Words that came into the Russian language from foreign languages ​​and their meaning. Foreign words in Russian

In many languages, the layer of borrowed words is extensive. Russian is no exception - every day we hear and use words that have come from the most different languages. But more than a dozen lexical units have passed from the Russian language to others.

The vocabulary reflects both the history of the people themselves and the history of their interactions with others. Representatives different countries trade with each other, fight, live in neighboring territories, monitor each other's political situation. All this is reflected in the language.

There are so many delicious things!

One of the most extensive groups of words that have passed from Russian to other languages ​​is vocabulary related to cooking.
The English language borrowed the names of the famous Russian fish - beluga and stellate sturgeon. Etymological dictionaries of the English language refer borrowing to XVI century- apparently, then, with the beginning of regular trade cooperation between countries, the British "tasted" this fish and began to supply it to England. Now in English there is also a synonym for the word "stellate sturgeon" - stellate sturgeon. "Beluga" is also in French - beluga. The same word is also called one of the models of the Airbus aircraft.
The word "sterlet" (sterlet) also got into many European languages. It is sometimes considered one of the first borrowings from Russian and it is believed that it entered the English language as early as the 14th century.
The “fish” word from the Russian language is even in Japanese - “ikura”. It designates only red caviar as a dish. To designate caviar in general, the Japanese, who know a lot about seafood, use their own words.
Most famous example borrowings from Russian into many languages ​​- the word "vodka". It is available in English, French and German. Moreover, in German, vodka became a “man” - the word acquired the masculine article, der Wodka. And in French there are two words: "wodka" - for Polish and "vodka" - for Russian vodka. In Japanese, the word "vodka" has about five spellings.
From soft drinks only “kvas” has such popularity - kvas in English, Spanish, Portuguese and many other languages. This word entered some of the languages, probably through other Slavic languages. Those peoples who, like the Russians, made kvass, often have their own names for this drink - kali (est.), gira (lit.).

Bread and pies

The Finno-Ugric tribes neighboring the Slavs borrowed more than a dozen words from Russian. Now, in both Finnish and Estonian, the words for bread have come from the Slavs: leipä (Fin.) and leib (Est). The words lusikka (Fin.) and lusikas (Est.) will also seem familiar to a Russian person - both of them probably have a common ancestor - the word "spoon".
In English, there are also “pies” - pirozhki. True, there is a version that this word came into the language through the mediation of Polish, in which "pies" are, rather, dumplings with different fillings(sometimes fried). In Polish, there are also “Russian pirogi” (ruskie pierogi) – dumplings stuffed with a mixture of cottage cheese and potatoes, served with fried onions, sour cream or cracklings.
The word "pies" in a meaning close to us appeared in the Japanese language - "pirosiki". Moreover, this word was taken immediately in the plural, and there is no equivalent in the singular.
The word "pies" also entered the "home" German language of the Volga Germans, acquiring the form birocks or pirogen.
There are even pies in Greek - piroski, but only deep-fried dough products are called that, and not baked in the oven.

Grandmothers, nesting dolls, babalaikas and other symbols of Russia

If an Englishman calls someone babushka, then perhaps he does not mean age. It only indicates the method of tying a scarf - a knot under the chin. But the familiar Russian grandmother in a headscarf in English can also be called that.
The Japanese "babusika" is also associated with a scarf, a scarf. Many Japanese are surprised when they hear the title "grandmother", especially if the grandmother does not wear headscarves.
Among the Greeks and some other European peoples, for example, the Spaniards, baboushka is a matryoshka. Australians also prefer this name. But in general, in most languages, “matryoshka” is matroesjka (Dutch), matriochka (French, along with poupée russe), matrjoska (Hungarian), and so on. The Finnish name maatuska is interesting, reminiscent of our word "mother". The Spaniards also have a similar variant - mamushka (in Spanish there are a number of designations for "matryoshka").
The word "samovar" is no less popular - this object for boiling water is called so in most languages ​​(samovar or samowar - this word has hardly undergone transformation).

Economics and politics

As soon as political and economic relations are established between countries, it becomes necessary to know which monetary units there in the course, what are the names of the authorities, what administrative-territorial units exist. English merchants, diplomats and travelers from the 16th century wrote down Russian words, which were later used to describe the situation in Russia. This vocabulary included rouble, copeck (penny), voivoda (voivode), boyar (boyar).
The Swedish torg, meaning "square", comes from the Russian "torg" (trading place), "trade".
Between Russian and Norwegian fishermen and merchants in the 17th century, even a special language developed - Russenorsk, in which the vocabulary was divided equally between Russian and Norwegian, and the grammar was simplified as much as possible. The sentences looked something like this: En voga mokka, så galanna voga treska - "One load of flour for half a load of cod." At the beginning of the 20th century, it almost disappeared, remaining only in Svalbard.

Tsars and apparatchiks

The word tsar received an unusual usage. Along with the designation of the king as the head of Rus' in modern English, it is used as an informal title for the position of a person responsible for some important area of ​​​​work, something like an adviser. Even in the American White House there were "tsar'i", however, former President Obama did not like this word.
Over time, “collective farm”, “perestroika”, “pogrom”, “samizdat”, “nihilist”, “apparatchik”, “special forces”, “siloviki” passed into other languages. Basically, they remained tracing papers, used only to characterize Russian realities.
French has a word bérézina for catastrophe, complete failure. It is easy to guess that it appeared in French in 1812, when Napoleon suffered a crushing defeat on the banks of the Berezina River.
The word “sputnik” (sputnik), which is often used in many articles, is used as an example of the transition of a word to another language, in English it did not become the designation of artificial satellites in general, but serves only as the name of that very Soviet device.
Many Russian words passed into the languages ​​of the peoples who were either part of Russian Empire, and later in Soviet Union, or "focused" on Russia. Thus, the words “partisan” (palchisan), “tractor” (tyraktors) and some others appeared in Korean. Now they are still used in the North Korean version.
In modern Hebrew, immigrants brought many words from their native languages. From Russian, among others, not even a word, but a morpheme entered - the suffix "nick", denoting a person belonging to some group, or a characteristic of a person (kibbutznik - a resident of a kibbutz, nudnik - a bore, etc.).
Now the process of borrowing continues - both from foreign languages into Russian, and vice versa.

The number of foreign words in everyday speech is increasing exponentially from year to year. It is frustrating that equivalent words at the same time exist in Russian and are used less and less. The situation is exacerbated by mass media, as well as the policy pursued by the ministries and departments of Russia in this direction. Increasingly, on TV screens, we hear newly introduced words from a predominantly Germanic group of languages ​​\u200b\u200b(mainly English), such as " manager", "campus", "shopping", "creativity", "digger" and other similar words. It is worth noting that presidents, prime ministers and other high-ranking officials set a bad example in the use of the above words.

Below is a list of foreign words with their equivalent meanings in Russian. The list is formed in alphabetical order. If you have any additions or want to discuss this article, you can leave your messages in a specially created topic on our forum.

About the list

The Russian language is deliberately polluted, and the common people forget that there are words of the same meaning in their native language. Therefore, the question "Where is this rich and powerful Russian language?" comes to mind. We began to forget about the formation of words in our language. Where did such richness come from in our language? Separate articles can be devoted to this and other similar issues.

In some countries, special institutions are being created at the government level that protect the originality of their native language. For example, the population in France is very attentive and attentive to the language of their everyday communication. At the same time, it is interesting that the inhabitants of the country are primarily concerned not with the effect obtained in response to the linguistic policy of official Paris, but with the problem of the possible gradual simplification of French, and as a result, the impoverishment and degradation of its potential. On December 1, 1975, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing signed a law to protect the French language from the invasion of English and any other language, and therefore a foreign culture. Similar measures should be taken in Russia as well.

The purpose of this article is to write equivalent Russian words to English, German and others that have taken root in our everyday use, as well as to mark with references to the misuse of words by celebrities and high-ranking officials.

The following words are widely used by the media in Russia and in speeches famous people at a time when there are native Russian meanings. If there are no such words or expressions in the list, then everyone can add them to this list by first registering in Wikijournal.

A

• authoritative, significant
• Alphabet - (came from Greek- ἀλφάβητος). original word " abyss", also takes place to be the meaning of " Glagolitic".
• Accent - equivalent value emphasis.
• Emphasize - pay attention.
• Analogy, Analogue, Analogous - (in English and French"analogue"). Has an equivalent meaning in Russian " similarity"or as an adjective" like" or " same".
• Annotation - (in English "annotation"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " content".
• Aristocracy (from Greek - αριστοκρατία). Equivalent word in Russian " know".

D

AND

TO

L

• Legitimate - (from the English language "legitimate") - the original Russian equivalent meaning - " law".

M

• Market - (from English "market"). Equivalent value " market".
• Manager - the most frequently used word, from English means " manager" / "manager" or " supervisor". Often used in phrases office manager - from English it means " secretary".
• Message - (from English "message") - this word is often used in the Russian media. Equivalent value " message".
• Method - (from the ancient Greek "μέθοδος" - the path of knowledge, in English "method") - means in Russian only " way".
• Moment - (from Latin momentum - means a driving force, but has no independent meaning. In English, "moment" - means a short period of time) - an equivalent value in Russian " moment".
• Monitoring - (from the Latin word "monitor") - today this word is often used as the verb "monitor". Russian equivalent word " track", "track".

H

• Nick or Nickname - (from English "nick" or "nickname") - it's best to say " nickname", "nickname" or " pseudonym".

ABOUT

• Okay - (from English "ok"). A frequently occurring word in everyday life, while in Russian there are many equivalent meanings such as " Fine", "OK", in other cases you can also say " Great", "agree", "goes", you can pick up a lot of words, but the use is probably due to the brevity of the English version.

P

• Person - (from Latin "persōna", in English "person") - an equivalent meaning in Russian - " personality".
• Positive - (from English "positive"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " positive". In different variations, it can carry other meanings.
• Prolong (from the English language "prolong"). Nothing but " prolong" in Russian. Used in relation to the extension of any contracts.

R

• Reception - (from English "reception" - reception, accept) an equivalent word in Russian " reception room(most often in hotels).
• Real - (in English "real") means nothing more than " valid".

WITH

• Synchronously - (from the English word "synchronously" - means "simultaneously", "simultaneously").
• Selfie - (from the English word "self" - means "himself" or "yourself"). This word has become widespread in the sense of "taking pictures of oneself (or a group of people with oneself)". They could not think of anything how to take this word from the English language, while how can one say " self". Quite understandable and in Russian.
• Sketch - (from English "scatch" - translates only as " sketch"). This term is widely used in the construction industry and architecture. It is interesting that the Russian language has long had an equivalent word" sketch", but in common people you can say" underpainting".
• Speechwriter - (from English "speech" - speech and "writer" -writer) - a person who writes a speech for someone. An equivalent meaning could be the word " author" or " text author". This word is increasingly included in the vocabulary of central television channels and magazines.
• Stagnation - (from lat. stagno - to make motionless) - an equivalent meaning in Russian " stop", "slow down"or as a noun" slowdown".
• Storage - (from English storage - storage, keep in stock) - equivalent meaning in Russian " storage".
• Soldier - (from Latin "Soldus", "Solidus", in English "soldier") - the original Russian equivalent meaning " warrior", "warrior" or " howl".

T

• Tolerance - (from the Latin language tolerantia) an equivalent word in Russian " tolerance".
• Traffic - (from English "traffic" - movement). In Russian, this word began to be used mainly in two meanings. 1) In cases of describing the traffic situation on the roads - "dense traffic" - when it can be said only " road congestion" or " loaded stream"(cars) or even simpler -" traffic jams". 2) In a technical sense, about the number of users who visited a particular site - "large / small traffic", when equivalent definitions can be said " big/small attendance"(website).
• Tradition - (from Latin "traditio" - tradition, in English "tradition"). Single meaning in Russian " custom".
• Trading - (from English "trade" - to trade). The word is being used more and more on the internet. Equivalent meaning in Russian " trade".
• Tour - (from English "tour"). Equivalent value - " journey".

At

• Weekend - (from English "weekend"). Literally means "end of the week", not otherwise than in Russian" weekend".
• Unique (from Latin "unicus", in English "unique"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " special", "exceptional", "unique".

F

• Fake - (from English "fake"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " fake".

X

• Hobby - (from English "hobby") - equivalent meaning " enthusiasm".

W

• Shopping - (from English "shop" - store) - also means " purchase"or verb" shop". On the sign of one of the large stores in Moscow, there was an inscription "pleasant shopping" - one might say "pleasant shopping."
• Show - (from English "show" - show) - equivalent meaning " show", is also used in the phrases "TV show" - with the equivalent meaning " telecast" or " TV program".

E

• Equivalent - (derived from the Latin word "aequivalens", in English "equivalent") - in Russian it means nothing more than " equivalence".
• Experiment - (derived from Latin "experimentum", in English "experiment") - equivalent meanings in Russian - experience, trial.
• Existential - (in English the verb "exsist") - equivalent meaning " existing"

Conclusion

The list, as we see, is quite impressive and other words will be gradually added to it. Dear readers, if you have additions to this article, other foreign ones with equivalent meanings, then leave your examples on

foreign words are included in the Russian language along with many concepts, ideas, theories and concepts. It is often too difficult and inexpedient to invent your own terms to express borrowed concepts, therefore, in most cases, along with a new concept, a word or phrase expressing it comes into the language. For example: a floppy disk (from the English diskette) is a small-format magnetic disk, usually flexible, a storage medium for processing on a computer.

The number of such words is gradually increasing in the context of the expansion of political, economic, scientific, technical and cultural ties. Over time, many of the borrowed words are polished, adapted to the norms of the Russian language, become changeable in accordance with these norms, which greatly facilitates their use. For example: audit (from the English audit) is a form of financial control over the activities of organizations, enterprises, firms, carried out at the request of the client. In addition, we say audit, keeping in mind another meaning of the word: an audit. Auditor (from lat. auditor - listener, investigator) - a person who checks the financial and economic activities of the company on the basis of a contract. This noun, like the word audit, is declined.

The process of "Russification" of borrowed words is the subordination of borrowed unchangeable nouns and adjectives to the norms of inflection of the Russian language: kepi - cap, Papua - Papuan, Papuan, lobby - lobbying - lobbyist - lobbyist, pique - diving, beige - beige, etc.

However, there are many examples when borrowed words remain “foreigners” in the system of the borrowing language (jury, highway, scoreboard, attache, kangaroo, etc.). Often there are difficulties in determining the grammatical gender of these words, in their pronunciation and stress. It should be remembered:
1) foreign-speaking by origin indeclinable words, denoting inanimate objects, belong to the middle gender: publicity (advertising, fame, popularity); summary (brief summary of what has been said, summary essence of speech).
Although coffee is a masculine word, colloquial speech it is possible to use on average;
2) if the word is included in a more general, generic concept, then it correlates with this concept in grammatical gender. Thus, the indeclinable nouns included in the concept of "language" are masculine: Bengali, Pashto, Hindi, etc.; the word Esperanto is used both in the masculine and in the neuter gender; the word sirocco is masculine (under the influence of the word wind); the words beriberi (disease), kohlrabi (cabbage), salami (sausage) are feminine; the word riding breeches is not only of the middle gender, but also plural(trousers);
3) indeclinable foreign words denoting animated objects (animals, birds, etc.) are masculine: gray kangaroo, little chimpanzee, funny pony, pink cockatoo. But: hummingbird, kiwi-kiwi feminine (under the influence of the word bird); ivasi (fish, herring), tsetse (fly) feminine; if it is clear from the context that we are talking about a female, then the names of animals are feminine: a kangaroo carried a kangaroo in a bag; a chimpanzee was nursing a cub;
4) indeclinable nouns of foreign origin, denoting people, are masculine or feminine in accordance with the gender of the designated person: rich rentier, old lady; the same applies to proper names: the great Verdi, poor Mimi; two-generic are the words vis-a-vis (my vis-a-vis - my vis-a-vis), protégé, incognito;
5) the gender of indeclinable nouns denoting geographical names(cities, rivers, lakes, etc.), is determined by the grammatical gender of a common noun denoting a generic concept (i.e., according to the type of words city, river, lake, etc.): sunny Batumi, wide Mississippi, full-flowing Ontario, picturesque Capri (island), inaccessible Jungfrau (mountain);
6) according to the same principle, the grammatical gender of indeclinable names of press organs is determined: The Times (newspaper) published ...; "Figaro letterer" (magazine) published ...; "Time" (magazine) printed ...;
7) the pronunciation of foreign words has a number of features: in borrowed words, in place of the letter o in an unstressed position, [o] is pronounced, i.e. without reduction: b[o]a, [o]tel, kaka[o], for the sake of [o ]; double pronunciation is allowed: p[o]et - p[a]et, s[o]no - s[a]no, etc.; before the vowel, denoted by the letter e, in many foreign words, consonants are pronounced firmly: at [e] lie, code [e] ks, kaf [e], Shop [e] n.

Simultaneously with borrowing in Russian, another word (Russian in origin) with the same meaning can function, for example: aloe - agave, lumbago - backache, rendezvous - date.

Borrowed words characterizing specific national characteristics the lives of different peoples and used in the description of non-Russian reality are called exoticisms. So, when depicting the life and way of life of the peoples of the Caucasus, the following words are used: aul, saklya, arba, jigit; the Italian flavor is conveyed by the words gondola, tarantella, tavern, spaghetti, pizza, etc.

Many borrowings, unable to stand the test of time, quickly disappeared from modern vocabulary, but are found in the literature: victoria (victory), plezir (pleasure), voyage (journey), courtesy (politeness), etabelirovat (arrange).

In recent decades, the abuse of tracing papers from foreign words has become a frequent occurrence, although there are Russian equivalents for designating the corresponding concepts. For example, we read in the newspapers: the summit participants came to a consensus... There is a large selection of ready-to-wear clothes in boutiques... We hear on the radio: the primaries have passed in the USA, the rating of the main candidate for the post of contender has decreased.

However, development market economy in Russia naturally supplemented our speech with such borrowed words as broker (intermediary), dealer (a person or company operating on the market using the manufacturer's trademark), tender (official offer to fulfill an obligation), tranche (financial part, series), transfer (financial transfer), offer (official offer to conclude a deal) and many others.

It should be noted such a phenomenon in the life of a foreign word as a shift in the hierarchy of meanings inherent in the source of borrowing. So, our dictionaries of foreign words give the following meanings of the English word sponsor: 1. Guarantor. 2. The person who finances the event, organization. In modern Russian, the first meaning has not taken root. The word "sponsor" means "a structure, a person who finances someone." A similar shift has taken place in the use of the word business. In the Russian interpretation, business is a commercial activity, non-state trade, while the dictionary gives the following meanings as the main ones: business, permanent occupation, specialty, obligation, duty.

One more group of words should be distinguished. Their semantic transformations illustrate a certain change in socio-economic and - as a consequence of this - linguistic guidelines. Consider, for example, the words control, control. They have long entered the Russian language, being borrowed from French, and denote accordingly: check, check. Since the 1990s, the word control has come to mean, first of all, not verification, but management, keeping under influence. A pattern is found in English, where control means primarily control. In the new usage, the meaning of check is shifted to the number of minor ones.

The words have undergone similar changes: analyst (now not so much the one who analyzes, but rather the observer, commentator); administration (now not only and not so much the governing body of the enterprise as the body state power); director or CEO(already not only the head of the enterprise, but also often its co-owner). A similar transformation can be found in the meanings of the words liberalization, model, policy.

The main thing in the use of borrowings is the exact knowledge of the meaning or meanings) of a foreign word and the appropriateness of its use.

FOREIGN WORDS IN MODERN SPEECH: FOR AND AGAINST

Dolgorukov Alexander Igorevich

3rd year student, Department of ISE PSTU, RF, Yoshkar-Ola

Email: djinka[email protected] mail. en

Bogdanov Anton Igorevich

scientific supervisor, Ph.D. f. Sciences, art. teacher, PSTU, RF, Yoshkar-Ola

Nowadays, it is very common to hear some foreign words in people's conversations. This fact is especially clear in the communication of young people. At the same time, for sure, many people have a question: is it possible to say the same word, only in Russian? In most cases, this question can be answered in the affirmative. Then it becomes interesting, why use other words, because there are native ones that have long been used in the Russian language? It turns out that the topic is very relevant for modern society and it is necessary to determine exactly whether such borrowings bring benefit, or maybe harm, to our language.

The purpose of this work is to study the arguments for and against words borrowed from other languages ​​in our modern speech.

Among the tasks of our study, we highlight the following: processing different sources information on this issue, familiarization with the history of borrowing in modern language and analysis performed with drawing conclusions about the study.

According to many researchers, the lexicon of our language has come a long way of development. Our lexicon consists not only of ancient Russian words, but also words that appeared as a result of borrowing from other languages. All nations live among others and in most cases have some kind of ties with them: for example, trade, industrial and economic. As a result - the mutual influence of peoples on each other. Moreover, the influence is stronger, the more stable and longer the relationship. Foreign words replenished our language all the way historical development. But some borrowings were made in ancient times, while others are relatively recent. And how things are at the present time, our study will help us to find out.

The languages ​​of the peoples in contact have mutual influence, since they are the main means of contact, the means by which international relations are carried out. The main form of the linguistic influence of one people on another is the borrowing of new words from other peoples. Borrowing enriches any language, makes it more stable and usually does not infringe on its independence, since it preserves the main vocabulary of the language, the grammatical structure characteristic of this language, is not infringed internal laws language development.

Russians in the course of their history have had various connections with other peoples around the world. The result of these connections was a large number of foreign words borrowed by Russian from other languages.

In linguistics, a borrowed word is understood as a word that came into the Russian language from another source, even if in terms of morphemes this word does not differ at all from native Russian words.

The process of borrowing new words is a completely adequate phenomenon, and in certain historical periods even inevitable and necessary for the development of the people as a whole. In principle, learning a foreign vocabulary enriches the vocabulary of the current language. One can recall the great role played by the Greek and latin languages in Europe, Old Church Slavonic in the Slavic world, Arabic in the Muslim East. The borrowing of words from non-native languages ​​was carried out, is happening and will continue at all times, regardless of the language of the people. If you count the borrowed words, you can get very interesting results. For example, among Germans, borrowings fluctuate in the region of tens of thousands of words, and in the English lexicon they make up more than half.

Thus, the borrowing of words from a foreign language into the native one is quite understandable, since the development of a people cannot take place without this borrowing. In addition, there is probably not a single language in the world in which there would be no borrowings at all. The reasons that contribute to the arrival of foreign words in the current language, we will consider in the next subheading.

The reasons for borrowing are divided into two groups: extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic.

The main reason for external borrowing is the close political, trade, economic, industrial and cultural ties between representatives and native speakers. The most common form of influence explained by such connections is the borrowing of a word along with the borrowing of its definition or subject matter. For example, with the advent of such inventions as a car, a conveyor belt, a radio, a cinema, a TV set, a laser, and many others, their names, which were not originally native Russian, also entered the Russian language.

Another reason for such borrowing is giving meaning with the help of a foreign word to some special kind of objects or concepts that were previously called just one Russian (or borrowed before this new word) word. For example, for the designation, which distinguishes from the Russian variety, jam (in the form of a thick homogeneous mass), the English word "jam" was fixed. The need for a narrow meaning of things and definitions leads to the borrowing of most scientific and technical terms, for example, “relevant” - “essential”, “local” - “local”, “transformer” - “transducer”, etc.

Another intralinguistic reason for borrowing, inherent in all languages, including Russian, is the replacement of a descriptive, consisting of several words, names with one-word ones. Because of this, a borrowed word is often preferred to an already existing descriptive phrase of several words, if both of them serve to define the same concept, for example, "sniper" - instead of a marksman, etc.

It happens that the tendency to replace native descriptive phrases with borrowed words is opposed by another, only on the contrary, restraining the effect of the first. And it consists in the following: groups of names appear in the language that have the meaning of correlative concepts, and usually the names that form these groups are similar in structure: either they all consist of one word (the most common), or they consist of two words (white bread - black bread, etc.). If the names that form a group consist of two words, then the replacement of one of the names with a borrowed word occurs very rarely.

So, with the advent of “silent” cinema with sound in our language, there appeared german word"movie". But it could not become part of the language due to the fact that there was already a formed group of names consisting of two words: “silent cinema” - “talk film”.

There is one more reason that contributes to the appearance of foreign words. If borrowed words are strengthened in our language, which contribute to the emergence of a series that is united by the similarity of meaning and morphological structure, then the borrowing of a new word similar to the words inherent in this series becomes much easier. So, in the 19th century, the words gentleman and policeman were borrowed from the English language. Already at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, an athlete, a record holder, a yachtsman were added here. As a result, a number of words appeared that have the meaning of person and common element- men. New borrowings began to join this small series, which today are already quite significant and often used: bartender, businessman, showman, etc.

Among the reasons and conditions for borrowing, a certain role is given to the public assessment of the “foreign” word as more prestigious than the native word that is analogous in lexical meaning: “presentation” instead of “representation”, “exclusive” instead of “exceptional”, etc.

Thus, all the reasons for the appearance of loanwords in the current language fall into two categories, each of which is explained in the above text. These reasons once again confirm borrowing as a factor in the development of any language in general.

And what about borrowed words (in relation to quantity) in Russian now?

Foreign words in the vocabulary of the modern literary language may be quite numerous in the vocabulary, but still do not exceed 10% of the entire vocabulary. In the general system of the language, only a small part is common to all styles of common vocabulary; most of them have a stylistically fixed use in speech and therefore are used in a narrow field of application (terms, professionalisms, specific book words, etc.) /

There is no doubt that even with borrowing, our vocabulary still remains Indo-European-Slavic-Russian at the root. And this is an indicator of the preservation of the originality of the Russian language.

In fact, it is not so easy to distinguish between concepts. Borrowing can develop in two ways: oral and written (through books). With written borrowing, the word practically does not change, with oral borrowing it often changes more strongly.

Borrowings can be direct (from one language to another) and indirect (through intermediaries): "painter", "fair" - from German through Polish.

It is definitely clear that as part of the general literary language, special foreign vocabulary does not lose its terminological character.

The normal process of borrowing is a creative and active act. He assumes a high degree independence, a high degree of language development. The effectiveness and meaning of language contacts lie not so much in the number of borrowings, but in those processes of creative excitement, creative activity and strength that arise in the language's own means as a result of these contacts.

Thus, with regard to the admissibility of this or that borrowing, it is necessary to take into account that it is not the borrowed words themselves that are bad, but their misuse, unnecessary use without the need and taking into account the genres and styles of speech to which these words belong.

After analyzing the various opinions of experts, we can summarize our work done.

It is worth emphasizing that I don’t see anything critical in the presence of new words from other languages ​​in my native language, they are borrowed as a result of communication between different peoples. In addition, borrowings are an indicator of the normal development of the language and its integration into the international society /

In addition to the above, it is necessary to clearly understand and distinguish the meaning of the foreign words used, since in this case they can harm our speech and the language as a whole, being used in erroneous or inaccurate meanings. However, very often new foreign words that have come into the language make it possible to replace entire phrases with one new word, which cannot be assessed negatively. In the case of using the wrong meaning of words, the meaning of their appearance in the language as a whole is lost.

As a result of the study, it must be said that borrowed words play a positive role in modern speech, if used in correct values and not to use the "dominance" of their own speech by them. In our information society the influence of different languages ​​​​on each other is inevitable, therefore, this fact should be positively perceived, but not allow a foreign language to completely replace your native one.

I hope that in the current political situation, the Russian language will not die under the influence of external factors, and will continue to develop without violating its originality.

Bibliography:

1. Drovnikova L.N. Priority and alternative // ​​Russian speech. 1998. No. 5.
2. Morozova L.A. Reflections on new terms // Russian literature. 1993. No. 1.

All words of a language form its lexical composition, or vocabulary. The branch of linguistics that studies vocabulary is called lexicology. The science that studies the origin of a word is called etymology. All words of the Russian language by origin can be divided into two parts: native Russian and borrowed. Etymology is the study of them. And information about the origin of the word can be found in etymological dictionaries.

native Russian words

Originally Russian are words that appeared in the Russian language itself from the moment of its formation. So the ancient man called the objects and phenomena that he encountered and came into contact with. These include words that have remained in the language from ancestral languages, as well as those that have already formed in the Russian language proper.

Stone, earth, sky, mother, son, day, sun, etc.

Over time, vocabulary has increased. People moved, did not live in isolation and communicated with neighboring peoples. During this communication, they increased their vocabulary, borrowing some names and concepts from others. So in the vocabulary of the Russian language, borrowed words begin to appear.

Originally Russian words are usually divided into 4 main groups, or layers, which include vocabulary from different time periods:

1. The oldest, having Indo-European roots and common to all languages ​​\u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family ( examples - items life, names of animals and phenomena: wolf, goat, cat, sheep; moon, water; sew, bake).
2. Words from the common Slavic language, common to all Slavic tribes ( examples - names products, actions, animals and birds, etc.: door, table, spoon; live, walk, breathe, grow; horse, bear, swan, fish).
3. From about the 7th-10th centuries, the East Slavic group of words appears, which is common to the East Slavic (Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian) peoples ( examples - words denoting signs of objects, actions, units of account, etc.: stupid, wise, white; one, two, three, seven, ten; wind, thunder, thunderstorm, rain).
4. The words of the Russian language, which were formed after the division into 3 branches of the East Slavic peoples, from about the 14th century (examples are the names of dishes of folk cuisine, professions, etc.: cake, uproot, carter, rook, chicken)

All these words, despite the similarity today with the words of other peoples, are native Russian. And acquired words from other languages ​​are considered borrowed.

It is important to note that if a word was formed from a foreign word with the help of a suffix or prefix, it is considered proper Russian; only the original, primary word will be borrowed.

For example:

highway is a foreign word, and highway is actually Russian, since it was formed according to the type of Russian words using the suffix method (also: station - station, balcony - balcony, etc.).

Borrowed words

Borrowed words in the Russian language can be modified in accordance with the rules and laws of the Russian language. For example, their morphology, meaning or pronunciation may change.

Parliament in Russian is a masculine word, and in German, from where it was borrowed - medium;

Painter - name working specialty, a person who paints, and in German, from where it was borrowed - a painter.

So to know lexical meaning words, you need to know from which language it is borrowed.

There are many dictionaries that explain the meanings of loanwords. Do not confuse them with dictionaries-translators, which indicate the translation of a foreign word.

The first dictionary of foreign words was written at the beginning of the 18th century. It was handwritten and explained the meaning, as well as where the word came from in Russian.

Reasons for borrowing

All loanwords appear in our language different reasons conditionally they can be called internal and external.

Internal

• The tendency to replace a phrase with one word ( tutor- a teacher of children invited to the family; aphorism- a short sentence)
• consolidation of borrowed words that have a certain morphological structure, thus, borrowing is facilitated ( basketball, football, handball etc.);
• the influence of fashion and foreign trends. A fashion for words that take root over time and become part of the language ( bowling, charisma, accelerator etc.).

• Borrowing a concept or thing, and with it the word denoting it. With the development of technology, science, art, there are more and more such words (broker, voucher, display, etc.);
• borrowing of words that denote a certain type of object, and very often many of these words have Russian corresponding words, but borrowed ones have taken root and are used more (installation - assembly, constant - constant value, present - gift, etc.).

Signs of borrowed words

There are certain signs by which we can immediately “recognize” a borrowed word:

• initial letters A and E (aura, epoch);
• the presence of the letter F in the word (torch, philosopher);
• a combination of vowels (nuance, voyage);
• double consonants (accompaniment, appetite);
• immutability of the word (hummingbird, flamingo, etc.).

Lesson notes in grade 6

Note:

The topic is designed for 2 lessons; on the first one we study native Russian words in more detail, on the second - borrowed ones. The lessons are based on the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.

Lesson 1

The words are native Russian and borrowed.

• acquaintance with the classification of Russian vocabulary in terms of origin;
• development of skills in working with dictionaries;

Lesson type:

Combined.

Organizing time.

The teacher reads a fragment of a fairy tale in Ukrainian and asks the students to translate it.

Conversation on:

- How did you guess what it was about?

What words sound similar in Russian and Ukrainian?

- What is it connected with?

(We come to the conclusion that Russian and Ukrainian are related languages, which means that they originated from the same language).

Heuristic conversation with an output on the topic of the lesson:

Where do words come from in a language?

- Can we guess into which groups all the words of the Russian language are divided in terms of their origin and how many of these groups will there be?

Search for information in the textbook (§17), a story based on the scheme of exercise. 126 about native Russian and borrowed words.

Recording the topic of the lesson, setting goals, planning work.

- So, the original Russian words originated in the Russian language or were inherited from the ancestral languages. What are the ancestral languages? And which of these ancestors is the oldest?

Group work: talk about the genealogy of the Russian language, using the materials of ex. 128 ("tree" of the Indo-European family of languages).

The class is combined into 2 groups, which are given cards with the inscriptions "Russian language", "Belarusian language", " Ukrainian language”, “Old Russian language”, “Common Slavic language”, “Indo-European language”, “Proto-Indo-European language”.

One group builds its story-pedigree from the Proto-Indo-European language, the second - from the Russian language to the ancestors. A creative approach is welcome, the groups not only tell, but also represent languages ​​(having attached cards, “heroes-languages” line up in the course of the story in a pedigree chain). In conclusion, all students write down the names of the languages ​​\u200b\u200b- the ancestors of the Russian language, arranging them “by age”: from the oldest to the next.

(As a result, a record should appear: Proto-Indo-European, Indo-European, Common Slavic, Old Russian, Russian).

Dictionary work (You can involve heroes who played the role of ancestral languages):

What are the most ancient words in Russian? (Those that came from the Proto-Indo-European language). Students read the words from ex. 129, draw a conclusion about which thematic groups these words apply.

- What words are common Slavic in origin? Reading aloud the words from ex. 130, recording the names of thematic groups and words (with an explanation of spelling).

Common Slavic words make up about a quarter of all the words that we now use in everyday speech!

- Filling in the table ex. 131.

Conclusion about the similarity of words and the relationship of languages; these words are from the Old Russian language, which was a common ancestor for the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Working with dictionaries:

- acquaintance with marks that indicate the origin of the word (Ex. 127, Etymological Dictionary);

- acquaintance with marks that indicate from which language the given word came (dictionary of foreign words).

Working with the textbook: searching for an answer to the question, what are the names of the words that already appeared in the Russian language itself, and at what time this process began. Pupils read the theoretical material on page 71 and answer that proper Russian words began to form in the Russian language from the 14th century, that is, after the division of the Old Russian language into Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

Parsing homework: ex. 132 (divide the words into two groups - more “old” and more “young”; use the “Assistant Tips”).


The results of the lesson; reflection (What language was the great-great-grandfather of the Russian? And what languages ​​are the siblings of the Russian language? What other Slavic languages ​​do you know? What facts that were discussed today in the lesson became new for you? ? Etc.)

Lesson 2

Borrowed words.

• Further study of the vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of origin, the study of borrowed words, their features, the reasons for borrowing words from other languages;
• development of skills in working with dictionaries; development of spelling and orthoepic skills;
• fostering love for the Russian language and respect for other languages.

• Cognitive: search for information, structuring information, building statements, reflection of activity;
• Regulatory: goal setting, activity planning;
• Communicative: cooperation planning; the ability to express an idea;
• Personal: self-determination, meaning formation, moral assessment.

Lesson type:

Combined.

Equipment:

Multimedia projector.

1. Organizing time.
2. Spelling warm-up (p. 74):

   primordially Russian ... words, borrowed (n, nn) ​​words, common ... Slavic language, G ... Rman languages, R ... Man languages.

3. Actualization of basic knowledge: explain the meaning of the recorded phrases, what topic unites them.
4. Working with video material: the lesson "Borrowed words" of the Info lesson.

   a) viewing the material 0-1.15 min;

   Examples of borrowed words:

   
   
   
   

   b) heuristic conversation with access to the topic of the lesson:

   What is the reason for the appearance of borrowed words in the language?

   - Can we appearance» words to determine whether it is borrowed or not?

   Is borrowing words good or bad?

   c) Formulation of the theme of the lesson, motivation. Recording the topic of the lesson, setting goals, planning work.
   

   
   

   d) Watching the video lesson 1.40-2.53; recording examples; fixing errors in the video tutorial (Dutch).

   e) Watching the video lesson 2.54-3.37; work with a dictionary of foreign words, students' oral answers; writing words alphabetically; self-test.

   
   
   

   f) Watching the video lesson 3.45-4.30, making a sentence with the word chauffeur, fixing an error in the video tutorial (give me a ride).

   Word history "chauffeur":

   
   
   
   

5. Working with the textbook:
   

   a) reading exercise 136, answering the question of how the words in each pair differ and what unites them: Students come to the conclusion that pairs of native Russian and borrowed words are synonyms.

   b) Task: replace the original Russian word-synonym for the word chauffeur. (driver) Give your examples of such pairs of words (orally).

   c) Conversation on the questions:

   - Do you think the presence of such pairs of synonyms makes the language richer?

   - how do you understand the statement of V. G. Belinsky?

   “All peoples exchange words and borrow them from each other”

   - why do such exchanges occur, what are the borrowings connected with?

Watching the video lesson 4.38-5.50;

distribution of words by thematic groups (orally);

self-examination, discussion of the results (word museum difficult to assign to any group household appliances can be attributed to everyday life, and to technology, etc.).




6. Fizminutka.
7. 
   Spelling work: exercise 139, write down the words by inserting the missing letters (explanatory letter with an interpretation of the meanings of unfamiliar words).
8. Is it possible to see a borrowed word among other words, do borrowed words have any signs? Familiarization with the rubric "It's interesting" (signs of borrowed words).

   Sometimes borrowed words can be recognized by signs. For example, French words are stressed on the last syllable ( METRO, CASHNE, dispensary, jalousie); English - combinations j, ing, men ( jeans, rally, bowling, businessman); German - combinations of xt, pcs ( fine, plug).

   Almost all words starting with a, f, e are foreign ( lampshade, watermelon, agent, ellipse, lantern). Foreign in origin are words with combinations ke, ge, heh, pyu, mu, vu, byu ( skittles, hectare, ditch, muesli), with the connection of two or more vowels in the root ( P oh t, n yua ns, d ue eh), with doubled consonants in the root ( A kk horde, and pp etit, then nn A), as well as invariable nouns and adjectives ( coat, color Bordeaux).

Watching the video lesson 6.53-8.19;

answering the question about the benefits or harms of borrowing, matching pairs of words (with a note), self-examination.






8.20-9.05: Listening to sentences, finding borrowed words, self-examination. Pay attention to the pronunciation of borrowed words.





9.10-9.31: replacing borrowed words with Russian synonyms (where possible), compiling and writing sentences; self-test.




9.32-9.50: a conclusion about the benefits of borrowed words and the need to use them wisely so as not to litter your native language.



9. Summing up the lesson, reflection.

Homework: §18;

Exercise 143 orally: pronounce the borrowed words correctly, remember their normative pronunciation.

Exercise 141 in writing: using the material of the paragraph, prove that all the listed words are foreign in origin. Write down the words and underline their foreign signs. For which words can you indicate the source language?