Liana plant growing in the Crimea. Blooming Crimea (a brief botanical guide). What do perennial asters love?

Crimea is famous not only for the sea, beaches, but also for unique plants. Trees, shrubs, herbs fill the air with a pleasant aroma. In total, more than two thousand species of plants grow on the territory of the peninsula, about 260 of them are listed in the Red Book. Below I have described the most interesting, rare representatives of the Crimean flora.

Bay leaf is one of the most popular spices. In the Crimea, it is included in the fund of evergreens of the South Coast. The life expectancy of a laurel bush is about 300 years. The fruits are black in color and are used to make fragrant oil used for medicinal and technical purposes. The leaves are rich in volatile substances (phytoncides), which have a beneficial effect on human health. The main feature is the suppression of the development of tubercle bacillus. The plant is able to withstand temperatures down to -13 °.

You can see an evergreen plant of the myrtle family with fruits resembling a cucumber in the Crimea today in and in. It grows wild in Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil. Feijoa blooms with beautiful red-white petals, the middle of the flower is decorated with a purple stamen. The tree tolerates frosts up to 12 ° and drought well. Fruits are especially valued for their high iodine content. This property is inherent only to those plants that grow near the Black Sea coast.

The plant (evergreen) reaches a height of 2 - 3 meters. It looks especially impressive during flowering, in May - June. Belongs to the myrtle family, as well as eucalyptus, feijoa, and so on. The leaf is dark green in color, fills the space with a fragrant aroma when rubbed. Flowers form black fruits with a pleasant smell. The first plant appeared on the peninsula in 1815, in the famous botanical garden. Today, myrtle is very rare on the peninsula.

Not annual plant genus sumach, in which there are about 20 species. It is one of the most ancient trees, the age can be up to one thousand years. The height of the pistachio with a dense crown and gray bark reaches 8 meters. The leaves are tufted, the flowers do not cause much emotion. The fruits are not edible. The root system has unique properties - anti-erosion. Pistachio tolerates drought and frost very well. The leaves have a strong smell of resin, it is she who has a healing property. Pistachio resin is used in medicine.

Corm plants, from the iris family, about 80 species of representatives are included in this group. The height of crocuses varies from 8 to 30 centimeters. On the territory of the peninsula, all wild crocuses are listed in the Red Book. Flowers adorn stone slopes, glades, delighting tourists with beautiful flowers from February to 15-20 April. The leaves of the plant are narrow, the flowers are light purple or yellow with a graceful limb. On the peninsula, you can often find saffron (the second name of crocus) in juniper groves.

Herbaceous perennial plants of the legume family - astragalus, have more than 2 thousand species. The height is small - from 5 to 10 centimeters. Feel comfortable in areas of increased drought. Astragalus bristleus is an endemic species. On the southern coast of Crimea, it is found on the famous, in the vicinity of Sudak. The best soil for it is gravelly slopes, rocky surfaces. You can enjoy the beauty of unusual red-violet flowers in May. At this time, by the way, many rare species bloom.

Orchid

Scientists disagree on how many species of orchids the orchid genus has, and the data vary greatly (from 20 to 35 thousand). In Crimea, up to 39 species of orchids will melt, including a rare representative - Komperia Compera. Komperia is a relic representative. A beautiful plant up to 50 centimeters tall. The leaves are grayish-green, three to four little things. The flowers are quite large, unusual shape. The orchid blooms from May to June. There is a unique plant in the so-called "Crimean Africa" ​​-.

Fern

This is the rarest plant of the entire family, numbering more than 10 thousand species. In the Crimea, this fern is represented by only 12 units. You can see them only on the majestic. The evergreen plant is covered with black-brown films on the vine. Rhizome creeping, reproduces by spores in summer period. The leaves are distinguished by an unusual dark green color, sometimes even black. The same species is found on the territory of Dagestan and Turkmenistan.

An endemic species that grows only in the Crimea. A frequent flower, but due to constant destruction is at risk. Therefore, it is reserved and carefully protected by the state. Snowdrop is a member of the Amaryllis family, which includes less than 20 species. Grows in shady places. Flowering begins in December - January and continues until the first leaves appear on the trees.

The perennial plant belongs to the buttercup family. Height from 10 to 25 centimeters. It grows mainly in pine and oak forests on rocks. Blooms from February to May. The stem is covered with a silvery fluff, the flowers are fluffy, lilac with a yellow center. The buds are large (3 - 3.5 cm). When the flower is closed, it can be confused with one of the tulip species. With the onset of evening, the flowers close, lower their heads. In the morning they bloom again. The plant is rare. Listed in and included in the Red List of Europe.

The plant, reaching a height of up to 50 cm, belongs to the peony family. grows in southern regions Crimea. The leaf is green, elongated, similar to pine needles. The flower is bright red with a diameter of up to 10 centimeters. Flowering begins at the end of April and continues until June. Favorable soil for growth - stone slopes. It is found in the vicinity of Koktebel, on the territory. Most representatives of this species are on Mount Klimentyev.

Perennial plant of the orchid family. Listed in the Red Book. "Shoe" is distinguished by bright green oval-oblong leaves and inflorescences similar to shoes. They flaunt on tall stems, up to 60 centimeters tall. That's where the name came from. In the season of mass flowering, it spreads a pleasant aroma in the area, attracting a huge number of insects. It grows mainly in shady forests of mixed type, on the edges, but can sometimes be found in open areas.

A Red Book plant, only 5 centimeters in height, pleases with its flowering from January - March. This family includes more than 70 species, the Ankara colchicum is one of them. The leaves are covered with a bluish bloom, the flowers are pink-lilac in color, somewhat similar to a crocus. The main difference is the simultaneous appearance of inflorescences and leaves. Colchicum belongs to the category of poisonous, so it is strongly not recommended to tear it. You can get serious poisoning. It is found in the steppes, on mountain slopes. It looks especially impressive on them.

A perennial plant (buttercup family) that prefers the beech forests of the Crimea is as dangerous as it is beautiful. Blue, purple inflorescences are located on a long thin stem. Height can reach 2.5 meters. Flowers are usually irregular in shape. Some species are distinguished by yellow inflorescences. In antiquity, aconite was used as one of the ways to enforce the death sentence. Some citizens manage to dig up tubers to plant in their summer cottage. Even knowing about the strongest poisonous properties.

The rose grows in Unlike the above described aconite has healing properties. The flowers look like wild roses when in bloom. Leaves and shoots, young, exude a pleasant aroma. It is from this plant, by distillation, that frankincense oil of dark green or Brown. It is used in perfumery as an excellent fixing agent. In the countries of the East and Egypt it is used for aromatic incense. Blooms white, pink or reddish in June - July, no longer than one day.

Iris

Only three types of irises out of 250 grow in Crimea: false calamus, dwarf and Siberian. False calamus irises prefer marshy places, foothill areas. The plant has powerful leaves and bright sunny flowers. The dwarf species is named due to its small growth, the maximum to which they grow is 20 centimeters. Flowers of different shades - golden, purple, blue and even brown-yellow. Iris blooms from March to May, decorating large areas. What can not be said about the Siberian, it is very rare.

It is simply unrealistic to describe all the plants listed in the Red Book of Crimea. There are a huge number of them. But the species listed above, in my opinion, is quite enough to understand how rich, diverse and unique the flora of the peninsula is. All interesting and good rest!

End of April/May - most best time to visit the Crimea. It is still not very hot, the greenery has not burned out, there are no crowds of people, as in summer.
But the main attraction of this time is the flowers.

Below are photographs and descriptions of Crimean flowers taken in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008, during the May holidays (end of April/beginning of May). Basically, the Bakhchisarai, Yalta and Sudak regions of Crimea are represented.

DREAM-GRASS, CRIMEAN SHOT (Pulsatilla taurica)

He’s a snowy tulip, he’s a sonchik, he’s a grass-grass, he’s a pine forest, he’s a shooter, he’s a rascal, he’s a beaver.
It grows in the mountains, oak forests, mountain meadows, steppe areas of the foothills and rocky slopes.
The most beautiful spring Crimean flower - you can admire it and photograph it endlessly.
Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Sleep Grass. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Sleep Grass. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Sleep Grass. April 2004 Chatyr-Dag

Sleep Grass. 2.05.03 Yalta Yayla

Sleep Grass. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag



Sleep Grass. 5.05.07 Angar-Burun

FOLDED SNOWDROP (Galanthus plicatus M. Bieb.)

Folded snowdrop (Galanthus plicatus) - a species that differs from other species in folded leaves with a bluish bloom, with folds bent to the underside.
It was previously considered as an endemic Crimean species, but now the habitats of the folded snowdrop have been identified in the Caucasus, Turkey, Romania and Moldova.
Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

4.05.07 Not far from t/s "Boyko"

Snowdrop. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Snowdrop. 1.05.03 Grand Canyon

Scilla bifolia L.

It is also the Crimean Scilla (Scilla taurica (Regel) Fuss), it is also the Snow Scilla (Scilla nivalis Boiss.). Glades overgrown with a blueberry mixed with a snowdrop look very nice.

Scilla. 02.05.03 Ascent to Roman-Kosh

CRIMEAN CROCUS (Crocus tauricus (Trautv.) Puring)

He is Crimean saffron. Endemic Crimean Caucasian species. It grows in the mountains on open stony places, grassy slopes of yail. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

Crocus Crimean.4.05.07 Not far from Ai-Petri

Crocus Crimean.1.05.03 Yalta yayla

PRIMROSES (PRIMULOSES) Primula

It grows in the southern regions of the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus, in the Crimea, South and Central Europe. The species is similar to the spring primrose, but with an undeveloped flower arrow. Flowering from April. The plant is cold-resistant - blooms on the edge of the snow.
The ancient Greeks believed that the primrose was able to heal from all ailments and called it "the flower of the twelve gods."

In the old German sagas, the primrose is the keys of the spring goddess Freya. With the help of these keys, the beautiful goddess, adorned with a multi-colored rainbow necklace, opens the real warmth after a long winter. Wherever her rainbow falls, golden keys appear there, and spring flowers sprout from them - primroses.

The Danes are sure that the princess of the elves herself has been turned into a primrose. Once the spirits released the girl to the ground, and there she fell in love with the young man, forgetting about her relatives. For this, the spirits turned the princess into a primrose, and her lover into an anemone.

In Rus', the primrose was affectionately called lambs. There was even such a custom: to throw plucked lambs under one's feet and stomp - for longevity.

The British have a primrose - a favorite flower. It is grown in gardens and vegetable gardens, taken with them on trips, given to loved ones. According to English fairy tales, gnomes hide in primroses, and if you go out into the clearing in spring, you can hear a chorus of gentle voices from the flowers.

Common primrose (Рrimula vulgaris) or stemless (Primula acaulis) April 2004. Area of ​​t / s "Boyko"

Road overgrown with primroses.26.04.03 from Eski-Kermen to Shuldan

Primula Sibthorpa (Primula sibthorpii) 04/25/03 Near Eski-Kermen

Common primrose.25.04.03 near the Red Poppy

VIOLETS

There are many different ones in Crimea. Especially beautiful and large ones are found on the yayla. The yellow and blue look very pretty.

Violet dog (Viola canina)25.04.03 near Eski-Kermen

Fragrant violet (Viola odorata)25.04.03 near Eski-Kermen



Mountain Violet (Viola oreades Bieb.) April 2004 Ai-Petri Yayla

Mountain Violet (Viola oreades Bieb.) April 2004 Ai-Petri Yayla

Field of violets. April 2004 Eski-Kermen

Kupena fragrant (Polygonatum odoratum)

She was bought medicinal, bought pharmacy (Polygonatum officinale L.), she is Solomon's seal. It grows on drying, slightly acidic, rich, humus, loose, mostly shallow, sandy, stony and clay soils: in forests, shrubs and slopes. Edge-forest view. The plant is poisonous.

Bought fragrant. April 2004 Eski-Kermen

Dubious poppy (Papaver dubium L.)

Doubtful poppy is an annual herbaceous plant 30-60 cm high. It blooms in April-June. Grows on dry stony, gravel, clay slopes, among shrubs, on sands, in forest-steppe and steppe, in fields, along roads, in mountains up to the mid-mountain belt. Poisonous.

Mac is questionable. April 2004 p. Red poppy

IBERIAN, STENNIK (Iberis)

The name of the plant indicates the area of ​​\u200b\u200bnatural distribution: Iberia, as Spain used to be called. The genus includes about 40 species distributed in the Mediterranean and Central Europe.

Iberian forms dense rounded cushions, which during the flowering period, in April-May, seem to be powdered with snow due to lilac-white flowers. In Crimea, they live on rocky places, in the mountains, on the South Coast.

There are rocky Iberian (Ib.saxatilis), Crimean Iberian (Ib.taurica), very rarely - bitter Iberian (Ib.amara) and pinnate Iberian (Ib.pinnata). These species differ mainly in leaf shape.

Candytuft. 1.05.03 Great Crimean Canyon

FRINGED POULTRY (Ornithogalum fimbriatum Willd)
He is also a fibrous bird-man, he is a ciliated bird-man.
It grows in forests along the edges, in the steppes, on the yayla. From the subgenus Ornithogalum. Plants no more than 12 cm tall. The arrow is covered with hairs. Blooms in mid-spring, up to 15 days.

poultry farmer. April 2003 District of the Pavilion of the Winds

Paeonia tenuifolia L. (P. lithophila Kotov, P. biebersteiniana Rupr.)

He is a narrow-leaved peony. Herbaceous perennial up to 50 cm tall. It grows on meadow steppes, on leached chernozems, on mountain slopes. Blooms in May. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

Peony thin-leaved. April 2004 and 05.05.07 On the ascent to Chatyr-Dag

Peony thin-leaved. April 2004 Chatyr-Dag

Thin-leaved peony thickets 29.04.08 Slopes of Lyalel-Oba

CRIMEAN PEONY (Paeonia daurica)

It is also a Taurian peony (Paeonia taurica auct.), it is also a three-fold peony (Paeonia triternata) Endemic of Crimea. It grows in light forests, typically in the undergrowth of oak forests. It occurs en masse at altitudes from 200 meters up to the upper border of the forest. Blooms in May. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Peony Crimean. April 2004 Eski-Kermen

MUSCARI (Muscari neglectum Guss)

He is a viper onion unnoticed, he is also a mouse hyacinth.
Low, up to 15 cm tall, bulbous perennial of the lily family.
It grows in sunny stony glades, on the edges of the forest. Often forms a solid blue carpet. Blooms in April-May.

Muscari. End of April 2004 Chatyr-Dag



Muscari. 25.04.03 Eski-Kermen

Dwarf IRIS (Iris pumila) OR CRIMEAN IRIS (Iris taurica. Iridaceae)

He is a low iris, he is also a dwarf iris.
Herbaceous perennial 10-20 cm tall. Grows in steppes, on grassy slopes, on stony and thin soils, at altitudes from 300 to 700 m above sea level, rarely descends to 50 m and rises to 900-1000 m.

Violet and yellow irises 29.04.08 Slopes of Lyalel-Oba

Dwarf iris. April 2004 Eski Kermen

Dwarf irises. 04/25/03 near the village. Red poppy

EAST ARONNIK (Arum orientale Bieb., A. maculatum auct.)

Relic species, belongs to one of the oldest genera of tropical origin in Ukraine. Perennial herbaceous plant 20-30 cm high. Grows in shady forests. A very specific smell. Blooms in May. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Eastern Aronnik. April 2004 near Shuldan Monastery

TULIP SHRENK (Tulipa schrenkii Regel)

He is Gesner's tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.). Plants are 10-40 cm tall. stem b. hours naked, sometimes pubescent. Leaves recurved, sickle-shaped, spaced, more or less curly, glabrous or pubescent, not exceeding the flower. Single flower, red or yellow. The tepals are relatively short, wide, obtuse. The spot at their base is black, with a yellow border, yellow or absent. Blooms in April. It grows mainly in the steppe Crimea, as well as in the foothills and on the South Coast.

Tulip Schrenk 29.04.08 Slopes of Lyalel-Oba

LOW ALMOND (Amygdalus nana L.)

He is a beaver, he is a dwarf almond, he is a steppe almond.
It grows in the zone of herb-meadow steppes, in hollows, along ravines, beams.

Thickets of dwarf almonds. 29.04.08 near the t/s "Ai-Serez"

ADONIS SPRING (Adonis vernalis L.)

He is the spring adonis, he is the spring old oak. Blooms in May
in the steppes, along the outskirts of forests, on lighted forest glades, steppe slopes, meadows. Very bright and beautiful flower.

Spring Adonis. 29.04.08 Upper reaches of the Ai-Serez river

ASPHODELINA YELLOW Asphodeline Lutea (L.) Reichend

A rare endangered eastern Mediterranean species. Herbaceous perennial with a thick high, up to 60 cm, stem. The stem from the base to the inflorescence is covered with dagger-shaped, trihedral fleshy leaves. The flower brush is dense, long and consists of large greenish-yellow flowers up to 2.5 cm in diameter. The tepals have a characteristic green vein. After flowering, a fruit is formed - a large box. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Asphodelina yellow (Asphodeline lutea) 29.04.08 t/s Maski in Ukraine is found only in the Crimea

ORCHID(Orchidaceae)

Wild-growing orchids are the most wonderful flowers of the spring Crimea.
According to various sources, 20-39 species of orchids grow in Crimea. All are listed in the Red Book. Populations of wild-growing orchids are small and continue to decline mainly due to deforestation and the destruction of flowers for bouquets.
Basically, there are orches (purple, monkey), I was lucky to stumble upon the rarest Crimean ofris, of which there are only a few specimens left.

04/27/08 Fox Bay. Orchis painted (dotted) (Orchis picta Loisel.)

Crimean ophrys Ophrys taurica Nevski

Orchis simia Lam.

Purple Orchis Orchis purpurea Huds.

Orchis punctulata

Wolf's orchis Orchis x wulffiana and steveniella satyrioides Steveniella satyrioides Schlechter

Orches April 2004

The following wonderful resources were used in the preparation of the material:
1) http://www.plantarium.ru On-line plant guide
An open illustrated atlas of vascular plants in Russia and neighboring countries.
2) http://family-travel.narod.ru/flora/flora.html Photo herbarium. Wild plants of the Crimea.
3) http://mail.menr.gov.ua/publ/redbook/redbook.php Chervona book of Ukraine.

Yaroslav Kuznetsov ©2009

The most important collection season fruits of wild trees and shrubs in the Crimea is September, October and November. Well, this is more for compotes, jams, liqueurs, drying and other food use.

For medicinal purposes, pollen, flowers, and in general all parts of such plants as rose hip, turn, barberry, hawthorn, Walnut, hazelnut, medlar, rowan. Therefore, knowledge of the "gifts of Tarzan" and the locations of the forest gardens of the Crimea ( chair) is a mandatory part of the qualification of a mountain guide. Chair is a hay meadow, usually artificially leveled with huge boulders laid in the stream bed. The second type of wild fruit trees and shrubs of the Crimea is even more interesting for route tourism, these are ashlama (grafted) - free-standing cherries, apple trees, pears, dogwood and other plants with surprisingly fragrant and tasty, varietal fruits along the trails. More recently, the Crimean Tatars, and the indigenous Russians, Ukrainians and other peoples of the Crimean Mountains had a custom: when going to the mountains, take cuttings of the best varieties of fruits and berries from the valley to plant them on young self-sowing plants next to the trail. Ash is food, fruit in the Turkic languages, ashla is prolific, edible. Ashlamak - to instill. Ashlama is a forest tree grafted with a valuable variety.

The collection season is year-round. In March, flowering already begins, and in the mountain ravines, protected from the north-west, even under the snow, the “drunk” fruits of wild apple trees and pears of incredible taste with a clear alcohol content winter perfectly. Throughout the winter, rose hips, hawthorn, barberry and blackthorn remain on the bushes.
The best traditions of route tourism in Soviet times (at least in the 1970s) did not provide for brewing "tea from tea" in field conditions. A good instructor during the campaign also taught his wards to make a decoction of herbs and berries at a halt. Yes, and fresh, many Crimean berries and nuts are the most important health-improving addition to the mountain air and the beauties of mountain landscapes.

Dogwood - Shaitan's berry. It blooms before everyone else, but is in no hurry to keep up. When harvested from the leaves, very small needles are shed, causing itching.

When going to the forest for fruits, be careful about your equipment: strong shoes with non-slip soles, light, dense clothing that completely covers the entire body (arms, legs, chest and neck), and a hat.

• Medicinal herbs of the Crimea, an overview of typical habitats

Tarzan Plantations
from the book of Igor and Konstantin Rusanov MOUNTAINS AND SEA, 2001

Dogwood And hazelnut grow almost everywhere south of the line Sevastopol - Bakhchisarai - Simferopol - Belogorsk - Stary Krym. As an undergrowth in oak-hornbeam forests and independently on rocky slopes and in beams, forming shrub thickets along with hawthorn , barberry , wild rose .

Often in such places, as well as on the sunny edges, impenetrable curtains form turn (wild plum), prickly liana blackberry , or azhina. By the way, rose hips are often found in the form of prickly vines that entangle trees. Collecting it is one frustration: the berries are large and beautiful, but you can’t reach it. Bush thickets can also be seen in the most arid semi-desert landscapes of Tarkhankut and the Kerch Peninsula - they alone enliven beams and dry rivers.

Rarely found in mountain forests viburnum , Rowan different types (the most notable - large-fruited mountain ash with tassels of pear-shaped fragrant fruits of yellow color with a blush, there are artificial plantings around the Simferopol reservoir) and very rarely medlar - a tree from the apple subfamily with brownish tart fruits. The most accessible place where the German loquats are full is the serpentine (in the sense of a winding asphalt descent) from the Alushta-Yalta highway to the Utes sanatorium and the Santa Barbara boathouses.
Everywhere in the forest you can meet the ancestors of our gardens - various types of wild apple trees, pears, cherry plums, apricots, cherries, sweet cherries. It is often impossible to eat their fruits because of the astringency and astringent taste, it is better to dry them for the winter, and then add them to dried fruit compotes for a forest flavor or use them for the same additives for home canning. If the autumn is long, dry and clear, but the fruits on the ground on the southwestern side of the tree taste much better than those on the tree. The alcohol content in them is almost like in beer, so do not try to disturb a wild boar from under such a hot spot. In a hop, such a beast is unpredictable.

The fruits of wild plum - blackthorn are also distinguished by a coloring effect, they give any compote a thick and juicy red color. Blackthorn pouring with a small (20 grams per glass) addition to tea, an indispensable remedy for colds, it will always protect against illness if it is wet to the skin and frozen to the bone. A few sips, and the warmth spreads in waves throughout the body, filling every cell.
The edibility of the listed fruits is beyond doubt, but the berries juniper prickly *, resembling a Christmas tree with very stiff needles, but for some reason strewn with large dark red “berries”, not many have tried it. Meanwhile, this is an excellent remedy for fatigue on the road, tart and fragrant berries refresh, strengthen the gums, and have bactericidal properties. If you are interested in Scandinavian cuisine, then you need to pick up and dry the berries for future use. They will also come in handy if you are not very successful in transporting transport, and even on mountain roads. For such cases, it is also good to simply chew on a bunch of long needles. Crimean pine- just do not stick them into your mouth with sharp ends, so as not to get hurt.

* Not to be confused with high juniper, or tree-like, a rare plant listed in the Red Book of the USSR. Its berries are bluish, small and tasteless.

There is another plant that stands apart from the others - silver goof (“wild olive ”). He loves dry sunny places, is not afraid of salt. At the end of summer, small oval fruits with a mealy-sweet pulp and a stone ripen. In modern botany, it is customary to separate the silver and narrow-leaved sucker. It is believed that it is the narrow-leaved sucker that grows in the Crimea, but since the tradition of writing “Silver sucker” has already taken root in the popular collections “Legends of Crimea”, and the leaves of the wild olive tree are really silver, we decided to ignore scientific and botanical innovations for now.

Loch was brought to us from the Caucasus as a park plant, but now it is spreading by self-sowing.
Such is the fate of almonds and walnuts. Once they were garden plants, but for many centuries they have settled on their own. Almonds, in many cases, are just wild peach trees. In peach orchards, almond trees are distinguished by their large growth, and in the spring also by small white flowers, in contrast to the large bright pink peach flowers.

Walnut , in recent decades, in some places suffered from the spread in the Crimea, first in parks, then self-sowing North American walnut hickory , which is characterized by small fruits and almost impenetrable shell armor. Due to pollination, these unnecessary signs began to appear in the walnut. Traditional Crimean walnut varieties are distinguished by very large fruits. A good size is considered to be one that is only covered by the fingers of the palm. The peel of nuts of elite trees of the Crimea is easily squeezed by pressing thumb if the nut is placed on top of the index. There are still preserved (for example, in the Botanical Garden of the Taurida National University) old walnut trees, in which the walnut shell is not solid, but openwork: a walnut kernel peeps through the holes in the shell.

From green (that is, unripe) walnuts at the stage when inner part, including the shell and the core while still in a state of jelly, the legendary alcoholic drink is expelled in the Piedmont Crimea. It is known in archaeological circles as Mangup Nut Moonshine . For many generations of history students, Mangup Moonshine allowed them to live in an incredible mode for a whole month: 2-3 hours of sleep, exhausting work under the summer mountain sun, in the evening, or rather at night, songs around the fire, and then ... it’s young ... and in the morning again a shovel or wheelbarrow and dust of centuries.

Like local walnuts - hazel (hazelnut) and hazelnut (cultivars of walnut, in the Crimea they can also be found in the glades along the tourist trails), and the newcomers give fruits that ripen in September. Many people love wax ripe nuts and harvest them as early as August. Such fruits should be eaten immediately, it is useless to harvest them for the future. Only those nuts that are separated from the peel are well stored.(walnut and almond - or from the green "hat" (hazelnut and hazel).

Another alien - figs(fig tree, fig tree, fig tree), a plant that has been cultivated in Asia for five thousand years. It is believed that in the Crimea it appeared for the first time in 1813 in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. Now it spreads by self-sowing, and in exceptionally unenviable conditions, on barren soils, steep washed-out slopes, but in the sun. This is probably why it can often be seen along the roads, growing directly from the bedding on the side of the road. Fresh juicy figs cannot be compared with dried ones. Light varieties, however, are too sugary, but in blue-black there is a pleasant sourness, so it is better to eat them alternately.
The strawberry tree looks very exotic, but that's just small-fruited strawberry- this is the most native tree for the South Coast, one of the few relics of the pre-glacial period. Its fruits, resembling a large number of seeds around a soft berry, strawberries, are collected in a brush in several pieces. They ripen at the end of August and nutritional value possess in kind only for birds; with sugar, syrup or liquor go for dessert and for people. Kissels, jams, jams and jams are cooked from them. Park foreign brothers of the Crimean strawberry - large-fruited and Menziz are distinguished by the best fruits, but the park is a park, and it’s better to walk for berries all the same in the forest.
The most fertile time in the forest comes at the end of summer, and the same type of fruit ripens on the slopes facing the sun almost a month earlier than in the shady valleys of streams and streams.. Often, and in exactly the same conditions, you will see dogwood with crumbling black fruits, and next to it only reddened. This phenomenon of polymorphism (many forms) is characteristic of almost all wild fruit plants of the Crimea: walnut, hawthorn. pears, rose hips, thorns and so on. It concerns the shape and size of fruits, their taste and color, the size and shape of the crown, so that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish a forest apple tree from a pear or hawthorn, and the hawthorn suddenly resembles the taste of quince. This variability is explained by the centuries-old human impact on the flora of mountain forests, the repeated wilding of plants introduced into culture during wars and tribal movements, and the wide distribution of tears.

• What do medicinal plants look like, what are their medicinal properties? Figures, tables and photos can be found on the Internet and special reference guides

Botanical table with drawings medicinal plants, their valuable parts

Application:

Dogwood

Dogwood(deren) is a large fruit shrub from the dogwood family. Lives up to 250 years. The bark of the dogwood is red-brown. Annual shoots are green or green-brown. Blooms in spring, before the leaves open.
The fruits ripen in late autumn.
Dogwood is widely distributed in Central Asia, in the Caucasus, in Moldova, Crimea. Grows high in the mountains and along the edges of forests, river banks, sometimes forms small thickets. The fruits are edible, juicy, sweet and sour, astringent, pleasant in taste, and after frost their taste improves significantly.

Nutritional and medicinal value of cornelian fruit
Dogwood fruits are considered biologically valuable. Their pulp contains: 10 to 17% sugar (glucose and fructose); up to 3.5% organic acids (malic, citric, succinic); tannins, pectin and nitrogenous substances, flavonoids (1-5%); vitamins C (50-160 mg%) and P, provitamin A; essential oil, phytoncides, a lot of salts of iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur.
In terms of vitamin C content, dogwood sometimes surpasses blackcurrant - 100 g of its berries contain 50 mg of ascorbic acid.
Dogwood pits contain up to 34% fatty oils. The bark contains corin glycoside, tannins, malic and other organic acids. The leaves contain vitamins E and C.
They eat dogwood raw and use its fruits to make juice, syrups, compotes, jams, marmalades, kissels, marinades, wine, tinctures, liqueurs and liqueurs. Dogwood is used as a seasoning for meat and fish dishes.

Therapeutic use of dogwood
* With gastrointestinal diseases, dogwood fruits - fresh and in the form of jam - have good astringent properties.
Due to the content of phytoncides, berries have a detrimental effect on typhoid, dysentery and some other bacteria.
* For gastritis, it is recommended to use dogwood berries.
* Against diarrhea, crushed fruits with seeds, pounded with honey and egg yolk, as well as decoctions and infusions of fruits are used.
To prepare a decoction, brew 2 tablespoons of dried cornelian fruit with 1 cup of boiling water, boil for 30 minutes, filter hot and bring the volume to the original. Take 100 g 3 times a day.
To prepare dogwood infusion, pour 2 tablespoons of fruits with 1 cup of boiling water, leave for 8 hours and drink 2 times a day for 100 g.
* With diarrhea, it is good for children to give dogwood jelly, which is boiled at the rate of: 3 tablespoons of soaked or fresh fruits per 1 glass of water. Take 70 g 3 times a day before meals.
In acute gastroenterocolitis, jelly is included in the diet.
* With diarrhea, a decoction of dogwood leaves and fruits helps well. To prepare it, 2 tablespoons of fresh or dry leaves and fruits are boiled for 10 minutes in 1 glass of water, then infused for 8 hours, knead the fruit pulp and take 0.5 cups 3 times a day.
* Dogwood berries are advised to include in the diet for skin diseases and eczema.
* Due to the pectins contained in them, dogwood berries accelerate the process of cleansing the body of metabolic products. Dogwood promotes the excretion of oxalic and uric acid.
* With gout and skin diseases, with metabolic disorders and a tendency to be overweight, dogwood berries are used.
* Dogwood fruits are indicated for inflammatory diseases of the liver and kidneys.
* For rheumatism and polyarthritis, a decoction of roots and bark is recommended: 1 teaspoon of raw materials is boiled for 15 minutes in 1 glass of water, insisted for 2 hours, filtered and taken 2 tablespoons 3 times a day.
* At diabetes It is recommended to regularly take juice from fresh dogwood fruits: at first, 50-70 g 30 minutes before meals, with good tolerance, the dose is gradually increased to 1 cup.
* Dogwood leaves have a choleretic, diuretic and hypoglycemic effect.
* Diuretic, choleretic and astringent effect has an infusion of dogwood leaves with branches: 1 tablespoon of raw material is poured into 1 cup of boiling water, taken 50 g 3-4 times a day.
* With anemia (as a source of iron), vitamin deficiency and as an antiscorbutic, dried and fresh dogwood fruits are used.
* In the treatment of fever, an infusion of flowers, juice or infusion of dogwood fruits is used.
* For colds, use dogwood jam, and dried and fresh cornel fruits - for sore throat, flu, scarlet fever, bark and rickets.
* From a headache, a decoction of dogwood fruits in the form of lotions helps.
* Dogwood fruits help to get rid of pain in the joints.

Decorative value of dogwood wood
In the forest, any cutting of even small dogwood branches entails a very serious fine. If dogwood is planted on garden plot, it must be thinned and rejuvenated from time to time. Even thin dogwood rods are already valuable for children's crafts, as they are flexible and strong. For example, "Indian" bow, darts, spears. As for wood in general, it is extremely valuable and elegant. For a long time it has been used for tool handles, inlaid typesetting parts (for example, billiard cues), and for smoking pipes. Dogwood wood products have always been indicators of a high position in society and good taste.

PLUM SPIRIOUS, OR STURDY

Local names: dereznik, blackthorn… Turn distributed in the steppe zone of Russia, Ukraine and Moldova, in the Caucasus and Northern Kazakhstan; in the north of Europe it reaches Finland and Scandinavia. In the Caucasus and in the Crimea in the mountains it rises to a height of 1200-1600 m above sea level.
Most often found on moderately moist and alluvial soils, forming large, almost impenetrable thickets. Photophilous, drought- and frost-resistant.
Wood the blackthorn is strong, hard, brown-red in color, polishes well, but cracks and warps; used for the production of small turning and joinery products, canes.
Prickly plum is a good honey plant, giving a lot of bee bread.
As ornamental plant suitable for tight hedges, as well as for afforestation of ravines and gullies, strengthening slopes, banks of rivers and canals. Serves as a stock for shrubby forms of peach, apricot and plums.
Usually the turn in the Crimea produces small and very tart berries, which, however, become very palatable after lying in the shade for several days. They are also good dried. In the Crimean Foothills and on the Southern coast, in the places of the former distribution of tears, one can see tall bushes or small sloe trees with fruits up to 15 mm in diameter and with more tender pulp.
Blackthorn fruits are widely eaten. Roasted fruits along with leaves can serve as a coffee substitute. The leaves are used to make tea. Small blackthorn fruits remain hard for a long time and only after the first frosts do they become edible fresh. However, in this form they are usually used for processing. The pulp does not separate well from the pits, and the taste remains sour and astringent. The fruits are processed along with the seeds, and therefore compotes and jams are not left for long-term storage so that amygdalin is not extracted from the seeds.
Fresh fruits can be stored up to 20 days.
Fruit juice and bark are used to dye fabrics red, they are also used in traditional medicine with disorders of the digestive system.
From seeds (kernels) get fatty oil, which has a technical application, and the shells can be used for the production of activated carbon.
How mild laxative apply water infusion or decoction of flowers collected in April-early May. Decoctions of fruits, flowers, bark and roots are used as a blood purifier. Tea from young leaves or infusion of flowers is used as a diuretic and improves metabolism. Decoctions of the bark and roots have diaphoretic and antipyretic properties.
Chemical composition. Blackthorn fruits contain 8.9% sugar, 2% organic acids, up to 1.5% pectin. In the nuclei up to 37% fat, amygdalin and other substances. Due to the high content of amygdalin in the nuclei, the latter are considered poisonous.
In the forests of the Crimea, grafted plum trees are widespread, including those that propagate independently, probably by root shoots.
Plum cultivars are especially abundant and diverse in forest thickets in the lower reaches of the Alimovaya Balka near the village of Bashtanovka (Bakhchisarai district) and in the vicinity of the Red Caves (Simferopol district).
All this suggests that the cultural plum has been grown in the Crimea since time immemorial. The most famous and most valuable variety of plum, which corresponds to the Hungarian prunes, but much smaller than it, however, and tastier. Uzyum Eric(grape plum). The name itself suggests that this prunes in their natural raisined form could be stored until the next harvest. It was widely used to give an elegant ruby ​​color to compotes and drinks, as well as a spice for fatty meat dishes. Among the thickets of thorns near the river valleys, there are fruits of large size, clearly feral plums of the Uzyum Erik variety.

Medlar

Despite the specific epithet, this tree comes from Southwest Asia and Southeast Europe and was brought to Germany by the Romans. German medlar needs warm summers and mild winters. The medlar grows wild on the southern coast of Crimea, in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Solitary plants are found in horticultural plantings central regions Ukraine (for example, in the city of Uman, where the plant was brought in Soviet times as a low-growing rootstock for a pear). It prefers sunny dry places and slightly acidic soil. In Algeria, it is very common in the gardens of colonial-era houses in the suburbs of large cities.

Botanical description
Germanic medlar is a fruit tree, under ideal conditions the plant grows up to 8 m, but more often it is much lower.
The leaves of the tree are dark green elliptical, 8-15 cm long and 3-4 cm wide, but in autumn, before falling, they change color to red. Five-petalled white flowers appear in late spring.
The fruit is reddish-brown, 2-3 cm in diameter, with unfolded permanent sepals, giving it a hollow appearance. The fruits of the Germanic loquat are hard and sour.
They are suitable for eating only after freezing or long-term storage (in the event that the fruits are removed from the tree before frost). At the same time, they become sweet and soft, but acquire a wrinkled structure and decrease in volume.
However, they are quite edible on the South Coast, perhaps due to targeted selection? Already in early September, on the serpentine descent from Pushkino to Karasan Park along the road, you can eat quite edible fragrant and juicy fruits with an interesting aroma and taste.

cultivation
The German medlar has been cultivated for 3000 years in the Caspian regions of Azerbaijan. It began to be grown by the ancient Greeks around 700 BC. e. and the ancient Romans around 200 BC. e. In the ancient Roman and medieval eras, this plant was the most important fruit crop. However, in the 17-18 centuries. interest in it gradually faded, and it was replaced by other cultures, and is currently cultivated quite rarely.

Name variations
In the North Caucasus, the common medlar in Russian, as a rule, is called "chishki"; cf. also in the dictionary of V. Dahl: CHIShKA, chishki, chishkovy tree - medlar, Mespilus germanica. In the Russian Transcaucasus (Sochi, Tuapse) and Abkhazia - medlar.

HAZELNUT, PLANT OF STRENGTH AND HEALTH

…. wild growing hazel distributed in forests throughout Ukraine, and, accordingly, the industrial production of high-quality hazelnuts is not something that is possible - it simply must be on the entire territory of Ukraine. After all, the most reliable way to succeed in any branch of crop production is to grow what nature has programmed, what God has created for this area. Introduction is a good thing, but why discard something that grows on its own? This is the perfect chance given to us by nature, and we really cannot answer the bewildered questions of our foreign colleagues, why do not we want to bend down to pick up the treasures that lie under our feet.
Hazelnut is of great importance for the economy of any country. Nut kernels contain 60-75% oil, 15-20% proteins, 3-5% carbohydrates, about 3.0% gluten. They are rich in carotene, vitamins B1, B2, C, E, PP, iron salts and other substances necessary for the human body. The slopes covered with hazelnut plantations are protected from erosion and blowing; it is absolutely undemanding to soils - any are suitable, except for highly saline ones. From fruit, and not only, this is the number one crop for anti-erosion measures, which strengthens slopes, beams, ravines, riverbeds, etc.
In Turkey, thirteen provinces have built prosperity on this crop, using the steep slopes of the mountains for its industrial production. We have plenty of such slopes, and most often they are abandoned and grazing by livestock, especially goats, which greatly increases the destruction of the soil layer, provoking dust storms and the development of ravines.
hazelnut oil, fragrant, non-drying, i.e. containing a large amount of unsaturated amino acids, is a unique anti-cholesterol agent and is used in food both in its natural form and in the confectionery, canning, pharmacological, vitamin and paint industries. The whole nut kernel, crushed or ground, as a complete food product, is consumed by itself and for the production of confectionery: cakes, pastries, nougat, sweets, cookies, etc., chocolate and surrogate coffee are produced from it. The annual demand of our confectionery industry for hazelnuts is about 10 thousand tons. tons, is provided by hardly a third, and even then due to imports. Almost all of our famous Kiev cake is now made with peanuts, and this is not even a nut - rather beans.
Valuable high strength wood goes to making furniture. All parts of the plant serve as medicinal raw materials: shoots, leaves, roots, bark, pollen, plush (fruit wrapper), shell and nut kernel. The leaves are harvested during flowering, the bark in early spring, at the time of sap flow, pollen is sifted from the earrings, which are collected before the onset of intensive dusting and dried at room temperature.
Hazel preparations have a vasodilating, anti-inflammatory, enveloping and emollient effect. Walnut kernels, pounded with boiled water, are used as milk, which gives strength, vigor, it is recommended for nervous diseases and to increase the amount of milk in nursing mothers. "Milk" is also widely used for bronchitis, fever, hemoptysis, urolithiasis and flatulence, for the treatment of burn wounds. Fruit kernels with honey - an indispensable remedy for anemia, general weakness, rheumatism, tumors, ascariasis. Leaves are used to treat intestinal diseases, anemia, vitamin deficiency and rickets.
An infusion of leaves is a wonderful and tasty diuretic tea, a tonic for nervous diseases, epilepsy, urinary incontinence, and general weakness. It treats inflammation of the prostate gland, urolithiasis, anemia, diseases of the lymph nodes and liver. The bark is used for varicose veins veins, trophic ulcers, hemorrhoids, diseases of the stomach, intestines, liver, dysentery and colds A decoction of plush (fruit wrappers) is taken for diseases of the stomach, intestines, liver, anemia, beriberi and rickets.
The oil is used for worms, epilepsy, sciatica, skin diseases, to strengthen hair. One teaspoon per day of a mixture of pollen with honey is washed down with an infusion of leaves for general weakness, anemia, multiple sclerosis, diseases of the lymphatic system, and also applied to purulent and long-healing wounds. In addition, nut kernels, nut oil, preparations from all the listed parts of the nut bush: decoctions, tinctures, extracts, extracts, steams and teas, taken orally, are the most effective of all known remedies for sexual weakness; this is their, so to speak, side effect, which manifests itself in the treatment of any other diseases.
Hazelnuts, like the common hazel, belong to the genus Corilus of the birch family (Betulales) and are a tree-bush 3-6m high with a crown diameter of up to 6-8m in old plants. The plant is monoecious. Male flowers are collected in complex inflorescences, earrings, which are formed by the end of summer. By the time of flowering, they are greatly elongated, become loose, change color from gray-brown to yellow-green, and during flowering become golden ....

Vladimir and Nina Volkov
st. 60 years of the USSR, 26, p. Don
Simferopol region
Crimea 97523
Nursery village Donskoe http://pitomnik.crimea.ua/

What to do in the spring in the Crimea? Enjoy the nature of the peninsula and this wonderful time of the year, when it is still not hot to walk, the first leaves appear on the trees, everything around is blooming, the sun and the blue sky are getting more and more.

mountain peonies

Photo by Victoria Stupina

Photo by Victoria Stupina

Photo by Victoria Stupina

Crimean spring continues with mountain peonies. They are often confused with poppies. But these flowers appear much earlier, and they look very different. One of the downsides is that peonies fade so quickly that it is sometimes even difficult to find the place where they were. This is exactly what happened to us in 2016 on. Blooms in mid-April.

Where: White rock and its environs, Ai-Petri, Dolgorukovskaya Yayla, Koktebel environs.

When: second half of April.

Wisteria

In the second half of April, a honey aroma reigns in the narrow streets of Yalta. It's all because of the blooming wisteria. She braids houses and arbors and burns with a bright purple fire from afar. Small flowers are collected in large clusters that hang down like grapes.
The smell of wisteria extends for a couple of blocks. Usually, I use it to determine where to go to admire the flowering and smell the aroma to the point of dizziness. My only regret is that the fragrance of wisteria cannot be sealed in a bottle and always carried with you.

When: second half of April.
Where: Yalta, Simeiz, park of the sanatorium "Dnepr" (estate Kharaks).

Poppy madness starts in May. Photographers and tourists hunt for poppy fields, someone willingly shares coordinates, someone, on the contrary, is hiding.

If hunting for huge fields is not your format, then I advise you to take a walk in. Poppies are there, and in large numbers. And this gives the reserve a very special look.

Where: Tauric Chersonese in Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai region, surroundings of the cave towns of Mangup-Kale and Eski-Kermen.

When: May.

roses

Crimea in June pleases not only with lavender fields, but also with rose plantations. They bloom at the beginning of the month. Pink fields are located in the Alushta region. Roses are grown for the Alushta essential oil state farm-factory. So if someone wants to give a girl a million roses, then for this you do not need to be a millionaire. One has only to bring the girl in early June to the pink field. And delights will be provided, as well as beautiful photos.

When: the beginning of June
Where: Pink village in the Alushta region.

Lavender

The Soviet past left Crimea a great gift - its own Provence with lavender fields. Then they occupied 2.5 hectares of the Crimean land, and the aromatic oil made on the peninsula was bought even in France. Now the fields are much smaller, some of them have become abandoned.

Lavender blooms in mid-June and blooms until August. However, the peak of flowering falls on the period from mid-June to mid-July, then the flowers become dry and not so bright, although the aroma continues to dizzy.

Where: Turgenevka, Lavender, Uchkuevka and the Mekenziev mountains in Sevastopol, the vicinity of Alushta and Big Yalta, Bakhchisaray district.

When: June.

If, after my stories, you have planned a trip to the Crimea in the spring, but do not know where to go and what to see first of all, then I can create a personal guide for you. All details on .

Spring in Crimea is my favorite time of the year. If you haven't bought your tickets to the peninsula for spring yet, then it's time to do it now.

If tickets have already been purchased, then it is most convenient to book accommodation on booking.com.

P.S. Photos used in the article Ekaterina Dmitrenko.

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