Disposal of industrial and consumer waste is the most widely practiced method of waste disposal. Unfortunately, waste disposal gives rise to a lot of environmental, sanitary and hygienic problems. However, burial will remain the most common method in the near future.

Therefore, reducing the volume of waste subject to disposal is one of the most important tasks, which can be solved by reducing their formation, reuse, recycling and energy recovery. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out work to create methods for safe and environmental waste disposal.

Under sanitary landfill (SP) commonly understood as an engineered method of disposing solid waste on land in ways that reduce environmental harm, distributing the waste in thin and as compact layers as possible, and covering it with layers of soil at the end of each working day.

There are two ways to organize a sanitary landfill trench and surface .

Trench method most suitable for areas with a flat land surface and deep groundwater. In this case, the overlying soil is formed as a result of excavation of the trench. The soil is stored and used for reclamation when closing trench areas.

Surface method used on hilly terrain and uses natural slopes with a slope not exceeding 30%. The soil for covering must be delivered from other places.

A complete list of problems associated with the operation of the joint venture is shown in Fig. 6.2

Rice. 6.2. The main problems arising during the operation of the joint venture

A very important factor determining the possibility of creating and operating a joint venture is economic, based on capital investments and operating expenses.

An integral part of any landfill is a network of roads: access roads to the maps, as well as a reinforced concrete road that encircles the landfill.

Due to the large number of problems described above, Lately There was a persistent trend towards a decrease in the volume of solid waste transported to landfills.

First of all, reducing the amount of exported waste can be achieved by sorting (at the point of generation or immediately before processing).

Selective collection among the population of consumer waste (waste paper, textiles, plastics, glass containers, etc.) is practiced in many countries. This approach makes it possible to prevent a number of valuable components that are recycled or reused, as well as hazardous components, from entering solid waste. In this case, there are two possible options for organizing selective collection of solid waste in the places of their generation: purely selective (component-wise) collection of waste in various containers and the so-called collective-selective collection a number of components into one container. For example, the practice is to collect glass, metals and paper together into one container, followed by their mechanized sorting in a special installation. In Russia at present there is practically no selective harvesting.

Currently, two variants of solids sorting technology are most widely used: household waste:

 mechanized sorting of solid waste at industrial waste processing facilities;

 a combination of mechanized and manual sorting at waste transfer stations.

Industrial processing of solid waste is mainly focused on burning waste to produce thermal and electrical energy, since thermal technologies ensure effective neutralization of waste, including toxic and infected components entering solid waste.

Reducing the amount of waste sent for combustion as a result of pre-sorting reduces the need for expensive thermal and gas cleaning equipment and, compared to the combustion of original solid waste, reduces capital costs by up to 25%. In addition, the extraction of environmentally hazardous components through sorting reduces the content of harmful substances in gas emissions, simplifies gas purification, reduces the cost of gas purification equipment and reduces the negative environmental impact of a waste incineration plant.

The introduction of pre-sorting allows you to get a profit from the sale of marketable products equal to 20–25%. This profit is generated by separating non-ferrous scrap metals and better quality ferrous scrap metals.

Introduction to technological scheme manual waste sorting operations make it possible to isolate individual components of solid waste in a purer form compared to mechanized sorting. For example, in this case it is possible to separate waste paper and polymers for the purpose of their subsequent sale to consumers and making a profit. Therefore, at waste transfer stations it is proposed to use a technological scheme using manual sorting operations to isolate the valuable components contained in waste (metals, waste paper, polymers, etc.).

Increasing the efficiency of manual sorting can be achieved using three sequential mechanized operations:

 magnetic separation;

 separation of textile components and screening in a drum screen,

 inclusion in the technological scheme of electrodynamic separation of non-ferrous scrap. However, the effectiveness of this operation is low.

Rice. 6.1. Structural scheme management of production and consumption waste

The structure of the waste management system in Western Europe, the USA, Japan, etc. is similar to the structure adopted in the Russian Federation. However, the implementation of technological processes and cycles included in the overall waste management process is different. For example, in the EEC countries approximately 60% of industrial and about 95% of agricultural waste is recycled. In Japan, about 45% of industrial waste is recycled.

An analysis of solid waste management in these countries shows that in the UK 90% of solid waste is disposed of in landfills, in Switzerland - 20%, in Japan and Denmark - 30%, in France and Belgium - 35%. The remaining solid waste is mainly burned. Only a small portion of MSW is composted.

production and consumption waste It is customary to refer to the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other items or products that were formed in the process of production or consumption, as well as goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties.

Hazardous waste are called waste containing substances that have dangerous properties: toxicity, explosion hazard, fire hazard, high reactivity, contain pathogens of infectious diseases, and also pose a danger to environment and human health independently or when coming into contact with other substances.

Sanitary rules for establishing the hazard class of toxic waste from production and consumption SP 2.1.7.1386-03 establish five hazard classes of waste:

hazard class I waste (extremely hazardous), these include, for example, mercury lamps, waste fluorescent mercury-containing tubes;

waste of hazard class II (highly hazardous), for example waste containing dust and/or lead sawdust;

waste of hazard class III (moderately hazardous): cement dust;

waste of hazard class IV (low-hazard): coke dust, waste of abrasive materials in the form of dust and powder;

Hazard class V waste (virtually non-hazardous): sand waste not contaminated with hazardous substances.

Waste management – activities during which waste is generated, as well as the collection, use, neutralization, transportation and disposal of waste.

Waste disposal– storage and disposal of waste.

Waste storage provides for the maintenance of waste in waste disposal facilities for the purpose of their subsequent disposal, neutralization or use.

Waste disposal facilities– specially equipped structures: landfills, sludge storage facilities, rock dumps, etc.

Waste disposal– isolation of waste that is not subject to further use in special storage facilities that prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment.

Waste disposal– waste treatment, including combustion in specialized installations in order to prevent the harmful effects of waste on humans and the environment.

Each product manufacturer is assigned waste generation standard, i.e. the amount of waste of a particular type during the production of a unit of product, and is calculated limit for waste disposal - the maximum permissible amount of waste per year.

The main waste treatment methods are biodegradation, composting and incineration.

Composting is a biological method for neutralizing municipal solid waste (MSW) containing a large number of organics. The essence of the process is as follows. A variety of, mostly heat-loving, microorganisms actively grow and develop in the thickness of the garbage, as a result of which it warms up to 60 o C. At this temperature, pathogenic microorganisms die. The decomposition of organic solids in household waste continues until a relatively stable material, similar to humus, is obtained. In this case, more complex compounds decompose and turn into simpler ones. The disadvantage of composting is the need to store and neutralize the non-compostable part of the garbage, the volume of which makes up a significant part total number garbage. This problem can be solved by incineration, pyrolysis or disposal of waste to landfills.

Biodegradation of organic waste is considered the most environmentally acceptable and economically feasible method of processing them.

Currently, many diluted industrial wastes are treated biologically. Commonly used aerobic technology based on oxidation carried out by microorganisms in aeration tanks, biofilters and bioponds. Significant disadvantage aerobic technologies are the energy consumption for aeration and the problems of recycling the resulting excess activated sludge - up to 1.5 kg of microorganism biomass for every kilogram of organic matter removed.

A naerobic Processing using the methane fermentation method is devoid of these disadvantages: it does not require energy consumption for aeration, the volume of sludge is reduced and, in addition, a valuable organic substance is formed - methane. The mechanism of anaerobic microbiological conversion of organic substances is very complex and not fully understood. Nevertheless, industrial anaerobic treatment technologies have become widespread abroad. In our country, intensive anaerobic technologies are not yet used.

Thermal methods of waste processing. Municipal solid waste contains up to 30% by weight carbon and up to 4% hydrogen. The calorific value of waste is determined by these elements. Various technologies for fire waste disposal have been developed. The main products of combustion of carbon and hydrogen are CO 2 and H 2 O, respectively.

Incomplete combustion produces undesirable products: carbon monoxide, low molecular weight organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, soot, etc. When burning, it is necessary to take into account that the waste contains potentially hazardous elements characterized by high toxicity and volatility: various compounds of halogens, nitrogen, sulfur, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, etc.).

In industrial practice, there are currently two areas of thermal processing of solid waste, based on forced mixing and movement of material:

Layer combustion on grates at a temperature of 900 ... 1000 o C;

Combustion in a fluidized bed at a temperature of 850 ... 950 o C.

Fluidized bed combustion has a number of environmental and technological advantages, but it requires the preparation of waste for such a process, so it is much less common.

It seems the most environmentally acceptable use of waste as secondary material resources. To implement this direction, at least two conditions are necessary: ​​firstly, the availability of sufficiently complete and easily accessible information on the sources and accumulation of waste sold; secondly, favorable economic conditions.

Control questions

1. What processes affect soil fertility?

2. What is soil erosion? Causes and types of soil erosion.

3. Name the main soil pollutants.

4. What is production and consumption waste? What are the established waste hazard classes?

5. What does the concept of “waste management” include?

6. How are waste generation standards and waste disposal limits established?

7. Name the main methods of waste recycling.

8. Give a brief description of the composting method.

9. What processes are the biodegradation of organic waste based on?

10. Name the main directions of thermal waste processing.

11. What other methods of waste recycling do you know?

Environmental monitoring

Under monitoring imply a tracking system for some objects or phenomena.

Environmental monitoring is Information system, created for the purpose of observing and forecasting changes in the environment in order to highlight the anthropogenic component against the background of other natural processes.

One of the important aspects of the functioning of monitoring systems is forecasting capability state of the environment under study and warnings about undesirable changes in its characteristics.

Types of environmental monitoring.By scale There are basic (background), global, regional, and impact monitoring.

on methods of conducting and objects of observation: aviation, space, human environment.

Base monitoring monitors general biosphere, mainly natural, phenomena without imposing regional anthropogenic influences on them.

Global monitoring monitors global processes and phenomena in the Earth’s biosphere and its ecosphere, including all of them environmental components(main material and energy components ecological systems), and warnings about emerging extreme situations.

Regional monitoring monitors processes and phenomena within a certain region, where these processes and phenomena may differ both in natural nature and in anthropogenic influences from the basic background characteristic of the entire biosphere.

Impact monitoring is monitoring of regional and local anthropogenic impacts in particularly dangerous zones and places.

Monitoring the human environment monitors the state of a person’s surroundings natural environment and warning of those being created critical situations, harmful or hazardous to the health of people and other living organisms.

Implementation of monitoring requires the use of fairly well-developed software, including complexes mathematical models the phenomena being studied.

The development of a model of a specific phenomenon or natural system is associated with the choice of its conceptual structure and the availability of a closed package of machine programs. The most common type of models are sets differential equations, reflecting biological, geochemical and climatic processes in the system under study. In this case, the coefficients of the equations either have a specific meaning or are determined indirectly through the approximation of experimental data.

Modeling a real natural system based on experimental data and conducting numerous experiments on it makes it possible to obtain quantitative estimates of the interactions of various components of communities both in natural systems and those formed as a result of invasion of the natural environment economic activity person.

Objectives of the environmental monitoring system are:

Observation of chemical, biological, physical parameters (characteristics);

Ensuring the organization of operational information.

The principles underlying the organization of the system:

Collectivity;

Synchronicity;

Regular reporting.

Based on the environmental monitoring system, a nationwide system of monitoring and control over the state of the environment has been created.

The assessment of the environment and public health includes the state of atmospheric air, drinking water, food, as well as ionizing radiation.

Environmental passport of the enterprise is a document that is available at every enterprise; it is drawn up in accordance with GOST 17.0.0.04-90. Protection of Nature. Environmental passport of the enterprise. General provisions.

This document contains factual data on the impact of this property on atmospheric air and water bodies and assessment of these impacts, soil pollution, waste management.

The environmental passport data is updated twice a year.

EIA procedure

In accordance with existing rules any pre-project and project documentation related to any business undertakings, development of new territories, location of production facilities, design, construction and reconstruction of economic and civil facilities must contain a section “Environmental Protection” and in it - a mandatory subsection of EIA - materials on environmental impact assessment planned activities. EIA is a preliminary determination of the nature and degree of danger of all potential types of impact and an assessment of the environmental, economic and social consequences of the project; a structured process of taking into account environmental requirements in the system of preparing and making decisions on economic development.

EIA provides for variant solutions, taking into account territorial characteristics and interests of the population. The EIA is organized and provided by the project customer with the involvement of competent organizations and specialists. In many cases, conducting an EIA requires special engineering and environmental surveys. The EIA procedure includes a number of successive stages.

1. Identification of sources of influence using experimental data, expert assessments, creation of installations mathematical modeling, literature analysis, etc. As a result, sources, types and objects of impact are identified.

2. Quantitative assessment of impact types can be carried out using the balance or instrumental method. When using the balance method, the amount of emissions, discharges, and waste is determined. The instrumental method is the measurement and analysis of results.

3. Forecasting changes in the natural environment. A probabilistic forecast of environmental pollution is given taking into account climatic conditions, wind patterns, background concentrations, etc.

4. Forecasting emergency situations. A forecast of possible emergency situations, causes and likelihood of their occurrence is given. For each emergency situation, preventive measures are provided.

5. Determining ways to prevent negative consequences. Possibilities for reducing impact are determined using special technical means of protection, technologies, etc.

6. Selection of methods for monitoring the state of the environment and residual consequences. A monitoring and control system must be provided for in the designed technological scheme.

7. Ecological and economic assessment of design options. Impact assessments are made for everyone possible options with an analysis of damages, compensation costs for protection from harmful effects after the implementation of the project.

8. Presentation of results. It is carried out in the form of a separate section of the project document, which is a mandatory appendix and contains, in addition to the materials of the EIA list, a copy of approval from the Ministry of Health, state supervisory authorities responsible for the use of natural resources, the conclusion of a departmental examination, the conclusion of a public examination and the main disagreements.

Environmental assessment

Environmental assessment – establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental assessment in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and the associated social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental assessment ().

Environmental expertise involves a special study of economic and technical projects, objects and processes in order to make a reasonable conclusion about their compliance with environmental requirements, standards and regulations.

Environmental assessment, therefore, performs the functions of a promising preventive control project documentation and at the same time functions supervision for the environmental compliance of project implementation results. According to Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Expertise” These types of control and supervision are carried out by environmental authorities.

Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Expertise”(Article 3) states principles of environmental assessment, namely:

Presumptions of potential environmental hazard any planned economic and other activities;

Mandatory conduct of a state environmental impact assessment before making decisions on the implementation of an environmental impact assessment project;

Comprehensive assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and its consequences;

Mandatory consideration of environmental safety requirements when conducting environmental assessments;

Reliability and completeness of information submitted for environmental assessment;

Independence of environmental impact experts in the exercise of their powers in the field of environmental impact assessment;

Scientific validity, objectivity and legality of environmental assessment conclusions;

Publicity, participation public organizations(associations), accounting public opinion;

Responsibility of participants in environmental assessment and interested parties for the organization, conduct, and quality of environmental assessment.

Control questions

1. Formulate the concepts of monitoring, environmental monitoring.

2. Name the types of environmental monitoring.

3. Formulate the objectives and principles of organizing an environmental monitoring system.

4. What is an enterprise’s environmental passport and its contents?

5. What is the EIA procedure? For what purpose is it carried out?

6. List the sequence of stages of conducting an EIA.

7. What does environmental assessment include?

8. Formulate the principles of environmental assessment.

Types of damage from environmental pollution

The most objective criterion used in environmental assessment is the damage caused to the economy as a result of environmental pollution.

There are three types of damage: actual, possible and prevented.

Under actual Damage refers to the actual losses and damage caused to the economy as a result of environmental pollution.

Possible damage is the damage to the economy that could have occurred in the absence of environmental protection measures.

Under prevented Damage refers to the difference between possible and actual damage.

The methodology for calculating damage involves taking into account the damage caused by increased morbidity in the population; damage agriculture, housing, communal and household services, industry and other types
damage.

The calculations are of an estimation nature due to the lack of reliable natural science and sociological information.

Toxic accumulation standards industrial waste in the territories of enterprises are established taking into account the following indicators:

Dimensions of the storage area;

Toxicity and chemical activity of compounds present in waste;

Volume of waste generated;

Climatic conditions(temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction).

Requirements for temporary storage of toxic waste on enterprise premises are defined in the following regulatory documents.

1) SanPiN 2.1.7.1322 – 03 “Hygienic requirements for the disposal and disposal of production and consumption waste.” According to this document, temporary warehousing (storage) hazardous waste on the territory of enterprises should be carried out in stationary warehouses or at special sites.

Waste of various hazard classes must be stored and transported as follows:

- 1st hazard class– in special sealed containers (containers, barrels, tanks). Metal containers must be tested for leaks, the container wall thickness must be at least 10 mm, and the corrosion rate of the material must not exceed 0.1 mm/year. Waste of hazard class 1 must be removed from the territory of the enterprise within 24 hours;

- 2 hazard classes– in a reliable closed container (sealed plastic bags, plastic bags);

- 3 hazard classes– in paper, textile, cotton bags. Solid bulk waste (stored in containers, plastic bags and paper bags) must be removed from the territory of the enterprise within two days;

- 4 hazard classes– can be stored in bulk, in the form of ridges, and can be transported in bulk.

2) SN No. 3183 – 84 “Procedure for the accumulation, transportation, neutralization and disposal of toxic industrial waste.” – M.: Ministry of Health of the USSR, 1985.

3) SN No. 3204 – 85 “Limit amount of accumulation of toxic industrial waste on the territory of an enterprise (organization).” – M.: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Geosciences of the USSR, 1985. This document limits the amount of toxic industrial waste temporarily allowed on the territory of an enterprise in order to avoid excess environmental pollution. It is emphasized that the storage of industrial waste on the territory of the enterprise can only be considered as a temporary measure. In practice, two indicators are standardized:

Limit content of toxic substances in waste;

The maximum amount of toxic industrial waste on the territory of an enterprise is the amount of industrial waste that can be placed in specially designated areas on the territory of the enterprise, provided that the possible release of harmful substances into the air does not exceed 0.3 MPC. Otherwise, waste accumulated on the territory of the enterprise must be immediately removed.

4) SP No. 4015 – 85 “Limit content of toxic compounds in industrial waste and storage facilities located outside the territory of the enterprise (organization).” Storage ponds are tailings and sludge storage facilities, settling ponds, and wastewater storage ponds. The placement of industrial waste of hazard class 1 in storage facilities is prohibited. The size of the sanitary protection zone around the storage tanks depends on the hazard class of the disposed waste: for class 2 – 1000 m, for class 3 – 500 m, for class 4 – 300 m.

There are several groups of methods for processing industrial waste .

Mechanical methods used in preparing waste for processing. These include grinding and aggregation . Grinding methods include crushing and grinding.

a) Crushing. The intensity and efficiency of waste recycling processes increases with a decrease in the size of the pieces (grains) of processed materials.

b) Grinding is used when it is necessary to obtain finely dispersed fractions with a particle size of less than 5 mm from lump waste. The degree of grinding during grinding reaches 100 or more. Mills are used for grinding. To separate into fractions by size, screening of pieces (grains) of material is used when moving it on cellular surfaces (grids, sieves with cells or holes are used various forms and sizes). Screens can be vibrating or rotating.

Waste aggregation is the process of enlargement of fine particles. It is used to reduce the volume of waste and improve its rationality further use and transportation.

Aggregation methods include the following.

a) Granulation - the formation of aggregates, usually spherical or cylindrical, from powders, pastes, melts of processed materials. Vibratory and rotary granulators of various designs are used.

b) Tableting is the granulation of powder materials using tablet machines various types, the operating principle of which is based on pressing powders. Tableting is used in the production of various adsorbents, catalysts, vitamins, medicinal and other drugs from waste. The shape of the tablets is varied (cylinders, balls, disks, rings) with a cross-sectional diameter of 6 – 12 mm.

c) Briquetting is used to make waste compact to improve conditions for transportation, storage and processing.

TO physical methods include the following.

a) Magnetic separation is used to separate magnetic components from non-magnetic ones. Oxides, hydroxides, and salts of metals have weakly magnetic properties. Various rock-forming minerals (quartz, feldspar) are non-magnetic. The waste is passed through a magnetic separator with a moving belt.

b) Electrical separation is based on the difference in the electrical properties of materials (electrical conductivity). Used to separate waste containing impurities of non-ferrous metals from polymer materials. When contacting the surface of a charged metal electrode, electrically conductive particles acquire a charge and are repelled from it.

c) Methods are also used to separate lump and bulk materials:

Sifting or screening (on sieves, gratings and screens);

Separations under the influence of gravitational (inertial) forces. In this case, the carrier medium is air. Gas precipitators and separators are used.

Hydrodynamic methods. The carrier medium for separating waste components is liquid. The following methods are used:

Gravity - settling under the influence of gravity in settling tanks;

Separation by centrifugal force in centrifuges and hydrocyclones;

Filtration under the influence of pressure difference through a filter partition;

Electrofiltration under the influence of an electric field.

Heat transfer processes. Apparatuses such as heaters, coolers, boilers, evaporators, condensers, etc. are used. Heat exchange processes underlie the operation of installations:

Sorption-desorption;

Evaporative;

Extraction, etc.

Diffusion processes are the basis for separation processes of two-phase systems for the purpose of recycling individual waste components. These include sorption methods for treating wastewater and waste gases.

Chemical processes. These include the following.

a) Leaching (extraction). The method is used in the processing of galvanic sludge, mining waste, some metallurgical and fuel slags, wood and other waste. The method is based on the extraction of components from a complex material by selective dissolution in an extractant liquid.

b) Crystallization - separation of the solid phase in the form of crystals from saturated solutions, melts or vapors. The method is used when processing liquid and solid waste; solid waste is first transferred into solution.

c) Coagulation and flocculation are widely used in wastewater treatment.

d) Chlorination and ozonation are used to disinfect wastewater.

e) Waste incineration is also a chemical method, since it is an oxidation-reduction process.

Biochemical processes used for wastewater treatment and for cleaning soil from petroleum products.

Thermal methods(flameless). The purpose of heat treatment is to neutralize waste, reduce its volume, and obtain valuable marketable products.

In a number of countries, waste management policies today are based on reuse waste. Unfortunately, this is not developed in Russia, because... ours is full of resources. Without using recycled materials, we accumulate a large amount of garbage, which does not go anywhere.

As you remember, With There are three ways to dispose of waste: bury, incinerate and recycle.

Waste disposal

In most cases, a significant part of the waste is buried, which could, at the current level of technology, be recycled with great benefit to society. This approach is extremely dangerous for the environment and human health.

Garbage is usually dumped in quarries or other places. The thickness of the garbage layer (or more correctly, the “landfill body”) can reach 80 meters or more. During the decomposition of this mixture, watered by rain, a filtrate is formed - a liquid saturated with waste products, which penetrates the soil and pollutes groundwater with toxic substances and heavy metal compounds.
Since household waste contains many flammable substances, summer time Spontaneous combustion of the landfill body regularly occurs, which is almost impossible to extinguish. As a result of combustion, not only fire gases (carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides and furans), but also such extremely dangerous super-ecotoxicants as dibenzofurans and dioxins enter the atmosphere. In total, any landfill releases more than one hundred toxic substances into the environment that have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Also, do not forget that in addition to toxic gases, landfills produce huge amounts of the greenhouse gas methane as a result of the decomposition of organic waste. It is one of the main gases, the accumulation of which in the atmosphere leads to an increase in the greenhouse effect.

Dioxins
Dioxins are 67,000 times more potent than cyanide. By interfering with the process of formation of new cells in the body, they provoke the development of cancer; affect the delicate functioning of the endocrine glands, which in turn leads to a complete imbalance of all vital functions of the body; strongly affect reproductive function, often inhibiting puberty or even leading to infertility. The lethal dose is so microscopic that it makes dioxins more dangerous than chemical warfare agents. And one more terrible characteristic is that they are weakly broken down and are capable of accumulating both in the human body and in the environment, moving from one natural cycle to another.

Every year, more than 300 million tons of waste are sent to landfills and natural dumps in Russia. There is no exact data on how much area is currently occupied by garbage, but even approximate figures are impressive. Yes, under landfills countries are about 1 million hectares, which is approximately 10 areas of Moscow! What if we add to this “unaccounted for” illegal waste disposal sites? This figure may have to be increased significantly.
Today, Russia operates landfills that were opened in the 30-50s. 20th century. The vast majority of landfills are located in waste quarries and do not meet environmental standards. It’s hard to even imagine the damage these objects cause to ecological systems. But regarding emissions of methane gas into the Earth’s atmosphere, it is known that landfills and landfills in Russia annually emit up to 1 million tons of methane (about 90 billion m3) into the atmosphere, which is approximately 3% of the planetary flow.

What about other countries? All developed countries have long been implementing mechanisms that reduce Negative influence landfills on the environment. Thus, modern landfills are equipped in accordance with strict requirements that exclude contact of waste with soil, and include systems for collecting and discharging leachate and biogas.
A modern polygon should look something like this. The pit prepared for backfilling is lined with an inert and impermeable film, which makes it possible to reliably separate the body of the landfill and the leachate from the ground. An embankment is created around the landfill to protect it from wind drift. When dumped, waste is compacted and covered with layers of inert soil. And finally, even during the design, a system for monitoring and collecting wastewater and biogas generated is laid out. In a number of countries, landfills use special installations for collection and utilization of emitted methane. The collected gas is used to produce heat and electricity.

Burning

Incineration is another method of waste disposal, which, moreover, allows you to significantly reduce the volume of waste and even gain benefits - the energy generated during combustion can be used.
However, it is important to note a few points.

Relatively safe waste incineration technology, Firstly, always involves preliminary waste sorting. Mixed waste has low combustible properties, as it may contain a large proportion of non-combustible fractions, resulting in the need to support the combustion process with additional fuel. Pre-sorting also eliminates the possibility of burning hazardous waste. Secondly, the combustion process itself must take place under strictly defined characteristics (the combustion temperature must be at least 1000°C), which allows the formation of environmentally hazardous products (in particular, dioxins) to be minimized. Third, the plant must be equipped with an expensive ventilation system, which must be properly maintained throughout its operation. And fourthly, the plant must ensure the processing and safe disposal of ash generated as a result of waste combustion and accounting for about 1/5 of the original volume of waste.
Summarizing the experience of many countries, we can summarize that the waste incineration route is the most expensive. It is impossible to completely stop burning waste. However, the use of this technology can be justified only after the selection and processing of useful fractions.
In Russia, waste incineration is poorly developed. There are about a dozen factories throughout the country.

49. Management of production and consumption waste.

Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” Article 51. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when handling production and consumption waste

1. Production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, is subject to collection, use, neutralization, transportation, storage and burial, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the environment and regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. It is prohibited:

discharge of production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, into surface and underground water bodies, into drainage areas, into the subsoil and onto the soil;

disposal of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in areas adjacent to urban and rural settlements, in forest parks, resorts, medical and recreational areas, on animal migration routes, near spawning grounds and in other places where a danger to the environment, natural ecological systems and human health may be created;

burial of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in catchment areas of underground water bodies used as sources of water supply, for balneological purposes, for the extraction of valuable mineral resources;

import of hazardous waste into the Russian Federation for the purpose of its burial and neutralization;

import of radioactive waste into the Russian Federation for the purposes of their storage, processing or disposal, except for cases established by this Federal Law and the Federal Law "On Waste Management" radioactive waste and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation";

burial in production and consumption waste disposal facilities of products that have lost their consumer properties and contain ozone-depleting substances, without recovery of these substances from these products in order to restore them for further recycling (recycling) or destruction.

Waste production- these are the remains of raw materials, materials, substances, products, items formed during the production of products, performance of work (services) and which have lost completely or partially their original consumer properties. For example: metal shavings, sawdust, paper scraps, etc. Industrial waste also includes associated substances generated during the production process that are not used in this production. For example: solids captured during the treatment of process off-gases or wastewater. Along with production waste industrial enterprises consumer waste is also generated, which mainly includes solid, powdery and pasty waste (garbage, cullet, scrap, waste paper, food waste, rags, etc.) formed as a result of the life activity of enterprise employees.

Industrial and consumer waste not only requires significant storage space, but also pollutes the atmosphere, territory, surface and ground waters with harmful substances, dust, and gaseous emissions. In this regard, the activities of the resource user should be aimed at reducing the volume (mass) of waste generation, introducing low-waste technologies, converting waste into secondary raw materials or obtaining any products from them, minimizing the generation of waste that cannot be further processed, and disposal them in accordance with current legislation. In accordance with Article 11 of the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities When operating enterprises, buildings, structures, structures and other objects related to waste management, you are obliged to:

comply with environmental requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection;

develop draft standards for waste generation and limits on waste disposal in order to reduce the amount of waste generation;

introduce low-waste technologies based on scientific and technical achievements;

carry out an inventory of waste and its disposal facilities;

monitor the state of the natural environment in the territories of waste disposal sites;

provide, in the prescribed manner, the necessary information in the field of waste management;

comply with the requirements for preventing accidents related to waste management and take urgent measures to eliminate them;

in the event of the occurrence or threat of accidents related to waste management that cause or may cause damage to the natural environment, health or property of individuals and legal entities, immediately inform specially authorized federal authorities about this executive power in the field of waste management, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments.

In accordance with Article 14 of the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities whose activities generate waste are required to confirm that the waste is assigned to a specific hazard class. A passport must be drawn up for hazardous waste, which is a document certifying that the waste belongs to the waste of the corresponding type and hazard class, and also containing information about its composition.

Article 9 federal law“On Production and Consumption Waste” prescribes that hazardous waste management activities are subject to licensing. The procedure for licensing hazardous waste management activities is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with Article 19 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities operating in the field of waste management are required to keep, in accordance with the established procedure, records of generated, used, neutralized, transferred to other persons or received from other persons, as well as disposed waste. Statistical accounting in the field of waste management is carried out in the form 2tp - (toxic waste) (see explanation below).

Failure to perform or improper execution legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of waste management officials and by citizens entails disciplinary, administrative, criminal or civil liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In the absence of a technical or other opportunity to ensure safety for the environment and human health, hazardous waste management activities may be limited or prohibited in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.