Major ports of Canada on the map. Ports of Canada. Halifax - port city and naval base

Schwangau from A to Z: map, hotels, attractions, restaurants, entertainment. Shopping, shops. Photos, videos and reviews about Schwangau.

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How to get there

To get to Schwangau from the airport or Munich train station, you must first take the train to Füssen (it departs from Pasing Station, or Pasing Station). Having reached the Bavarian resort town (that is, Füssen), you need to transfer to buses following routes No. 73, 78, 9651 or 9606. They will then take you straight to Schwangau. The stops where you should get off are called Hohenschwangau or Schwangau Rathaus. For this trip, it is better to purchase the so-called Bavarian ticket (Bayern Ticket). It will allow you to travel on trains, buses, trains and trams in Bavaria for free. You can buy such a travel card at the station, using a special terminal. If you are traveling as a couple or as a family, choose a ticket that is designed for two to five people.

Such a Bavarian ticket will cost from 26 to 38 EUR. However, there are travel cards that are valid only for one person. Their cost is from 25 EUR.

Prices on the page are for August 2018.

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Schwangau Hotels

In Schwangau there are hotels of any status - from "kopeck pieces" to five-star hotels. Five-star hotels offer tourists spacious apartments with a separate bedroom, living room and equipped kitchen. The rooms have everything the necessary conditions up to free Wi-Fi and satellite TV. Accommodation at the beginning of summer in five-star hotels in Schwangau will cost an average of 300 EUR. Hotels of a lower status, for example, four-star hotels, have no worse conditions and offer vacationers comfortable apartments with everything you need. Accommodation in these hotels summer period costs from 80-90 EUR.

Schwangau is really cool not only in blooming summers, but also in snowy winters.

For a holiday in Schwangau, you can safely choose three-star hotels, as they have cozy rooms - studios with all amenities (bedroom, kitchen, bathroom). Tourists who settled in "treshki" can also use free wireless Internet. Accommodation in three-star hotels in Schwangau in the summer will cost from 80 EUR. We add that all hotels in Schwangau are built in the spirit of village mansions two or three floors high and have balconies overlooking the flowering gardens and the picturesque area of ​​the resort.

But keep in mind that Schwangau is very popular among tourists (especially in summer), so it is better to choose and book hotel apartments in advance. The best hotels already in the spring remain without free rooms for the entire summer period.

Cuisine and restaurants

There are enough restaurants in Schwangau where you can both have a quick bite between sightseeing walks and spend an hour or two enjoying Bavarian treats. Wherever you look, in local establishments you will always be deliciously fed and watered (this is Germany, after all). In the restaurants of Schwangau, be prepared for large and hearty portions of meat and deli meats and, of course, delicious beer. It would be unforgivable to refuse this, so eat with pleasure, even if your conscience stubbornly cries out to be limited to a modest meal. In summer, many restaurants in Schwangau equip visitors with cozy terraces, from where you can watch the beauty of the Alpine peaks and the sights of the resort with peace of mind.

In winter, in local establishments, tourists are warmed with gluwine - hot wine, more familiar to us as mulled wine.

When going to a marathon in Schwangau restaurants, keep in mind that the prices in them are quite different - from acceptable to noticeably high.

Guides in Schwangau

Entertainment and attractions

The main attraction, without exaggeration, glorifying Schwangau to the whole world, is the Royal Castle Neuschwanstein. What it looks like is known not only by inveterate tourists, but also by those who have never been to German lands. Neuschwanstein Castle, by the way, built in the late 19th century by King Ludwig II, is shown as a screen saver for all Disney cartoons, and its prototypes are also built in Disneyland amusement parks. Remembered?

Since the Neuschwanstein Castle in Schwangau is visited by all tourists without exception, it would not be superfluous to say that it is better to plan an excursion here in the morning - about nine o'clock in commercials. At this time, there are practically no visitors here, so you can explore the castle with peace of mind and take pictures that do not show unfamiliar smiling faces.

The second most popular attraction in Schwangau is Hohenschwangau Castle, also built at the request of His Majesty Ludwig II. You can visit it right after Neuschwanstein (the castles are opposite each other). By the way, tickets for an excursion to Hohenschwangau are bought separately, but at the same box office as in Neuschwanstein Castle.

What else to see

But Schwangau is famous not only for castles. Take time to visit two lakes - Schwansee and Alpsee. Schwansee - the very famous "Swan Lake", admiring which, the composer Pyotr Tchaikovsky created his masterpiece - music for the ballet of the same name. In fact, this is an indescribable water surface, which you can admire for hours on end. Lake Alpsee may not be as famous, but no less beautiful than Schwansee. And it is famous for its unusual water, which even in winter shimmers with emerald and blue hues.

Finally, in Schwangau you can visit the no less famous Royal Baths. This is a modern spa center with a worldwide reputation. Here you will find pools, jacuzzis, saunas and just a wonderfully relaxing atmosphere. A visit to the Royal Baths will cost from 12 to 28 EUR, depending on the time spent here.

Boston- one of the oldest ports in the United States, founded in the first half of the XVII century. Located in the southern part of the Gulf of Maine and consists of outer and inner harbors. Experiencing strong competition from New York, Boston has gradually lost its leading position and now remains the leading port only for its immediate hinterland, which includes the New England area with developed lung industry.

Annual cargo turnover on the Great Lakes is "the third sea ​​coast USA" - is approximately 200 million tons.

The main part of it falls on the internal transportation of the United States and Canada between the ports of each of these countries. Foreign trade shipments amount to about 50 million tons, of which more than half is bilateral US-Canadian trade. After the opening of the St. Lawrence waterway, maritime traffic increased dramatically: in the first year, the number of sea lines reached 30.

More than 90% of the total volume of traffic falls on dry bulk cargo - iron ore, coal, grain, limestone, which are transported on large-capacity lake bulk carriers ("lakers").

The depth of the connecting channels between the lakes allows the use of ships with a deadweight of no more than 25 thousand tons. maximum draft smaller and longer than sea ​​vessels the same payload. Since the latitudinal transport of goods faced strong competition from land modes of transport, the lakes for the first time began to on a large scale apply new methods of transportation in self-unloading bulk carriers, in containers, trailers, etc. Rail ferries, especially characteristic of the lake, have also become widespread. Michigan, where they act as bridges connecting the western and eastern railroads. From west to east, iron ore, grain, flour and timber are transported along the lakes, in the opposite direction - coal, oil products and building materials.

Among the dozens of lake ports, universal ports stand out in particular Chicago And Detroit, as well as the world's largest ore and grain port complex Duluth Superior.

Canada is a country with a mechanized, highly agriculture, the world's largest exporter of wheat. After the Second World War, the export of livestock products - meat, canned food, butter - also increased. Important role the economy is played by the production and export of fish, in which Canada occupies one of the first places in the capitalist world. Small in weight, but valuable in value, Canadian exports are furs.

A third of the country's territory is covered with forests, mostly coniferous. The timber, pulp and paper, and woodworking industries are key sectors of the Canadian economy. Canada is the world's largest producer and exporter of paper, accounting for a quarter of all Canadian exports, including sawnwood. In addition, Canada occupies a leading position in the capitalist world in the extraction and export of a number of non-ferrous metals. It acts on the world market as a major buyer of machine tools and industrial equipment. Coal, oil, rubber, textile raw materials are also imported.

Canada's participation in international shipping is much more modest than its share in world trade, since most foreign trade crosses the land border with the United States.

The Canadian Merchant Navy is most heavily used in inland shipping, especially on the Great Lakes, where a large lake fleet is concentrated, outnumbering both ships and tonnage. navy Canada. For ocean shipping, shipping companies in Canada prefer to charter foreign tonnage.

The total cargo turnover of Canadian ports is about 300 million tons. The most important Canadian ports, as in the United States, are concentrated on the Atlantic coast, the total length of which, together with the adjacent islands, is about 10 thousand km.

Montreal-most Big city and the port of Canada. Located at a distance of 1600 km from the ocean at the end of the deep section of the river. St. Lawrence, beyond which the first rapids begin. It also serves as the starting point for the St. Lawrence waterway. Montreal has 140 berths with a total length of 23 km and a depth of up to 10.7 m. It is the terminus of 60 cargo and passenger transatlantic lines.

Montreal is one of the world's largest grain export ports. On its berths, mainly in the form of wide piers, 5 large elevators, a large container terminal. Its foreign trade and coastal cargo turnover are approximately equal.

During the reconstruction of the waterway, the conditions for navigation in the lower reaches of the river were improved. St. Lawrence. The shipping fairway from Quebec with a length of 370 km was deepened to 10.6 m. The main disadvantage of the port is its freezing from mid-December to early April. IN winter time, when Montreal is blocked by ice, the main cargo flows are switched to ice-free ports near Atlantic coast - Halifax St. John's. Below Montreal on the river. St. Lawrence are the universal port Quebec and specialized ports Trois River, Seven Islands, Port Cartier And Port Alfred.

Above Montreal, more precisely on the Great Lakes - universal ports Toronto And hamilton, as well as a twin of the American port complex on Lake. Upper - Port Arthur -fort william, combined into one port Thunder Bay.

Halifax has a deep and convenient harbor, but its outlying position negatively affects its cargo turnover. However, thanks to its geographic location on the shortest route from America to Europe, Halifax is still preferred over other American ports for processing high-value cargo, for which a freight surcharge is paid for the speed of delivery. As the terminus of a transcontinental railway, Halifax also serves as a transit point for goods coming from Europe to Far East and to Australia.

With its non-freezing St. John's due to the strongest tidal fluctuations in the water level in the Bay of Fundy, on the northern coast of which it is located.

Quebec - former capital Canada, located at the top of the estuary of the river. St. Lawrence 1355 km from the ocean. The port stretches along the right bank of the river for 23 km. Quebec is an even more important regular shipping hub than Montreal, and although inferior to the latter in terms of cargo turnover, it is more diverse in structure. Quebec is the main transport outlet for the Petford asbestos mines, which excel in the world production of this mineral. Asbestos is the main export from Quebec.

Trois River serves the world's largest complex of enterprises in the paper industry. In addition to wood pulp and paper, the main article in the cargo turnover is grain.

seeen islands And Port Cartier- specialized export ports iron ore, A Port Alfred- also a specialized ore port, but for the import of bauxite from Central America for the world's largest aluminum plant.

Toronto second in terms of population and economic importance city ​​of Canada. Located on the northern shore of the lake. Ontario. On the opposite, southern shore of the lake, 42 km from Toronto, is the entrance to the Wellland Canal, a key point in the Great Lakes system. The Welland Canal connecting the lake. Ontario and lake. Erie, overcomes the 100-meter difference in their levels with the help of 8 locks. A 40 km long canal was laid around the river. Niagara and its falls.

Literature

1. L.A. Diamond "Geography of maritime navigation", M., Transport, 1983

2. V.V. Vinnikov "Economics and operation of maritime transport", Odessa, 2003

3. G.I. Fine "Navigation, navigation and nautical astronomy", M., Transport, 1989

Abstract on the topic:

Ports of Canada, USA. Foreign trade specialization.

New Orleans located in the delta. Mississippi 150 km from the Gulf of Mexico. Port facilities stretch along both banks of the river for 200 km, including the length of the equipped mooring front is 65 km. Two navigable fairways lead to the port - one along the main branch of the Mississippi, the second, shortened - along an artificial canal built in 1964, 112 km long and 11 m deep. Thanks to the Mississippi, New Orleans has the largest gravity area in the United States, where half of all industrial and 60% of the country's agricultural products are produced.

From the earliest colonial period, New Orleans was a major export port for cotton, formerly a major American export. It has not lost this championship to the present, and is also the leader among American ports in the export of corn, wheat flour and soybeans, and in the import of bananas and coffee. New Orleans is second only to New York in terms of the value of transshipped goods. However, oil and oil products now dominate in its cargo turnover (by weight).

New Orleans is the main transportation hub in the southern United States and an important center for regular shipping. In New Orleans, Mississippi - the main transport artery of the south, intersects with the most important latitudinal by water Gulf Intercostal Waterway. Eight railways and 54 highways converge to it. It serves 60 river and coastal lines and more than 100 regular sea lines. Container transportation has been widely developed.

Houston- the largest city in the southern United States, located 80 km from the Gulf of Mexico. He became seaport in 1915, when a deep-water canal was dug to it and a revolving pool was built within the city. Moorings for oil refineries and petrochemical enterprises stretch along the entire canal, to which 50 sea vessels can moor - the same number as to moorings within the city limits. On the island at the entrance to the Houston Sea Channel is its outport Galveston.

Galveston is much older than Houston, and for some time more wheat was exported through it than through any other port in the United States. Although Galveston is located in one of the world's largest oil producing areas, it is exclusively a dry cargo port. Now it is the world's largest port for the export of sulfur. It is usually transported by ship in molten form to US and European sulfuric acid plants. In the area between the Mississippi and Rio Grande rivers, there are four more port complexes located along deep-sea channels dug deep into the territory and accessible to ships: Brownsville - Port Isabel; Corpus Christi - Port Aransas; Freeport - Velasco; Port Arthur - Beaumont - Lake Charles.

brownsville on the border with Mexico, the Rio Grande is connected to the bay by a 30-kilometer canal, and in 1949 the latitudinal waterway Gulf Intercostal Waterway was extended to it. Thereafter, Brownsville became a transportation gateway for the rich agrarian region of the Rio Grande Valley and the mining regions of northern Mexico. Cotton and non-ferrous metals are mainly exported through it, and oil is exported from the oil refinery in Port Isabel.

Corpus Christi became a port in 1926 when a 45 km canal was built. Through it, bauxites are imported from Jamaica for aluminum smelters. The export of Corpus Christi and its outpost Port Aransas is dominated by oil.

freeport on the river Brazos is a completely artificial engineering structure. City of Velasco on the river. Brazos was one of the oldest ports in the southern United States, but after the mouth of the river silted up, it became inaccessible even to small coasters. In 1929, the river was blocked by a dam, 15 km from the bay, water was released through an artificial channel. The old channel was cleared and turned into a long deep-sea harbor.

A complex of ports on the border of the states of Texas and Louisiana (providing more than half of all oil produced in the country) - Port Arthur - Beaumont - lake charles serves neighboring oilfields, the export of oil through these ports accounts for 90% of their cargo turnover.

On east coast Gulf of Mexico's most significant ports are Mobile And Tampa- on the west coast of the Florida peninsula. Tampa is the world's largest phosphate export port.

There are no major ports on the Atlantic coast of the southern states. The most significant of them are Miami, Jacksonville, Savannah And Charleston. The main source of freight turnover for them is now the timber and woodworking industries.

The northern section of the Atlantic coast, from the Chesapeake Bay to the Gulf of Maine, has the largest transshipment potential in the world. Through the ports of this region - New York, Philadelphia, Hampton Road, Baltimore and Boston - 75% of all US maritime trade by value passes, including 40% through New York.

New York- the largest port in the United States and the entire Western Hemisphere. The main dry cargo berths are located in the Upper Bay (Upper Bay), on the river. Hudson and the East River. In 1825, the Hudson River was connected by a canal to the Great Lakes basin, which in no small measure contributed to the transformation of New York into the main sea gates of the country.

Port facilities stretch from north to south for 80 km, and from west to east - for almost 60 km. The territory of the port extends not only beyond the boundaries of the city limits, but also beyond the boundaries of the State of New York. Between Manhattan, Long Island and Staten Island lies Upper Bay, one of the finest natural harbors in America. At the end of the Long Island is located in the Port Area - Brooklyn. It is separated from the island by the East River. Manhattan, and is connected to it by the hanging Brooklyn Bridge. The Hudson River separates New Jersey's port facilities from the island. New York is the largest transatlantic passenger port. More than 1 million long-distance passengers pass through its sea terminals annually. It is usually the first port of call for ships arriving in the Americas and the last port of call for departing ones. 170 international lines converge to it, the traffic turnover exceeds 50 ships per day. The silhouette of Manhattan resembles a giant comb, the teeth of which form skyscrapers in the vertical direction, and countless narrow piers in the horizontal direction, set at right angles to the coast. The port has over 800 such piers, thanks to which the total length of the New York port berthing line reaches 1,200 km.

Although New York is inferior to Rotterdam in terms of cargo turnover, it does not have an equal value of transshipped cargo in the world.

Coastal and foreign trade cargo takes about equal share in cargo turnover, but unlike most other major world trading ports, the share of oil cargo in cargo turnover is only a third of its total physical volume. For the storage of general cargo, the port has a large storage area. New York has special foreign trade zones where imported goods can be unloaded and left in warehouses without paying customs duties.

General cargo is handled mainly on narrow piers, the insufficient width of which does not allow them to be equipped with crane and railway tracks. Therefore, cargo operations are carried out mainly by ship means and cars are the main type of intraport transport. Due to insufficient development of access roads railway tracks railway wagons are transported from one section of the port to another on lighters with rails on the deck. They bring the wagons to special railway piers, where sea vessels do not moor, and which serve only to sort the railway wagons and leave them from the port.

These intra-port lighter services make cargo handling in New York much more expensive than in other competing ports. Partly for this reason, the decrease in the share of the New York port, which was revealed back in the 1920s, has now become an obvious fact. The Port of New York attracts its clientele primarily with its frequent shipping and high level commercial service. As a passenger port and regular shipping hub, it can maintain its position.

Philadelphia located on the river Delaware at the confluence of the river. Schoolkill 160 km from Atlantic Ocean. The Delaware River, which is essentially an artificially deepened channel up to 12.5 m, is navigable to Trenton, located 215 km from the ocean. Along both banks of the Delaware and Schuylkill, above and below Philadelphia, are the wharfs of numerous industrial enterprises and satellite cities.

Enterprises have their own berths and are recipients a large number bulk cargo. The industrial region of Pennsylvania gravitates towards Philadelphia, with which the port is connected by a dense rail and road network. About 1,000 ships are handled in the port every month.

Hampton Rhodes- this is the name of a group of ports adjacent to the Hampton raid, formed at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay by the common extuary of three rivers: the James, Nansemond and Elizabeth. The extensive and well-defended roadstead is considered one of the finest natural harbors in America. Half of the total number of 300 berths allow the mooring of ships with a draft of 7 to 12 m. Hampton Road is the world's largest coal export port. Home integral part The harbor complex is Norfolk on the south shore of the bay. There are large shipyards in Norfolk and Newport News on the northern shore of the bay.

Baltimore located on the river Patapsco is 25 km from the Chesapeake Bay and 240 km from the ocean. Vessels can enter the port either using the long shipping fairway in the Chesapeake Bay, 13 m deep, or along the 24-kilometer lockless channel, 11.7 m deep, connecting the Chesapeake Bay with Delaware Bay. About half of all ships use this freeway, which cuts the distance between Baltimore and Philadelphia by 285 miles and between Baltimore and New York by 150 miles. Being further from the ocean than other ports, Baltimore is closer to the interior of the country, and also more conveniently located for trade with Latin America. The Port of Baltimore is one of the most productive in the United States and an important hub for liner shipping.

Boston- one of the oldest ports in the United States, founded in the first half of the XVII century. Located in the southern part of the Gulf of Maine and consists of outer and inner harbors. Experiencing strong competition from New York, Boston has gradually lost its leading position and now remains the leading port only for its immediate hinterland, which includes the New England area with developed light industry.

The annual cargo turnover on the Great Lakes - the "third sea coast of the United States" - is approximately 200 million tons.

The main part of it falls on the internal transportation of the United States and Canada between the ports of each of these countries. Foreign trade shipments amount to about 50 million tons, of which more than half is bilateral US-Canadian trade. After the opening of the St. Lawrence waterway, maritime traffic increased dramatically: in the first year, the number of sea lines reached 30.

More than 90% of the total volume of traffic falls on dry bulk cargo - iron ore, coal, grain, limestone, which are transported on large-capacity lake bulk carriers ("lakers").

The depth of the connecting channels between the lakes allows the use of ships with a deadweight of no more than 25 thousand tons. The maximum draft of the "Lakers" is less, and the length is greater than that of sea vessels of the same carrying capacity. Since the latitudinal transportation of goods faced strong competition from land modes of transport, new methods of transportation in self-unloading bulk carriers, containers, trailers, etc. began to be widely used on the lakes for the first time. Michigan, where they act as bridges connecting the western and eastern railroads. From west to east, iron ore, grain, flour and timber are transported along the lakes, in the opposite direction - coal, oil products and building materials.

Among the dozens of lake ports, universal ports stand out in particular Chicago And Detroit, as well as the world's largest ore and grain port complex Duluth Superior.

Canada is a country with mechanized, high-value agriculture, the world's largest exporter of wheat. After the Second World War, the export of livestock products - meat, canned food, butter - also increased. An important role in the economy is played by the production and export of fish, in which Canada occupies one of the first places in the capitalist world. Small in weight, but valuable in value, Canadian exports are furs.

A third of the country's territory is covered with forests, mostly coniferous. The timber, pulp and paper, and woodworking industries are key sectors of the Canadian economy. Canada is the world's largest producer and exporter of paper, accounting for a quarter of all Canadian exports, including sawnwood. In addition, Canada occupies a leading position in the capitalist world in the extraction and export of a number of non-ferrous metals. It acts on the world market as a major buyer of machine tools and industrial equipment. Coal, oil, rubber, textile raw materials are also imported.

Canada's participation in international shipping is much smaller than its share in world trade, since most of the foreign trade passes through the land border with the United States.

The Canadian merchant marine is most heavily used in inland shipping, especially on the Great Lakes, where a large lake fleet is concentrated, surpassing both the number of ships and the tonnage of the Canadian Navy. For ocean shipping, shipping companies in Canada prefer to charter foreign tonnage.

The total cargo turnover of Canadian ports is about 300 million tons. The most important Canadian ports, as in the United States, are concentrated on the Atlantic coast, the total length of which, together with the adjacent islands, is about 10 thousand km.

Montreal is Canada's largest city and port. Located at a distance of 1600 km from the ocean at the end of the deep section of the river. St. Lawrence, beyond which the first rapids begin. It also serves as the starting point for the St. Lawrence waterway. Montreal has 140 berths with a total length of 23 km and a depth of up to 10.7 m. It is the terminus of 60 cargo and passenger transatlantic lines.

Montreal is one of the world's largest grain export ports. On its berths, mainly in the form of wide piers, 5 large elevators, a large container terminal. Its foreign trade and coastal cargo turnover are approximately equal.

During the reconstruction of the waterway, the conditions for navigation in the lower reaches of the river were improved. St. Lawrence. The shipping fairway from Quebec with a length of 370 km was deepened to 10.6 m. The main disadvantage of the port is its freezing from mid-December to early April. In winter, when Montreal is blocked by ice, the main cargo flows are switched to ice-free ports near the Atlantic coast - Halifax St. John's. Below Montreal on the river. St. Lawrence are the universal port Quebec and specialized ports Trois River, Seven Islands, Port Cartier And Port Alfred.

Above Montreal, more precisely on the Great Lakes - universal ports Toronto And hamilton, as well as a twin of the American port complex on Lake. Upper - Port Arthur -fort william, combined into one port Thunder Bay.

Halifax has a deep and convenient harbor, but its outlying position negatively affects its cargo turnover. However, due to its geographical position on the shortest route from America to Europe, Halifax is still preferable to other American ports for the processing of high-value cargo, for which a freight surcharge is paid for the speed of delivery. As the terminus of the transcontinental railroad, Halifax also serves as a transit point for cargo from Europe to the Far East and Australia.

With its non-freezing St. John's due to the strongest tidal fluctuations in the water level in the Bay of Fundy, on the northern coast of which it is located.

Quebec- the former capital of Canada, located at the top of the estuary of the river. St. Lawrence 1355 km from the ocean. The port stretches along the right bank of the river for 23 km. Quebec is an even more important regular shipping hub than Montreal, and although inferior to the latter in terms of cargo turnover, it is more diverse in structure. Quebec is the main transport outlet for the Petford asbestos mines, which excel in the world production of this mineral. Asbestos is the main export from Quebec.

Trois River serves the world's largest complex of enterprises in the paper industry. In addition to wood pulp and paper, the main article in the cargo turnover is grain.

seeen islands And Port Cartier- specialized ports for the export of iron ore, and Port Alfred- also a specialized ore port, but for the import of bauxite from Central America for the world's largest aluminum plant.

Toronto It is the second most populated and economically important city in Canada. Located on the northern shore of the lake. Ontario. On the opposite, southern shore of the lake, 42 km from Toronto, is the entrance to the Wellland Canal, a key point in the Great Lakes system. The Welland Canal connecting the lake. Ontario and lake. Erie, overcomes the 100-meter difference in their levels with the help of 8 locks. A 40 km long canal was laid around the river. Niagara and its falls.

Literature

1. L.A. Diamond "Geography of maritime navigation", M., Transport, 1983

2. V.V. Vinnikov "Economics and operation of maritime transport", Odessa, 2003

3. G.I. Fine "Navigation, navigation and nautical astronomy", M., Transport, 1989