Biblical dictionary of phraseological units. Phraseologisms of biblical origin, their use by schoolchildren

In the turns of our everyday speech there are many stable expressions and phraseological units, many of which come from the texts of Holy Scripture. We have prepared for you a small dictionary of the most commonly used biblical phraseological units that decorate and enrich our speech.

Adam's apple- protrusion of the larynx, Adam's apple. According to the biblical story of the fall of Adam and Eve (Genesis 3). The meaning is motivated by a folk-poetic interpretation of the Old Testament plot: part of the forbidden fruit (apple) got stuck in Adam’s throat.

Prodigal son– used in two meanings: 1) characterizing a dissolute, immoral person; 2) speaking about a repentant sinner or simply about a person who has repented of his errors. It comes from the parable of Christ, which tells about a young man who squandered his entire fortune leading a dissolute lifestyle, and on the verge of death returned to his father, who received him with love and joy (Luke 15:11-32).

Babel- noise, disorder, confusion. It comes from the book of Genesis, from the story about the construction of a high tower (Genesis 11:1-9), for which the Lord punished the builders by confusing their languages ​​so that they no longer understood each other.

Balaam's donkey- ironic. a silent and submissive man who suddenly spoke up and protested. It also goes back to the book of Numbers, to an episode describing how the sorcerer Balaam, on the orders of the Moabite king Balak, travels to Palestine to curse the Israelites. Seeing the Angel of the Lord, the donkey stops under him and lies down, and when Balaam begins to beat her, she asks him: “What have I done to you that you are beating me for the third time?” (Numbers 22:27-28)

To contribute- take part in something within your capacity. Derived from the story of the poor widow found in Luke (21:1-4) and Mark (12:41-44). Jesus sat opposite the treasury and watched the taxes being brought in. The poor widow gave all the food she had - two mites. He said about her: “this poor widow put in more than everyone else who put into the treasury, for everyone put in out of their abundance, but out of her poverty she put in everything that she had.”

The Forbidden fruit is sweet)- tempting, desirable, but prohibited or inaccessible. Goes back to the book of Genesis, to the commandment of the Lord: “You shall eat from every tree of the garden, but you shall not eat from the tree of good or evil, for in the day that you eat from it you will surely die” (Genesis 2:16- 17).

Bury talent– do not use your abilities, knowledge, skills; do not care about developing your talent. This expression comes from the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 25:13-30), from the parable of Christ about a man who, going to a foreign country, gave his slaves different amounts of money (talents), and two of them gave the money on interest, and the third - I buried the learned talent so as not to lose it. Returning, the master praised the first two slaves, and said to the third: “You wicked and lazy slave!”

Golden Taurus- wealth, the power of money. Comes from the book of Exodus, chapter 32, the episode where Aaron makes a deity out of gold for the Jews wandering in the desert. Moses turns to God: “O Lord! This people committed a great sin: they made themselves a golden god.”

Manna from heaven– something necessary, very desirable, often unattainable. The phraseology takes its roots in the book of Exodus, in the episode when the people of Israel, led by Moses from Egyptian captivity, begin to grumble in the desert, and the Lord sends bread from heaven to satisfy his people. In the morning, when the dew rose, they saw “on the surface of the desert something small, grainy, fine, like frost on the ground. And the children of Israel saw and said to one another, “What is this?” Because they didn’t know what it was. And Moses said to them, “This is the bread which the Lord has given you to eat” (Exodus 16:14,15). The word "manna" comes from Hebrew. “mann hu” (“what is this?”).

A parable of the tongues- something that is widely known; what's on everyone's lips. From the book of Deuteronomy: “And thou shalt be a terror , a byword and a laughing stockatof all peoples, to which the Lord will lead you [if a person serves idols].” (Deuteronomy 28:37) The Gentiles are nations, nations.

Grinding teeth- to experience anger, resentment, hatred. The turn goes back to the text of Psalm 111, in which the righteous and the wicked are contrasted. This is what is said about the latter: “The wicked will see this and will be vexed; he will gnash his teeth and fade away” (Ps. 111:10).

Weaker vessel- something fragile, weak, fragile. Can be used in relation to a person, especially a woman. Derived from the text of 1 Epistle of St. Peter, in which he says how husbands should treat their wives: “as with the weakest (meanest) vessel, showing honor to them, as heirs together of the grace of life” (1 Pet 3:7).

Trumpet of Jericho– will disapprove. about a very loud, ringing voice. Goes back to the Book of Joshua, chapter 6, to the story of the Jewish siege of Jericho. The siege lasted six days, but the city was well fortified. And on the seventh day a miracle happened: the priests began to go around the city, blowing trumpets, and the walls collapsed from this sound.

Boorish spawn, boor- a rude, ill-mannered person. From the book of Genesis (9:21-27), where Noah cursed his son Ham for his disrespect.

There are many phraseological units that have come to us from scripture- from Bible. Such phraseological units capture important stories, stories and legends, related not to one person, but to the whole world. Phraseologisms biblical origin differ in the imagery of thought and the corresponding language - they often include obsolete words, obsolete forms of declension and conjugation, biblical terminology, etc.

Voice in the wilderness- that's what they call it a call that remains unanswered. The biblical story says that One of the prophets turned to the Israelites with a request to prepare the way for God. But the prophet’s request, unfortunately, remained a voice crying in the wilderness.

Expression "until the second coming" we use it often. It is synonymous with the expression “before the carrot plot” and it means " indefinitely" Phraseologism "until the second coming" comes from Christian teachings about the second appearance of Christ on Earth, i.e. about his second coming. Phraseologism “before the carrot plot” contains a word characteristic of the church sphere "conspiracy", which means the last day before Lent, on which believers were allowed to eat dairy and meat foods.

When we suspect someone of petty gain, we say that this person did something "for lentil soup". Expression "for lentil soup" has its origins in the biblical the story of Esau. History says that Esau gave up the right of seniority to his brother Jacob for lentil stew.

ABOUT a person who has lost his way, you can hear that he "lost sheep". This expression came to us from Gospel legend about a man who, having gathered the whole flock, was missing one sheep. The owner went to look for the lost animal and, having found it, brought it home on his shoulders.

The story of the betrayal of Christ is one of the most famous stories; it is repeatedly mentioned in literature and is actively used in the theater, fine arts, cinema, etc. The famous legend introduced two expressions into the language - "thirty pieces of silver" And "Kiss of Judas". Phraseologism "thirty pieces of silver" stands for the price of betrayal, the price of blood. Phraseologism "Kiss of Judas"(synonym - crocodile tears) has the meaning tion " hypocritical, treacherous flattery" Judas Iscariot is not only the most famous frankly base traitor, but also one of the most popular literary and artistic images.

Biblical tale of Babylon King Nebuchadnezzar gave rise to the expression "colossus with feet of clay". According to legend, The king saw in a dream a metal idol with clay feet, which was destroyed by a stone falling from the mountain. Since then a colossus with feet of clay name something in externally majestic, but weak in essence.

ABOUT something extremely important, necessary and long-awaited They say "manna from heaven". This phraseological unit was born in one of the biblical legends, where manna from heaven called food falling from the sky for the Jews wandering in the desert. Over time, the phraseological unit "manna from heaven" a second meaning also appeared: “ unlikely help, outside support; something dubious, hardly feasible».

Expression "for bedtime" comes from a church expression that refers to to the one who reads a prayer before going to bed. Phraseologism "for bedtime" has the meaning " before bedtime».

From the Gospel story about global flood the expression went “the abysses of heaven opened up”, which means " the rain poured down" Obsolete word "opened up" has the meaning " opened wide", and the word "Abyss" – « abyss», « depth».

The parable of the resurrection of Lazarus we know, if not from the Bible, then from F. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” - for sure. What does phraseology mean? "sing Lazarus"? This expression has two meanings: 1. Pretend to be unhappy in order to pity someone; complain about your fate; 2. Get what you deserve, “he will remember.” Phraseologism came to us from e Gospel story about the beggar Lazaruswho was sick and begged for alms.

Creation Myth left his mark on the language through the expression "in your own image and likeness", i.e. according to the example and example of someone.

In addition, there is a large number of phraseological units that in one way or another affect the religious sphere of human life. Spark of God called talent, natural gift, as well as noble impulses of feelings, high aspirations. Expression “as God puts it on your soul” stands for " casually, as necessary, as it happens, as you please" Phraseologism "on the seventh sky" goes back to the religious idea that there are seven heavens, of which the seventh is the highest. In other words, be in seventh heaven – be on top of bliss.

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Bible! The most important book on the ground! Letter from God to sinful man! The only authoritative source providing knowledge about the Great Creator and Savior of people, as well as practical advice about how to repent and lead a life pleasing to the Lord! Unfortunately, not many people perceive it this way, but even if you look from a human point of view, you can see in the Bible a great monument of literature, a chronicle of history. Its ancient Greek and Hebrew text was known to distant ancestors, but the Russian translation has reached us. Historians and literary figures, when studying the Bible, pay attention to stable combinations, which can also be called phraseological units and which are often used in everyday speech.

There are a lot of them, and some phrases that later became popular even came from the lips of Jesus Christ Himself! We will give examples of such expressions in this article.

Choose the good part

This phrase was said by Jesus Christ, denouncing Martha, who condemned her sister for not helping her prepare a meal for the guests. The original reads like this: “...He came to a certain village. Here a woman named Martha received Him into her home; she had a sister named Mary, who sat at the feet of Jesus and listened to His word.

Martha was taking care of a large treat and, approaching, said: "Tell her to help me".

Jesus answered and said to her: “ You care and fuss about many things, but only one thing is needed; Mary chose the good part, which will not be taken away from her” (Luke 10:38-42).

Now the expression “choose the good part” means choosing the best for yourself.

Throw a stone (at someone)

People use this phrase to mean blaming, defaming, condemning someone. But probably not everyone knows that Jesus Christ originally spoke these words to the scribes and Pharisees when they brought to him a woman caught in adultery, that is, a harlot who wanted to be stoned. He stood up and said to them:

“Let him who is without sin among you be the first to throw a stone at her” (John 8:7).

The letter kills, but the spirit gives life

Now, basically, this quote, which the Apostle Paul wrote in his letter to the Corinthians, is used to mean the formal and creative side of any activity. But Paul meant something completely different, and in the original this phrase goes like this:

“God has given us the ability to be ministers of the New Testament, not of the letter, but of the spirit; For the letter kills, but the Spirit gives life” (2 Corinthians 3:6).

The Apostle called on newly converted Christians to live according to the spirit, the fruit of which is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, faith, meekness, self-control. And the Lord gives this ability to believers.

Babel

Of course, this phraseological unit is used in the meaning of “confusion, turmoil, noise.” In Slavic, the word “pandemonium” means the creation of a tower or pillar. However, its roots are from the distant past of people who imagined that they could reach the sky by making a high tower.

“And the Lord said: “Behold, there is one people, and they all have one language, and this is what they have begun to do, and they will not give up what they have planned to do; Let us confuse their language there, so that one may not understand the speech of the other” (Gen. 11:1-9).

All who take the sword will die by the sword

Nowadays, this phrase is used to mean that you should not think bad things about someone else, otherwise you yourself may become a victim. However, these words were spoken by Jesus Christ, turning to His disciple Peter, who, defending the Teacher, took a sword and cut off the ear of the high priest’s servant. “And while He was still speaking, behold, Judas, one of the Twelve, came, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and the elders of the people.

He who betrayed Him gave them a sign, saying: Whomever I kiss is He, take Him. And immediately approaching Jesus, he said: Rejoice, Rabbi! And kissed Him. Jesus said to him, “Friend, why have you come?” Then they came and laid their hands on Jesus and took Him. And behold, one of those who were with Jesus, stretching out his hand, drew his sword, and striking the servant of the high priest, cut off his ear.

Then Jesus says to him:

return your sword to its place, for all who take the sword will perish by the sword (Gospel of Matthew 26:47-52).

This phrase is also repeated in the Revelation of John the Theologian:

“...He who kills with the sword must himself be killed with the sword (Revelation 13:10).

Into fire and water

The expression means a willingness to do selfless acts for the sake of another person without hesitation, sacrificing oneself.

However, the New Testament describes real case when one person asked Jesus Christ: “Lord! Have mercy on my son; During the full moon he goes berserk and suffers grievously, for he often throws himself into fire and often into water” (Gospel of Matthew 17:15).

In addition, God himself turns to the person faithful to Him with these words:

“If you pass through waters, I will be with you; if you pass through rivers, they will not drown you; if you walk through fire, you will not be burned, and the flame will not consume you” (Isaiah 43:2).

Get back to square one

The expression is taken from the Bible, the book of Ecclesiastes, and means to return to the previous state. It was first used by King Solomon, who wrote this book under God’s guidance:

“The wind goes to the south and goes to the north, whirling and whirling as it goes, and the wind returns to its circle” (Ecclesiastes 1:7).

In much wisdom there is much sorrow

The wiser a person is, the more knowledge he has, the more acutely he realizes the imperfections of this world. This is how people understand this expression, but not everyone knows that King Solomon was the first to say it:

“And I gave my heart to know wisdom and to know madness and stupidity; and I learned that this is vexation of spirit, for in much wisdom there is much sorrow, and whoever increases knowledge increases sorrow" (Ecclesiastes 1:17-18).

House built on sand

This expression is used when talking about something fragile that has no basis. And it takes its origins from the Bible, when Jesus Christ, teaching people, uttered the following words:

“And everyone who hears My words and does not do them is like a foolish man, who built his house on sand, and the rain fell, and the rivers overflowed, and the winds blew and beat on that house, and it fell, and its fall was great. "(Matthew 7:26-27).

Lost Sheep

This is what people now say about a person who has gone astray. However, this catchphrase originates in the parable of Jesus Christ about the lost sheep.

“The Son of Man came to seek and save what was lost.

If someone had a hundred sheep and one of them got lost, would he not leave the ninety-nine in the mountains and go looking for the lost one?” (Matthew 18:12).

Burying talent in the ground

Nowadays, this is what they say about a person who does not care about developing a natural gift (talent). But in the time of Jesus Christ, a talent was called an ancient Roman coin of high denomination. This is what is said in the Gospel parable told to the disciples by Jesus Christ:

“For He will act like a man who, going to a foreign country, called his servants and entrusted them with his property: and to one he gave five talents, to another two, to another one, to each according to his strength; and immediately set off.

He who received five talents went and put them to work and acquired another five talents; in the same way, the one who received two talents acquired the other two; But he who received one talent went and buried it in the ground and hid his master’s money” (Gospel of Matthew 25:14-18).

The slave who buried the talent in the ground was awaited punishment, the rest - encouragement.

Leave no stone unturned

This expression means “destroy, destroy to the ground.” But believers who carefully study history know that Jesus Christ predicted the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple:

“Jesus said to them: “Do you see all this? Truly I say to you, not one stone will be left here upon another, everything will be destroyed” (Matthew 24:2).

Let him who is without sin among you be the first to throw a stone at her

Now we are talking about those who overly strictly denounce the sins and vices of others. However, this phrase was originally uttered by Jesus Christ in response to a question from the scribes and Pharisees, when a woman caught in fornication was brought to him. “Jesus went to the Mount of Olives. And in the morning he came to the temple again, and all the people came to Him.

He sat down and taught them. Then the scribes and Pharisees brought to Him a woman taken in adultery, and, placing her in the middle, they said to Him: Teacher! this woman was taken in adultery; and Moses commanded us in the law to stone such people: What do you say? They said this, tempting Him, in order to find something to accuse Him of. But Jesus, bending low, wrote with his finger on the ground, not paying attention to them. When they continued to ask Him, He bowed down and said to them: He who is without sin among you, be the first to throw a stone at her. And again, bending low, he wrote on the ground. They, having heard this and being convicted by their conscience, began to leave one by one, starting from the eldest to the last; and only Jesus remained and the woman standing in the middle. Jesus, standing up and not seeing anyone but the woman, said to her: woman! where are your accusers? no one judged you? She answered: no one, Lord.

Jesus said to her, “Neither do I condemn you; Go and sin no more” (John 8:1-11).

Who does not work shall not eat

This expression does not originate in the works of Lenin, as was commonly believed in Soviet times, but comes from the Bible, the New Testament, and the Apostle Paul said it, addressing the Thessalonians:

“For when we were with you, we commanded you this: “If anyone does not want to work, neither should he eat” (2 Thess. 3:10).

Manna from heaven

Something extremely necessary, rare, desirable. This is the real food God gave to the Israelites during their forty years of wandering in the desert. This is how it is described in the Bible: “...And behold, on the surface [of the earth] of the desert there is something small, grain-like, like frost on the ground. And the children of Israel saw and said to one another, “What is this?” And Moses said to them:

“This is the bread that the Lord has given you to eat.” And the house of Israel called the name of that bread manna” (Exodus 16:14-16, 31).

Cast pearls before swine

The origin of the phraseological unit is biblical, and it sounded from the lips of Jesus Christ in the Sermon on the Mount:

“Do not give what is holy to dogs, and do not cast your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces” (Matthew 7:6).

Phraseologism means telling about great and hidden things to someone who is not able to appreciate.

To contribute

This is what they say about a person who has taken an active part in any business. This expression is taken from the Gospel, which tells the story of a poor widow who put only two small coins into the treasury while collecting donations. The word "coins" with Greek language translated as "mites".

Despite its outward modesty, the poor widow’s donation turned out to be much more important and greater than many rich gifts. After all, the woman gave the last thing she had, and Jesus emphasized the importance of this when addressing the people.

doubting Thomas

But this expression can be found quite often, and it is addressed to a person who does not trust your actions or words. However, not everyone knows that the phraseology originates from the New Testament, when Jesus Christ gently denounced his disciple Thomas, who did not believe in His bodily resurrection.

Biblical phraseological units are a storehouse of wisdom

This article contains far from full list biblical phraseological units. In fact, there are many times more of them and each, before becoming a catch phrase, was used in the Bible. By studying this Book of Books, we not only learn about God's plans for man, but we also extract seeds of real wisdom from above.

Phraseologisms that came from the Bible

MBOU "Alekseevskaya secondary school"

Bavlinsky municipal district Republic of Tatarstan

Subject research work:

"Phraseological units,

came into language from the Bible"

Completed

8th grade students

Gerasimova Milena

Zinnatshina Anastasia

Scientific director

teacher of Russian language

and literature

Osipova Svetlana Nikolaevna

2018

Introduction

I.

1.1. What are phraseological units

1.2. Groups of phraseological units

1.3.Sources of occurrence of phraseological units

II. Practical part

III. Conclusion

IV. Literature

Introduction

Relevance of the topic, goal, object, subject, hypothesis, research objectives.

The Russian language is very rich in fixed expressions and phraseological units. They make our speech more vivid, accurate, emotional and expressive. Phraseologisms are living witnesses of the past, knowledge of them enriches our mind, makes it possible to better comprehend the language and use it more consciously.

Mastering phraseology is a necessary condition deep mastery of the language, its secrets and riches.

The sooner we begin to comprehend the secrets of our native language, the faster and more deeply we will be able to master and comprehend the national culture. HTo achieve fluency in a language, you must have a sufficient vocabulary, part of which is phraseology.This is where the interest in research in this area arose.

The concept of phraseological units as a stable combination of words, the frequency of use of phraseological units in modern speech, the emergence of phraseological units (the Bible as one of the sources).

Object of study:

A section of the Russian language that deals with the study of phraseological units. The Bible as one of the sources of the emergence of phraseological units and their use in the works of Russian writers.

It is assumed that the concept of “phraseologism”, knowledge of the origin of phraseological units and their types are not familiar to many 7th grade students. Despite this, phraseological units are used quite often in speech.

Research objectives:

Study the concept of phraseology (definitions from dictionaries, textbooks, and other sources);

Study the types of phraseological units (opinions of various learned linguists);

Consider the issue of the emergence of phraseological units (the history of the origin of phraseological units: where? when? who first used them and for what reason);

Study the meaning of some phraseological units from the Bible.

Practical part:

A) analysis of examples from literary works (Use of phraseological units in the works of Russian and foreign writers);

B) questionnaire “The meaning of the concept of phraseological units and the use of phraseological units in oral and written speech”;

C) presentation “Using phraseological units. Lexical meaning of phraseological units.”

Phraseologisms that came into the language from the Bible

1.1What are phraseological units

When starting research in the field of phraseology, it is necessary to define the concept of phraseology. We looked at several sources: dictionaries, textbooks, Internet portals.

This is the definition given in the “Humanitarian Dictionary” (2002)

Phraseologism (phraseological unit, phraseological turn)- a stable phrase that has a certain lexical meaning, constant component composition and presence grammatical categories. Phraseologism arises and develops in a language by rethinking specific phrases.

The Bible is one of the greatest books on earth. Comprehension of it is an endless process, stretching over many centuries. There are a large number of schools that study the Bible, explain its contents,

The Bible is not only “holy scripture”, the banner of Christianity, a set of life rules, “a manifestation of the highest spiritual value”, but also historical record, an outstanding monument of literature. The ancient Greek text of the Bible was translated into Old Church Slavonic. The text of the Slavic Bible is known to modern readers already in Russian translation. But both Old Church Slavonic and Russian variants are simultaneously sources of phraseological units, stable combinations, aphorisms of the modern Russian literary language.

These are lexical units known to many:if the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed; you need to eat to live, not live to eat; the dog barks - the wind blows; No matter how you feed the wolf, he still looks into the forest and etc.

In modern Russian, there are more than two hundred stable expressions that are in one way or another related to the text of the Bible. There are especially many phraseological units from the New Testament, primarily from the Gospel. “The Annunciation and the Nativity of Christ”, the adoration of the Magi, the beheading of John the Baptist, the parables of the prodigal son, the wise and foolish virgins, the healing of Lazarus and the casting out of demons, the story of the feeding of thousands with a few loaves, the Last Supper, the Kiss of Judas, 30 pieces of silver, Peter's denial, the way of the cross and crucifixion, the resurrection and ascension of Christ - this is not a complete list of those fragments from Holy Scripture, which exist in our everyday use of words.

Here and there we hear:

stumbling block,

many are called, few are chosen.

Kiss of Judas

sing Lazarus

Foundation stone,

not of this world

salt of the earth,

the stones are crying out

and many others

What do these phraseological units mean, what semantic load are they carrying? Let's try to figure this out.

1.2 Groups of phraseological units

Phraseologisms of biblical origin have three sources, according to which they can be divided into three groups:

New Testamentisms, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, more precisely from the version of the New Testament, which has been in circulation since the introduction of Christianity in Rus' to this day. These phraseological units are quotations from the Gospels, the Acts of the Holy Apostles and other books of the New Testament, written in Old Church Slavonic. This is a fairly large group of phraseological units, such as, for example, hungry and thirsty (for truth); choose the good part; into flesh and blood; faith without works is dead; seeking hail; power and those who hold it, at the forefront, in many words there is no salvation, doctor! He himself was healed, every deed is good, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the tombs are drowned, let this cup pass from me, let his wickedness prevail for the day; hedgehog pisah, pisah; sign of the times, etc.

actually Russian New Testamentisms, which are quotations from Biblical texts. Phraseological phrases from the New Testament belonging to this group are quotations from the Russian text of the Bible. These are phraseological units such as: throw a stone (at someone); he who takes sword by sword will perish; painted coffins; he reaps where he did not sow; can anything good come from Nazareth?; the things that are Caesar's to Caesar, (and the things that are God's to God); With the same measure you use, it will be measured to you; He who is forgiven little loves little, etc.

This group includes numerous phraseological units that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations through their reinterpretation. Such, for example, are the turns of the barren fig tree; Babylonian harlot; prodigal son; a log in the eye; faith moves mountains (moves); whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword; to contribute; widow's mite; Wolf in sheep's clothing; in letter and spirit; lost sheep; bury (your) talent (in the ground); a book with seven seals; go to Golgotha ​​(to the cross); massacre of the innocents; expel from the temple; end of the world; dead letter; bear (one's) cross, etc.

1.3. Sources of the emergence of phraseological units

Phraseologisms have existed throughout the history of language. Since the end of the 18th century, they have been explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names (catchphrases, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings). Even M.V. Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that it should include “phrases”, i.e. turns, expressions. However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

Until the 40s of the 20th century in the works of domestic linguists. Creating a base for studying stable combinations of words in modern Russian literary language belongs to academician V.V. Vinogradov. The emergence of phraseology as a linguistic discipline in Russian science is associated with the name of Vinogradov. Currently, phraseology continues its development.

Sources of phraseological units.

The appearance of phraseological units of an original Russian character is closely connected with the life of the people, their history, way of life, beliefs, and the general development of the nation.

A whole series of Russian phraseological units are associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. A striking example phraseological units of the named type can serve as phraseological units: to bring to the surface (whom) - “to expose, to reveal a crime”; as if lowered into water - “sad, sad man"; went through fire, water and copper pipes- “about an experienced, experienced person.” These phraseological units go back to the following custom of the ancient Slavs: people suspected of crimes were subjected to the test of fire and water; the named expressions about these tests have been preserved in the language. Oral folk art is also one of the sources of the emergence of phraseological units.

Such phraseological units, for example, are of fairytale origin: the beaten one is lucky for the unbeaten, Kashchei the Immortal. Many phraseological units were formed from proverbs: grandmother said in two (Grandmother wondered and said in two: either it will rain or snow, either it will happen or not), bite elbows (The elbow is close, but you won’t bite), chase two hares (You will chase two hares - you won’t catch a single one), the wolf took pity on the mare - “about imaginary pity” from the proverb: The wolf took pity on the mare, left the tail and mane; without a king in his head - “a frivolous person” from the proverb: Your mind is a king in your head.

A significant layer of Russian phraseology are expressions associated with Russian ancient crafts. So, for example, the phraseological units “without a hitch, without a hitch”, remove shavings, etc. originate from carpenters. From shoemakers - two pairs of boots - “identical”, made for one last - “identical, similar”:

The speech of fishermen and hunters is reflected in the phraseological units “to fish in muddy water", "fall for the bait" and others. Thus, the marine phraseological unit to give up - “to sail from the shore” began to be used in the meaning of “to leave, to leave.”

Russian phraseology also reflected details of Russian life, for example: to slurp cabbage soup with a bast shoe, without slurping salt. The phraseological units “play hide and seek” and “don’t beat a lying person” originate from Russian games.

The works of Russian writers also contributed a lot to Russian phraseology.

Quite a lot of phraseological units came to us from the fables of I.A. Krylov. Here are some of them: “and the cart is still there,” “and Vaska listens and eats,” I didn’t even notice the elephant (I. Krylov) - “not to notice the main thing”; monkey labor (I. Krylov) - “vain, fussy work”;

Over time, some phraseological units leave the language, that is, they become obsolete, others come to replace them. For example, in the past the phraseological unit shaved the forehead was often used, which meant “take into the army, into a soldier.” Nowadays, young people are also drafted into the army, but “they don’t shave their foreheads,” so the phraseology is outdated.

New phraseological units reflect the events of our lives. Every significant event in life is reflected in Russian phraseology: for example, the development of space flights gave birth to the phraseology “go into orbit” - “to achieve success.”

The meaning of some phraseological units.

Words live and live separately from each other, and each word has its own lexical meaning. And at some point these words merge into one indivisible combination, the words suddenly lose their previous meanings, becoming phraseological units.Many phraseological units were born and are actively used in the literary works of great Russian poets, writers, and works of oral folk art.

Forbidden fruit is something tempting, desirable, but forbidden and inaccessible.

Manna from heaven - something good, desired, usually expected for nothing, free of charge.The food that God fed Moses and his fellow tribesmen during the 40-year wanderings after the Exodus from Egypt. When the Jews ran out of all the bread they took with them from Egypt, God sent them food that looked like small white grains or like small hail. Manna covered the land around the Jewish camp in the morning throughout their journey every day except the Sabbath. To contribute-make a contribution.Mite is a small copper coin. The Gospel describes an incident when Jesus especially noted the donation of a poor widow, which amounted to two mites: “... and said: Truly I say to you, this poor widow contributed more than anyone else; for all of them, out of their abundance, put in as a gift to God, but she, out of her poverty, put in all the food she had.” Wolf in sheep's clothing- a person who hides evil goals under the guise of virtue.Often evil and cunning people pretend to be kind and good in order to confuse the gullible and use this weakness of theirs for their own purposes.
In the Gospel of Matthew there are these words: “Beware of false accusers: they come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous wolves.” Bury your talent in the ground-And noun - to leave knowledge, experience, abilities, talent unused; do not develop, do not apply them, do not use them.

The expression came into our speech from a biblical parable (moral story) about a certain slave who, having received a talent from his master (among ancient peoples this was the name of the largest monetary unit), did not use it, but buried it in the ground. When the master asked the slave what he used his talent for, the slave replied: “Master! I knew you that you were a cruel man: you reap where you did not sow and gather where you did not scatter, and, being afraid, you went and hid your talent in the ground; Here’s yours!”

IN modern language the word “talent” acquired a new meaning: talent, ability.

Beat your head - mess around. Where did this expression come from? It turns out that originally it meant “to split, break an aspen log into loaves of wood (chocks) to make spoons and ladle out of them, that is, to do very simple work.”
Written on the water with a pitchfork - unlikely, doubtful, hardly possible event.IN Slavic mythology“forks” were the name given to mythical creatures that live in bodies of water. They supposedly could predict fate by writing it on the water. According to another version, pitchfork in some Russian dialects means “circles.” During fortune telling, pebbles were thrown into the river and the future was predicted based on the shape of the circles formed on the surface of the water, their intersections and sizes. And since predictions rarely came true, they began to talk about an unlikely event.
Ivan, who does not remember his kinship , - a person without beliefs or traditions.
Nowadays it is difficult to meet a person who does not remember his first and last name. But there was a time in Rus' when they used this as a cover. Serf peasants who fled from the landowner, escapees from hard labor and other “passportless vagabonds”, falling into the hands of the police, preferred not to give their names and origins. To all questions they answered that their name was Ivan, but they did not remember their relationship. Officials wrote them down in books, sometimes giving them the surname “Familyless.” Lawyers even developed the following term: “those who do not remember kinship,” and among the people, everyone who renounced family, friends and old connections began to be called “Ivans who do not remember kinship.”
Nick down - remember well. Not a very pleasant procedure, is it? The nose in this case is a wooden stick that illiterate people carried as a “notebook.” When they wanted to remember something, they made special notches on this stick.
Kazan orphan - a person who pretends to be unhappy in order to gain the sympathy of pitying people.The expression comes from 1552, when Tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered the Kazan kingdom. The Kazan rich began to go over to his side en masse, rebaptizing as Christians in order to preserve their wealth. The Tsar welcomed this, rewarded him richly and took him with him to Moscow. People mockingly called such people “Kazan orphans”: at court they became poor, tried to get as many awards and “salaries” as possible.
Scream at the top of Ivanovo - scream very loudly.This expression is associated with the Moscow Kremlin. The square in the Kremlin on which the bell tower of Ivan the Great stands was called Ivanovskaya. On this square, special people - clerks - announced decrees, orders and other documents concerning the residents of Moscow and the entire people of Russia. So that everyone could hear clearly, the clerk read very loudly, shouting throughout Ivanovskaya.
It's written on the forehead. If they say about a person what is written on his forehead, then it usually means that nothing good can be written there. This expression appeared under Elizaveta Petrovna, who in 1746 ordered the foreheads of criminals to be branded so that they “were distinguished from other kind and unsuspicious people.” This is where the expression comes frombrand with shame and a hardened criminal .
Slurping unsalted - to be deceived in your expectations, hopes, to not achieve what you want.

Stay with your nose - be left with nothing. Nose has a completely different meaning - from the word burden, to carry. A person was left with his nose if his offering (usually a bribe) was not accepted.
Washing the bones - discuss a person.The expression has been known to everyone since childhood and is interesting because it is, perhaps, one of the most ancient idioms of the Russian language. In this case, we are talking about a forgotten rite of reburial: three years after death, the deceased was removed from the grave, the bones were cleaned of decay and buried again. This action was accompanied by memories of the deceased, an assessment of his character, deeds and actions. This ritual was well known back in the 12th century, as evidenced by the lines from “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”: “Who will wash your relics?” (“Yaroslavna’s Lament”).
Pull the wool over someone's eyes - create a false impression of your capabilities.

On the side of the bake - superfluous, unnecessary, lacking direct relationship to someone or something.

Ate the dog - characteristic of a person who has extensive experience in any matter.In fact, this expression originally had a pronounced ironic character, because is the first part of the sayingHe ate the dog and choked on his tail.That is, she was talking about a person who did a difficult job, but stumbled over a trifle.
Through the sleeves - work poorly, carelessly, reluctantly.Ancient Russian clothing had long sleeves that reached to the ground. Therefore, during work I had to pick them up and roll them up. This is where the expression “work with your sleeves rolled up” comes from, that is, well.
Filka's certificate - invalid document. The expression appeared under Ivan the Terrible. This is what the tsar called the accusatory messages of his enemy, Metropolitan Philip Kolychev.
Inside out - quite the opposite, inside out.Nowadays these are harmless words. And there was a time when they were associated with shameful punishment. The caught thief was dressed in clothes turned inside out and led in this form to answer. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, a guilty boyar, wearing a fur coat inside out, was placed on a horse facing the tail. In this form, the punished boyar was taken throughout the city. This explains the saying: “Everything is topsy-turvy and backwards.”

Description of the practical part of the study

Results of a survey on the topic “Phraseological units in our speech”

After studying the theoretical part, it was very interesting to find out whether the students of grades 6-9 of our school and their parents are familiar with the concept of “phraseologism”, what phraseological units they know, and whether they use them in speech. We developed questionnaires for students in grades 6-9 and their parents (see Appendix). 21 students took part in the survey.

To the question: “Do you know what phraseological units are?” answered:

- “yes” - 17 students (85%);

- “no” - 4 students (15%).

To the question: “What phraseological units do you know?” 16 people (76%) listed more than one stable combination of words. The most frequently used expressions were “ carelessly » - 14 students (60%), “knock it off” - 11 students (56).

19 students (90%) use phraseological units in their speech. The following phraseological units were listed:before dawn, hungry as a wolf, get up on the wrong foot, make mountains out of molehills, rack your brains, etc.

13 parents of students took part in the survey.

To the question: “What phraseological units do you know?” 10 people responded (76%). They named from three to ten phraseological units.

To the question: “What phraseological units do you often use in your speech?” 3 people (22%) answered that they do not use it; 10 people (88%) named more than two phraseological units. Examples of frequently used phraseological units:like a fish on ice, get out of the water unscathed, there is nowhere for an apple to fall, like snow on your head, fallen from the moon, born in a shirt, seven Fridays in a week, wash dirty linen in public, make porridge, the devil will break your leg, etc.

Thus, we found that the majority of survey participants (82%) know phraseological units and use them in their speech (74%) (see. Diagram 1)

Diagram 1. Survey results

At the same time, the survey showed that there are children who are not familiar with the concept of “phraseologism”; some students cannot name them or know very few stable combinations of words and, as a result, do not use them in speech. However, students in grades 6 and 7 did not name a single phraseological unit of a biblical nature in their answers.

Conclusion

In general, we can conclude , that the Russian language actively borrows expressions from the Bible, regardless of whether they are used in a literal or metaphorical sense. The consciousness of the Russian person accepts them in ready-made form or rethinks them, giving them new meanings. We have already mentioned some cases of such rethinking. Other examples can be given.

List of used literature and Internet resources

1. Molotkov A.I. Basics of phraseology of the Russian language. - L.: Nauka, 1977. - 248 p.

2. Vvedenskaya, L. A., Baranov, M. T. “ Russian word" - M: “Enlightenment”, 1983. - p. 122 - 140.

3. Zhukov, A. V., Zhukov, V. P. “School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language.” - “Enlightenment”, 1989.

4. Ozhegov, S. I. “Dictionary of the Russian language.” - M: “Russian language”, 1984.

5. Plenkin, N. A. “Stylistics of the Russian language in high school.” - M: “Enlightenment”, 1975. - p. 40 - 41.

6. Textbook N.M. Shansky “The degree of semantic unity of phraseological units” (1985, pp. 56-65).

10. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary linguistic terms. M.: Sov.encyclopedia, 1966. - 607 p.

11. Vartanyan E.A. From the life of words. - M.: Detgiz. 1960. - 240 p.

12. Phrasebook. Edited by A.I. Molotkov. - M. “Russian language”, 1986- 543 p.

13. Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist. Compiled by M.V. Panov.-M: Pedagogy, 1984.-352 p., ill.

Annex 1

Questionnaire “Phraseological units in our speech” (for students)

Do you know what “phraseologisms” are? Not really

What phraseological units do you know? __________

What phraseological units do you use in his speech?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questionnaire “Phraseological units in our speech” (for parents)

Dear parents! We are conducting research on the topic

"Phraseological units".

Please answer the survey questions.

What phraseological units do you know? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What phraseological units do you often use in his speech?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thank you very much for participating in the survey!