Atlantic Ocean: ocean of major ports. The importance of the transport system and the ports of the Pacific Ocean

(about 1/3 of the world maritime cargo turnover), yielding to Atl-ke in terms of traffic volume, ahead of it in growth rates. A characteristic feature of the sea routes in the Pacific Ocean is their very large latitudinal extent (twice as long as the transatlantic ones). Transoceanic routes connecting the west. and east. shores are grouped in two directions: American-Asian and American-Australian. On the first of them, three cargo-intensive routes were formed. Intensive shipping routes connect the Pacific ports of the USA and Canada (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Vancouver) with the ports of Japan, China, Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila). Coal, timber, grain, ore, semi-finished products and finished products are exported to Japan from North American ports. In the opposite direction, there are various types of industrial products (steel pipes, electrical and radio devices, fabrics, fish and fish products). Less intense shipping on the second route from the Panama Canal and the western ports of South America to the ports of Southeast (Singapore, Manila) and East (Shanghai, Yokohama) Asia. From Latin American ports, mainly mining and agricultural raw materials are exported (to Japan), and industrial products in the opposite direction. The second US-Australian transoceanic route connects the ports of North America and Australia and New Zealand. There are lines from the ports of the USA and Canada to Sydney and other ports of southeastern Australia (Newcastle, Melbourne). From American ports, machinery and equipment, and in the opposite direction - industrial raw materials and agricultural products. Mining equipment, machinery and finished products are transported from the United States to Latin American ports. The highest concentration of cargo turnover is noted in the ports of the East (Japan, Rep. Korea, China) and South-East. Asia (more than 3/4 of the total cargo turnover of the Pacific Ocean). The largest oil terminals of the Pacific Ocean are concentrated in Japanese (Chiba, Yokohama, Kawasaki), American (Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Francisco, Valdez) and international transit (Singapore, Think) ports.

30. Economic-geographical provinces of the Pacific Ocean and their characteristics.

NW: In the economy respect the province stands out high level development of the economy and a large scientific and technological potential, rich in mines. resources of its individual territories, huge fish stocks and the largest catches in the world, intensive maritime transport and a developed economy. Huge human resources are concentrated here and the third world economic center has been formed, the core of which is Japan, and the "new industrial countries" (Republic of Korea, Taiwan) and the rapidly growing economy of modern China play a complementary role. Oil and gas, solid minerals (iron ore, coal) are extracted on the shelf of the province, TiMg placers, deposits of cassiterite, table salt are explored. Iron marg have been found in the open part of the ocean. and phosphorite nodules. Z: Her characteristic feature are an advantageous position on the routes of intensive maritime navigation and the presence of large nodes of maritime communications in the straits of the Malay Archipelago. Zap. The province has large reserves of mineral raw materials and biological resources, but is inferior to the North-West. provinces in terms of industrial and scientific and technical potential, as well as the level of development of marine industries. The bowels of the province contain deposits of world importance. Up to 70% of tin, significant volumes of oil, Fe, Mn and Cu ores, Ni, chromites, tungsten, bauxites and phosphate raw materials are obtained from this region of the world. In the northeast of the province, ferromanganese nodules and phosphates occur; deposits of oil, cassiterite, iron ore, glauconite. SW: fishery has not received wide industrial development. The position of the province away from the main world markets predetermines the leading role of maritime communications to ensure links with the North. America, East and Southeast. Asia and Europe. are Sydney and Melbourne and the outport of Geelong (specialized in grain and oil cargo). In the state of New South. Wales has 9 seaports (Newcastle, Port Kembla, Hunter, etc.) YU.: The natural resource potential of the province is poorly studied. Oil is being produced on the Tongo Islands, and phosphorite deposits are being developed on the Society Islands. The waters of the province are characterized by a low content of zooplankton biomass and low fish productivity (less than 10 kg/km2). characteristic feature Southern province is underdevelopment economy, which does not allow for a wide study and development of marine resources. The basis of the economy of most island states is the plantation economy (growing coconut palms, citrus fruits, bananas, pineapples, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, peanuts, breadfruit), the production of canned fish and copra. Catches of fish of the island states and territories are small. The economy of Fiji is the most diversified, it is based on the sugar industry, tourism, forestry and woodworking industries. N-E: oil and natural gas(Alaska, the Los Angeles area and the coastal waters of California), phosphorites (California coast), ores of precious and non-ferrous metals (gold, platinum, mercury). A significant role is played by the exploitation of marine gold placers (off the coast of the Seward Peninsula) and platinum sands (Goodnews Bay). open waters provinces are characterized by extremely low fish productivity. The North-East is a zone of very intensive traffic. There are routes from the Pacific ports of North America to the ports of the East. Asia (Japan, China) and from the ports of the west coast of the USA and Canada to the ports of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. SE-E and B: Coastal countries (Peru, Chile, Bolivia) form a capacious regional commodity market that exports mining raw materials, products Agriculture and fisheries. In Peru, large deposits of iron ore (the area of ​​the port of San Juan), polymetals, and phosphorites are being developed; oil and gas are being extracted on the sea shelf. The province is an important global fishing area.

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To the registry Russian seaports 63 ports are included, which are included in five sea basins and are located on the banks of 12 three seas oceans and the Caspian Sea. The total cargo turnover of Russian seaports in 2012 amounted to 565.5 million tons, the main share of cargo is oil (34.8%), oil products (20.2%) and coal (15.8%). In 2006, the cargo turnover of maritime transport amounted to 48 billion t-km, passenger turnover - 30 million pass-km, 173 thousand cargo and 6 thousand passenger and cargo-passenger ships were registered.

The main role of Russian maritime transport is to carry out export-import transportation of goods, small and large cabotage is being developed. The main problem of Russian maritime transport is the lack of ports in general and large ports with a large cargo turnover in particular, as well as the shallow water of 60% of Russian ports.

Ports account for the largest cargo turnover Black Sea basin where the structure of exports is dominated by oil and oil products, coal, metals, timber, Construction Materials, and in the structure of imports - grain, sugar, machinery and equipment, pipes for pipelines, food products. The presence of resorts determines significant development passenger traffic in the basin (up to 30 million people per year). Through Baltic basin oil, timber, metals are exported from Russia, and cars, industrial and food products are imported. Geographical position and good availability of transport routes determined the leading role of foreign trade (90% of cargo turnover). Caspian Basin Coastal transportation prevails, where oil and oil products, salt, grain, cotton, wool, and fish predominate. Far Eastern Basin carries out cabotage and export-import transportation. Fish, timber, coal, oil, food are exported through the ports of the Far East, cars, equipment, and metals are imported. The sea railway crossing Vanino - Kholmsk operates in the basin. north basin- an area of ​​rapid growth in maritime traffic, where important role plays Northern sea ​​route. the structure of exports is dominated by coal, timber, oil products, non-ferrous metal ores, equipment, in the structure of imports - foodstuffs.

• 1 List of ports by basin
  • 1.1 Black Sea basin
  • 1.2 Baltic Basin
  • 1.3 Caspian Basin
  • 1.4 Pacific Basin
  • 1.5 North Basin
• 2 Map
• 3 Port turnover
• 4 See also
• 5 Notes
• 6 Literature
• 7 Links

List of ports by basin

Below is a list of ports of the Russian Federation with their main characteristics. blue color ice-free ports are highlighted in the table, the ports of the Northern Sea Route are marked in green.

Black Sea basin

Baltic basin

Caspian basin

pacific basin

north basin

Map

The value of the cargo turnover of the largest ports in 2011:

• - from 1 million to 10 million tons
• - from 10 million to 20 million tons
• - from 20 million to 50 million tons
• - from 50 million to 100 million tons
• - over 100 million tons

Port cargo turnover

Below is alphabetical list seaports of Russia and the value of their cargo turnover (in thousand tons) for 2003-2011.

see also

• List of ports by container handling
• List of river ports in Russia

Notes

1. 1 2 Seaports Russia. ESIMO. Retrieved February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013.
2. Register of seaports of the Russian Federation. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Retrieved February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013.
3. Cargo turnover of Russian seaports in 2012. Association of Sea Trade Ports. Retrieved February 8, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013.
4. 1 2 Vinokurov, 2008, p. 242-243
5. Vidyapin, 2010, p. 258-263
6. Lobzhanidze, 2008, p. 502-503
7. Northern Sea Route. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Retrieved February 8, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013.
8. dimensions of ships for inland waters; the outer raid allows you to receive ships with dimensions 260 / 46 / 16
9. dimensions of ships for inland waters; the outer road allows you to receive vessels with a draft of up to 19 m, outrigger berths - vessels with a length of 324 m and a width of 58 m
10. 1 2 no limits
11. dimensions of ships for inland waters; the outer raid allows you to receive ships with dimensions 140 / 14 / 4.5
12. dimensions of ships of mixed type; dimensions for marine vessels - 90 / 16 / 3.6
13. dimensions of ships for inland waters; the outer road allows you to receive ships with dimensions of 162.1 / 22.8 / 9.9

Literature

• Vidyapin V.I., Stepanov M.V. Economic geography of Russia. - Moscow: INFRA-M, 2010. - 567 p. - 3,000 copies.
• Vinokurov A. A., Glushkova V. G., Plisetsky E. L., Simagin Yu. A. Introduction to economic geography and regional economy of Russia. - Moscow: Humanitarian publishing center "VLADOS", 2008. - 550 p. - 7,000 copies.
• Neklyukova N. P., Dushina I. V., Rakovskaya E. M., Kuznetsov A. P., Lobzhanidze A. A., Berlyant A. M. Reference book on geography. - Moscow, 2008. - 656 p. - 8,000 copies.

Links

• Seaports of Russia
• Register of seaports of the Russian Federation
• Rosmorport
• Cargo turnover of Russian seaports in 2012

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List of Russian seaports Information About

The longest transoceanic routes lie in the Pacific Ocean: the central route Singapore-Panama has a length of 10.8 thousand miles, and crossings of 6-7 thousand miles without calling at intermediate ports are considered common in the Pacific Ocean. In the vast areas of the Pacific Ocean, hydrometeorological conditions are more complex than in other oceans.

From the point of view of the intensity of world shipping, three main directions can be distinguished: American-Asian, American-Australian and Asian-Australian.

The US-Asian direction is the main one and, in turn, includes the three most used routes. The route of the first, busiest shipping route runs from the ports of North America (Vancouver, San Francisco, Los Angeles) to the Western Pacific Ocean and back from the ports of Japan, China, the Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila) to the USA and Canada. It takes place in severe hydrometeorological conditions of a stormy seasonal region. Without calling at intermediate ports, its length is more than 4.5 thousand miles. This is the main route for deliveries to Japan and other countries of various ores, coal, grain cargoes from the USA, and from Canada coal, grain, timber and lumber, other cargoes and various semi-finished products.

The second route runs from the Panama Canal and west coast ports South America(through the Hawaiian Islands) to the ports of the Philippines, Malaysia, China, Taiwan and Japan. The central route runs from the Panama Canal to Singapore. This path passes through an area of ​​rare storms in the equatorial region.

The third, rather rarely used, route is laid from Cape Horn to the ports of Asian countries. In the southern part, its path lies in a stormy area (seasonal) with difficult hydrometeorological conditions.

The American-Australian direction connects the main ports of Australia (Sydney, Melbourne) and New Zealand (Wellington, Auckland) with various ports of the American continent along three main shipping routes: Sydney - Hawaiian Islands - ports of North America; Sydney - Panama Canal and Sydney - ports of South America (Valparaiso, Callao). Ships going to South America during a dangerous period plot a course for ports of destination within the boundaries of a seasonal region of rare storms; during favorable weather conditions- rounding the New Zealand Islands from the south and using a fair current westerly winds. Wool, lead, zinc and other raw materials are delivered to American ports on regular lines, and in the opposite direction, to Australia - machinery and equipment, machine tools, instruments, and various equipment.

The Asian-Australian, unlike the previous ones, has a general North-South direction and connects Australian and New Zealand ports with Japanese ones. Intensive shipping along this ocean route in the second half of the 20th century is associated with the growth of the economic and technical potential of Japan and a number of countries. South-East Asia, developed shipbuilding and the growth of world trade. Shipping companies in Japan and other Southeast Asian countries have organized regular cargo lines on this route for the transportation of iron ore, coal, wool and other raw materials, grain and food products from Australia to the ports of Southeast Asia and Japan.

Ocean paths run along the coast of South America, | | connecting the ports of South American countries with the Pacific and Atlantic (through the Panama Canal) US ports. The main raw material flows (iron ore and non-ferrous metal ores, saltpeter, sulfur and other minerals) are directed from the ports of the western coast of South America to the ports east coast United States, where the main US industrial base is located, through the Panama Canal.

Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean in the autumn of 1520 and called the ocean the Pacific Ocean, “because, according to one of the participants, during the transition from Tierra del Fuego to the Philippine Islands, more than three months, we never experienced the slightest storm.” By the number (about 10 thousand) and the total area of ​​the islands (about 3.6 million km²), the Pacific Ocean ranks first among the oceans. In the northern part - the Aleutian; in the western - Kuril, Sakhalin, Japanese, Philippine, Large and Small Sunda, New Guinea, New Zealand, Tasmania; in the central and southern - numerous small islands. The bottom relief is varied. In the east - the East Pacific Rise, in the central part there are many basins (North-Eastern, North-Western, Central, Eastern, Southern, etc.), deep-water trenches: in the north - Aleutian, Kuril-Kamchatsky, Izu-Boninsky; in the west - Mariana (with maximum depth the World Ocean - 11,022 m), Philippine and others; in the east - Central American, Peruvian, etc.

The main surface currents: in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean - warm Kuroshio, North Pacific and Alaska and cold California and Kuril; in the southern part - warm South Trade Winds and East Australian and cold West Winds and Peruvian. The water temperature on the surface near the equator is from 26 to 29 ° C, in the subpolar regions up to −0.5 ° C. Salinity 30-36.5 ‰. The Pacific Ocean accounts for about half of the world's fish catch (pollock, herring, salmon, cod, sea bass, etc.). Extraction of crabs, shrimps, oysters.

Important sea and air communications between the countries of the Pacific basin and transit routes between the countries of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans run through the Pacific Ocean. Major ports: Vladivostok, Nakhodka (Russia), Shanghai (China), Singapore (Singapore), Sydney (Australia), Vancouver (Canada), Los Angeles, Long Beach (USA), Huasco (Chile). The International Date Line runs along the 180th meridian across the Pacific Ocean.

Plant life (except bacteria and lower mushrooms) is concentrated in the upper 200th layer, in the so-called euphotic zone. Animals and bacteria inhabit the entire water column and the ocean floor. Life develops most abundantly in the shelf zone and especially near the coast at shallow depths, where temperate zones In the ocean, a flora of brown algae and a rich fauna of mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinoderms, and other organisms are diversely represented. In tropical latitudes, the shallow water zone is characterized by the widespread and strong development of coral reefs, and mangroves near the shore. With the advancement from cold zones to tropical ones, the number of species sharply increases, and the density of their distribution decreases. About 50 species of coastal algae - macrophytes are known in the Bering Strait, over 200 off the Japanese Islands, over 800 in the waters of the Malay Archipelago. In the Soviet Far Eastern seas known species animals - about 4000, and in the waters of the Malay Archipelago - at least 40-50 thousand. In the cold and temperate zones of the ocean, with a relatively small number of plant and animal species due to the mass development of some species total biomass increases strongly, in the tropical zones, individual forms do not receive such a sharp predominance, although the number of species is very large.

With distance from the coasts to the central parts of the ocean and with increasing depth, life becomes less diverse and less abundant. In general, the fauna of T. o. includes about 100 thousand species, but only 4-5% of them are found deeper than 2000 m. At depths of more than 5000 m, about 800 species of animals are known, more than 6000 m - about 500, deeper than 7000 m - slightly more than 200, and deeper than 10 thousand m - only about 20 species.

Among coastal algae - macrophytes - in temperate zones, fucus and kelp are especially distinguished by their abundance. In tropical latitudes, they are replaced by brown algae - Sargasso, green - Caulerpa and Galimeda and a number of red algae. The surface zone of the pelagial is characterized by massive development unicellular algae(phytoplankton), mainly diatoms, peridiniums and coccolithophorids. in zooplankton highest value have various crustaceans and their larvae, mainly copepods (at least 1000 species) and euphausids; a significant admixture of radiolarians (several hundred species), coelenterates (siphonophores, jellyfish, ctenophores), eggs and larvae of fish and benthic invertebrates. In T. o. one can distinguish, in addition to the littoral and sublittoral zones, a transitional zone (up to 500-1000 m), bathyal, abyssal and ultraabyssal, or a zone of deep-water trenches (from 6-7 to 11 thousand m).

Planktonic and benthic animals serve as abundant food for fish and marine mammals (nekton). The fish fauna is exceptionally rich, including at least 2,000 species in tropical latitudes and about 800 in the Soviet Far Eastern seas, where, in addition, there are 35 species of marine mammals. The most commercially important fish are: anchovies, Far Eastern salmon, herring, mackerel, sardine, saury, sea bass, tuna, flounder, cod and pollock; from mammals - sperm whale, several species of minke whales, fur seal, sea otter, walrus, sea lion; from invertebrates - crabs (including Kamchatka), shrimps, oysters, scallops, cephalopods and many others; from plants - kelp (seaweed), agaronos-anfeltia, sea grass zoster and phyllospadix. Many representatives of the fauna of the Pacific Ocean are endemic (pelagic cephalopod nautilus, most Pacific salmon, saury, greenling fish, northern fur seal, sea lion, sea otter, and many others).

The great extent of the Pacific Ocean from North to South determines the diversity of its climates - from equatorial to subarctic in the North and Antarctic in the South. Most of the ocean surface, approximately between 40 ° northern latitude and 42 ° south latitude, located in the zones of equatorial, tropical and subtropical climates. The circulation of the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean is determined by the main areas atmospheric pressure: Aleutian Low, North Pacific, South Pacific and Antarctic Highs. The indicated centers of action of the atmosphere in their interaction determine the great constancy of northeast winds in the North and southeast winds in the South of moderate strength - trade winds - in the tropical and subtropical parts of the Pacific Ocean and strong westerly winds in temperate latitudes. Especially strong winds are observed in the southern temperate latitudes, where the frequency of storms is 25-35%, in the northern temperate latitudes in winter - 30%, in summer - 5%. In the West tropical zone Tropical hurricanes - typhoons - are frequent from June to November. The monsoon circulation of the atmosphere is typical for the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. average temperature air temperature in February decreases from 26-27 °С near the equator to -20 °С in the Bering Strait and -10 °С off the coast of Antarctica. In August, the average temperature varies from 26-28°C near the equator to 6-8°C in the Bering Strait and to -25°C off the coast of Antarctica. Throughout the Pacific Ocean, located north of 40 ° south latitude, there are significant differences in air temperature between the eastern and western parts of the ocean, caused by the corresponding dominance of warm or cold currents and the nature of the winds. In tropical and subtropical latitudes, the air temperature in the East is 4–8 °C lower than in the West. In the northern temperate latitudes, the opposite is true: in the East, the temperature is 8–12 °C higher than in the West. Medium annual cloudiness in the regions low pressure atmosphere is 60-90%. high pressure- 10-30%. The average annual precipitation at the equator is more than 3000 mm, in temperate latitudes - 1000 mm in the West. and 2000-3000 mm to the east. The least amount of precipitation (100-200 mm) falls on the eastern outskirts of the subtropical regions of high atmospheric pressure; in the western parts, the amount of precipitation increases to 1500-2000 mm. Fogs are typical for temperate latitudes, they are especially frequent in the area of ​​the Kuril Islands.

Under the influence of the atmospheric circulation developing over the Pacific Ocean, surface currents form anticyclonic gyres in subtropical and tropical latitudes and cyclonic gyres in northern temperate and southern high latitudes. In the northern part of the ocean, circulation is formed by warm currents: the Northern Trade Wind - Kuroshio and the North Pacific and cold California currents. In the northern temperate latitudes, the cold Kuril Current dominates in the West, and the warm Alaska Current dominates in the East. In the southern part of the ocean, the anticyclonic circulation is formed by warm currents: the South Equatorial, East Australian, zonal South Pacific and cold Peruvian. To the north of the equator, between 2-4° and 8-12° north latitude, the northern and southern circulations are separated during the year by the Intertrade (Equatorial) countercurrent.

The average temperature of the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean (19.37 ° C) is 2 ° C higher than the temperature of the waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, which is the result of relatively large sizes that part of the Pacific Ocean, which is located in well-warmed latitudes (over 20 kcal / cm2 per year), and the limited connection with the North Arctic Ocean. The average water temperature in February varies from 26-28 °С near the equator to -0.5, -1 °С north of 58° north latitude, near the Kuril Islands and south of 67° south latitude. In August, the temperature is 25-29 °С near the equator, 5-8 °С in the Bering Strait and -0.5, -1 °С south of 60-62 ° south latitude. Between 40 ° south latitude and 40 ° north latitude, the temperature in the eastern part of the T. o. 3-5 °C lower than in the western part. To the north of 40 ° north latitude - on the contrary: in the East, the temperature is 4-7 ° C higher than in the West. To the south of 40 ° south latitude, where zonal transport of surface waters prevails, there is no difference between water temperatures in the East and in the West. In the Pacific Ocean, there is more rainfall than evaporating water. Taking into account the river runoff, more than 30 thousand km3 comes here annually. fresh water. Therefore, the salinity of the surface waters of the T. o. lower than in other oceans (average salinity is 34.58‰). The lowest salinity (30.0-31.0‰ and less) is observed in the West and East of the northern temperate latitudes and in the coastal regions of the eastern part of the ocean, the highest (35.5‰ and 36.5‰) - respectively in the northern and southern subtropical latitudes. At the equator, water salinity decreases from 34.5‰ or less, in high latitudes - to 32.0‰ or less in the North, to 33.5‰ or less in the South.

The density of water on the surface of the Pacific Ocean increases fairly evenly from the equator to high latitudes in accordance with general character distribution of temperature and salinity: at the equator 1.0215-1.0225 g/cm3, in the North - 1.0265 g/cm3 or more, in the South - 1.0275 g/cm3 or more. The color of the water in the subtropical and tropical latitudes is blue, the transparency in some places is more than 50 m. In the northern temperate latitudes, the dark blue color of the water prevails, off the coast it is greenish, the transparency is 15-25 m. In the Antarctic latitudes, the color of the water is greenish, the transparency is up to 25 m .

Tides in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean are dominated by irregular semidiurnal (height up to 5.4 m in the Gulf of Alaska) and semidiurnal (up to 12.9 m in the Penzhina Bay of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk). At Solomon Islands and near the coast of New Guinea, daily tides, up to 2.5 m. latitude. Max Height wind waves in the Pacific Ocean are 15 m or more, the length is over 300 m. Tsunami waves are characteristic, especially often observed in the northern, southwestern and southeastern parts of the Pacific Ocean.

Ice in the North Pacific Ocean forms in seas with severe winter climatic conditions(Beringovo, Okhotsk, Japanese, Zheltoe) and in bays off the coast of Hokkaido, the Kamchatka and Alaska peninsulas. In winter and spring, ice is carried by the Kuril current to the extreme northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Small icebergs are found in the Gulf of Alaska. In the South Pacific, ice and icebergs form off the coast of Antarctica and are carried by currents and winds into the open ocean. northern border floating ice in winter it passes at 61-64 ° south latitude, in summer it shifts to 70 ° south latitude, icebergs are carried out to 46-48 ° south latitude at the end of summer. Icebergs form mainly in the Ross Sea.

Atlantic Ocean– second largest after the Pacific Ocean. Its area is 91.6 million km2. Like the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean is located in all hemispheres of the Earth and washes the shores of five continents. in the northern hemisphere coastline ocean is more strongly dissected in comparison with the South. In the east, the ocean flows deep into the land, forming inland seas - the Mediterranean, Black, Baltic.

It is generally accepted that the ocean basin was formed in mesozoic simultaneously with the collapse of Laurasia and Gondwana. Thus the Atlantic Ocean is younger than the Pacific. In the ocean, the mid-ocean ridge is more clearly expressed. In its axial part there is a reef zone. This is where expansion happens lithospheric plates, outcrops of mantle substances and a young Earth's crust ocean type. The highest parts of the range lie above ocean level, forming islands (Iceland).

The predominant depths of the ocean are about 3500 m The width of the shelf zone is not the same. Its maximum length (more than 500 km)- in the area of ​​the North Sea, the minimum - off the coast of Argentina. Within the shelf there are groups of islands of continental origin ( Newfoundland, Falklands, Greater and Lesser Antilles). Area of ​​volcanic ( Azores) and coral ( Bahamian) of the islands is small. At the same time, the majority coral islands located off the coasts of North and South America.

Like the Pacific, the Atlantic Ocean is located in all climatic zones except the Arctic. Its widest part is in thermal zone between the 40th parallels of both hemispheres. Here are the highest surface water temperatures (+20-26° С). The southern regions of the ocean off the coast of Antarctica have a more severe climate. The average salinity of the waters is slightly increased due to significant outflow humid air on land. In general, the zonality of water masses in the ocean is greatly complicated by the system of surface currents. Most of them, due to the strong elongation of the ocean from north to south, have submeridional directions. The most powerful of warm currents are the system gulf stream and its continuation North Atlantic current. From the cold Labrador off the east coast of North America, and Canarian And Bengal off the western coast of Africa.

IN winter time in the northern part of the ocean, ice forms only in inland seas (Baltic, Northern, Azov); the southern part of the ocean freezes completely. In high latitudes, floating ice and icebergs are encountered, which pose a significant danger to navigation.

By variety of species organic world (200 thousand) The Atlantic Ocean gives way to the Pacific. One of the main reasons for this is its geological youth. However, due to the wide shelf zones, within which the living conditions of organisms are most favorable, The Atlantic Ocean is the most productive per unit area. At the same time, there is a significant difference species composition organisms at low and high latitudes. In equatorial and tropical latitudes, jellyfish, crabs, flying fish, sharks, sperm whales are most common, and in temperate and cold latitudes - herring, cod and flounder fish, whales, pinnipeds.

Great commercial value Atlantic Ocean. It provides 2/5 of the world's fish catch. To the main commercial fish include herring, cod, tuna, sea bass. The main areas of marine fishing (places of collision of warm and cold currents) are the so-called banks . Most famous Newfoundland off the coast of North America, and Dogger Bank in the North Sea.

The Atlantic Ocean is more intensively used in transport purposes. On its banks is most of the world's ports– Rotterdam(the largest in the world in terms of cargo turnover), Antwerp, London, Hamburg, Marseille, New York, New Orleans, Buenos Aires. On the coast of the Mediterranean caribbean are the largest recreational centers. Between the Florida peninsula, Bermuda and Puerto Rico lies the infamous Bermuda Triangle- part of the Atlantic Ocean, which is incredibly different difficult conditions for navigation.

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