Strelts complex in the Russian army. All about combat equipment "Warrior. The new complex of intelligence, control and communications "Sagittarius"

TOPIC No. 51: “Reconnaissance and signaling means of reconnaissance. Complex intelligence management and communications ". Lesson No. 1 “Technical characteristics, device of the RSS 1 to 18 complex (Realiya), products 83 T 215 BP (KRUS).

Study questions: 1. Purpose, composition, performance characteristics of the RCC complex 1 to 18 (Realiya). 2. Purpose, composition, performance characteristics of the product 83 T 215 VR (KRUS).

Product 1 K 18 -1 is designed to remotely detect the movement of troops and equipment behind enemy lines and at the lines of probable contact with it and transmit information about detected objects via radio to information receiving and display devices (UPOI) in close to real time. In addition, the product can be used to protect critical facilities in the rear of our troops.

The product remains operational under the following conditions: temperature environment from -30 to +50 degrees Celsius; the presence of interference created by the natural background (noise mountain rivers, wind, noise of separately falling stones); when exposed to unintentional interference created by communication radio stations operating in the frequency range of the radio link of the product; after immersion of the DCS and RT in water to a depth of 1 meter; after transportation in packaged form by all modes of transport in covered vehicles; when exposed precipitation, dust and solar radiation; when used at altitudes up to 5000 meters above sea level.

Set 1 K 18 "Realiya" 1. Device for receiving and displaying information (UPOI) -1 T 813 - 1 pc. 2. Three types of reconnaissance and signaling devices (DCS): - seismo-acoustic detector-classifier 1 B 36 4 pcs. - seismic detector 1 B 37 - 18 pcs. - detector - magnetic cable counter 1 B 40 - 4 pcs. 3. Repeaters of information radio signals (RT) 1 L 59 9 pcs. 4. Control stand SK-E 38 - 1 pc. 5. Single set of spare parts and accessories - 1 set.

Features 1. Communication range: - using one repeater. . . up to 15 km; - using two repeaters. . . . up to 40 km; - without using a repeater. . . up to 1 km. 2. Operating frequency range of the product. . . . VHF 3. Number of used fixed frequencies. . . 8 4. Type of transmitted messages - digital (duration of messages - 5 s.); transmission speed - 1300 baud. 5. The number of simultaneously installed DCS, which ensures the reception of information on the UPOG. . . up to 30. 6. Memory capacity. . . . 21 messages. 7. Probability of detection and identification of an object. . 0.7 -0.8. 8. Nutrition. . . . from elements A 343 (device 1 E 38) or RC 85 (device 1 E 38 -1). 9. Working capacity. . . . from - 30 to + 50 degrees. 10. The self-destruction device (PIM) is triggered in the following cases: - when trying to transfer the device to another location; - when trying to remove the PIM from the instrument case; - when the device is tilted at an angle of 15 -20 degrees; - after 20 or 60 days of continuous operation of the devices. 11. Product weight. . . . 1200 kg.

Strengths 1. High degree of object detection and recognition. 2. Ability to control large areas using repeaters. 3. High efficiency, speed of information passing. 4. Relatively high secrecy of action. 5. The possibility of interfacing with weapons. Weak sides 1. Limited number of sensors and their types. 2. A limited number of sensors delivered behind enemy lines by intelligence agencies. 3. Single use of sensors using PIM. 4. Low efficiency of precise installation of sensors using helicopters. 5. Possibility of false triggering of the sensor. 6. Absence in the system of sensors and RT capable of being delivered to the installation site by firing a shot from a howitzer gun. 7. The possibility of putting the system out of action by advanced electronic warfare in the VHF band.

UPOI is designed to receive information from the DCS and display it on a light panel. The UPOI has a sound and light signaling of the receipt of a parcel (information) from the DCS, as well as a clock to determine the time of receipt of information. The design of 1 T 813 makes it possible to operate it in a car, armored personnel carrier, helicopter both in the parking lot and in motion (flight) without connecting to an external radio station antenna.

DEVICE 1 B 36 is designed to detect, determine the type and number of moving objects, as well as to detect shell explosions (min). 9 E 144 device 1 E 38 R. 5. 1 cable K 1 A

DEVICE 1 B 37 is designed to detect moving objects, as well as to detect shell explosions (min).

DEVICE 1 B 40 is designed to detect and count the number of moving objects, as well as to detect shell explosions (min).

The repeater 1 L 59 is designed for searchless, tuningless retransmission of digital messages transmitted by the DCS (devices 1 B 36, 1 B 371, 1 B 40), in the absence of direct radio visibility between the DCS and UPOY or at a large distance from them. R 5. 2 R 5. 1

Device 1 E 38 is designed to power devices 1 B 36, 1 B 37 -1, 1 B 40, 1 T 813, 1 L 59 products 1 K 18 -1.

In 2007, the reconnaissance control and communications complex (KRUS "Sagittarius") was adopted, which is designed to solve the main set of information support tasks (combat control, communications and information transfer, individual and group navigation, detection, measurement of coordinates and identification of targets, target designation , generating data for application small arms and melee weapons). Main specifications Communication range: within the subdivision up to 1500 m with a higher one up to 10 km (VHF), up to the VU body 5000 km (satellite repeater) Weight of the set is 2.4 kg. Transfer rate Up to 11 Mbit/s data via intercom channel Continuous operation time 12-14 hours Coordinates determination error Not more than 20 m Used GLONAS, GPS satellite navigation systems

The KRUS Strelets reconnaissance and communications complex still looks fantastic today, although in fact the Sagittarius, which was included in the Ratnik combat equipment program, has been in service with the Russian army since 2007. At the moment, the second generation of Sagittarius is relevant, which has been produced since 2011 and is constantly being improved.

According to the apt description of the General Designer of Radioavionika Alexander Kaplina, KRUS "Sagittarius" is a personal computer with peripherals, distributed over the soldier's unloading vest. Its capabilities, like any other computer, are limited only by the tasks set and the imagination of the developers. The complex guarantees the solution of all information problems that a serviceman may face.

When creating a network from the data of individual complexes, the computer of the unit commander will display necessary information about subordinates, as well as information about the enemy coming from them. To do this, an ordinary soldier needs to press just a couple of buttons and the coordinates of his location or the location of the enemy will appear on the commander's computer. The head of the department will be able to combine the received data with electronic card terrain, or

Computer screen KRUS "Sagittarius" with aircraft going to the target and received target designation

a photograph of a given area obtained from a satellite. At first, military intelligence officers received and mastered such complexes.

The complex of intelligence control and communications (KRUS) "Sagittarius" provides a solution to the main tasks:

- combat control,
– communication and information transfer,
– individual and group navigation,
– detection,
- measuring coordinates and identifying targets,
- targeting,
– development of data for the use of small arms.

It interfaces with all domestic reconnaissance, surveillance, aiming, target designation devices, radars, rangefinders, goniometers, unmanned aerial vehicles

One of the first options, the version of the vest is quite primitive, there is no weight balancing, and a lot of wires are especially “impressive”: the base platform 83t215-BP, version ZhRGA.461264.008

Vest option - base platform 83t215-BP, version ZhRGA.461264.008-01 (extreme version)

Complex modules:

– AK1 – Hardware container;
The hardware container contains all the KRUS computer hardware. As standard, it is located in the unloading vest on the left side of the fighter. The computer can operate at temperatures from -40 to +60°C, is reliably protected from water, dirt and shock

– KPE1 – primary power supply container;
Primary power supply container, also known as KRUS battery. Two or more batteries can be connected to the system at the same time to extend the battery life. In the latest modifications of the complex, the container contains a built-in charger.

– MCNS – satellite navigation system module;
Satellite navigation system.

- TMG - telephone-microphone headset;
Active noise-cancelling headset protects the soldier's hearing from the roar of gunshots, but at the same time amplifies quiet sounds

– MIRS – individual radio communication module;

- POU - operational control panel;
The operational control panel is located on the fighter's chest in open form and gives instant access to the main functions of KRUS. The remote is built on the principle of "finger-button" and is controlled by touch. There is a walkie-talkie PTT, a “wounded” button, a subscriber switching button, a KRUS on / off button and a programmable hot key.

- MFP - multifunctional remote control.
The multifunctional remote gives access to all KRUS functions through the context menus of the alphanumeric display. The buttons on the remote are large enough to be easily pressed with gloves on.

– Cables for connecting additional devices, in particular a rangefinder and goniometer.

Variants of KRUS "Sagittarius", depending on the purpose:

- 83t215VR-1/2 - basic / advanced;
- 83t215VR-3 - rangefinder; range finder PDU-4;
- 83t215VR-4 - radio operator; VHF radio R-168-5UN-2;
- 83t215VR-5 - operator of a satellite radio communication station; microwave satellite radio station R-438-M;
- 83t215VR-7 - commander;
- 83t215VR-8 - radar operator; Radar "Fara-VR".

The complex is being continuously improved by Radioavionics specialists, and if the first KRUS knapsack models, bristling with antennas, were a complete headache for the fighter, then the loads from placement on the Ratnik transport vest modern complex the soldier hardly notices.

Also, according to the information of the Spetsmedtekhnika company, within the framework of the Sagittarius complex, the use of the RZhDV vital activity recorder has been started, designed for remote medical monitoring of indicators of the functional state of the body of a serviceman, reflecting the degree of violation of combat capability with the aim of conducting modern medical and evacuation measures to reduce the number of combat losses, information on the functional state, collected by the registrar, is broadcast to the KRUS-MS by the shooter-sanitr, the medical instructor and the commander of the medical company.

The Sagittarius reconnaissance, command and communications complex goes primarily to ground reconnaissance units. The first samples of the complex, after passing through various field and combat tests, are sent for revision. Our scouts, having experience in operating foreign analogues of FELIN, IdZ-ES and Normans, asked the developers to improve the existing sample of the Sagittarius complex. Firstly, the base of the first samples was made on the basis of elements of the 2000s. The designers were sympathetic to the request of the military and the modernized KRUS "Sagittarius" is being tested.
The first samples of KRUS were somewhat inconvenient for the soldiers - they had a rather decent weight of 5.4 kilograms, interfered with the soldier when passing the assault strip, covered access to pouches and a medical kit. Now, after the modernization, the complex began to weigh 2.4 kilograms, received smaller overall characteristics, and large blocks are attached so as not to interfere with other tasks.
After successful tests, the ground units began to be massively provided with the complex. By 2013, the armed forces of the Russian Federation received more than one thousand units of the Sagittarius complex and there were no significant comments on the use of the Sagittarius complex from the military personnel of the ground units, where the complexes are mainly received.

KRUS "Sagittarius" can have several levels of equipment. The simplest configuration option is intended for military personnel of departments, up to the commander of the department. The next level of configuration is intended for the platoon commander; the package includes a powerful computer system with a multifunctional type console. The third, most complete level of equipment, is for the unit commander - battalion commander, brigade commander.

The built-in standard radio station with a communication frequency of ~ 2.0 GHz ensures the range of interaction of the complex as part of the department - about one and a half kilometers, but any of the individual Sagittarius complexes works as a repeater, which significantly increases the range and information control of a given area. In addition to voice messages, built-in standard commands can be transmitted over the radio, the recipient can watch or listen to them after receiving. This innovation was introduced specifically to ensure that the scouts do not get distracted from the task, do not lose visual control.
KRUS "Sagittarius" works 12 hours on one battery (and 24 hours on two) in the mode of continuous voice communication and data transmission. The complex operates at temperatures from minus 40 to plus 60 ° C, withstands severe shocks, immersion in water and dirt.

To ensure communication between departments, tablets developed at the STC "Communication" (part of the "Sozvezdie" concern) are used. Two types of tablets are offered for the operation of units: the “TT” tablet and the “AK” tablet. Both tablets are protected with technology that exceeds IP68 standards and can be submerged two meters for a short time.

Tablet "TT" is intended for commanders of infantry units. It is advisable to issue it to fighters of the specialties "machine gunner", "grenade launcher", "sniper" to increase their combat effectiveness. The computer allows you to determine where the unit is located and display it on the map, and with its help the commander can transmit orders. Voice data is transmitted over a secure communication channel, however, it is allowed to use a backup channel of the Wi-Fi standard, the information transfer rate through which reaches 11 Mbps.

The tablet, “AK”, is intended for personnel and supports all the main functions of the commander's model. The tablet acts as a digital compass with the ability to use digital maps.

KRUS incorporates an autonomous navigation module, which is provided with an inertial system. It makes it possible for a soldier to know exactly his coordinates, even if he has left the satellite navigation coverage area. Switching between navigation systems occurs in the complex automatically. The complex can be equipped with a helmet-mounted display subsystem for producing fire from cover.

At the exercises "West-2009" KRUS "Sagittarius" in Once again used to interact with aviation, namely for giving target designations to Su-24M bombers. It looks like this: with the help of a PDU-4 laser rangefinder (range 3-5 km), the coordinates of the target are determined, which are sent to the commander's personal computer.

Then the commander sends them on board the aircraft. The range of action through the R-853-V2M radio station is 8 km, when using a ground repeater - up to 200 km, when using a repeater aircraft at an altitude of 9-10 km - up to 300-400 km. In addition, each aircraft equipped with the SVP-24 system serves as a repeater in itself.

The Sagittarius and Sagittarius-M reconnaissance and command and control complexes (KRUS) for combat equipment of the military man Ratnik are produced at the domestic enterprise Radioavionika.

The complex was put into operation by the Russian Army in 2007.

Tactical tablets JSC MKB KOMPAS

Czechoslovak passive electronic intelligence stations

Station KRTP-86 "Tamara" in the transport position in the Leshany Museum © Ivan Motlik

Station KRTP-91 "Tamara" in combat position © Miroslav Gyurosi

Model of the station complex "Flora" © Miroslav Gyurosi

Russian station KRTP-86 "Tamara" on combat duty on the slope of Akhun near the city of Sochi © German Vlasov (Climbing Mount Akhun. German Vlasov's PHOTO COLLECTION)

Modern electronic intelligence complex "Vera-E" in combat position © Miroslav Gyurosi

Workplaces for operators of the complex "Vera-E" © Miroslav Gyurosi

Radar stations or radars in common parlance are usually designed for reconnaissance of airspace, detection of land and sea targets. At present, radars are often equipped with passive radio equipment. intelligence means, which pose a serious threat to a possible adversary. The covert operation of such systems is almost imperceptible to conventional devices that can detect electromagnetic radiation from radar detection, tracking and firing systems. The basic principle of operation of a radar as an active system is to emit electromagnetic energy and receive its reflection from objects in the air, on land or at sea. The received reflected signal is further processed and analyzed, which allows determining the speed, location and other important parameters of the target. A serious drawback of the radar is its principle of operation. radiating electromagnetic waves, the radar detects its combat position. Despite intensive work in search of methods for hiding radar signatures, there has been little progress in this area. On the other hand, the potential of electronic intelligence and other passive systems for collecting information for detecting targets is inexhaustible for many years to come.

Scientists from the former Soviet bloc, well aware of the pros and cons of radar, have been engaged in the field of passive radio intelligence for many years, but, however, without much success. Nevertheless, at the end of the 50s in the former Czechoslovakia, a major breakthrough was made in such developments, the main principle of which was later called TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival). Its essence lies in the measurement by three receivers, which are at some distance from each other, the time difference in radiation emitted by an air, ground or sea target. On the basis of which it is possible to "passively", i.e. without irradiating the target, determine its location. This principle was protected by patent law - closed patent No. 773 registered to Vlastimil Pech on 11/13/1961, and closed patents No. 830, 852 and 859, issued to Vladimir Zarybnicky (March-June 1962). It is important that, in accordance with this method, receiving stations can be located on the same line, in contrast to the method, which is based on the principle of triangulation. A description of the TDOA method is available on the ERA website.

The TDOA method was studied and further developed in Czechoslovak research institutes. In 1963, the first prototype was created to test the technology of this idea, on the basis of which a serial model PRP-1 "Kopac" (Presny Radiotechnicky Patrac, Precise radio technical detector) appeared. The system consisted of four cabs mounted on semi-trailers towed by Praga medium duty trucks. The deployment time of the PRP-1 "Kopac" was several days. The system used analog signal processing complexes, waveguides and coaxial technologies. The reconnaissance complex PRP-1 "Kopac" was able to detect radars operating in the L, S and X wavelength bands, airborne transponders and transponders of the TACAN navigation system. The complex was capable of tracking from one to six targets. In the armed forces of the former Czechoslovakia, the PRP-1 "Kopac" was used until 1979.

The next, second, generation of passive electronic intelligence systems, which was really, fully functioning, was named "Ramona". Initially, the system was developed under the code PRP-2 by Tesla (Pardubice) since 1967. In 1980-81, it was put into service and received a new index KRTP-81 (Komplet Radiotechnickeho Pruzkumu - Radio Intelligence Complex). Later, the system was upgraded, which received the designation KRTP-81M "Ramona-M". The complex was intended for reconnaissance at a strategic level. "Ramona" consisted of three 25 m masts, topped with a bulky dome covering the antennas, microwave parts and mid-frequency preamps and radio relay transmitters to ensure the exchange of information between base station and neighboring ones. The KRTP-81 complex is capable of detecting air, ground or sea targets emitting electromagnetic energy in the range of 0.8 - 18 GHz. Compared with the PRP-1 "Kopac" complex, the new "Ramona" and its modification "Ramona-M" were much more effective and capable of tracking up to 20 targets in a semi-automatic mode in a sector of 100 degrees relative to the central station of the complex.

In total, 17 pieces were produced in Czechoslovakia. "Ramons", 14 pcs. upgraded "Ramona-M" stations and one training station. Of this number, 14 KRTP-81 "Ramona" stations and 10 KRTP-81M "Ramona-M" stations were delivered to the USSR, one KRTP-81 station was sold to the GDR, one "Ramona", two "Ramona-M" and one training the complex was delivered to Syria, and, finally, one "Ramona" and two "Ramona-M" were in service in Czechoslovakia.

Ramona stations, despite their high performance, remained very difficult to operate, cumbersome and required from 4 to 12 hours to deploy. One system was placed on 13 Tatra T-138 heavy trucks.

In the NATO classification, the "Ramona" / "Ramona-M" stations received the designation "Soft Ball".

After many years of development and operation of the stations of the first generations PRP-1 and KRTP-81, it became clear that the customer really needs mobile system with much high performance for target detection. Plus, at this point, a new elemental base has appeared. All this made it possible to start the implementation in 1981-1983 of a new project, which was given the next female name "Tamara". In contrast to the Soviet geographical principle of naming their own air defense systems, the Warsaw Pact countries, especially Poland and Czechoslovakia, used female names as designations for radar stations. The new Tamara electronic intelligence system entered testing at the end of 1983. In total, three variants of this system were provided. Tests of the mobile reconnaissance station took place from September 1984 to the end of 1985. Military tests of the station under the designation KRTP-86 were carried out in the summer of 1987, and on October 10, 1987, the state tests of the system passed.

Station "Tamara" can be used for both strategic and tactical intelligence. "Tamara" is capable of detecting radars, radar emitters, Friend or Foe transmitters, TACAN navigation systems, DME rangefinders, JTIDS tactical information exchange systems, as well as active jammers operating in the 0.82-18 GHz band. During testing, the new system detected a target of the F-16 type at a range of 400 km, CF-18A -355 km, F-15 - 365. Older F-4 fighters were detected at around 395 km, F-104 - 425 km.

Station passive electronic intelligence KRTP-86 "Tamara" in early 1989 was adopted by the Czechoslovak People's Army. The main variant of the system was mobile. The self-propelled "Tamara" consists of 8 pieces of equipment placed on the Tatra T-815 automobile chassis. It consists of three RS-AJ/M receivers, one hardware cabin of the RS-KB receiving complex, a hardware cabin for signal processing RS-KM, and the ZZP-5 command module with information display systems can be additionally deployed.

The RS-AJ/M receiver is a cylindrical antenna mounted on a telescopic lifting device mounted on a Tatra T-815 chassis with an 8x8 wheel formula. The chassis was modified by installing four hydraulic jacks for leveling the antenna-mast device, and a bulldozer knife was hung in front of the driver's cab to prepare a combat position. The antenna-mast device can rise to a height of 8.5 m or in the range from 12.5 to 25 m. The cylindrical shape of the AMU fairing contains the necessary antennas and receivers, microwave transmitters for information exchange between the components of the complex. The raised antenna is capable of withstanding wind speeds of no more than 50 m/s, and the station can operate with a wind speed of no more than 30 m/s. At the combat position, the RS-AJ / M receiving devices are placed at a distance from each other from 10 to 35 km.

The stationary version "Tamara" consists of three antenna modules installed in special containers with dimensions of 3.5x3.5x3 m on 25-meter masts. During the period 1994-1995. this version of the complex was offered at international exhibitions by the Czech company HTT-Tesla Pardubice under the designation "Flora".

The detection range of the Tamara radio intelligence station is 450 km and is limited only by the radio horizon. The system is capable of tracking up to 72 targets in the 100-degree sector almost in real time. Relative to the central station. "Tamara" is in mass production and is constantly being upgraded by including new subsystems and updating information processing algorithms. The updated complex received the designation KRTP-91, its field of view increased to 120 degrees. The Tesla company, located in the city of Pardubice, built 23 Tamara electronic intelligence systems, of which 15 were delivered to the USSR, 1 complex to the GDR, and Czechoslovakia adopted 4 complexes. In 1991, the US managed to get one modernized "Tamara" (KRTP-91) through Oman. Two systems have not yet found their buyer. Self-propelled versions of the "Tamara" received the designation in the NATO classification "Trash Bin".

One of the Tamars acquired by the Soviet Union was discovered in November 2005 on the slope of Mount Akhun, not far from Sochi. By appearance- This is an early version of the Tamara complex - KRTP-86.

After the division of Czechoslovakia into two independent states (the Czech Republic and Slovakia), the development of electronic intelligence equipment continued in the Czech Republic. Thanks to the experience gained during the creation of the Kopac, Ramona and Tamara complexes, the fourth generation of passive radar equipment appeared, which was given the next female name Vera. The development of the new complex was carried out by the company "ERA" (the assignee of the company HTT-Tesla), which, after its readiness, began to offer for export deliveries under the designation "Vera-E".

The purpose of the "Vera-E" system did not differ from its predecessors. Nevertheless, modern technologies and a new elemental base made it possible to reduce the size and weight of individual elements, which increased the mobility of the system. The frequency range in which the station can detect radiation from air and ground targets is 1-18 GHz and can be further extended to a range from 0.1-1 GHz to 18-40 GHz. The "Vera-E" station can detect the radiation of secondary transponders of airborne radars and transmitters of the state recognition system (1090 MHz - 5 MHz), TACAN navigation systems and DME rangefinders (1025-1150 MHz). The viewing sector "Vera-E" has increased to 120 degrees, and at the request of the customer it can be circular. The maximum target detection range is 450 km. Simultaneous system "Vera-E" can accompany up to 200 targets. Information update rate from 1 to 5 sec. The antenna module is a cylinder 2 m high, 0.9 m in diameter and weighs 300 kg. A two-way microwave radio link connects the antenna module to the hardware module. In addition, ERA is promoting other versions of this system, including the Vera-P3D and Vera-ASCS civilian complexes.

In January 2004, the Czech arms export company Omnipol received two export licenses from the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade for the supply of six Vera-E systems to China for a total of $58 million. As soon as the first Chinese contract worth $23 million became known, the US government immediately protested to the Czech Republic. The Czech press widely covered an alleged letter from US Secretary of State Colin Powell to his Czech counterpart Kiril Svoboda regarding the sale of Vera-E stations to China, as well as Colin Powell's personal appeal to Czech Prime Minister Vladimir Spidla, in which the US Secretary of State asked to cancel the contract with China. Ultimately, after such pressure, on May 19, 2004, the Czech government canceled the licenses for the export of Vera-E complexes to China, which Omnipol notified a little later.

Currently, there is only one electronic intelligence station "Vera-E" in the Czech Republic. In November 2004, its assembly was completed, and in December of this year it was adopted by the Czech Army. Based "Vera-E" in the 53rd Center for electronic intelligence and electronic warfare in Plana, not far from Czech Budovice. The new radio intelligence unit headquartered in Opava will be operational in 2006 and will be created on the basis of the existing radio intelligence units in České Budovice and the electronic warfare platoon in Opava.

Having dissuaded the Czech Republic from selling the "Vera-E" station to China, the United States themselves acquired one set of "Vera-E" for their own needs in late 2004 or early 2005. As practice shows, Americans buy military equipment in single copies only to study it and find ways to counteract its capabilities. The contract value, including service maintenance and staff training, was $10 million.

In the summer of 2005, the Czech Republic sold another "Vera-E" station to Estonia for $4 million. Delivery should be made soon.

During this period, there were reports that China was not abandoning its attempts to acquire Vera-E complexes. According to the information of the Prague weekly "Euro", during the visit of the Czech Prime Minister Jiri Paroubk to Beijing, the Chinese side again raised the issue of purchasing "Vera-E", and the solution of this issue was associated with the provision of favorable conditions for Czech contracts in the PRC. In addition to China, Malaysia, Egypt, Pakistan, and Vietnam also show increased interest in Vera-E.

The press claims that a certain number of Tamara electronic intelligence stations were delivered to Yugoslavia, which made it possible to shoot down the F-117 stealth aircraft during the US aggression against this country. However, there are no reliable facts of such a delivery, and the F-117 was also shot down by means of a modified S-125M air defense system.

Currently, the competitors of the Czech electronic intelligence stations are the equally well-known Ukrainian Kolchuga radar, the sales of which are closely monitored by the US government, and the Russian development - the 85V6-A Vega electronic intelligence complex, which is only moving forward to export markets.

Information sources:

Miroslav Gyurosi. THE CZECH VERA-E PASSIVE ELINT SYSTEM - WHAT IT IS AND WHY CHINA WAS UNABLE TO ACQUIRE IT. ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW Volume 13 Issue 2

TAMARA MCS-93 Electronic INTelligence (ELINT) system. Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems