famous "three-inch", famous as one of the best guns of its time. Previously, guns were loaded from the muzzle, which was long and inefficient. Thanks to the efforts of outstanding Russian artillery scientists, a completely new gun was developed at the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg. So, for the first time in these guns, a quick-acting piston valve with locking, impact and ejection mechanisms and a fuse, an elastic carriage and opener, a recoil brake and a protractor were used for the first time. The excellent qualities of the new gun were confirmed on the fields of the Russian-Japanese (1904-1905) and the First World War (1914-1918). After modernization in 1930, these guns were actively used throughout the Great Patriotic War, proving to be an effective means of fighting German light tanks. Address: Military History Museum artillery, engineering troops and signal troops, Kronverksky island.

30. Guns of the 1930s in the Artillery Museum

Photo: Sergey Sharov

305 mm howitzer model 1939 (foreground) and 210 mm gun model 1939. These powerful guns were created by the famous Soviet designer Ilya Ivanov. The collection of cannons from the 1930s of the Artillery Museum is of particular interest - with these guns, so familiar to us from war films, the Red Army entered the Great Patriotic War. Their uniqueness lies in the fact that they were created in record time. Among the guns of the same period, the famous divisional guns (76-mm guns of the 1936 and 1939 models, chief designer Vasily Grabin), and corps, army guns (107-mm gun of the 1940 model of the year and 152-mm howitzer-gun of the 1937 model of the year, chief designer Fyodor Petrov) should be noted. There is also a gun here (a 122-mm howitzer of the 1938 model), which was in service with our country until the 1980s. Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.

31. Artillery 1941-1945 in the Artillery Museum

Photo: Sergey Sharov

These systems were created directly during the Great Patriotic War. During this period, excellent samples were made using the high-speed method, taking into account the experience of the combat use of artillery. Many of them are associated with the name of the famous Soviet designer Fyodor Petrov. The photograph shows one of his developments, a 152-mm howitzer of the 1943 model D-1. It is hard to imagine, but it took less than three weeks to create it, and it was in service for more than thirty years. The first powerful 100-, 122- and 152-mm self-propelled artillery mounts adjoin it - a thunderstorm of German tanks and self-propelled guns. Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.

Photo: Sergey Sharov

57 mm anti-tank gun Model 1943 "ZIS-2" (left) - the most powerful weapon of this caliber during the Great Patriotic War. This gun had the ability to penetrate 145 mm of armor, so it could hit all German tanks. A special place among the guns of the war years is occupied by the 76-mm divisional gun of the 1942 model - the famous ZIS-3 (in the center). It became more compact and as much as 400 kg lighter, and also significantly surpassed its predecessor of the 1939 model in all other respects. In it, for the first time, a muzzle brake was used for divisional guns - a special device that made it possible to reduce the recoil of the barrel. Guns of this design were cheap to manufacture (three times cheaper than before). They were very maneuverable and reliable. All this has found clear confirmation in combat conditions. The formidable and beautiful cannon earned respect even from enemies. Wolff, Hitler's artillery consultant, believed that it was the best gun of the Second World War, "one of the most ingenious designs in the history of cannon artillery." Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.

Photo: Sergey Sharov

It will be interesting to know that Soviet anti-aircraft artillery successfully hit not only air, but also ground targets, including tanks. This 14.5-mm quadruple anti-aircraft machine gun mount designed by Leshchinsky "ZPU-4" destroyed both aircraft (at altitudes up to 2000 meters), and lightly armored ground targets and enemy manpower. Its rate of fire is 600 rounds per minute. Almost all anti-aircraft guns created and in service in the pre-war and war years are presented in the courtyard of the museum. These are 25- and 37-mm automatic anti-aircraft guns of the model of 1940 and 1939 and an 85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the model of 1939, which proved themselves well during the Great Patriotic War. Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.

Photo: pomnite-nas.ru, Dmitry Panov

Heavy self-propelled artillery mount based on the IS tank - ISU-152 model 1943. The main armament of the self-propelled gun was a 152-mm howitzer-gun "ML-20", firepower which made it easy to deal with the "Tigers" and "Panthers" - the main enemy tanks. For this, the famous self-propelled gun received the nickname "St. John's wort". In the post-war period, the ISU-152 underwent modernization and was in service with the Soviet army for a long time. The development of the ISU-152 was led by Joseph Kotin, chief designer of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, built on the basis of the evacuated Leningrad Kirov Plant. Address: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps, Kronverksky Island.

32. Historical tools in the Peter and Paul Fortress

Photo: website, Georgy Popov

152-mm howitzers of the 1937 model "ML-20" in Peter and Paul Fortress on the square near the Naryshkin bastion. “These howitzers in 1992-2002 served as signal guns for the Peter and Paul Fortress and fired the traditional midday shot every day,” the information plate says. Every Saturday (from the end of May to October) five minutes before noon, a guard of honor ceremony is held here. The ML-20 howitzer occupies an honorable place among the best cannon artillery designs. It was these guns that were installed on the "St. John's Wort" - powerful self-propelled artillery mounts. Address: Peter and Paul Fortress.

Frunze district

33. Firing point with the tower of the tank "KV-1"

Photo: kupsilla.ru, Denis Chaliapin

covered with earth and construction waste the firing point in the summer of 2014 was accidentally discovered by a local resident. Historians became interested in the find, achieved the assignment of the status of a monument to the fortification and raised money for its restoration. An exact copy of the turret of the KV-1 heavy tank was made, which was solemnly installed in its original place. This bunker was part of the Izhora defensive line built in 1943. Kupchinsky local historian Denis Chaliapin commented on the opening of the monument: “A tank turret mounted on a concrete casemate (which in itself the rarest case) on one of the central thoroughfares of the city, will be noticed by absolutely everyone passing along the avenue. Thus, Kupchino will receive a unique monument that can rightfully become one of the symbols of the region.” The monument was opened in 2015. Address: Glory Avenue, opposite the house 30.

Technique of the USSR

Tank of the USSR: T-34 (or "thirty-four")

The tank was put into service on December 19, 1939. This is the only tank in the world that retained its combat capability and was in mass production until the end of the Great Patriotic War. The T-34 tank deservedly enjoyed the love of soldiers and officers of the Red Army, was the best vehicle in the world tank fleet. He played a decisive role in the battles near Moscow, Stalingrad, on the Kursk Bulge, near Berlin and other military operations.

Soviet technology of World War II

Tank of the USSR: IS - 2 "Joseph Stalin"

IS-2 is a Soviet heavy tank of the Great Patriotic War period. The abbreviation IS means "Joseph Stalin" - the official name of the serial Soviet heavy tanks produced in 1943-1953. Index 2 corresponds to the second serial model of the tank of this family. During the Great Patriotic War, along with the designation IS-2, the name IS-122 was used on an equal footing, in this case, the index 122 means the caliber of the main armament of the vehicle.

Weapons of the USSR: 76-mm divisional gun model 1942
ZIS-3 became the most massive Soviet artillery gun produced during the Great Patriotic War. Due to its outstanding combat, operational and technological qualities, this weapon is recognized by experts as one of the best weapons of the Second World War. In the post-war period, the ZIS-3 was in service with the Soviet Army for a long time, and was also actively exported to a number of countries, in some of which it is still in service.

Military equipment of the USSR: Katyusha
Katyusha is the unofficial collective name for the BM-8 (82 mm), BM-13 (132 mm) and BM-31 (310 mm) rocket artillery combat vehicles. Such installations were actively used by the USSR during World War II.

Modern warfare will be a war of motors. Motors on the ground, motors in the air, motors on the water and under water. Under these conditions, the winner will be the one who has more motors and more power reserves.
Joseph Stalin
At a meeting of the Main Military Council, January 13, 1941

During the years of the pre-war five-year plans Soviet designers created new models of small arms, artillery, mortars and aircraft. More and more advanced destroyers, cruisers, patrol ships, and special attention was also paid to the development of the submarine fleet.

As a result, before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the USSR had enough modern system weapons and military equipment, and for some performance characteristics even surpassed the German weapons counterparts. Therefore, the main causes of damage Soviet troops in the initial period of the war cannot be attributed to miscalculations in the technical equipment of the troops.

TANKS
As of June 22, 1941, the Red Army had 25,621 tanks.
The most massive were light T-26s, of which there were almost 10 thousand vehicles, and representatives of the BT family - there were about 7.5 thousand. A significant proportion were tankettes and small amphibious tanks - the Soviet troops were armed with total almost 6 thousand modifications of the T-27, T-37, T-38 and T-40.
The most modern at that time tanks KV and T-34, there were about 1.85 thousand units.

Heavy tank KV-1

The KV-1 entered service in 1939 and was mass-produced from March 1940 to August 1942. The mass of the tank was up to 47.5 tons, which made it much heavier than the existing German tanks. He was armed with a 76 mm cannon.
Some experts consider the KV-1 a milestone for the world tank building machine that had a significant impact on the development heavy tanks in other countries.

The Soviet tank had the so-called classic layout - the division of the armored hull from bow to stern sequentially into the control compartment, combat and engine-transmission compartments. He also received an independent torsion bar suspension, all-round anti-ballistic protection, a diesel engine and one relatively powerful gun. Previously, these elements were found separately on other tanks, but in the KV-1 they were brought together for the first time.
The first combat use of the KV-1 refers to Soviet-Finnish war: A prototype tank was used on December 17, 1939, when the Mannerheim Line was breached.
In 1940-1942, 2769 tanks were produced. Until 1943, when the German "Tiger" appeared, the KV was the most powerful tank war. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he received the nickname "ghost" from the Germans. Standard rounds from the Wehrmacht's 37mm anti-tank gun did not penetrate his armor.

Medium tank T-34
In May 1938, the Armored Directorate of the Red Army suggested that Plant No. 183 (now the Kharkov Transport Engineering Plant named after V. A. Malyshev) create a new tracked tank. Under the leadership of Mikhail Koshkin, the A-32 model was created. The work went in parallel with the creation of the BT-20, an improved modification of the already mass-produced BT-7 tank.

The A-32 and BT-20 prototypes were ready in May 1939, following the results of their tests in December 1939, the A-32 received a new name - T-34 - and was put into service with the condition to modify the tank: bring the main armor to 45 mm, improve visibility, install a 76 mm cannon and additional machine guns.
In total, by the beginning of World War II, 1066 T-34s were manufactured. After June 22, 1941, the production of this type was deployed at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, Uralmash in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), Plant No. 174 in Omsk and Uralvagonzavod (Nizhny Tagil).

In 1944, the serial production of the T-34-85 modification began with a new turret, reinforced armor and an 85-mm gun. Also, the tank has proven itself due to its ease of production and maintenance.
In total, more than 84 thousand T-34 tanks were manufactured. This model participated not only in the Great Patriotic War, it was in many armed conflicts in Europe, Asia and Africa in the 1950s-1980s. The last documented case of the combat use of the T-34 in Europe was their use during the war in Yugoslavia.

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War Soviet aviation was armed with many types of combat aircraft. In 1940 and the first half of 1941, the troops received almost 2.8 thousand modern vehicles: Yak-1, MiG-3, LaGG-3, Pe-2, Il-2.
There were also I-15 bis, I-16 and I-153 fighters, bombers TB-3, DB-3, SB (ANT-40), multipurpose R-5 and U-2 (Po-2).
The new aircraft of the Air Force of the Red Army were not inferior to the aircraft of the Luftwaffe in terms of combat capabilities, and even surpassed them in a number of indicators.

Sturmovik Il-2
The Il-2 armored attack aircraft is the most massive combat aircraft in. In total, more than 36 thousand cars were produced. He was called the "flying tank", the leadership of the Wehrmacht - "black death" and "iron Gustav". German pilots nicknamed the Il-2 "concrete aircraft" for its high combat survivability.

The first combat units that were armed with these machines were created just before the war. Attack aircraft units were successfully used against motorized and armored units of the enemy. At the beginning of the war, the IL-2 was practically the only aircraft that, in the conditions of the superiority of German aviation, fought the enemy in the air. He played a big role in holding back the enemy in 1941.
During the war years, several aircraft modifications were created. Il-2 and its further development - the Il-10 attack aircraft - were actively used in all major battles of the Great Patriotic War and in the Soviet-Japanese War.
The maximum horizontal speed of the aircraft near the ground was 388 km / h, and at an altitude of 2000 m - 407 km / h. The climb time to a height of 1000 m is 2.4 minutes, and the turn time at this height is 48-49 seconds. At the same time, in one combat turn, the attack aircraft gained a height of 400 meters.

MiG-3 night fighter
The design team, headed by A. I. Mikoyan and M. I. Gurevich, in 1939 worked hard on a fighter for combat at high altitudes. In the spring of 1940, a prototype was built, which received the MiG-1 brand (Mikoyan and Gurevich, the first). Subsequently, its upgraded version was named MiG-3.

Despite the significant takeoff weight (3350 kg), the speed of the serial MiG-3 near the ground exceeded 500 km/h, and at an altitude of 7 thousand meters it reached 640 km/h. It was the highest speed at that time obtained on production aircraft. Due to the high ceiling and high speed at an altitude of over 5 thousand meters, the MiG-3 was effectively used as a reconnaissance aircraft, as well as an air defense fighter. However, poor horizontal maneuverability and relatively weak armament did not allow it to become a full-fledged front-line fighter.
According to the famous ace Alexander Pokryshkin, inferior in horizontal, the MiG-3 significantly outperformed the German Me109 in vertical maneuver, which could be the key to victory in a collision with fascist fighters. However, only top-class pilots could successfully pilot the MiG-3 in vertical turns and at maximum g-forces.

FLEET
By the beginning of World War II, the Soviet fleet had a total of 3 battleships and 7 cruisers, 54 leaders and destroyers, 212 submarines, 287 torpedo boats and many other ships.

The pre-war shipbuilding program provided for the creation of a "big fleet", which would be based on large surface ships - battleships and cruisers. In accordance with it, in 1939-1940 battleships of the "Soviet Union" type and heavy cruisers "Kronstadt" and "Sevastopol" were laid down, the unfinished cruiser "Petropavlovsk" was purchased in Germany, but plans for a radical renewal of the fleet were not destined to come true.
In the prewar years, Soviet sailors received new Kirov-class light cruisers, project 1 and 38 destroyer leaders, project 7 destroyers, and other ships. The construction of submarines and torpedo boats proceeded rapidly.
Many ships were completed already during the war, some of them never took part in the battles. These include, for example, the Project 68 Chapaev cruisers and the Project 30 Fire destroyers.
The main types of surface ships of the pre-war period:
light cruisers of the Kirov class,
leaders of the "Leningrad" and "Minsk" types,
destroyers of the "Wrathful" and "Savvy" type,
minesweepers of the "Fugas" type,
torpedo boats "G-5",
sea ​​hunters "MO-4".
The main types of submarines of the pre-war period:
small submarines type "M" ("Baby"),
medium submarines of types "Shch" ("Pike") and "C" ("Medium"),
underwater minelayers type "L" ("Leninets"),
large submarines of types "K" ("Cruising") and "D" ("Decembrist").

Kirov-class cruisers
Light cruisers of the Kirov class became the first Soviet surface ships of this class, not counting the three Svetlana cruisers laid down under Nicholas II. Project 26, according to which the Kirov was built, was finally approved in the fall of 1934 and developed the ideas of the Italian light cruisers of the Condottieri family.

The first pair of cruisers, Kirov and Voroshilov, was laid down in 1935. They entered service in 1938 and 1940. The second pair, "Maxim Gorky" and "Molotov", was built according to a modified project and replenished the composition of the Soviet fleet in 1940-1941. Two more cruisers were laid down on Far East, before the end of World War II, only one of them, the Kalinin, was put into operation. Far Eastern cruisers also differed from their predecessors.
The total displacement of the Kirov-class cruisers ranged from about 9450-9550 tons for the first pair to almost 10,000 tons for the last. These ships could reach speeds of 35 knots or more. Their main armament was nine 180 mm B-1-P guns placed in three-gun turrets. On the first four cruisers, anti-aircraft weapons were represented by six B-34 100 mm mounts, 45 mm 21-K and 12.7 mm machine guns. In addition, the Kirovs carried torpedoes, mines and depth charges, seaplanes.
"Kirov" and "Maxim Gorky" spent almost the entire war supporting the defenders of Leningrad with gunfire. "Voroshilov" and "Molotov", built in Nikolaev, participated in the operations of the fleet in the Black Sea. All of them survived the Great Patriotic War - they were destined for a long service. Latest composition fleet in 1974 left the "Kirov".

Pike-class submarines
"Pikes" became the most massive Soviet submarines of the Great Patriotic War, not counting the "Malyutok".

The construction of the first series of four submarines began in the Baltic in 1930, and the Pike entered service in 1933-1934.
These were middle-class submarines with an underwater displacement of about 700 tons, and armament consisted of six 533 mm torpedo tubes and a 45 mm 21-K gun.
The project was successful, and by the beginning of World War II, more than 70 Pike were in service (a total of 86 submarines were built in six series).
Submarines of the Shch type were actively used in all maritime theaters of the war. Of the 44 "Pike" that fought, 31 died. The enemy lost almost 30 ships from their actions.

Despite a number of shortcomings, "Pikes" were distinguished by their comparative cheapness, maneuverability and survivability. From series to series - a total of six series of these submarines were created - they improved their seaworthiness and other parameters. In 1940, two Shch-type submarines were the first in the Soviet Navy to receive equipment that allowed torpedo firing without air leakage (which often unmasked the attacking submarine).
Although only two "Pike" of the latest X-bis series entered service after the war, these submarines remained in the fleet for a long time and were decommissioned in the late 1950s.

ARTILLERY
According to Soviet data, on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the army had almost 67.5 thousand guns and mortars.

It is believed that the combat qualities of the Soviet field artillery even surpassed the German one. However, it was poorly provided with mechanized traction: agricultural tractors were used as tractors, and up to half of the guns were transported by horses.
The army was armed with many types of artillery pieces and mortars. Anti-aircraft artillery was represented by guns of caliber 25, 37, 76 and 85 millimeters; howitzer - modifications of caliber 122, 152, 203 and 305 millimeters. The main anti-tank gun was a 45 mm model 1937, the regimental gun was a 76 mm model 1927, and the divisional gun was a 76 mm model 1939.

45 mm anti-tank gun model 1937
This tool became one of the most famous representatives Soviet artillery Great Patriotic War. It was developed under the direction of Mikhail Loginov on the basis of a 1932 45 mm cannon.

The main combat qualities of 45-graph paper included maneuverability, rate of fire (15 rounds per minute) and armor penetration.
By the beginning of the war, the army had more than 16.6 thousand guns of the 1937 model. In total, more than 37.3 thousand of these guns were produced, and production was curtailed only by 1944, despite the presence of more modern models of the ZiS-2 and the M-42, similar in caliber.

Rocket artillery fighting vehicle "Katyusha"
The day before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the BM-13 rocket artillery combat vehicle, later called the Katyusha, was adopted by the Red Army. She became one of the world's first multiple launch rocket systems.

The first combat use took place on July 14, 1941 near railway station city ​​of Orsha (Belarus). The battery under the command of Captain Ivan Flerov destroyed the accumulation of German military equipment at the Orshinsky railway junction with salvo fire.
Due to the high efficiency of use and ease of production, by the autumn of 1941, the BM-13 was widely used at the front, having a significant impact on the course of hostilities.
The system made it possible to carry out a salvo with the entire charge (16 missiles) in 7-10 seconds. There were also modifications with an increased number of guides and other versions of the missiles.
During the war, about 4 thousand BM-13s were lost. In total, about 7 thousand installations of this type were manufactured, and the Katyushas were taken out of production only after the war - in October 1946.

WEAPON
Despite the widespread introduction of tanks and aircraft, the strengthening of artillery, infantry weapons remained the most massive. According to some estimates, if the First world war losses from small arms did not exceed 30% of the total, then in World War II they increased to 30-50%.
Before the Great Patriotic War, the supply of rifles, carbines and machine guns to the troops grew, but the Red Army was significantly inferior to the Wehrmacht in saturation with automatic weapons, such as submachine guns.

Mosin rifle
Adopted in 1891, the 7.62 mm Mosin rifle remained the main weapon of the Red Army infantryman. In total, about 37 million of these rifles were produced.

Modifications of the 1891/1930 model had to take the fight in the most difficult months of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Due to the cheapness and reliability of the weapon, it outperformed its young self-loading rivals.
The latest version of the "three-ruler" was the carbine of the 1944 model, which was distinguished by the presence of a fixed needle bayonet. The rifle has become even shorter, the technology has been simplified, and combat maneuverability has increased - it is easier to carry out close combat in thickets, trenches, and fortifications with a shorter carbine.
In addition, it was the Mosin design that formed the basis of the sniper rifle, which was put into service in 1931 and became the first Soviet rifle specially designed for "marksmanship and destruction in the first place. commanders adversary."

PPSh
The 7.62 mm Shpagin submachine gun was put into service in 1941.

This legendary weapon has become part of the image of the victorious soldier - it can be seen in the most famous monuments. PPSh-41 fell in love with the fighters, having received from them the affectionate and respectful nickname "dad". He shot in almost any weather conditions and at the same time managed relatively cheaply.
By the end of the war, about 55% of the fighters were armed with PPSh. In total, about 6 million pieces were produced.