20.10.2019
The Tsar Cannon in the Moscow Kremlin is an unsolved mystery. Tsar Cannon. Monument to Russian Artillery The Tsar Cannon is famous
7.1. Tsar Cannon and other old cannons in the Moscow Kremlin
Let us now turn to the famous Tsar Cannon, standing in the Moscow Kremlin, fig. 7.1–7.3. The 40-ton cannon was made by the Russian master Andrei Mokhov during the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. This is evidenced by the inscription on the top of her vent, fig. 7.4. Caliber Tsar Cannon - 890, fig. 7.5.
Rice. 7.1. Tsar cannon, cast by Andrey Chokhov in the 16th century. Today it stands in the Moscow Kremlin. Taken from, p. 33.
Rice. 7.2. Tsar Cannon. Photo from 2003.
Rice. 7.3. Tsar Cannon. Photo from 2003.
Rice. 7.4. The 40-ton Tsar Cannon was cast by master Andrei Chokhov during the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. This is evidenced by the inscription on the top of her vent. Photo from 2003.
Rice. 7.5. Caliber Tsar Cannon - 890. Photograph 2003.
N.V. Gordeev, the author of the interesting book Tsar Cannon, reports: “In Russia, the first guns appeared in the 14th century”, p. 7. The compiler and author of the book “The Moscow Kremlin in Antiquity and Now”, S. Bartenev, wrote: “The walls and archers of the Kremlin in the 16th century ... were furnished with fortress artillery of the most diverse composition, among which were cast-iron, iron and copper tools, ranging from the most small ones, firing small bullets ... and ending with 6-8-pound guns (2400 g and 3200 g), placed one at each floor of the tower. In addition, HUGE MONSTERS, GIANT BOMBARDS, lay on the ground below, vol. 1, p. 40. Op. by , p. 8.
Some preserved ancient Russian cannons of the 16th-18th centuries can be seen today near the building of the Kremlin Arsenal, fig. 7.6. It turns out that the Russian army of the 16th-17th centuries was armed with large TROJAN GUNS. That is, the cannons on which the kings of the "ancient" TROY were depicted. One of these is very interesting. big guns, made by the famous master of the XVI century Andrey Chokhov. N.V. Gordeev reports: “In 1590, a cannon was made under the name “TROIL”, i.e. “TROJAN KING”. The barrel of the cannon is cast from bronze... There is an inscription on the breech of the barrel: “By the grace of God, by the command of the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Fyodor Ivanovich of All Russia, this troil squeaker was made in the summer of 7098 (1590). Made by Andrei Chokhov. In the center of the toreli is a figure of the TROJAN KING with a banner in his left hand and with a sword in his right ... The caliber of the barrel is 195 mm, the weight of the gun is 7 thousand kg. The total length of the barrel is 4350 mm ", p. 22. In fig. 7.7 shows a detail of this cannon “with the image of the TROJAN KING”, p. 21. Recall that TROILUS is the name of one of the most famous Trojan kings, p. 230. He was the son of the no less famous Trojan king Priam, who ruled the "most ancient" Troy in the era of the Trojan War.
Rice. 7.6. The building of the Arsenal in the Moscow Kremlin, near the Trinity Tower. Along its wall are exhibited old cannons - Russian and foreign. Moreover, for some reason, Russian guns are placed where the passage of strangers is prohibited. You can freely consider only foreign guns located closer to the Trinity Tower. An ignorant visitor may even get the impression that, they say, the “best” guns worthy of being exhibited in the Kremlin are foreign-made. Perhaps this is done on purpose. Photo from 2003.
Rice. 7.7. Large Moscow Troilus cannon, cast in the 16th century. «Detail depicting the TROJAN KING. Troilus gun. Master Andrey Chokhov, p. 21. Taken from, p. 21.
There are several such TROJAN cannons in Moscow. Here is another similar large cannon of the 17th century, also called "TROIL". N.V. Gordeev writes: “The Troilus cannon was cast from copper in 1685. The bore is smooth ... On the breech of the barrel there is a cast inscription:“ By the grace of God, by the command of the great sovereigns of the tsars and the great princes Ivan Alekseevich, Peter Alekseevich of all great and small and white Russia autocrats poured this squeaker is called TROILUS ON WHICH THE TSAR OF TROJANS IS DESIGNED ON THE TREASURY…” The torel is flat, with a cast relief image of a figure sitting on a throne. On the sides of the figure there is an inscription: "Pishchal TROIL". Caliber 187 mm, weight 6438 kg, total length 3500 mm. The cannon stands on a decorative cast-iron carriage near the southern facade of the Arsenal, on the left side of the entrance arch”, p. 29. A detail of this large Troilus cannon, cast by craftsman Yakov Dubina, is shown in fig. 7.8.
Rice. 7.8. Another large Moscow Troilus cannon, cast in the 17th century. «Detail depicting the TROJAN KING. Troilus gun. Master Yakov Dubina. 1685" , With. 28. Taken from, p. 28.
Within the framework of the Scaligerian-Romanovian history, all this looks extremely strange. On the one hand, the Russian foundry craftsmen of the 16th-17th centuries, casting large Russian cannons, naturally depict Moscow great tsars on the cannons. For example, on the famous Tsar Cannon, cast by Andrey Chokhov in 1586, “on the right side of the barrel there is a cast image of a galloping horseman. This is a portrait of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, in which a cannon was cast. Above the image is the inscription: By the grace of God, the king and Grand Duke Fedor Ivanovich Sovereign and Autocrat of All Great Russia, p. 14.
On the other hand, on other large Russian cannons, allegedly “ancient” Trojan kings, who ruled in distant Troy allegedly about THREE THOUSAND YEARS AGO, are depicted, and DIRECTLY named. As historians assure us today.
In the 16th century, a large cannon called "ACHILLES" was also cast in Rus', p. 20. Today she is in St. Petersburg. Again we see a Russian cannon with an "antique" name. Note that according to our research, the presence of the name ACHILLES on old Russian cannons is quite understandable and natural.
We have given only three examples of Russian "ancient" guns, taken by us from a very small book. How many of these guns were cast and what percentage of them survived, we do not know.
Our reconstruction explains this picture well. Most likely, Russian cannon masters, even in the 17th century, not to mention the 16th century, knew or remembered well that the Ottoman-Ataman sultan, an ally of Rus'-Horde, rules in Istanbul. Therefore, on some huge Russian-Horde guns, we see images of Russian Horde tsars-khans of the 16th century. And on others - their Ottoman allies - Ataman sultans. As we showed in the book "Empire", the Russian-Horde and Ottoman - Ataman troops fought together in that era, side by side. As troops of two constituent parts a single Great = "Mongolian" Empire. Although in the 17th century, after the collapse of the Empire, Rus'-Horde and Osmania = Atamania were no longer as closely connected as before, but the memory of the recent unity was, as we see, quite strong. In the 17th century, already under the first Romanovs, Trojan cannons were still being cast in Rus'.
Let's take another example. On fig. 7.9 and fig. 7.10 shows a large Russian cannon called "New PERS", p. 36. The "Persian" is depicted in a TURB. An inscription was cast on the smooth breech of the cannon: “By the grace of God, the great sovereigns and tsars and grand dukes of John Alekseevich Petr Alekseevich ... this squeaker, called“ NOVI PERS ”was cast in the reigning city of Moscow in the summer of 7194 (1686) ...”, p. 33. Gun caliber 180 mm, weight 5800 kg, total length 4 meters 90 cm. There is an inscription along the edge of the torel: “Pishchal called PERS lita summer 7194 ...”, p. 33. In 1969, the Persian cannon stood at the southern facade of the Arsenal, to the left of the entrance arch, p. 33.
Rice. 7.9. Large Moscow cannon, called "New Persian", cast in the 17th century. Master Martyan Osipov. 1685. Taken from, p. 36.
Rice. 7.10. General view of the gun "New Persian". Taken from, p. 34.
As we have repeatedly written in our books on chronology, in the old chronicles PERSIA (P-RUSSIA), apparently, was often called White Rus'. It is known that Russian Cossacks used to wear a turban,,. Therefore, "Persian in a turban" in that era could mean "White-Russian Cossack in a turban." The image of which on the Russian cannon is more than natural. Note that earlier White Russia was called not only Belarus in the modern sense, but much more extensive areas of Russia. In particular, the city of Moscow is located on the lands of old White Rus',,.
By the way, it is possible that before the "New Persian" there was another Russian gun called simply "PERS". The "new Persian" cannon could be named after the famous old cannon with the same name. By adding the word "new".
Experts in cannon history note that the giant Russian cannons of the 16th century era clearly show the leading role of the Russian army at that time. The Tsar Cannon (XVI century, caliber 890) that has survived to this day was perhaps one of the largest of its time, but it turns out that there were other huge Russian cannons that were quite comparable in size. And there were a lot of them. Professor M.I. Falkovsky in his book “Moscow and the History of Technology” writes that “by its type, the Tsar Cannon is a mortar ... In the 16th century, of course, there was no caliber 890 in ANY COUNTRY. BUT THE RELATIVE DIMENSIONS OF THE Tsar Cannon DO NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY FROM OTHER MORTAR EVEN IN THE XVII-XVIII CENTURIES. Cit. by , p. 14.
“A lot of large cannons were also made by other masters of cannon casting... BEFORE THE CHOKOV Tsar Cannon, HUGE GUNS WERE KNOWN IN MOSCOW, WHICH ALSO BEARED THIS NAME... Thus, in 1488, master Pavel Debosis cast a cannon called the Tsar Cannon. In 1554, a cast-iron cannon with a caliber of 650 mm was cast in Moscow (recall that the caliber of the Tsar Cannon 890 mm - Auth.) and weighing 1200 pounds, and in 1555 - a cast iron cannon with a caliber of 600 mm, weighing 1020 pounds. The fact that there were other huge weapons in Moscow is evidenced not only by written sources, but also by plans and drawings of Moscow and the Moscow Kremlin, drawn up in the 16th-17th centuries, sketches of travelers and members of foreign embassies. The plans of the Moscow Kremlin of the 16th century show that the cannons were located at the main gates of the Kremlin - Spassky and Nikolsky, as well as on Red Square. These tools have not been preserved”, p. 18.
So it turns out that there were enough cannons or mortars comparable in caliber to the Tsar Cannon in the Russian army of that era.
By the way, the Tsar Cannon was designed FOR SHOOTING buckshot, NOT cannonballs. This is a mortar. So the four huge cannonballs lying in front of her in the Kremlin today, folded into a pyramid, have nothing to do with her. According to N.V. Gordeev, “these are DECORATIVE cast-iron grenades, hollow inside. The thickness of their walls is 9 cm. , With. 17–18.
“In ancient times, the Tsar Cannon was also called the Russian Shotgun, since it was designed to fire shot, that is, buckshot. The Tsar Cannon did not have to take part in hostilities (so historians believe today - Auth.), but there is no doubt that it was cast precisely as a military weapon, and not for purely decorative purposes ... M.I. Falkovsky believes that, expecting the invasion of the Tatars and building NEW fortifications, Muscovites would hardly have been engaged in the manufacture of a “fake” cannon weighing 2400 pounds. A number of other authors adhere to the same conclusion. 16. Isn't the opinion suggested to us today by historians - that the Tsar Cannon was "fake" and was cast only as a royal whim, to satisfy "Moscow vanity" - part of the propaganda campaign of the Romanov historical school? The purpose of which was and is to bring history to oblivion Great Empire. After all, evidence of a completely different kind of Russian guns has been preserved. For example, the following.
“Andrei Chokhov cast a lot of guns. So, guns with his name participated in all the campaigns of Ivan the Terrible, and in particular in Livonia. Under Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the famous master cast the Tsar Cannon and a whole series of OTHER HUGE GUNS, including an interesting mortar with the name False Dmitry (!? - Aut.). ALL CHOKHOV'S GUNS ARE DIFFERENT IN ITS COLOSSAL SIZES, SUPERB FINISHES AND EXCELLENT QUALITY OF WORK", p. 13.
“At this time (in the 16th century - Auth.) a number of guns were cast. So, for example, in 1588 Chokhov cast a HUNDRED PISCHAL from copper, that is, an instrument consisting of HUNDRED BARRELs. The caliber of each barrel is 50 mm. The casting of this squeak was, of course, the second miracle of foundry art after the Tsar Cannon”, p. 18.
“In the 40s and 50s of our century, on the walls and towers of the Kremlin and on the site of the old fortress ditches, a lot of round stone cores with a diameter of 15 to 30, and in some cases up to 60–70 cm were collected. The colossal size of the cores…” , With. 5–6.
On fig. 7.11 we present an old miniature from a Russian chronicle of the supposedly 16th century, which depicts the defense of Moscow, allegedly in 1451. A large cannon-mortar is clearly visible on the city wall, comparable in size to the gigantic Tsar Cannon of the 16th century known to us today. On fig. 7.12 shows an old miniature depicting a huge cannon cast in Moscow by Pavlin Fryazin in 1488, p. 64. So, as we can see, even according to the Scaligerian-Millerian history, the Russian artillery of the 15th century was very impressive. On fig. 7.13 shows "a medium-sized artillery gun of the 16th century", book. 2, p. 158. In fig. 7.14 shows an image of medium-sized Russian guns of the 17th century.
Rice. 7.11. Huge Russian-Horde cannons of the 15th century. A miniature of an annals of the alleged 16th century, depicting the defense of Moscow, allegedly in 1451. Taken from, p. 73.
Rice. 7.12. “A cannon cast in Moscow by Pavlin Fryazin. 1488. Miniature of the annalistic code of the 16th century. , With. 64.
Rice. 7.13. Ancient engraving. Cannon of the 16th century. Considered medium in size. Taken from, book. 2, p. 158.
Rice. 7.14. Engraving "Russian artillery before the parade in the 17th century". These tools are relatively small. Taken from, book. 2. with. 585.
On fig. 7.15 shows images of ancient field cannons and mortars that were in service with the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. A large mortar is shown at the top right. So similar large guns for shooting with buckshot, they were installed not only on the walls of cities, but also used on the battlefields.
On fig. 7.16 shows the plan of the Kremlin Cannon Yard. The plan was drawn up at the end of the 17th century, p. 144.
Rice. 7.15. "Zaporizhzhya guns and mortars", insert between p. 240–241. On the right is a large field mortar for firing buckshot.
Rice. 7.16. Plan of the Cannon Yard in the Kremlin. End of the 17th century. Taken from, p. 144.
It turns out that the huge Tsar Cannon mortar standing today in the Kremlin is noticeably inferior in size to other combat mortars that were in service with the Russian army of the 16th century. Historians report: “In the report of Juan of Persia to King Philip III about his stay in Russia in 1599–1600, it is said that “ big square"(Red Square)" filled with cannons, so huge that two people could enter each of them to clean it. Two years later, the secretary of the Austrian embassy Georg Tektander von der Jabel wrote about these same guns in his report: “On the square, at the gates of the castle (Kremlin - O.I.), cost two huge guns IN WHICH YOU CAN EASILY FIT A HUMAN. A Pole, Samuil Maskevich, who was in Moscow in 1610, says that in Kitai-Gorod he “saw a gun that was loaded with a hundred bullets and fired the same number of shots. It is so high, - Maskevich continues, - that it will be up to my shoulder, and its bullets are the size of a goose egg. This gun stands against the gate leading to the Living Bridge (this bridge led from Zamoskvorechye to the Frolovsky Gates of the Kremlin. - O.I.)“... Maskevich says that “in the middle of the market” (Red Square) he saw such a large mortar that THREE PEOPLE CLIMBED INTO IT and played cards there ... It is known that since 1555 there were two huge guns on Red Square: in 1554 by the master Kashpir Ganusov, Chokhov's teacher (weight 19300 kg, length - 4.48 m, weight of the core - 320 kg), and "Peacock", cast in 1555 by Stepan Petrov (weight - 16320 kg). These cannons were also sent to the area of the Living Bridge leading to Zamoskvorechye ... In 1627, three giant guns were placed on special wooden "stumps" or "roskats" covered with earth ", p. 114–116. It is understandable why these giant cannon-mortars were installed opposite the bridges leading to the Kremlin. In the event of an attack, guns fired in advance could sweep away enemies trying to break through bridges with buckshot. The large volume of buckshot ejected when fired from guns of this size made it possible to hit not only bridges, but also cover vast areas around the Kremlin.
Today it is difficult to restore true story cannon art in Rus' before the 17th century. It must be assumed that after the Romanovs came to power and, as a result, the very fact of the existence of the Great = “Mongolian” Empire was forgotten, most of the Russian-Horde cannons were poured, melted down. The same was done with the huge Horde bells, see below. Something similar - a deliberate sinking into oblivion - happened with the history of the Russian-Horde fleet. After all, they convince us today that before Peter I, Russia "practically did not have a fleet." But, apparently, THERE WAS SO MANY GUNS IN Rus'-HORDE that, despite all the Romanov meltdowns, something remained. And today we can still at least partially imagine - what was the Russian-Horde and Ottoman = Ataman army of the era of the XV-XVI centuries. The remnants of its monstrous military cannon park, standing today in the Moscow Kremlin, clearly show that this army was strong.
On fig. 7.17 shows a miniature from an old French book "Les Quinze Joies de mariage" allegedly from 1485, ill. 207.
The miniature is not described in words in the book itself. A modern historian reports that “the military scene ... is not accompanied here by any specific textual commentary, it conveys only the atmosphere ...”, p. 170. The figure shows a large army on a campaign, with heavy cannons. All warriors are clad in iron from head to toe. Coats of arms are clearly visible on military equipment and on the banner - black double-headed imperial eagles on a red field. As we now begin to understand, these are, most likely, the troops of Rus'-Horde and Osmania = Atamania, who entered Europe during the conquest of the "Promised Land".
On fig. 7.18 and fig. 7.19 we present photographs of a medieval cannon exhibited today in the German National Museum in Nuremberg (Germanisches Nationalmuseum). This is the largest of several old cannons presented in this museum. Its inner thin metal trunk is enclosed inside a thick log, which, in turn, is covered for strength from the outside with iron hoops. Perhaps the Ottoman and Horde craftsmen specifically used this technology TO LIGHTEN field guns, to make them more convenient for quick transportation on a campaign and for maneuvering. Similar light guns were used earlier in the Russian army. They were called peepers.
Rice. 7.18. Medieval cannon on display at the German National Museum in Nuremberg. Photo taken by A.T. Fomenko in June 2000.
Rice. 7.19. Front view of a cannon from the German National Museum (Nuremberg). The wooden trunk surrounding the inner one is metal, bound on the outside with hoops for strength. Probably, field guns were lightened in this way. Photo from 2000.
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As you know, the Tsar Cannon is a medieval artillery piece and a monument of Russian artillery, cast in bronze in 1586 by Russian master Andrei Chokhov at the Cannon Yard. Today we will try to find out whether it is possible to shoot from it or is it still a props.
The author writes: There are many misconceptions about her among the people. For example: “Russia had the most powerful and advanced production and technological base in the world for the manufacture of cast iron, the monuments of which are these unique artifacts (this is about the Tsar Bell and the Tsar Cannon, - author) ... it has long been proven, and there is documentary evidence the fact that the Tsar Cannon really fired.
By the bell and so it is clear. They are made exclusively from bronze, and not any, but a special composition. Well, the guns, of course, are different. For this in Hard times our wonderful people even used birch burl. They took a dense, thick-set birch blank, made a hole in it, bound it with iron strips, burned a small hole in the breech for a fuse, and now the gun is ready. In the 17th-19th centuries, they were mostly cast from cast iron. But the Tsar Cannon is still bronze.
About documentary evidence that the gun fired, an important remark. Indeed, the people are circulating information that some experts have accurately established ... discovered ... etc. This rumor was launched by journalists. About who, and what really installed, will be described in detail below. Let us also consider the question of another misconception that roams in the minds of scientists. Many of them believe that the Tsar Cannon is a huge shotgun. A very convenient opinion that allows historians to explain many of the mysteries associated with it. In fact, this is not the case, as will be convincingly shown.
There is another persistent misconception that makes one doubt the reasonableness human nature. They say that the Tsar Cannon was made to frighten foreigners, especially the ambassadors of the Crimean Tatars. The absurdity of this statement will also become apparent as you read the article.
What arguments can be given:
Firstly, cast-iron cannonballs are striking, which in the 19th century became the source of those same talk about the decorative purpose of the cannon. In the 16th century, stone cannonballs were used, and they are 2.5 times lighter than cast-iron ones. It can be said for sure that the walls of the gun would not withstand the pressure of powder gases when fired with such a core. Of course, this was understood when they were cast at Byrd's factory.
Secondly, a sham gun carriage, cast in the same place. You can't shoot from it. When fired with a standard 800 kg stone cannonball from a 40 ton Tsar Cannon, even with a small initial speed 100 meters per second, the following will happen:
expanding powder gases, creating high blood pressure, will, as it were, push the space between the core and the bottom of the gun; the core will begin to move in one direction, and the gun in the opposite direction, while the speed of their movement will be inversely proportional to the mass (how many times lighter the body, so many times faster it will fly).
The mass of the gun is only 50 times more mass core (in a Kalashnikov assault rifle, for example, this ratio is about 400), so when the core flies forward at a speed of 100 meters per second, the gun will roll back at a speed of about 2 meters per second. This colossus will not stop immediately, after all, 40 tons. The recoil energy will be approximately equal to the hard impact of KAMAZ into an obstacle at a speed of 30 km/h. The tsar cannon will be torn off the gun carriage. Especially since she just lies on top of him like a log. All this can only be held by a special sliding carriage with hydraulic dampers (recoil dampers), and a reliable mounting of the gun. I assure you, this is still a rather impressive device, but then it simply did not exist. And all this is not only my opinion: “Currently, the Tsar Cannon is on a decorative cast-iron carriage, and nearby are decorative cast-iron cannonballs, which were cast in 1834 in St. Petersburg at the Byrd iron foundry. It is clear that it is physically impossible to shoot from this cast-iron carriage or use cast-iron cannonballs - the Tsar Cannon will be smashed to smithereens! (Alexander Shirokorad "Wonder weapon Russian Empire"). Therefore, that artillery complex, which is shown to us in the Kremlin under the name Tsar Cannon, is a giant props.
Today, hypotheses about the use of the Tsar Cannon as a shotgun are stubbornly exaggerated. The opinion is very convenient for historians. If it's a shotgun, then you don't need to carry it anywhere. Put to the loophole and everything, wait for the enemy.
What Andrei Chokhov cast in 1586, that is, the bronze barrel itself, could really shoot. It just doesn't look like what most people think. The fact is that, by its design, the Tsar Cannon is not a cannon, but a classic bombard. A cannon is a gun with a barrel length of 40 calibers or more. The Tsar Cannon has a barrel length of only 4 calibers. And for a bombard, this is just normal. They often had an impressive size, and were used for the siege, as a battering ram. To destroy the fortress wall, you need a very heavy projectile. For this, and giant calibers.
There was no talk of any carriage then. The trunk was simply dug into the ground. The flat end rested against deeply driven piles (Fig. 2). Nearby, 2 more trenches were dug for artillery crews, since such guns were often torn apart. Loading sometimes took a day. Hence the rate of fire of such guns - from 1 to 6 shots per day. But all this was worth it, because it made it possible to crush impregnable walls, do without many months of sieges and reduce combat losses during the assault.
Only in this can there be a point in casting a 40-ton barrel with a caliber of 900 mm. The Tsar Cannon is a bombard - a battering ram designed to besiege enemy fortresses, and not a shotgun at all, as some tend to believe.
Here is the opinion of a specialist on this issue: “... As a shotgun, the Tsar Cannon was extremely ineffective. At the cost of expenses, instead of it, it was possible to make 20 small shotguns, which take not a day to load, but only 1-2 minutes. I note that in the official inventory "At the Moscow arsenal of artillery" for 1730, there were 40 copper and 15 cast-iron shotguns. Let's pay attention to their calibers: 1500 pounds - 1 (this is the Tsar Cannon), and then calibers follow: 25 pounds - 2, 22 pounds - 1, 21 pounds - 3, etc. The largest number of shotguns, 11, falls on the 2-pounder. A rhetorical question: what place did our military think, who recorded the Tsar Cannon in shotguns? .. ”(Alexander Shirokorad“ The Miracle Weapon of the Russian Empire ”).
The Tsar Cannon was never used for its intended purpose.
As mentioned at the beginning of the article, there are rumors about some "documentary evidence" that the Tsar Cannon fired. Actually, it has great importance not only the fact of the shot, but also what she shot, and under what circumstances. The cores with which the cannon was loaded could be of different weights, and the weight of gunpowder could be different. The pressure in the bore and the power of the shot depend on this. All this cannot be determined now. In addition, if trial test shots were fired from a gun, then this is one thing, and if it was used in combat, it is completely different. Here is a quote on this:
“Documents about the testing of the Tsar Cannon or its use in combat conditions have not been preserved, which gave rise to later historians for lengthy disputes about its purpose ... A minority of experts generally exclude the possibility combat use cannons, and it was made to frighten foreigners, especially the ambassadors of the Crimean Tatars ... An interesting detail, in 1980, specialists from the Academy named after A.I. Dzerzhinsky concluded that the Tsar Cannon was fired at least once ... ”(Alexander Shirokorad“ The Miracle Weapon of the Russian Empire ”).
By the way, the report of these experts, for unknown reasons, was not published. And since the report is not shown to anyone, it cannot be considered evidence. The phrase “they shot at least 1 time” was apparently dropped by one of them in a conversation or interview, otherwise we would not have known anything about it at all. If the gun had been used for its intended purpose, then inevitably there would have been not only particles of gunpowder in the barrel, which, according to rumors, were found, but also mechanical damage in the form of longitudinal scratches. In battle, the Tsar Cannon would be fired not with cotton, but with stone cannonballs weighing about 800 kg.
There should also be some wear on the surface of the bore. It cannot be otherwise, because bronze is a rather soft material. The expression "at least" just indicates that, apart from particles of gunpowder, nothing significant could be found there. If so, then the gun was not used for its intended purpose. And particles of gunpowder could remain from test shots. The fact that the Tsar Cannon never left Moscow limits puts an end to this issue:
“After the Tsar Cannon was cast and finished at the Cannon Yard, it was dragged to the Spassky Bridge and laid on the ground next to the Peacock Cannon. To move the gun, ropes were tied to eight brackets on its trunk, 200 horses were harnessed to these ropes at the same time, and they rolled a cannon lying on huge logs-skating rinks. Initially, the Tsar and Peacock guns lay on the ground near the bridge leading to the Spasskaya Tower, and the Kashpirova cannon was located near the Zemsky order, located where it is now Historical Museum. In 1626, they were lifted from the ground and installed on log cabins, densely packed with earth. These scaffolds were called roskats…” (Alexander Shirokorad “Wonder Weapon of the Russian Empire”).
At home, using a battering ram for its intended purpose is somehow suicidal. Who were they going to shoot at with an 800-kilogram cannonball from the walls of the Kremlin? It is pointless to shoot at the enemy’s manpower once a day. There were no tanks then. Probably waiting for the appearance of Godzilla. Of course, these huge battering rams were put on public display not for combat purposes, but as an element of the prestige of the state. And, of course, this was not their main purpose. Under Peter I, the Tsar Cannon was installed on the territory of the Kremlin itself. There she is to this day. Why has it never been used in combat, although it is quite combat-ready as a battering ram? Maybe the reason for this is its too huge weight? Was it realistic to move such a weapon over long distances?
Transportation
Modern historians rarely ask themselves the question: “why?”. The question is extremely helpful. So let's ask, why was it necessary to cast a siege weapon weighing 40 tons if it could not be delivered to an enemy city? To scare the ambassadors? Hardly. We could make a cheap layout for this, and show it from afar. Why spend so much work and bronze on a bluff? No, the Tsar Cannon was cast in order to use it practically. So they could move. How could they do it?
40 tons is really very hard. Such a weight is not able to transfer the KAMAZ truck. It is designed only for 10 tons of cargo. When you try to load a cannon on it, the suspension will first collapse, then the frame will bend. This requires a tractor 4 times stronger and more powerful. And everything that could be made of wood, for the purpose of convenient transportation of a cannon on wheels, would have truly cyclopean dimensions. The axis of such a wheeled device would be at least 80 cm thick. It makes no sense to imagine further, anyway, there is no evidence of something like that. Everywhere it is written that the Tsar Cannon was dragged, not carried.
Look at the picture on which the heavy gun is being loaded. Unfortunately, here we see only the pushing of the bombard from the floor, and not the process of moving itself. But there is a transport platform in the background. She has a bow bent to the top (protection from sticking in bumps). The platform was obviously used for sliding. That is, the load was dragged, not rolled. And it is right. Rollers can only be used on a flat and firm surface. Where can you find one? It is also quite clear that the curved nose is bound in metal, because the load is very heavy. The weight of most wall-beating guns did not exceed 20 tons.
Let us assume that they traveled the main part of the way by water. Dragging these bombards over short distances of several kilometers with the help of many horses is also a doable task, although a very difficult one. But is it possible to do the same with a 40 ton gun? Usually such studies end with expressions like "historical incident". As if the fools decided to surprise everyone, they cast something record-breaking gigantic, but they didn’t think how to drag it. Here, they say, as it is in Russian - the Tsar Bell, which does not ring, and the Tsar Cannon, which does not shoot.
But we will not continue in this spirit. Let's say goodbye to the idea that our rulers were dumber than today's historians. Enough to blame everything on the inexperience of the masters and the tyranny of the kings. The tsar, who managed to take this high post, ordered a 40-ton gun, paid for its manufacture, was clearly not a fool, and had to think over his act very well. Such costly issues are not solved out of hand. He absolutely understood how he was going to deliver this "gift" to the walls of enemy cities.
Huge gun Malik-e-Maidan
By the way, an excuse like “first they did it, and then they thought about how to drag it” is quite common in historical research. It has become habitual. Not so long ago, the Culture channel told viewers about Chinese traditional architecture. They showed a 86,000-ton slab carved into the rock. Explanation in in general terms is: “The Chinese emperor, allegedly, had mental disorders on the basis of gigantic pride and ordered a tomb of unimaginable size. He himself, the architects, thousands of masons, allegedly, were mentally handicapped and in terms of logic. For decades, they all carried out a megaproject. They finally cut down the slab, and then they only realized that they couldn’t even move it from its place. Well, they dropped this case ... ”It looks like our case.
The fact that the Tsar Cannon is not just a surge of enthusiasm among Moscow foundry workers is also proved by the existence of an even more enormous gun, Malik-e-Maidan. It was cast in Ahmandagar in India in 1548, and has a mass of as much as 57 tons. There, historians also sing songs about 10 elephants and 400 buffaloes that dragged this cannon. This is a siege weapon of the same purpose as the Tsar Cannon, only 17 tons heavier. What is this, the second historical incident in the same historical time? And how many more such guns need to be discovered in order to understand that they were cast at that time, delivered to the besieged cities and practically used? If today we do not understand how this happened, it means that such is our knowledge.
Here we again encounter the residually low level of our current technical culture. This is due to a distorted scientific worldview. From modern positions, we do not see a solution that was obvious at that time. It remains to be concluded that back in the 16th century in Rus' and India they knew something that made it possible to move such goods.
The decline of artillery technology in the Middle Ages
On the example of bombards, one can see the obvious degradation of artillery art over the centuries of the Middle Ages. The first samples were made of two-layer iron. The inner layer was welded from longitudinal strips, and thick transverse rings reinforced it on the outside. After some time, cast bronze tools began to be made. This definitely reduced their reliability, and, accordingly, increased weight. Any engineer will tell you that wrought iron is an order of magnitude stronger than cast bronze. Especially if it is assembled as described above - a two-layer package with the direction of the fibers corresponding to the current loads. Probably the reason is the desire to reduce the cost of the manufacturing process.
The design of the first bombards is also surprisingly progressive. For example, today you will not find modern models of small arms that would be loaded from the side of the muzzle. It's very primitive. For a century and a half, loading from the breech has been in progress. In this way, there are a lot of advantages - both the rate of fire is higher, and the maintenance of the gun is more convenient. There is only one drawback - a more complex design with locking the breech at the time of the shot.
How interesting that the very first guns in history (bombards) immediately had a progressive method of loading from the breech. The breech was often attached to the barrel with a thread, that is, it was screwed in. This design was preserved for some time in cast tools. Look at Fig. 6. Here the Turkish bombard is compared with the Tsar Cannon. In terms of geometric parameters, they are very similar, but the Tsar Cannon, cast a hundred years later, has already been made one-piece. This means that in the 15-16 centuries they switched to a more primitive muzzle loading.
There can be only one conclusion here - the first bombards were carried out with a residual knowledge of progressive design solutions for artillery weapons, and possibly they were copied from some older and more advanced models. However, the technological base was already quite backward for these constructive solutions, and could only reproduce what we see in medieval tools. With this level of manufacturing, the advantages of breech-loading are practically no longer manifested, but they stubbornly continued to make them breech-loading, because they still did not know how it could be done differently. Over time, the technical culture continued to degrade, and, accordingly, the guns began to be made one-piece, according to a more simplified and primitive scheme of loading from the muzzle.
Conclusion
Here is the logical picture. In the 16th century, the Moscow principality led numerous fighting, both in the east (taking Kazan), in the south (Astrakhan), and in the west (wars with Poland, Lithuania and Sweden). The cannon was cast in 1586. Kazan had already been taken by this time. A shaky truce, more like a respite, was established with the Western countries. Could the Tsar Cannon be in demand under these conditions? Yes, definitely. The success of the military campaign depended on the presence of wall-to-wall artillery. The fortified cities of the western neighbors had to be taken somehow. Ivan the Terrible died in 1584, 2 years before the cannon was cast. But it was he who determined the state's need for such tools, and the process of their manufacture was launched. Here's how things unfolded:
“From 1550 to 1565, Kishpir Ganusov (Ganus), apparently a German by nationality, led the work at the Moscow Cannon Yard. In the annals there are references to eleven guns cast by him, but not a single one has come down to us. The largest copper tool, cast by Ganusov in 1555, was called the Kashpirova Cannon. Its weight was 19.65 tons. In the same 1555, the Moscow master Stepan Petrov cast the Peacock cannon weighing 16.7 tons ... It is curious that Ivan the Terrible ordered both huge cannons to be delivered to Polotsk besieged by the Russians. On February 13, 1563, the tsar ordered the governor, Prince Mikhail Petrovich Repnin, “to place large cannons for Kashpirov and Stepanov, Pavlin, Eagle, and Medved, and the entire wall and upper outfit close to the city gates” and shoot “without resting, day and night.” The earth trembled from this shooting - "the cores of large cannons are twenty pounds each, and other cannons are a little easier." The next day the gate was destroyed and several breaches were made in the wall. On February 15, Polotsk surrendered to the mercy of the victors. In 1568, a young student of Kashpir, Andrei Chokhov (before 1917, he was written by Chekhov) cast his first gun ... The most famous gun of Andrei Chokhov was the Tsar Cannon (1586) ”(Alexander Shirokorad“ The Miracle Weapon of the Russian Empire ”).
Under Ivan the Terrible, the production of such tools was debugged and their use, including transportation, was mastered. However, the strong-willed state grip disappeared after his death and the accession of a successor to the throne. Fedor 1 Ioannovich was a man of a completely different stock. The people called him sinless and blessed. Probably, through the efforts of the followers of Ivan the Terrible, the order for the manufacture of the Tsar Cannon was nevertheless formed. However, the greatness of the creation of Andrei Chokhov still exceeded the demands of the new tsar. Therefore, the Tsar Cannon remained unclaimed, although military operations with the use of siege artillery were carried out already 4 years later (the Russian-Swedish war of 1590-1595).
The Tsar Cannon is real. The surroundings around her are props. formed public opinion about her is false. The Tsar Cannon should surprise us, much more than the ancient megaliths. After all, they are amazing in that huge stones weighing several tons are delivered ... lifted ... set ... etc. In the 16th century, nothing fundamentally new, different from the Neolithic in transportation and loading (according to the official point of view) was used, and a 40-ton gun was transported. In addition, stones were placed once and for centuries, and a no less heavy cannon was supposed to be repeatedly moved over vast distances.
It is all the more surprising because it was made relatively recently, back in the 16th century. Indeed, about the time of megaliths, scientists are free to fantasize as they please - hundreds of thousands of slaves, centuries of construction, etc., but a lot of things are known about the 16th century. There is no room for fantasy here.
A real miracle, disguised as absurdity, is on display in the Kremlin, but we do not notice it, because we are zombified by propaganda, false hypotheses and the opinion of authorities.
On the one hand, this is an example of a giant 19th-century props, on the other hand, one of the largest active medieval tools. At the same time, she is a remarkable witness to the decline of artillery technology in the Middle Ages.
Tsar Cannon- a monument of ancient artillery and foundry art of the 16th century. It was cast in bronze in 1586 at the Moscow Cannon Yard by the outstanding cannon and bell maker Andrei Chokhov.
The Tsar Cannon is located near the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, not far from.
Description of the gun
The Tsar Cannon is the largest cannon in the world. The cannon barrel was cast in bronze in 1586. The weight of the gun is 2400 pounds (39.5 tons). Barrel length - 5.34 m. Barrel diameter - 120 cm, caliber - 890 mm. The carriage is cast iron and painted in bronze (the original carriage was wooden). Carriage weight - 34.5 tons. In front of the cannon, four huge hollow cast-iron cores (decorative), cast in the 19th century, are laid out in a pyramid. The weight of each core is about 1 ton.
The Tsar Cannon has a peculiar design; in terms of the barrel bore, it is close to mortars. According to the design of the barrel, it can be assumed that the gun was intended for firing buckshot, for which small stones were used at that time. The barrel bore is divided into two parts - a cylindrical barrel ("boiler") for the projectile and a breech for the charge (powder chamber). Research by scientists indicates that the Tsar Cannon was intended for shooting, and not just for intimidating the enemy. But there is no information that the Tsar Cannon was ever fired from.
There are images and inscriptions on the cannon that are difficult to see from the ground. On the right side of the muzzle, closer to the muzzle, there is an image of the king in the royal crown on horseback, in military attire and with a scepter in his hand. The image is accompanied by the inscription: "By the grace of God, the Tsar and Grand Duke Fyodor Ioannovich Sovereign and Autocrat." Nearby is another inscription relating to the customer of the tool: “By the command of the noble and Christ-loving Tsar and Grand Duke Fyodor Ioannovich, Sovereign Autocrat of All Great under his pious and Christ-loving Empress Grand Duchess Irina.” The inscription closer to the central part of the trunk reads: “This cannon was merged in the most famous city of the summer of 7094, in the third summer of his state. The cannon was made by the cannon man Ondrey Chokhov. This inscription indicates that the cannon was cast in 7094 from the Creation of the World (in 1586 from the Nativity of Christ) in the third year of the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich by cannon maker Andrei Chokhov.
History of the Tsar Cannon
There are two versions of the origin of the name Tsar Cannon. According to one of them, the name is associated with the image of the king on its trunk. Another version connects the name of the cannon with its huge size; at one time it was the largest cannon in the world.
The Tsar Cannon was cast in 1586 by the casters of the Cannon Yard, located on the banks of the Neglinnaya River, under the direction of Andrei Chokhov. The author of the idea was the brother-in-law of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich. According to the plan of Boris Godunov, the gun was installed on Red Square in front, next to the Execution Ground. She was placed on a wooden carriage. The grandiose cannon installed here played an important role. It strengthened the significance of the platform from which the kings addressed the people and from where the royal decrees were read. However, it served as a demonstration military power Russian state and symbolically guarded the Intercession Cathedral and.
There is no reliable information about where the Tsar Cannon was located during the entire 17th century. Presumably, she was somewhere in the backyard of the Kremlin, where, after the accession of the Romanov dynasty, they tried to remove everything that reminded of Boris Godunov. In the early 1700s the cannon was installed in the courtyard of the Arsenal among other historical weapons.
In 1812, half of the Arsenal building was blown up by the French. The wooden carriage of the Tsar Cannon burned down in a fire.
In 1835, under the emperor, at the Byrd shipyard in St. Petersburg for the Tsar Cannon, a cast-iron gun carriage was specially cast, decorated with a lion's head and ornaments. The carriage sketches were made by Alexander Bryullov, brother of the famous painter Karl Bryullov, and the drawings were finalized by Major General de Witte. The Tsar Cannon was installed on a new carriage and moved to a new location - near the Kremlin barracks. The Tsar Cannon and the longest Kremlin cannon, the Unicorn, occupied a prominent place on the corner of Senate Square, in the northeastern part of the Kremlin.
This powerful gun, located on Ivanovskaya Square, is a monument to Russian artillery. The largest caliber in the world, it has become a monument of foundry.
From the history of the Tsar Cannon in Moscow
The Tsar Cannon in Moscow was cast at the Cannon Yard in 1586 during the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich by the Russian master Andrei Chokhov. A weapon was created for the defense of the Kremlin and therefore was installed on a log flooring (peal) on Red Square near the Execution Ground. They brought her here on 200 horses, dragging the gun along the logs. To move it on the trunk on each side, there are four brackets for attaching ropes. Later, the wooden peals on which the gun stood were replaced with stone ones. As the Pole Samuil Matskevich wrote, “In the Russian capital lies a huge weapon. So big that Polish soldiers hide inside it from the rain ... "Later, the gun was in different places Kremlin. And when the Kremlin Palace of Congresses was built, it was transferred to Ivanovskaya Square to the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles. Although it is believed that this formidable weapon was intended for the defense of the Kremlin, many researchers believe that it would hardly have coped with this. Such tools are used only to destroy walls.
Description Tsar Cannon in Moscow
Now the powerful gun is on a decorative cast-iron carriage, and nearby are hollow decorative cast-iron cannonballs weighing 1.97 tons, cast in 1835 (the gun cannot fire such cannonballs). A bronze gun was cast, a cast-iron gun carriage. At the vent on the right side, Fyodor Ivanovich is depicted riding a horse in a crown and with a scepter in his hand. Above the image is the inscription: "By the grace of God, Tsar, Grand Duke Fyodor Ivanovich, Sovereign Autocrat of All Great Russia." According to one version, thanks to the image of Fedor Ivanovich, the Tsar Cannon got its name. According to another version, it is called so because of large sizes. Also, the gun was called the "Russian Shotgun", since it was designed to fire "shot" (buckshot).
The length of the gun is 5.34 m, the outer diameter of the barrel is 120 cm. The caliber is 890 mm. Weight - 39.31 tons. On the left side there is an inscription: "The cannon was made by the cannon man Ondrey Chokhov." Some experts believe that the great weapon never fired, but was made in order to frighten foreigners, including the ambassadors of the Crimean Tatars. Survey guns in 1980 at the Artillery Academy. Dzerzhinsky showed that the Tsar Cannon is a bombard and is designed to fire stone cannonballs. The weight of the stone core was about 819 kg, and the iron core of this caliber weighs 1970 kg. An examination of the gun channel showed the presence of gunpowder particles. This means that the famous gun fired at least once.
Copies of the Tsar Cannon
In the spring of 2001, by order of the Moscow government, a copy of the famous iron gun was made in Udmurtia. Its weight was 42 tons, the weight of the core - 1.2 tons. The diameter of the trunk - 890 mm. This copy was donated to the Ukrainian city of Donetsk.
In 2007, a copy of the gun for Yoshkar-Ola was cast at the Butyakov Shipyard. It is located next to the Art Gallery.
The Perm Tsar Cannon is exhibited at the Motovilikhinskiye Zavody open-air museum of military equipment. It is the largest cast iron cannon in the world. The gun was made in 1868 by order of the Naval Ministry and is combat. During its tests, 314 shots were fired with cannonballs and bombs with a range of up to 1.2 km. The gun was intended for Kronstadt to defend Petersburg from the sea.
Many have heard about the famous giant weapon in the Moscow Kremlin in childhood, but its greatness when considered “in life” is impressive. And although the largest in size and weight is the German Dora howitzer with a caliber of 800 mm and a weight of 1350 tons, the Tsar Cannon in Moscow is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest-caliber gun.
Photo Tsar Cannon (Moscow). Tsar Cannon address: Moscow, Ivanovskaya Square
The Tsar Cannon in Moscow was used in the Middle Ages as an artillery gun, it was called a bombard, in our time it is a monument to Russian artillery, as well as a monument to foundry art. The total length of the king cannon is 5.34 meters, the diameter of the gun barrel from the outside is 120 centimeters, the diameter of the patterned belt around the muzzle is 134 centimeters, the caliber of the gun is 890 millimeters (this is 35 inches), total weight guns is equal to 39.31 tons or 2400 pounds.
Master who cast the tsar cannon
The Tsar Cannon was cast in bronze in Moscow by the outstanding Russian cannon maker Andrei Chokhov in 1586 at the Cannon Yard (the center of cannon production in Moscow, almost everyone was cast in it). It was not easy to cast such dimensions, but the master who cast it had more than 60 years of experience and, according to the documents, cast about 20 heavy guns. The documentation says that the first work was done by master A. Chekhov in 1568, and the last in 1629.
cast painting
There are poured inscriptions on it above the front right bracket:
By the grace of God, Tsar and Grand Duke Fyodor Ivanovich Sovereign and Autocrat of All Great Russia
And also 2 more phrases are written on the top of the trunk:
By command of the pious and Christ-loving Tsar and Grand Duke Fyodor Ivanovich, Sovereign Autocrat of All Great Russia under his pious and Christ-loving Empress Grand Duchess Irina of the Right Side
This cannon was quickly merged in the most famous city of Moscow in the summer of 7094, in the third summer of his state. Andrey Chokhov made the cannon from the left side
There is a version that the name of the gun comes from the image of Tsar Fedor the first on it, but most likely it was named because of its solid size.
How many cores does the tsar cannon have
The Tsar Cannon in Moscow stands on a concrete platform and has four cannonballs cast to match its caliber. The cores are cast from cast iron and each weighs 120 pounds if counted in kilograms, then a stone core would weigh 819 kg, and a cast iron one 1970 kg, and the weight of gunpowder for one charge is 30 pounds.
The Tsar Bell and the Tsar Cannon are the most interesting monuments of Moscow and have been attracting the attention of tourists for many centuries.
Location of the attraction Tsar Cannon on Yandex map
Created using the Yandex People's Map service. Looking at the map, you can easily determine where the Tsar Cannon is located in the city of Moscow, as well as how to get to it, since all routes, streets and house numbers are indicated on the map.
On this page you can see some of the sights
