Disposal of household and industrial waste - presentation. Presentation "recycling of municipal solid waste" Presentation on the topic of waste and their classification

One of the main problems of our time is the disposal and processing of solid waste - solid household waste. It is still difficult to talk about cardinal changes in this area in our country. As for European countries and the United States, then people there have long come to the conclusion that the resource potential of MSW should not be destroyed, but used. It is impossible to approach the problem of MSW as a fight against garbage, setting the task to get rid of it at any cost. It is no longer news to anyone that multi-colored containers for selective waste collection (glass, waste paper, etc.) have been installed on the streets of Western European cities. At the same time, the duties and responsibilities of the parties are clearly distributed, taking into account the total profit. In almost all countries, the sale of food in a non-degradable plastic shell is prohibited. In the United States in 1998, for example, there was an "America Recycles" day. The prize for the most effective entry was a $200,000 home made entirely from recycled materials. Since 1990, the UK government has been implementing a pan-European directive: at least 70% of food plastic containers (bottles, glasses, bags, blister packs, etc.) must be recycled. One of the latest decisions is to achieve in 2000 the recycling of all produced household and industrial waste plastics.

Household waste. Garbage is the problem of the century. The accumulation of municipal solid waste in a modern city reaches kg per person per year, and the annual increase in waste per capita is 4-6%, which is 3 times higher than the population growth rate.

The danger of landfills Landfills significantly affect all components of the environment. natural environment and are a powerful pollutant atmospheric air, soil and groundwater. These landfills are, in addition, breeding grounds for mice, rats, insects and can become a source infectious diseases especially in the southern regions of the country. Landfills significantly affect all components of the natural environment and are a powerful pollutant of atmospheric air, soil and groundwater. These landfills are, in addition, breeding grounds for mice, rats, insects and can become a source of infectious diseases, especially in the southern regions of the country.

Danger of landfills Mercury pollution is especially dangerous Mercury pollution is especially dangerous Currently, about 200 million pieces of fluorescent and arc-discharge lamps are annually wasted in the country. Each lamp contains 80 to 120 mg of mercury. At present, about 200 million pieces of fluorescent and arc-discharge lamps are annually wasted in the country. Each lamp contains 80 to 120 mg of mercury. Mercury-containing electric batteries are no less dangerous. In electric batteries, the mercury content reaches 300 mg. In general, tens of tons of mercury end up in landfills in our country. Mercury-containing electric batteries are no less dangerous. In electric batteries, the mercury content reaches 300 mg. In general, tens of tons of mercury end up in landfills in our country.

Epidemiological danger For example, in Leningrad region foxes infected with rabies were found in the dump, which led to the need for costly preventive measures. So, for example, in the Leningrad region, foxes infected with rabies were found in a landfill, which led to the need for costly preventive measures. All urban solid waste is contaminated with a variety of insects and helminths. All urban solid waste is contaminated with a variety of insects and helminths. Infection of children with AIDS has already been registered in the world, associated with the play of the latter with medical waste that has fallen into household containers. Infection of children with AIDS has already been registered in the world, associated with the play of the latter with medical waste that has fallen into household containers.

Toxicological hazard Municipal solid waste in cities contains a significant amount of various toxic substances and materials. Approximately 4% of waste is toxic. Municipal solid waste in cities contains a significant amount of various toxic substances and materials. Approximately 4% of waste is toxic. 100 names of toxic compounds, among them - dyes, pesticides, mercury and its compounds, solvents, lead and its salts, drugs, cadmium, arsenic compounds, formaldehyde, thallium salts, etc. 100 names of toxic compounds, among them - dyes, pesticides, mercury and its compounds, solvents, lead and its salts, drugs, cadmium, arsenic compounds, formaldehyde, thallium salts, etc.

Toxicological hazard A special place among solid waste occupy plastics and synthetic materials, since they are not subject to biological destruction processes and can be in environmental objects for a long time (tens of years). When burning plastics and synthetic materials, numerous toxic poisons are released. A special place among solid wastes is occupied by plastics and synthetic materials, since they are not subject to biological destruction processes and can be in environmental objects for a long time (tens of years). When burning plastics and synthetic materials, numerous toxic poisons are released.

Problems of removal and processing of household waste in modern cities. The first "incinerator" was built in 1870 near London. The first "incinerator" was built in 1870 near London. Now there are more than 1000 waste incineration plants in the world. Now there are more than 1000 waste incineration plants in the world. In our country, the first waste incineration plant was built only in 1972, that is, 102 years after the first one appeared in the world. In our country, the first waste incineration plant was built only in 1972, that is, 102 years after the first one appeared in the world.

In Russia, a technology has been developed for the mechanized extraction of six components from solid domestic waste: In Russia, a technology has been developed for the mechanized extraction of six components from solid domestic waste: ferrous metals, ferrous metals, tin-containing scrap, tin-containing scrap, aluminum, aluminum, waste paper, waste paper, polymer film , polymer film, food waste. food waste.

Energy source Since the mid-70s of the XX century. in the midst of the global energy crisis, municipal solid waste began to be viewed as an additional raw source of energy - the heat of waste gases generated during the combustion of garbage can be utilized: five tons of garbage is equal to a ton of standard fuel. Since the mid-70s of the XX century. in the midst of the global energy crisis, municipal solid waste began to be viewed as an additional raw source of energy - the heat of waste gases generated during the combustion of garbage can be utilized: five tons of garbage is equal to a ton of standard fuel.

System separate collection garbage In Germany, batteries of garbage barrels near houses are painted in three colors: gray, yellow, green. In Germany, batteries of garbage barrels near houses are painted in three colors: gray, yellow, green. Old newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes are carried into a gray barrel. Old newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes are carried into a gray barrel. Cans, plastic and paper bottles, as well as partially metal packaging are thrown into the yellow barrel. Cans, plastic and paper bottles, as well as partially metal packaging are thrown into the yellow barrel. The green barrel is for biodegradable food waste that will later be composted. The green barrel is for biodegradable food waste that will later be composted.

Questions for self-examination: Consequences of garbage pollution? Consequences of garbage pollution? Classification of household waste? Classification of household waste? Problems of disposal and recycling of household waste in modern cities? Problems of disposal and recycling of household waste in modern cities? environmental study: “Are we using too many packages?” Ecological study: "Are we using too many packages?" Ecological promotions: "Clean entrance", "Spruce". Ecological actions: "Clean entrance", "Spruce".

Different consumption pattern: Urban migration and development led to a different consumption pattern: better transport of food and other products required packaging; new artificial and synthetic materials have appeared that are absent in nature; the society of many developed countries has turned into a "consumer society", where the number of "necessary" things has increased immeasurably. The problem of waste and ways to get rid of it has become one of the serious problems Ouch

What is waste? Waste - substances recognized as unsuitable for further use within the framework of existing technologies, or after domestic use products. MAIN TYPES OF WASTE: household (communal); industrial (production waste); dangerous (toxic); radioactive

Household waste the proportion of food waste, wood, ferrous and non-ferrous metals is decreasing; the proportion of waste packaging materials made from hardly decomposing substances is increasing; rapidly increasing number of retired household appliances, cars, used batteries, etc.

source environmental hazard: Municipal solid waste is a source of environmental hazard: MSW spread an unpleasant odor and are a breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria, insects and rodents - carriers of infectious diseases; a serious danger is the burning of MSW (especially synthetic materials and substances) in bins and garbage cans, since at the same time toxic substances are released into the air, which quickly enter the respiratory organs of surrounding people; garbage scattered everywhere (in entrances, on the street, on playgrounds) is a shame of our society, a characteristic of the level of our everyday culture, the environment in which we all live.

Waste disposal in landfills MSW landfillsMSW landfills are nothing but the official name of authorized landfills. Waste at landfills is unloaded from containers or bodies and leveled using special equipment. A layer of debris of a certain thickness is periodically covered with soil, after which waste is poured again. Waste containing a lot of organic matter begins to rot gradually

Burial of toxic waste Toxic solid industrial waste is neutralized at special landfills and facilities. To prevent contamination of soils and groundwater, waste is cured with cement, liquid glass, bitumen, treated with polymer binders, etc. Burial and disposal of toxic solid industrial waste is carried out in specialized areas.

The main stages of waste processing Waste entering the plants, first of all, is controlled for the content of radioactive isotopes Large objects are manually removed from the mass of solid waste - cast-iron radiators for central heating, car wheels, iron beds, etc. Secondary raw materials are selected - waste paper, non-ferrous metals, cullet. Products made of plastic and polyethylene are also sorted. From them, secondary raw materials are obtained - plastic chips, which are sorted by color and packaged.

The main stages of waste processing Next, ferrous metal scrap (consisting mainly of cans and corks from beer bottles) is isolated from the garbage with the help of magnets. This scrap metal is pressed into bales and sent for remelting to the metallurgical production of other plants. pyrocarbon Car tires are also subject to separate processing; pyrocarbon is obtained from them - a black powder widely used for the production of rubber, plastics, wastewater and soil treatment from herbicides.

Biocomposting of biocomposting Mechanical processing of sorted MSW is carried out according to the technology of biocomposting of the organic part to obtain compost. Waste is fed into rotating biothermal drums 60 m long and 4 m in diameter each. In biodrums, the vital activity of microorganisms located in the garbage is activated, as a result of which a natural biological process of decomposition of organic matter occurs at a temperature of 50 ° C. Compost In 48 hours, compost is formed from the waste in the biodrum - wet crumbly dark gray weight. Purified from impurities (polyethylene films, etc.) compost is good fertilizer containing mineral and organic substances.

Waste incineration Waste incineration is thermal processing and disposal of solid household and industrial waste. As a result this process Waste is not only neutralized, but can also be a source for electrical and thermal energy. There are also several groups of waste for which incineration is necessary. These are wastes that can be infected: medical - dressings, syringes, overalls, medical instruments, organic postoperative waste; bioorganic - waste of forensic medical examination services, animal corpses; food waste. They must be subjected to immediate thermal decontamination.

Poisonous waste disposal The generation of toxic waste is an inevitable result of industrial and construction activities in cities. In 1970, the Krasny Bor landfill was opened in St. Petersburg for the disposal of toxic waste (30 km from St. Petersburg and 6.5 km from Kolpino). From several options, a territory was chosen that meets the following requirements: a large thickness of Cambrian clays acts as an absolute aquiclude (liquid waste does not seep into The groundwater); the area is not flooded by flood waters. Along the perimeter of the landfill, an annular canal was built to intercept surface water from adjacent territories.

Wastes of production and consumption are the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products formed in the process of production and consumption, as well as products that have lost their consumer properties. At the same time, hazardous waste must be neutralized, and unused waste is considered garbage.

Disposal of waste to a landfill is the cheapest, but at the same time short-sighted way of its disposal. Toxic substances that end up in landfills seep into groundwater, which is often used as a source drinking water, are dispersed by the winds in the surroundings and thereby cause damage to the environment. Some decay products can spontaneously ignite, so fires regularly occur in landfills, in which soot, phenol, benzapyrene and other toxic substances are released into the atmosphere.

Another way of disposal is not just removal to a landfill, but waste disposal with subsequent reclamation. Approximately 2/3 of all household and industrial waste is stored in storage facilities - landfills. Before burial, a number of activities are carried out: - dig a pit - line the bottom with silt - put insulating material on the silt layer - then alternately follow - a layer of waste and a layer of soil - compact the waste - to remove liquid waste, they install drainage systems for wastewater treatment - then they cover it with a thick layer of soil and plant green spaces.

Many countries with access to the sea carry out sea burial of various materials and substances - dumping, in particular, soil excavated during dredging, drill slag, industrial waste, construction debris, solid waste, explosive and chemical substances, radioactive waste. The volume of burials amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean.

In order to free up the vast areas occupied by landfills, the idea of ​​incinerating waste arose. The first systematic use of garbage stoves was in Nottingham, England, in 1874. Incineration reduced the volume of garbage by %, depending on the composition, so it found its way on both sides of the Atlantic.

Burning is not the best profitable option- both in terms of money and in terms of resource saving. The cities that used these stoves soon abandoned them due to the deterioration of the air composition. But at present in developed countries up to 50% of all waste is incinerated. Non-combustible materials, such as metals and glass, retain their value when recycled, but when incinerated, they only take up space in warehouses and furnaces. IN Lately the focus is on plasma incineration of waste (temperature around C). The high energy intensity and complexity of the process predetermine its use for the processing of waste only, the fire disposal of which does not meet environmental requirements.

Composts are organic fertilizers obtained as a result of the decomposition of plant and animal residues by microorganisms. When composting in the organic mass, the content of nutrients(phosphorus, nitrogen) in a form digestible by plants, pathogenic microflora is neutralized, the amount of cellulose and pectin substances decreases; fertilizers become free-flowing, which facilitates their introduction into the soil. Composts are often used instead of scarce organic fertilizers(peat, manure).

When composting in special (compost) installations, a temperature of up to 70 ° C is created, at which microbes and weed seeds die. Composting is considered to be a very rational way to eliminate certain wastes, with almost no harmful effects on environment. However, when processing waste containing metals, the latter can accumulate in the compost in large quantities.

According to modern requirements, the placement of non-recyclable industrial waste should be carried out within special landfills that ensured their isolation and environmental safety for such a period until they become harmless to humans or economically viable technologies for their processing and subsequent use are developed. Underground storage facilities for industrial waste include those that are located remote from earth's surface geological formations, providing long-term isolation of waste from the biosphere.

Underground storage facilities are environmental structures and are designed for centralized collection and disposal of waste (including toxic waste) from industrial enterprises, research organizations and institutions. The placement of industrial waste in storage facilities can serve two purposes - their subsequent use (storage) and eternal burial. IN general view underground storage is a complex structure consisting of ground and underground complexes and workings connecting them, designed to deliver waste to the storage, ventilate and conduct the necessary monitoring of the state of the workings and the waste itself.

All of the above methods of waste disposal have their drawbacks and therefore a radical solution to the problems of protecting the environment from negative impacts. industrial facilities possible with the widespread use of waste-free and low-waste technologies. Waste-free technology, waste-free production, waste-free system is understood not just as a technology or production of a particular product, but as a principle of organization and functioning of industries, regional industrial and production associations, territorial and production complexes of the national economy as a whole. At the same time, all components of raw materials and energy are rationally used in a closed cycle (primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials), i.e., the existing ecological balance in the biosphere is not disturbed.

Low-waste technology is an intermediate step in the creation of waste-free production. At low-waste production the harmful impact on the environment does not exceed the level allowed by the sanitary authorities, but for technical, economic, organizational or other reasons, part of the raw materials and materials goes into waste and is sent for long-term storage or disposal. Low-waste technology allows you to increase the volume of products, reduce consumption natural resources, reduce environmental pollution.

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Presentation on the topic "Waste big city- how they are collected, removed and recycled" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Subject of the project: Ecology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you interest your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report - click on the appropriate text under the player Presentation contains 31 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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The migration to cities and their development led to a different pattern of consumption: packaging was needed for better transportation of food and other products; new artificial and synthetic materials have appeared that are absent in nature; the society of many developed countries has turned into a "consumer society", where the number of "necessary" things has increased immeasurably.

The problem of waste and ways to get rid of it has become one of the serious problems of modern cities!

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During our tour, try to find answers to the following questions for yourself:

Why has waste generation in cities been a problem for more than a century? How do modern cities get rid of waste? What city structures, enterprises and specialists are involved in this process? How can citizens contribute to solving the problem of waste?

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What is waste?

Waste is products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical or obsolescence. Waste is generated in the most various fields activities. MAIN WASTE CLASSES

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How much waste is generated in cities?

IN major cities The world accumulates on average over 1 m3 of household waste per person per year. In some cities, this figure is much higher. Of these, about 25% is produced in business and trade, and 75% in residential buildings. According to the State Standard of the Russian Federation (2004), the total amount of waste accumulated in the country is 80 billion tons.

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What kind of waste is generated the most?

Each city has its own statistics. In general, in Russian cities the structure of household waste is changing as follows: the share of food waste, wood, ferrous and non-ferrous metals is decreasing; the proportion of waste packaging materials made from hardly decomposing substances is increasing; the number of used household appliances, cars, used batteries, etc. is rapidly increasing.

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Municipal solid waste is a source of environmental hazard: MSW spread an unpleasant odor and are a breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria, insects and rodents - carriers of infectious diseases; a serious danger is the burning of solid waste (especially synthetic materials and substances) in litter bins and garbage cans, as this releases toxic substances into the air, which quickly enter the respiratory organs of people around them; garbage scattered everywhere (in entrances, on the street, on playgrounds) is a shame of our society, a characteristic of the level of our everyday culture, the environment in which we all live.

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Remember how long different materials will decompose?

The problem of waste is complicated by the fact that the natural decomposition of various materials requires a certain time.

Cigarette filter

Tin

Plastic bag

Glass 2 to 10 years 90 years 100 years 200 years 1000 years

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Ways to dispose of waste in cities

Since ancient times, mankind has been getting rid of waste by storing and burying it in landfills (landfills). In the XX century. in developed countries with a high population density and no landfill sites, they began to build waste incinerators and waste processing plants. The share of waste processing and incineration is especially high in Switzerland, Belgium, Japan, and France.

TO beginning of XXI V. in general, in Russia there were: 4 waste processing plants (using the technology of aerobic biothermal composting); 5 waste incinerators Shares of waste that were disposed of and recycled were distributed as follows:

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Waste in the city

Let's take a look at how waste is collected, disposed of and recycled in the second largest city in the Russian Federation - St. Petersburg.

The main stages of disposal of solid municipal waste Waste collection and disposal Waste processing: disposal at landfills - 74% of solid waste; at plants for the mechanized processing of household waste (MPBO) - 26%.

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Collection and removal of waste

The Spetstrans enterprise, which removes municipal waste from the urban area, is equipped with modern technology served by drivers. The collection of the bulk of waste from households is carried out using containers of various capacities, which are installed in a specially designated place. From small containers, the garbage is transferred by the driver to the garbage collection truck. In some areas, garbage is collected by a special garbage truck that drives up to the gates of houses at a certain time.

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Why are the capacities of these containers not enough, and the garbage is often dumped nearby?

IN garbage containers(or close to them), for example, construction waste, which is generated as a result of home renovation, gets into, while special containers that can be rented are intended for the removal of construction waste.

This is often due to lack of organization and low level cultures of the townspeople themselves, who leave garbage bags in the wrong place or throw them past the containers. However, there are other reasons as well.

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Many small businesses individual entrepreneurs, shops, etc. do not pay for pollution, but dump their garbage free of charge at collection points maintained at the expense of the population. Each enterprise or organization must conclude a contract for the removal of household waste, purchase their own containers and install them on their territory. All of the above cause serious damage appearance and sanitation of urban areas.

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Waste disposal at landfills

Landfills are nothing more than the official name for authorized landfills.

Waste at landfills is unloaded from containers or bodies and leveled using special equipment. A layer of debris of a certain thickness is periodically covered with soil, after which waste is poured again. Waste containing a lot of organic matter begins to rot gradually.

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Why don't we like landfills?

For waste disposal, the city is forced to allocate vast territories (for example, in St. Petersburg, 354 hectares of land are occupied by solid waste landfills) or occupy agricultural land in the Leningrad Region. Territories occupied by polygons are withdrawn from economic circulation for a long time. Intensive release of explosive biogas (CH4), which is formed during the decay of waste, lasts at least 30 years after the landfill is closed. Toxic substances formed during the decomposition of household waste pollute the soil and groundwater. Of particular danger are burning landfills, since with a lack of oxygen, the burning of waste is accompanied by an intensive release of toxic substances into the air. Residential and other buildings built near existing or closed landfills have a lower price rating.

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Unauthorized dumps

Unauthorized landfills are a serious problem in cities and suburban areas. Unauthorized dumps are spontaneous accumulations of waste that do not belong to anyone and no one is responsible for the condition of which.

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Plants for the mechanized processing of household waste (MPBO)

Two plants currently allow processing 26% total waste generated in St. Petersburg.

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The main stages of waste processing at MPBO

Waste entering the plants, first of all, is controlled for the content of radioactive isotopes. Large objects are manually removed from the mass of solid waste - cast-iron radiators for central heating, car wheels, iron beds, etc. Secondary raw materials are selected - waste paper, non-ferrous metals, cullet. Products made of plastic and polyethylene are also sorted. From them, secondary raw materials are obtained - plastic chips, which are sorted by color and packaged.

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Further, ferrous metal scrap (consisting mainly of cans and corks from beer bottles) is isolated from the garbage with the help of magnets. This scrap metal is pressed into bales and sent for remelting to the metallurgical production of other plants.

Car tires are also subject to separate processing; pyrocarbon is obtained from them - a black powder widely used for the production of rubber, plastics, wastewater and soil treatment from herbicides.

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Biocomposting

The mechanized processing of sorted MSW is carried out according to the technology of biocomposting of the organic part to obtain compost. Waste is fed into rotating biothermal drums 60 m long and 4 m in diameter each. In biodrums, the vital activity of microorganisms in the garbage is activated, as a result of which a natural biological process of decomposition of organic matter occurs at a temperature of 50 ° C.

Within 48 hours, compost is formed from the waste in the biodrum - a wet crumbly dark gray mass. Purified from impurities (polyethylene films, etc.) compost is a good fertilizer containing mineral and organic substances.

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Who pays for garbage disposal?

Funds for the collection and removal of solid waste are collected from the population in the form of payment for services (included in utility bills). The costs of processing and disposal are reimbursed from the city budget. Payment for the collection, removal and neutralization of waste from enterprises, organizations and private entrepreneurs is made at the expense of the waste generator.

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Processing and disposal of industrial toxic waste

The generation of toxic waste is an inevitable result of industrial and building production in cities. In 1970, the Krasny Bor landfill was opened in St. Petersburg for the disposal of toxic waste (30 km from St. Petersburg and 6.5 km from Kolpino). From several options, a territory was chosen that meets the following requirements: a large thickness of Cambrian clays acts as an absolute aquiclude (liquid waste does not seep into groundwater); the area is not flooded by flood waters. Along the perimeter of the landfill, an annular canal was built to intercept surface water from adjacent territories.

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For three decades, 1.5 million tons of toxic waste have accumulated on the territory of the landfill, as well as 800 thousand tons of liquid waste collected in open pits 30 m deep, dug in a clay layer 70 m thick. is 6 ha.

Building for the processing of liquid organic waste at the Krasny Bor landfill

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From 1994 to the present, a project has been developed and is being implemented to create a new complex of enterprises based on modern technology collection, transportation, processing, disposal of toxic waste, disposal of generated secondary waste, as well as environmental control over the state of the environment.

At present, the following enterprises have been built and are operating: input control incoming waste; Oil-gas boiler house and fuel oil warehouse; Housing for the reception and partial processing of liquid organic waste; Complex of treatment facilities; Complex for sanitizing machines transporting waste.

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Recycling Specialists

Creating a waste disposal system in any city is a rather difficult task. To solve it, it is necessary to attract a lot of human and material resources: Employees of research and design institutes (scientists, design engineers, etc.) develop new waste disposal technologies, design complex technical objects. Other specialists are involved, as waste treatment plants must be continuously supplied with electricity and water. Garbage collection involves janitors, drivers of specialized equipment, which, in turn, is serviced by mechanics and other specialists. On landfills heavy machinery also operates, mostly bulldozers. Waste processing and waste incineration plants for the maintenance of complex equipment have personnel of various qualifications: engineers for technical equipment; process engineers who monitor the waste recycling process itself; technicians for maintenance of specific mechanisms and processes.

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Usually, modern enterprises equipped with computer equipment equipped with special computer programs that allow you to constantly monitor the main production processes, as well as emissions of pollutants into the environment. Programmers and operators of computer equipment ensure its operation. On large industrial enterprises, which are waste processing plants, people of other specialties also work - economists, accountants, etc. Large polygons and recycling companies also have their own press service, which provides materials for funds mass media, the population, publishes booklets and posters designed for readers of all ages. Tour guides are also trained to conduct excursions for schoolchildren and adults, who not only know the entire technological process, but they can also tell about it in an interesting and accessible way.

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Basic principles and measures to address the problem of household waste

At the end of our tour, we will answer one of the important issues: "What can each of us do to solve the problem of household waste?". Propose basic principles and specific measures to address the problem of household waste. Compare your answers with those offered by our Helper

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Try to reduce waste! Instead of disposable items, try to use more durable items (for example, instead of plastic tableware- ceramic or glass) Resell things you do not need or donate to those in need (for example, through charity organisations). When choosing a purchase, give preference to a product in a reusable or recyclable package. Always have a shopping bag with handles in your bag or briefcase. Reuse plastic bags. Repair your things, don't throw them away. Reduce paper waste by using both sides of the paper.

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Improve household waste management Separate waste and dispose of waste that can be reused or recycled (glass bottles, waste paper, cans, etc.). Food waste(especially in the garden) use to make compost. Be cultured and disciplined Do not throw garbage past the bins. Do not leave garbage bags in places not designated for this (in entrances, on the streets, in yards). Do not create "unauthorized" dumps near habitation or garden plot. Do not set fire to garbage in bins and garbage containers.