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The meaning of the word dreadnought

dreadnought in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

dreadnought

A, m. A large battleship, the forerunner of the modern battleship.

adj. dreadnought, th, th.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

dreadnought

m. A large battleship with powerful artillery, the predecessor of the modern battleship (in the first decades of the 20th century).

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

dreadnought

"Dreadnought" (eng. "Dreadnought" lit. - fearless), English battleship (built in 1906). Had 10 305 mm turret guns and 24 76 mm guns, 5 torpedo tubes; armor up to 280 mm. Until the 30s. "Dreadnoughts" were called battleships of this type.

Dreadnought

"Dreadnought"("Dreadnought", literally ≈ fearless), an English battleship that laid the foundation for this class of ships. Building "D." was an attempt to take into account the experience of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905, which revealed the shortcomings of the battleships. Built in 1905-06 at Portsmouth; displacement 17,900 tons, speed ≈ 21 knots (39 km/h), armament: 10 305-mm guns (in 5 two-gun turrets), 14 76-mm guns (along the sides, on large caliber turrets, bow and stern) , 5 underwater torpedo tubes (4 side and 1 stern); armor: in the middle part 280 mm, in the bow and stern 200 mm, decks 40 mm, towers and deckhouse 280 mm. Main distinctive features D. from its predecessors - armadillos: the introduction of single calibers for all main and mine artillery, an increase in speed, mine protection, a rhombic arrangement of artillery towers, which made it possible to fire from the sides and stern from 8, and at the bow from 6 guns of the main caliber. More advanced battleships of the Sevastopol type were built in Russia.

Wikipedia

Dreadnought (guitar)

Dreadnought- a type of acoustic guitar, characterized by an enlarged body of a characteristic "rectangular" shape. Compared to the classic case, it has increased volume, greater sustain and predominance low frequencies in timbre. Developed in the 1920s by Martin and is still considered the standard in guitar building.

In the 1920s, it was used mainly for "country" and popular pop music. In the 50s, along with other folk guitars, it was also used for house or bard styles, acoustic blues.

Unlike orchestral models, which are usually used for playing with fingers, the dreadnought is more often used for playing with "chesom". Also, the dreadnought, because it has a long sustain, sounds louder than orchestral models, although such a guitar has a more balanced sound.

Some dreadnoughts have a cutout to make it easier to play solo parts.

Dreadnought (film)

"Dreadnought"(Chinese 勇者無懼, English. Dreadnaught, lit. Fearless) is a 1981 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Yuan Heping.

Dreadnought (ship class)

Dreadnought- the generation of artillery warships that appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, characteristic feature which were homogeneous artillery armament from a large number of guns only of large caliber ( all big gun). In a broad sense, the term can be applied to ships of various classes that have this feature, but most often this concept is associated with a battleship and is synonymous with a battleship of the first quarter of the 20th century. The last dreadnought in the world, the Wangard, was built in Great Britain in 1946 and served until the end of the 1950s.

Examples of the use of the word dreadnought in the literature.

Han looked up at dreadnought who has been carrying them in hyperspace for the past two days.

And also inform the commander of the boarding team - I want to immediately take this dreadnought into imperial hands.

See this dreadnought goes on the defensive, the second one will do the same now.

Alexei Fomich Nadya, and when he showed her this dreadnought, held out: - Here he is!

The second part of the triptych - the viewer must see with his own eyes - is burning not something and not somewhere, but this one fire element covered a huge dreadnought, beauty, power and pride of the navy.

Fenya immediately left, and he was left alone with everything that had so cruelly fallen on him that day, as if he was also dreadnought, and one after another, completely unexpected deafening explosions thundered in it.

have missed dreadnought and be silent, and look with all your eyes, so as not to miss something again.

And if this minority consists of such as the intruder who destroyed and dreadnought, and several hundred people?

As a result, for every chalian dreadnought need at least two big ships Fleet, and such a balance of power almost certainly means the death of the Khalian superhulks.

The decision of the captain of the liner turned out to be absolutely correct - the first dreadnought soon flared up.

Suddenly dreadnought ran into a bunch of mines, apparently carefully prepared by one of ours, and stopped resisting.

So, the Halians have only one left dreadnought which means the end is near.

First we need to capture dreadnought, this trophy is extremely important for the Confederation.

For one dreadnought it takes not twenty rockets, but twice as many plus luck.

And then this damn dreadnought and I can hardly wait for you to finally raise your defense sphere.

Dreadnought (ship class)

The oldest surviving dreadnought, BB-35 "Texas", launched in 1912

Superdreadnought

Five years after the commissioning of the Dreadnought, a new generation of more powerful battleships was built. The first super-dreadnoughts are considered to be the British Orion-class battleships. The introduction of powerful 13.5-inch (343 mm) main battery artillery and increased side armor allowed them to be called "super". In the five years between Dreadnought and Orion, displacement increased by 25%, and the weight of a broadside doubled.

see also

Notes

Literature

• Taras A. E. Encyclopedia of battleships and battleships. - M .: Harvest, AST, 2002. - ISBN 985-13-1009-3
• All the world's battleships. 1906 to the present. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 1996. - ISBN 0-85177-691-4
• Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906-1921. - Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.: Naval Institute Press, 1985. - ISBN 0-87021-907-3
• Friedman N. U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. - Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.: Naval Institute Press, 1985. - ISBN 0-087021-715-1
• Silverstone P.H. The New Navy. 1883-1922. - New York, USA: Routledge, 2006. - ISBN 978-0-415-97871-2
• Gardiner R., Gray R. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. - New York, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1984. - ISBN 0-87021-907-3

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See what "Dreadnought (class of ships)" is in other dictionaries:

Wiktionary has an article on "dreadnought" Dreadnought (incorrectly Dendroit) (English ... Wikipedia

HMS Dreadnought History Type: battleship (dreadnought) Class: Dreadnought Affiliation: Great Britain ... Wikipedia Wikipedia

During the First World War, in addition to land, large-scale hostilities took place at sea. During the war, new classes of warships were used for the first time, such as dreadnoughts, battlecruisers, aircraft carriers and seaplane transports, ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Battleship (meanings). "Dreadnought" ancestor of the class of battleships ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Battleship. Battleship "USS Arizona" Battleship (abbreviated from "battleship") a class of armored artillery warships with a displacement of 20 to 70 thousand tons, a length of 150 to 280 m, ... ... Wikipedia

- Babylon 5 Earth Alliance Nova Class Dreadnought general information Place of construction: Rocketdyne shipyards World: Earth, Mars, Earth Alliance colonies Status: in service Registry: Earth Alliance ... Wikipedia

In the last quarter of the 19th century, the improvement of projectile feed mechanisms and the electric drive led to an increase in the rate of fire and guns of 8 ″ / 203-10 ″ / 254 mm caliber, due to which the caliber of the average battery began to gradually increase, coming close to the main caliber, while partially maintaining the positive qualities of the average caliber. The logical conclusion of this process was to be the appearance of a ship, with a displacement and armoring of a typical battleship armed with homogeneous artillery of medium (8-9 ″) or “intermediate” (10 ″) caliber - in practice, the Italians came closest to such a solution with their EBR type " Regina Elena ”, which, with a displacement of 12,600 tons, carried only two 12-inch guns in the end single-gun turrets and 12 8-inch guns in two-gun turrets within the citadel. It was assumed that already at a long distance, a flurry of high-explosive shells of rapid-fire 8-inchers would weaken the enemy so much that the only thing left for large-caliber guns was to “finish him off” by breaking through the main armor belt or forcing him to surrender at the very end of the battle. At the same time and with the same calculation, ships with more than two dozen medium-caliber guns were designed in Russia, with only two 12-inch guns. Even Admiral Fisher himself, the future "father" of the Dreadnought, in the unrealized Anteycable project that preceded him, was inclined to armament exclusively from 16 "intermediate" 10 "guns.

Meanwhile, large-caliber guns and their artillery mounts were also significantly improved during this period. So, the latest turret installations made it possible to load guns in any position, and not only after turning into the diametrical plane, and sometimes at any angle of vertical aiming, which, at the same loading speed of the gun itself, made it possible to dramatically increase the overall rate of fire - from one shot in 4-5 minutes at installations of the 1880s to about 1 shot per minute at the beginning of the 20th century. In addition, there have been qualitative changes in the provision of firing from large-caliber guns: the introduction of optical sighting tubes (used by the Americans back in the 1898 war with Spain), basic rangefinders and methods for adjusting fire according to bursts of shells made it possible to achieve confident hits at distances previously considered prohibitive, and new shells filled with powerful explosives made it possible to inflict sensitive damage on the enemy even at such distances at which armor-piercing shells bounced powerlessly from the side protected by thick armor. The Mediterranean Fleet of Great Britain, under the leadership of Admiral Fisher, already in 1899 began to practice firing at distances of 25-30 cables (4.5-5.5 km), which were considered at that time, as a completely routine combat mission. Based on the results of the shooting, it was concluded that even without any change in the design of the guns themselves, solely due to improved training of personnel and the introduction of new methods of firing, it was quite possible to effectively fire at such a distance already at that time. In the near future, an increase in the fire contact distance to 7-8 km or more was expected.

In turn, the new method of adjusting the fire, combined with advances in the field of intra-ship communications, made it possible to control the firing of the ship centrally, from the post of the chief gunner, concentrating the fire of all guns on one target, which was now covered not by individual shells, but by the entire broadside at once, which was not not only significantly increased her chance of being hit, but also made the damage she received much more severe. Meanwhile, in order to effectively salvo fire with adjustment for bursts of shells, all the artillery of the ship should be homogeneous, since in different-caliber artillery bursts of different calibers firing at the same target mixed with each other, so that it was impossible to distinguish among them the “friends” needed to adjust the fire. Medium-caliber guns turned into expensive ballast for a battleship designed for long-range combat, since the firing range from them was lower than that of large-caliber guns, and effectively control the fire of a ship that combines guns of large, medium and "intermediate" calibers, as some of the last squadron battleships, it turned out to be practically impossible at all, since bursts from "intermediate" shells for the spotter were no different from bursts of 12-inch ones.

Experiments carried out on the ships "Victories" en en and "Venerable" en en , also showed the need for long-range firing of homogeneous artillery with centralized control of salvo fire:

Hundreds of volleys were fired and a lot of coal and energy was expended to prove a completely obvious fact - it is impossible to conduct effective fire over long distances from the powerful batteries of a modern warship according to the old scheme, as anyone pleases. Only scientifically substantiated centralized fire control can meet modern requirements.

The idea of ​​​​creating a fundamentally new high-speed and excellent in its firepower armored ship belongs to the Italian shipbuilder engineer Vittorio Cuniberti, who in 1902 presented to his government a draft ship with a displacement of 17,000 tons, with a powerful side armor belt 12 inches (305 mm) thick, armed with ten 12 -ty inch (305 mm) guns. However, in Italy at that time they were not allocated necessary funds to build such a ship. Then Cuniberti shared his idea with the publisher of the annual guide "Warships", the Englishman Fred T. Jane, who in 1903 published an article by Cuniberti in his publication: "The ideal battleship for the British fleet."

Already in 1903, the Italian shipbuilder Cuniberti, having drafted an “ideal battleship” with twelve 12″ guns, 12″ main belt armor and a 24-knot course, wrote:

If the impact of the projectile on the armor is sloping and the distance is large, we should take the 12" caliber if we want to be absolutely sure of sinking the enemy by making a hit only on his waterline. But such guns are still loaded very slowly, although in Lately they have improved. In addition, the probability of hitting the armor belt is small. Based on this, in our ideal, extremely powerful ship, we must increase the number of 12 "guns so as to be able to achieve at least one fatal hit for the enemy in the armor belt along the waterline. Moreover, before he has a chance to make a similar, successful shot at us from four large guns, which are now the usual main armament ... Without wasting shells, being confident in his superior protection, with its twelve guns, such a battleship could immediately cover its enemy with crushing crossfire.

As you can see, the direction of the Italian's thoughts was different from that used by the British as a basis for the type of the future Dreadnought, although the result was very similar, with the exception of the preservation of a relatively small medium-caliber battery in the Cuniberti project.

combat experience Russo-Japanese War on the other hand, in which the Japanese widely used the concentration of fire on one target not only of all the guns of one ship, but also of all the ships of one detachment, gave a final and quite unambiguous answer - a further increase in firepower is achieved by massaging the fire of the artillery of the main caliber. Moreover, even 12″ guns were in fact not enough to guarantee the defeat of a modern heavy armored ship, which had much more complete and harmonious armor compared to the projects of the last quarter of the 19th century: in the Tsushima battle, none of the newest battleships of the Borodino type received through armor penetrations. belts; the death of "Borodino", "Suvorov" and " Alexander III"was caused by other reasons (underwater explosions of torpedoes, fires followed by an explosion of cellars, crew errors, etc.), and all of them demonstrated amazing combat survivability, even after a complete loss of combat capability, staying on the water for many hours, unlike the older ones" semi-battleships "of the type" Oslyabya "-" Peresvet "and booked according to the "English" system of battleships of the "Pobeda" type, which had armorless extremities. The fire of 10 ″ guns, not to mention lighter ones, was declared completely invalid - to the extent that the smoke from medium-caliber shots that interfered with the firing of the main caliber was considered to overlap all its advantages in terms of rate of fire and accuracy:

Although the 10 ″ guns of Peresvet and Pobeda were 45 caliber [translator error; need: had a barrel length of 45 cal.] and could also shoot at long distances, like 12″ 40-caliber on Russian battleships, the fire effect from them was less than the effect from 12″ guns. Shots from 10″ guns went unnoticed, despite the fear they inspired, and 8″ or 6″ guns against their background generally looked like shooting peas and simply did not count. The low opinion expressed about 6″ and 8″ guns prevented armored cruisers from being armed with them. Only the 12″ and 10″ guns were of decisive combat value, and almost nothing was reported about hits from smaller caliber guns. The increase in combat distances put an end to the firing of secondary guns that suffocated with their smoke. They were not worth full-scale protection, as they were not able to contribute to the striking power of the ship, and they were too large to fight destroyers. One of the highest Japanese officials stated: "If I were authorized to order new ships of the Nisshin type, I would make every effort to ensure that they were armed only with 12-inch 50-caliber guns." A good opinion about Russian shooting was formed thanks to heavy guns. By the time the 6″ guns opened fire, the battle was already going against them. We believe that the outcome of the battle that day was decided by heavy guns, if not the heaviest ones.

The first, essentially experimental, and even partly palliative, implementation of the principle all big gun became the English battleship Dreadnought, which appeared in 1906 (laid down in 1904, even before Tsushima), which, in addition to ten 305-mm guns (in not quite well placed two-gun turrets from squadron battleships) carried only 76-mm anti-mine guns. The name of this ship, which in terms of its firepower was worth an entire squadron of "pre-dreadnoughts", became a household name and gave the name to the entire class of such ships. As epoch-making as its weaponry was the use of a steam turbine power plant on such a large ship, which for the first time in history allowed the Dreadnought to go at full speed for many hours on end. O. Parks points out that for ships with steam engines, 8 hours of constant full speed were considered the limit, and at the same time their engine room "turned into a swamp" due to the water sprayed for cooling and was filled with unbearable noise - for steam turbines, even at full speed “the whole engine room was so clean and dry, as if the ship was at anchor, and not even a faint buzz was heard” .

Each "Dreadnought" cost about twice as much as the squadron battleship of the type that preceded it, but at the same time it had a fundamental superiority over it in terms of tactical qualities - speed, protection, firing efficiency and the ability to concentrate artillery fire.

In Russia, these new ships were called "battleships", since the only effective formation of the squadron when conducting volley fire was the formation of the line. Old squadron battleships were also included in this class, but after the advent of the Dreadnought, in any case, they could be considered no more than second-rate ships. It is worth noting that most other languages ​​did not make this distinction; for example, in English pre-dreadnought battleships, and dreadnoughts were named the same - battleship. Ships with an "intermediate" caliber auxiliary battery, such as the British HMS Lord Nelson or French "Danton", sometimes called "semi-dreadnoughts" (Semi-dreadnought).

Some time was still required to develop the optimal arrangement of the weapons of a new type of ship - they were tested and discarded, in particular, diamond-shaped ("Dreadnought", Great Britain, 1906); mixed of two end towers and two traverse, located in the middle of the ship diagonally - en echelon(“Neptune”, Great Britain, 1908); from two terminal towers and four located at the corners of the quadrangular citadel (“Helgoland”, Germany, 1908); in the diametrical plane of the ship on the same line, in which longitudinal fire could only be fired at one tower fore and aft ("Sevastopol", Russia, 1909) - but in the end they settled on a linearly elevated one, which also guaranteed the conduct of powerful longitudinal fire, and good protection located in the middle of the ship’s hull, and not near the sides, towers (laid even before receiving information about the Dreadnought and, accordingly, completely independent of it according to the Michigan concept, USA, 1906 - which had the same broadside as at the "Dreadnought" with two less total number of guns).

Meanwhile, after five years, both the Dreadnought and its numerous followers turned out to be obsolete - they were replaced by "superdreadnoughts" with their 13.5 ″ (343 mm) main caliber artillery, subsequently increased to 15 ″ (381 mm) and even 16″ (406 mm). The first superdreadnoughts are considered to be the British Orion-class battleships, which also had enhanced side armor. In the five years between Dreadnought and Orion, the displacement increased by 25%, and the weight of the broadside doubled.

Taking full account of the shortcomings of the armored cruisers of the "pre-dreadnought" period, which were too weak to be included on equal terms in the linear squadron, but at the same time too expensive for direct cruising, Fisher, in parallel with the new generation battleship, developed the type corresponding to it " squadron", battlecruiser: at the time of the Anteycable project, it was called the Aneprouchible, later these works resulted in the controversial Invincible class, the lead ship of which found its end in the Battle of Jutland.

Dreadnought Fever

The fact that the world's first steam turbine LK "Dreadnought" was built in England made all maritime powers face the need to urgently start designing and building similar ships for their navies, since all previously built and under construction LK (squadron battleships) lost their combat value. Another race in the field of naval armaments began, aimed at creating a "dreadnought-type" LK, which in the history of world military shipbuilding received a household name: "Dreadnought fever". In this rivalry, England and Germany immediately took the leading places, considering each other as the most likely opponents ... Until 1900, the English fleet was twice as large as the German one in the number of ships of the line (39 versus 19). Until 1900, England adhered to the rule: " have a fleet equal to the sum of the fleets of the two following maritime powers"... After the adoption of the "Law on the Navy" in 1900 by Germany, its shipbuilding production capacity steadily increased and began to approach the English. England, extremely concerned about the steady growth of the German fleet, made a number of attempts to conclude an agreement with Germany to ensure the quantitative ratio of British and German ships of the line (3 against 2). However, these negotiations, which lasted several years, were fruitless. In 1906, England announced that it would respond to the laying of each new German LC with the laying of two dreadnought-type LCs. Under the current conditions, all European maritime powers (and Russia) were forced to start designing and building a dreadnought-type LC (straining their last strength) in order to maintain their influence in maritime theaters and strengthen their position on the world stage. However, in the context of their limited shipbuilding resources, these states, in accordance with their naval doctrines, planned to lay down the minimum sufficient number of dreadnoughts, and in the event of military threat counted on the conclusion of a military alliance with either England or Germany. Wherein naval forces The United States was in special, most favorable conditions: the absence of a clearly expressed threat from any of the maritime powers against the backdrop of a steady increase in shipbuilding production capacities. Under these conditions, the United States received a unique opportunity to make the most of the experience of designing foreign dreadnoughts and the time reserve for designing and building their own battleships.

• Features of the development of dreadnoughts at the stage of 1906÷1913

When designing dreadnoughts, initially there were difficulties associated with the placement of artillery towers of the main caliber. On the one hand, they tried to ensure the installation of the maximum number of guns participating in a side salvo, on the other hand, to spread the towers and artillery cellars as far as possible to ensure the combat survivability of the ship. In this regard, the first dreadnoughts used various options arrangement of towers of the main caliber: linear-echeloned, linear, linear-step. The onboard location of the main battery turrets used on the first Dreadnought LK was abandoned due to the difficulty of protecting the artillery magazines from underwater explosions. In particular, on the English type LK "King George V", "Iron Duke", on the German type "Koenig", the French type "Brittany", on the Italian type "Andrea Doria" and on all American dreadnoughts, a linear-staggered arrangement of towers was used. main caliber, in order to increase fire directly on the bow and stern. At the same time, the second towers from the bow and stern were installed on high barbettes. Subsequently, due to the increase in the caliber of the installed guns (up to 381 ÷ 406 mm), the number of main caliber turrets was reduced to four, and exclusively linear-staggered arrangement of turrets began to be used on all LKs. In connection with the increase in the survivability of destroyers, due to the growth of their displacement, as well as in connection with the increase in the range of torpedoes, it became necessary to strengthen the anti-mine artillery. Instead of 76-mm anti-mine guns installed on the first Dreadnought openly on the upper deck and on the roofs of the main caliber towers, they began to use increased-caliber anti-mine artillery (102, 120, 130 and even 152 mm) with a tendency to place these guns in armored casemates . Soon, taking into account the increasing likelihood of attacks by enemy aircraft, anti-aircraft guns with a caliber of 76 ÷ 88 mm began to be installed on dreadnoughts. Initially, when designing dreadnoughts, great importance was attached to ensuring combat stability. In all fleets, a requirement was put forward that ships that received battle damage and lost their buoyancy reserve sank on an even keel without capsizing. In this regard, and also in order to increase the stability of dreadnoughts during underwater explosions, the freeboard along the entire length was protected by an armor belt, and the hull inside was rationally divided into compartments by watertight bulkheads. Most of the first dreadnoughts were equipped with boilers with mixed and completely oil heating and steam turbine engines, the use of which, in comparison with steam piston machines, provided: increased shaft power; increase in full speed; increased efficiency at high travel speeds; the ability to manage with fewer steam boilers; the possibility of lower placement of steam turbine engines in the ship's hull, which provided more reliable protection for the entire power plant; smoother operation in the absence of vibrations; reducing the risk of interruptions in the operation of the power plant during waves when the propellers come out of the water. Steam turbine engines, combined with boilers capable of coal-oil and all-oil heating, have provided an increase top speed progress of dreadnoughts built in 1914÷1918. up to 21÷22 knots, and the fastest dreadnoughts developed full speed up to 23÷25 knots. However, unlike the British, steam piston engines were installed on the first German dreadnoughts, and steam turbine engines were first installed on the Kaiser type LK launched in 1911-1912. On the first American dreadnoughts of the Michigan and Delaware type and on the subsequent Texas and Oklahoma, steam piston engines were also installed, and the Americans first installed steam turbine engines on the Arkansas and Nevada dreadnoughts. And only starting from the dreadnoughts of the Pennsylvania type (1915), steam turbine engines were invariably installed on American dreadnoughts.

The measures taken everywhere to strengthen the armament and armor protection of the designed dreadnoughts led to a rapid increase in their displacement, which reached values ​​of 25,000–28,000 tons.

As a result, by the beginning of World War I, the ratio of English and German dreadnoughts, including battlecruisers (dreadnought-type cruisers), was 42 versus 26. The fleets of other maritime powers participating in this war were many times inferior to England and Germany in the number of dreadnoughts.

The differences between the English and German types of dreadnoughts were due to the peculiarities of the naval doctrines of these states, which determine the goals of the combat use of these LCs. The British Navy has always tried to impose on the enemy the place, time and distance of the battle, and in this connection attached great importance to the cruising range, speed and main caliber of artillery. The German naval command assumed that the stronger English fleet would attack directly off the coast, and in this regard, armor was given paramount importance at the expense of cruising range and speed. The dreadnoughts of other maritime powers to some extent repeated the features of the British and German LCs, depending on the tactical tasks of their combat use.

The dreadnoughts of England, in comparison with the German ones, had guns of a larger caliber (305 ÷ 343 mm versus 280 ÷ 305 mm), but were inferior to the latter in armor.

• Dreadnoughts laid down in the shipyards of England:

• Dreadnoughts laid down in German shipyards:

• Dreadnoughts laid down in US shipyards:

Battleship Dreadnought

At the beginning of the twentieth century. qualitative changes began in the development of naval artillery. The guns themselves were improved, shells instead of gunpowder were everywhere filled with strong high explosives, the first fire control systems appeared. The battleships that were in the fleets with their numerous, but different-caliber artillery, no longer met the requirements of the military. The idea of ​​​​building a battleship larger than conventional battleships, armed with numerous main battery guns, was expressed different people Italy, USA, UK. It was there that Royal Navy began the practical implementation of the idea, one of the main supporters of which was the First Sea Lord Admiral John Fisher. He took up this post in October 1904, and already in December, work began on the creation of a project for a fundamentally new battleship. A specially created commission considered many projects and proposals, and in the end, the military and shipbuilders managed to find very successful compromises between many conflicting requirements.

The project, which was largely completed in the spring of 1905, proved to be not only balanced, but also very unusual. It took into account all the most modern achievements of science and technology at that time. So, instead of the usual triple expansion steam engines, it was planned to install Parsons turbines, which had never been installed on large ships before. The rejection of medium-caliber artillery was also recognized as unusual, and the absence of a ram seemed to be something unprecedented.

The ship must have following characteristics: normal displacement - 18,410 tons, full - 21,060 tons, maximum length - 160.6 m, width - 25 m, normal draft - 8.1 m. 18 Babcock and Wilcox boilers supplied steam to revolutionary main mechanisms - four turbines total power 23,000 hp The ship developed a speed of 21 knots; the cruising range of the economic course was 4340 miles. The armor was quite powerful: the greatest thickness of the side protection was 279 mm, the decks were up to 76 mm thick, the armor of the towers was 305 mm, and the wheelhouses were 279 mm. The armament for its time turned out to be extremely powerful - ten 305 mm guns were placed in five towers, while eight of them could participate in a side salvo. 76 mm (12 pounder) guns, of which there were 27, were used as anti-mine artillery, they were also supplemented by five machine guns. Torpedo armament was also provided - five 18-inch torpedo tubes. Crew - 685 people (in 1916 - over 800).

The official date of the laying of the new ship, called the Dreadnought (HMS Dreadnought), took place at the Royal Dockyard in Portsmouth on October 2, 1905, but by this time the work, which began in the spring, was already in full swing. The ship was solemnly launched on February 10, 1906, the ceremony was attended not only by numerous sailors, members of Parliament and ministers, but also by King Edward VII himself. It was the monarch who broke the bottle of champagne on the side of the battleship.

"Dreadnought"

I must say that the period of four months that passed between the two dates above gave rise to two legends at once. One of them is connected with the creation of the Dreadnought project: many historians seriously claimed that it was developed under the influence of the results of the Tsushima battle, which took place in May 1905, which is clearly not true. The second extols the incredible power and the highest organization of British shipbuilding. After all, building a huge building in four months seemed simply incredible! Although the actual timing was very different from the "legendary", nevertheless, it must be admitted that the Portsmouth shipbuilders and all subcontractors did an excellent job and achieved outstanding results. The ship entered the trials already in October 1906, and in December all the finishing touches and improvements were completed.

In early January 1907, the Dreadnought went on a test trip. Rounding the Iberian Peninsula and passing strait of Gibraltar, the ship sailed across the Mediterranean Sea, then headed across the Atlantic to the shores of Trinidad. The 3,430-mile crossing of the Atlantic was carried out with average speed 17 knots - hitherto unprecedented result. The same speed was maintained on the way to England. Despite some faults, excusable for the new ship, the British press described the results of the Mediterranean-transatlantic voyage as "... an undoubted success." The Parsons turbines proved to be excellent.

After the return of the newest battleship from the Atlantic voyage, routine daily service began. In 1907, she became the flagship of the Home Fleet ("Home" Fleet) and remained the flagship after the 1909 staffing and organizational changes took place in Britain, the Home Fleet was created. Only in March 1911 was Neptune replaced him in this post. Of the events that took place before the start of the First World War, one can single out participation in the coronation revue of King George V in June 1911 and a trip to the Mediterranean Sea in September - December 1913.

By the beginning of the First World War, the British Navy had many much more powerful ships, superdreadnoughts appeared, even superdreadnoughts were under construction. However, the Dreadnought itself did not lose its significance at all and became part of the Grand Fleet. However, throughout the war, he never had a chance to shoot at the enemy from the guns of the main caliber: during the great Battle of Jutland, he was under repair. From June 1916 to March 1918, the ship served as a flagship in a squadron equipped with pre-dreadnoughts and designed to protect the coast of England from raids by German surface ships. In March 1918, he was returned to the Grand Fleet, where he was listed until the armistice, which entered into force on November 11.

However, the Dreadnought has a sunken enemy ship on its account. By a strange coincidence, the battleship, designed to destroy the enemy with artillery fire and without a ram, won with just a ram. This happened on March 18, 1915, when, after going to sea to work out the training task, the 4th squadron of battleships was returning to the base. Shortly after noon, an observer from the Dreadnought spotted the submarine's periscope. The ship immediately changed course, increased speed and went straight for the boat. When the distance was reduced to about 3 cables, the British opened fire with anti-mine artillery, but, apparently, the shells did not hit the underwater target. Judging by the fact that the submarine continued to move on its previous course, she intended to attack another battleship and did not notice the approaching threat. At 12:35 the stem of the Dreadnought hit the stern of the starboard side of the submarine, her stem rose above the water, and the British were able to see her number. A brand new U-29, commanded by Otto Weddigen, went to the bottom with the entire crew. This officer in 1914, on another boat, U-9, sent to the bottom first the armored cruisers Hog, Cressy and Abukir, and then the armored cruiser of the first rank Hawk. And so his illustrious career came to an end...

At the end of the war, platforms for seaplanes were going to be installed on the Dreadnought, but by the time the armistice was concluded, the work had not been completed. Already at the end of 1918, the ship was decided to be transferred to the reserve, and the following year it was withdrawn from the combat fleet. In March 1920 she was put up for sale and in May 1921 the ship was sold for £44,000. Its dismantling began in January 1923.

It is worth saying once again that the entry of the Dreadnought into service was, without exaggeration, a landmark event. New tactical views on the use of large artillery ships and numerous technical innovations applied during the construction determined its overwhelming qualitative advantage over any predecessor. Not without reason, since 1906, the concept of "dreadnought" has appeared in everyday life. Even at the present time in science fiction literature, this is the name given to especially strong and large combat starships.

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