Anti-aircraft missile systems. Modern and promising anti-aircraft missile systems of air defense of Russia

Anti-aircraft missile weapons are ground-to-air missile weapons and are designed to destroy enemy air attack means with anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAMs). It is represented by various systems.

An anti-aircraft missile system (anti-aircraft missile system) is a combination of an anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) and means that ensure its use.

Anti-aircraft missile system - a set of functionally related combat and technical means designed to destroy air targets with anti-aircraft guided missiles.

The air defense system includes means of detection, identification and target designation, means of flight control of missiles, one or more launchers (PU) with missiles, technical means and electrical power sources.

The technical basis of the air defense system is the control system of the missile defense system. Depending on the adopted control system, there are systems for remote control of missiles, homing missiles, combined control of missiles. Each air defense system has certain combat properties, features, the totality of which can serve as classification features that allow it to be attributed to a certain type.

The combat properties of air defense systems include all-weather, noise immunity, mobility, versatility, reliability, degree of automation of combat operations, etc.

Vsepogodnost - the ability of air defense systems to destroy air targets in all weather conditions. There are all-weather and non-all-weather air defense systems. The latter ensure the destruction of targets under certain weather conditions and time of day.

Interference immunity - a property that allows the air defense system to destroy air targets in the conditions of interference created by the enemy to suppress electronic (optical) means.

Mobility is a property that manifests itself in transportability and the time of transition from traveling to combat and from combat to traveling. A relative indicator of mobility can be the total time required to change the starting position in given conditions. Integral part Mobility is agility. The most mobile is the complex, which has greater transportability and requires less time to complete the maneuver. Mobile complexes can be self-propelled, towed and portable. Non-mobile air defense systems are called stationary.

Versatility is a property that characterizes the technical capabilities of air defense systems to destroy air targets in a wide range of ranges and heights.

Reliability - the ability to function normally under specified operating conditions.

According to the degree of automation, anti-aircraft missile systems are distinguished as automatic, semi-automatic and non-automatic. In automatic air defense systems, all operations for detecting, tracking targets and guiding missiles are performed automatically without human intervention. In semi-automatic and non-automatic air defense systems, a person takes part in solving a number of tasks.

Anti-aircraft missile systems are distinguished by the number of target and missile channels. Complexes that provide simultaneous tracking and firing of one target are called single-channel, and several targets are called multi-channel.

Anti-aircraft missile systems based on aircraft weapons

Said Aminov, Chief Editor website "Vestnik PVO" (PVO.rf)

Basic provisions:

Today, a number of companies are actively developing and promoting new air defense systems, which are based on air-to-air missiles used from ground launchers;

Given the large number of aircraft missiles in service different countries, the creation of such air defense systems can be very promising.

The idea of ​​creating anti-aircraft missile systems based on aircraft weapons is not new. Back in the 1960s. The United States created Chaparral self-propelled short-range air defense systems with the Sidewinder aircraft missile and the Sea Sparrow short-range air defense system with the AIM-7E-2 Sparrow aircraft missile. These complexes were widely used and were used in combat operations. At the same time, a ground-based Spada air defense system (and its shipborne version of Albatros) was created in Italy, using Aspide anti-aircraft guided missiles similar in design to Sparrow.

Today, the United States has returned to the design of "hybrid" air defense systems based on the Raytheon AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missile. The SLAMRAAM air defense system, which has been created for a long time, is designed to complement in the ground forces and the corps marines The US Avenger complex, theoretically, can become one of the best-selling in foreign markets, given the number of countries that are armed with AIM-120 aircraft missiles. An example is the US-Norwegian NASAMS air defense system, which has already gained popularity, also created on the basis of AIM-120 missiles.

The European group MBDA is promoting vertical launch air defense systems based on the French MICA aircraft missile, and the German company Diehl BGT Defense is promoting IRIS-T missiles.

Russia also does not stand aside - in 2005, the Tactical Missile Weapons Corporation (KTRV) presented at the MAKS air show information on the use of an aircraft missile in air defense medium range RVV-AE. This missile with an active radar guidance system is designed for use from fourth-generation aircraft, has a range of 80 km and was exported in large quantities as part of the Su-30MK and MiG-29 family fighters to China, Algeria, India and other countries. True, information on the development of the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE has not been received recently.

Chaparral (USA)

The Chaparral self-propelled all-weather air defense system was developed by Ford based on the Sidewinder 1C (AIM-9D) aircraft missile. The complex was adopted by the US Army in 1969, and since then it has been modernized several times. In combat, Chaparral was first used by the Israeli army in the Golan Heights in 1973, and subsequently used by Israel in 1982 during the Israeli occupation of Lebanon. However, by the early 1990s. The Chaparral air defense system was hopelessly outdated and was decommissioned by the United States, and then by Israel. Now it has remained in operation only in Egypt, Colombia, Morocco, Portugal, Tunisia and Taiwan.

Sea Sparrow (USA)

The Sea Sparrow is one of the most massive short-range ship-based air defense systems in the NATO navies. The complex was created on the basis of the RIM-7 missile, a modified version of the AIM-7F Sparrow air-to-air missile. Tests began in 1967, and since 1971 the complex began to enter service with the US Navy.

In 1968, Denmark, Italy and Norway came to an agreement with the US Navy on joint work for the modernization of the Sea Sparrow air defense system within the framework of international cooperation. As a result, a unified air defense system for NATO surface ships NSSMS (NATO Sea Sparrow Missile System) was developed, which has been in serial production since 1973.

Now a new anti-aircraft missile RIM-162 ESSM (Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles) is being offered for the Sea Sparrow air defense system, the development of which began in 1995 by an international consortium led by the American company Raytheon. The consortium includes companies from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Spain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Turkey. The new missile can be launched from both inclined and vertical launchers. The RIM-162 ESSM anti-aircraft missile has been in service since 2004. The modified RIM-162 ESSM anti-aircraft missile is also planned to be used in the US SLAMRAAM ER land-based air defense system (see below).

RVV-AE-ZRK (Russia)

In our country, research work (R&D) on the use of aircraft missiles in air defense systems began in the mid-1980s. In the Klenka Research Institute, specialists from the Vympel State Design Bureau (today part of the KTRV) confirmed the possibility and expediency of using the R-27P missile as part of the air defense system, and in the early 1990s. Research work "Yelnik" showed the possibility of using an air-to-air missile of the RVV-AE (R-77) type in an air defense system with a vertical launch. A model of a modified missile under the designation RVV-AE-ZRK was demonstrated in 1996 at the Defendory international exhibition in Athens at the stand of the Vympel State Design Bureau. However, until 2005, there were no new references to the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE.

Possible launcher of a promising air defense system on an artillery carriage of an S-60 anti-aircraft gun GosMKB "Vympel"

During the MAKS-2005 air show, the Tactical Missiles Corporation presented an anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE missile without external changes from an aircraft missile. The RVV-AE missile was placed in a transport and launch container (TPK) and had a vertical launch. According to the developer, the missile is proposed to be used against air targets from ground launchers that are part of anti-aircraft missile or anti-aircraft artillery systems. In particular, layouts for placing four TPKs with RVV-AE on the S-60 anti-aircraft gun cart were distributed, and it was also proposed to upgrade the Kvadrat air defense system (an export version of the Kub air defense system) by placing TPKs with RVV-AE on the launcher.

Anti-aircraft missile RVV-AE in a transport and launch container in the exposition of the Vympel State Design Bureau (Tactical Missiles Corporation) at the MAKS-2005 exhibition Said Aminov

Due to the fact that the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE almost does not differ from the aircraft version in terms of equipment and there is no launch accelerator, the launch is carried out using a sustainer engine from a transport and launch container. Because of this, the maximum launch range has decreased from 80 to 12 km. The anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE was created in cooperation with the Almaz-Antey air defense concern.

After MAKS-2005, there were no reports on the implementation of this project from open sources. Now the aviation version of the RVV-AE is in service with Algeria, India, China, Vietnam, Malaysia and other countries, some of which also have Soviet artillery and air defense missile systems.

Pracka (Yugoslavia)

The first examples of the use of aircraft missiles as anti-aircraft missiles in Yugoslavia date back to the mid-1990s, when the Bosnian Serb army created an air defense system on the chassis of a TAM-150 truck with two rails for Soviet-designed R-13 infrared-guided missiles. It was a "handicraft" modification and does not appear to have had an official designation.

A self-propelled anti-aircraft gun based on R-3 missiles (AA-2 "Atoll") was first shown to the public in 1995 (Source Vojske Krajine)

Another simplified system, known as Pracka ("Sling"), was an infrared-guided R-60 missile on an improvised launcher based on the carriage of a towed 20 mm M55 anti-aircraft gun. The actual combat effectiveness of such a system seems to have been low, given such a disadvantage as a very short launch range.

Towed handicraft air defense system "Sling" with a missile based on air-to-air missiles with an infrared homing head R-60

The beginning of the NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999 prompted the engineers of this country to urgently create anti-aircraft missile systems. Specialists from the VTI Military Technical Institute and the VTO Air Test Center quickly developed the Pracka RL-2 and RL-4 self-propelled air defense systems armed with two-stage missiles. Prototypes of both systems were created on the basis of the chassis of a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun with a 30-mm double-barreled gun of the Czech production type M53 / 59, more than 100 of which were in service with Yugoslavia.

New versions of the Prasha air defense system with two-stage missiles based on the R-73 and R-60 aircraft missiles at an exhibition in Belgrade in December 2004. Vukasin Milosevic, 2004

The RL-2 system was created on the basis of the Soviet R-60MK missile with the first stage in the form of an accelerator of a similar caliber. The booster appears to have been created by a combination of a 128mm rocket propulsion system. salvo fire and large tail stabilizers mounted crosswise.

Vukasin Milosevic, 2004

The RL-4 rocket was created on the basis of the Soviet R-73 rocket, also equipped with an accelerator. It is possible that boosters for RL-4

were created on the basis of Soviet 57-mm unguided aircraft missiles of the S-5 type (a package of six missiles in a single body). An unnamed Serbian source, in an interview with a representative of the Western press, stated that this air defense system was successful. The R-73 missiles significantly outperform the R-60 in homing head sensitivity and reach in range and altitude, posing a significant threat to NATO aircraft.

Vukasin Milosevic, 2004

It is unlikely that the RL-2 and RL-4 had a great chance of independently conducting successful firing at suddenly appeared targets. These SAMs depend on air defense command posts or a forward observation post to have at least some idea of ​​the direction to the target and the approximate time of its appearance.

Vukasin Milosevic, 2004

Both prototypes were built by VTO and VTI staff, and there is no information in the public domain about how many (or if any) test runs were made. The prototypes remained in service throughout the 1999 NATO bombing campaign. Anecdotal reports suggest that the RL-4 may have been used in combat, but there is no evidence that RL-2 missiles were fired at NATO aircraft. After the end of the conflict, both systems were withdrawn from service and returned to VTI.

SPYDER (Israel)

Israeli companies Rafael and IAI have developed and are promoting SPYDER short-range air defense systems based on Rafael Python 4 or 5 and Derby aircraft missiles, respectively, with infrared and active radar guidance. First new complex was presented in 2004 at the Indian arms exhibition Defexpo.

Experienced launcher of the SPYDER air defense system, on which Rafael worked out the Jane "s complex

SAM SPYDER is capable of hitting air targets at ranges up to 15 km and at altitudes up to 9 km. The SPYDER is armed with four Python and Derby missiles in the TPK on the Tatra-815 off-road chassis with an 8x8 wheel arrangement. Rocket launch inclined.

Indian version of the SPYDER air defense system at the Bourges air show in 2007 Said Aminov

Derby, Python-5 and Iron Dome rockets at Defexpo-2012

The main export customer of the SPYDER short-range air defense system is India. In 2005, Rafael won the corresponding tender of the Indian Air Force, while the competitors were companies from Russia and South Africa. In 2006, four SPYDER SAM launchers were sent to India for testing, which were successfully completed in 2007. The final contract for the supply of 18 SPYDER systems for a total of $ 1 billion was signed in 2008. It is planned that the systems will be delivered in 2011-2012 Also, the SPYDER air defense system was purchased by Singapore.

SAM SPYDER Singapore Air Force

After the end of hostilities in Georgia in August 2008, evidence appeared on Internet forums that the Georgian military had one battery of SPYDER air defense systems, as well as their use against Russian aviation. For example, in September 2008, a photograph of the head of a Python 4 rocket with serial number 11219 was published. Later, two photographs appeared, dated August 19, 2008, captured by Russian or South Ossetian military launcher SPYDER air defense system with four Python 4 missiles on a Romanian-made Roman 6x6 chassis. Serial number 11219 is visible on one of the missiles.

Georgian SAM SPYDER

VL MICA (Europe)

Since 2000, the European concern MBDA has been promoting the VL MICA air defense system, the main armament of which is MICA aircraft missiles. The first demonstration of the new complex took place in February 2000 at the Asian Aerospace exhibition in Singapore. And already in 2001, tests began at the French training ground in Landes. In December 2005, the MBDA concern received a contract to create the VL MICA air defense system for the French armed forces. It was planned that these complexes would provide object air defense of air bases, units in the combat formations of the ground forces and be used as shipboard air defense. However, to date, the purchase of the complex by the armed forces of France has not begun. The aviation version of the MICA missile is in service with the French Air Force and Navy (they are equipped with Rafale and Mirage 2000 fighters), in addition, MICA is in service with the Air Force of the United Arab Emirates, Greece and Taiwan (Mirage 2000).

Model of the ship launcher VL MICA air defense system at the LIMA-2013 exhibition

The land version of the VL MICA includes a command post, a three-coordinate detection radar and three to six launchers with four transport and launch containers. VL MICA components can be installed on standard off-road vehicles. Anti-aircraft missiles of the complex can be with an infrared or active radar homing head, completely identical to aviation options. The TPK for the land version of the VL MICA is identical to the TPK for the ship modification of the VL MICA. In the basic configuration of the ship's VL MICA air defense system, the launcher consists of eight TPKs with MICA missiles in various combinations of homing heads.

Model of self-propelled launcher SAM VL MICA at the exhibition LIMA-2013

In December 2007, VL MICA air defense systems were ordered by Oman (for three Khareef project corvettes under construction in the UK), subsequently these complexes were purchased by the Moroccan Navy (for three SIGMA project corvettes under construction in the Netherlands) and the UAE (for two small missile corvettes contracted in Italy project Falaj 2) . In 2009, at the Paris Air Show, Romania announced the acquisition of the VL MICA and Mistral complexes for the country's Air Force from the MBDA concern, although deliveries to the Romanians have not begun so far.

IRIS-T (Europe)

As part of the European initiative to create a promising short-range aviation missile to replace the American AIM-9 Sidewinder, a consortium of countries led by Germany created the IRIS-T missile with a range of up to 25 km. The development and production is carried out by Diehl BGT Defense in partnership with enterprises in Italy, Sweden, Greece, Norway and Spain. The missile was adopted by the participating countries in December 2005. The IRIS-T missile can be used with a wide range fighter aircraft, including Typhoon, Tornado, Gripen, F-16, F-18 aircraft. Austria was the first export customer for IRIS-T, and South Africa and Saudi Arabia later ordered the missile.

Layout self-propelled launcher Iris-T at the exhibition in Bourges-2007

In 2004, Diehl BGT Defense began developing a promising air defense system using the IRIS-T aircraft missile. The IRIS-T SLS complex has been undergoing field tests since 2008, mainly at the Overberg test site in South Africa. The IRIS-T missile is launched vertically from a launcher mounted on the chassis of an off-road light truck. The detection of air targets is provided by the Giraffe AMB all-round radar developed by the Swedish company Saab. The maximum range of destruction exceeds 10 km.

In 2008, a modernized launcher was demonstrated at the ILA exhibition in Berlin

In 2009, Diehl BGT Defense introduced an upgraded version of the IRIS-T SL air defense system with a new missile, the maximum range of which should be 25 km. The missile is equipped with an advanced rocket engine, as well as automatic data transmission and GPS navigation systems. Tests of the improved complex were carried out at the end of 2009 at the South African test site.

Launcher of the German air defense system IRIS-T SL 25.6.2011 at the Dubendorf Miroslav Gyürösi airbase

In accordance with the decision of the German authorities, the new version of the air defense system was planned to be integrated into the promising MEADS air defense system (created jointly with the United States and Italy), as well as to ensure interaction with the Patriot PAC-3 air defense system. However, the announced withdrawal of the United States and Germany in 2011 from the MEADS air defense program makes the prospects of both MEADS itself and the planned integration of the IRIS-T anti-aircraft missile into its composition extremely uncertain. The complex can be offered to the countries-operators of IRIS-T aircraft missiles.

NASAMS (USA, Norway)

The concept of an air defense system using the AIM-120 aircraft missile was proposed in the early 1990s. by the American company Hughes Aircraft (now part of Raytheon) when creating a promising air defense system under the AdSAMS program. In 1992, the AdSAMS complex was tested, but in the future this project was not developed. In 1994, Hughes Aircraft signed a contract to develop NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System) air defense systems, the architecture of which largely repeated the AdSAMS project. The development of the NASAMS complex together with Norsk Forsvarteknologia (now part of the Kongsberg Defense group) was successfully completed, and in 1995 its production for the Norwegian Air Force began.

The NASAMS air defense system consists of a command post, a Raytheon AN / TPQ-36A three-coordinate radar and three transportable launchers. The launcher carries six AIM-120 missiles.

In 2005, Kongsberg was awarded a contract to fully integrate Norwegian NASAMS air defense systems into NATO's integrated air defense control system. The modernized air defense system under the designation NASAMS II entered service with the Norwegian Air Force in 2007.

SAM NASAMS II Ministry of Defense of Norway

For the Spanish ground forces in 2003, four NASAMS air defense systems were delivered, and one air defense system was transferred to the United States. In December 2006, the Dutch ground forces ordered six upgraded NASAMS II air defense systems, deliveries began in 2009. In April 2009, Finland decided to replace three divisions of Russian Buk-M1 air defense systems with NASAMS II. The estimated cost of the Finnish contract is 500 million euros.

Now Raytheon and Kongsberg are jointly developing the HAWK-AMRAAM air defense system, using AIM-120 aircraft missiles on universal launchers and Sentinel detection radars in the I-HAWK air defense system.

High Mobility Launcher NASAMS AMRAAM on FMTV Raytheon chassis

CLAWS / SLAMRAAM (USA)

Since the early 2000s in the United States, a promising mobile air defense system is being developed based on the AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missile, similar in its characteristics to the Russian medium-range missile RVV-AE (R-77). Raytheon Corporation is the lead developer and manufacturer of rockets. Boeing is a subcontractor and is responsible for the development and production of the SAM fire control command post.

In 2001, the US Marine Corps signed a contract with Raytheon Corporation to create the CLAWS (Complementary Low-Altitude Weapon System, also known as HUMRAAM) air defense systems. This air defense system was a mobile air defense system, based on a launcher based on an HMMWV off-road army vehicle with four AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missiles launched from inclined rails. The development of the complex was extremely delayed due to the repeated curtailment of funding and the lack of clear views from the Pentagon on the need to acquire it.

In 2004, the US Army ordered Raytheon to develop the SLAMRAAM (Surface-Launched AMRAAM) air defense system. Since 2008, tests of the SLAMRAAM air defense system at the test sites began, during which interaction with the Patriot and Avenger air defense systems was also tested. At the same time, the army eventually abandoned the use of the light HMMWV chassis, and the latest version of SLAMRAAM was already being tested on the chassis of an FMTV truck. In general, the development of the system was also sluggish, although it was expected that the new complex would enter service in 2012.

In September 2008, information appeared that the UAE had applied for the purchase of a certain number of SLAMRAAM air defense systems. In addition, this air defense system was planned to be acquired by Egypt.

In 2007, Raytheon Corporation proposed a significant improvement combat capabilities SAM SLAMRAAM, supplementing its armament with two new missiles - a short-range aircraft missile with infrared guidance AIM-9X and a more long-range missile SLAMRAAM-ER. Thus, the modernized complex should have been able to use two types of short-range missiles from one launcher: AMRAAM (up to 25 km) and AIM-9X (up to 10 km). Due to the use of the SLAMRAAM-ER missile, the maximum range of the complex's destruction increased to 40 km. The SLAMRAAM-ER missile is being developed by Raytheon on its own initiative and is a modified ESSM ship-based anti-aircraft missile with a homing head and a control system from the AMRAAM aircraft missile. First tests new rocket SL-AMRAAM-ER were held in Norway in 2008.

Meanwhile, in January 2011, information appeared that the Pentagon had finally decided not to acquire the SLAMRAAM air defense system for either the army or the marines due to budget cuts, despite the lack of prospects for modernizing the Avenger air defense system. This, apparently, means the end of the program and makes its possible export prospects doubtful.

Tactical and technical characteristics of air defense systems based on aircraft missiles

Air defense missiles have always been and remain among the leaders of the most advanced intelligent, high-tech and expensive types of military equipment. Therefore, the possibility of their creation and production, as well as the possession of advanced technologies at the industrial level, the availability of relevant scientific and design schools are considered one of the most important indicators of the level of development of the country's defense industry.

The creation of air defense systems of medium and long range engaged in countries in which earlier work on this topic had never been conducted. These countries include India, Iran and North Korea.

The design and development of the Akash ("Sky") air defense system, equipped with a missile defense system with a semi-active seeker, began in India in 1983. From 1990 to 1998, tests of missiles lasted, and in 2006, after a long revision, representatives of the Indian Ministry of Defense announced the readiness of this complex for adoption. Currently, according to Indian sources, he is in trial operation in the ground forces.

Launch of SAM SAM "Akash"

A typical anti-aircraft missile battery of the Akash complex includes four self-propelled launchers on a tracked (BMP-1 or T-72) or wheeled chassis. One Rajendra three-coordinate radar with headlights (on a tracked chassis), one command and control vehicle with an antenna on a telescopic mast, several transport-loading vehicles on a wheeled chassis, one cable-laying vehicle; one technical support vehicle, a two-coordinate radar for detecting and issuing target designation data.

The complex is capable of hitting targets at low and medium altitudes at a distance of 3.5 to 25 km. During this time, funds were spent on development, which could be used to equip Indian air defense units with modern foreign systems. The opinion was expressed that "Akash" is a "non-optimal modernization" of the Soviet air defense system "Cube" ("Square"), which was previously supplied to India. The Russian air defense system "Buk-M2" could become a more worthy and effective replacement for the obsolete air defense system "Cube" ("Square") than the Indian long-term construction air defense system "Akash".

In 2012, the leader of the DPRK, Comrade Kim Jong-un, visited the Command of the Aviation and Air Defense Forces of the Korean People's Army. In one of the photos, he was next to the launcher of the new North Korean KN-06 air defense system.

Later, these complexes were shown at a military parade in Pyongyang. The transport and launch containers of the KN-06 anti-aircraft missile system resemble the TPKs deployed on the Russian S-300P air defense launchers.

The characteristics of the new North Korean complex are unknown. According to official representatives of the DPRK, the KN-06 air defense system is allegedly not inferior in its capabilities to the latest modifications of the Russian S-300P, which, however, seems doubtful.

It is not known whether this is a coincidence, but around the same time, Iran demonstrated at a military parade in Tehran a new air defense system called Bavar-373, which local sources called an analogue of the Russian S-300P anti-aircraft missile system. Details about the promising Iranian system are still unknown.

SPU SAM Bavar-373

Iran announced the start of development of its own anti-aircraft missile system, comparable in its capabilities to the S-300P in February 2010. This happened shortly after Russia refused to supply Tehran with S-300P systems in 2008. The reason for the refusal was the UN resolution, which banned the supply of weapons and military equipment to Iran. At the beginning of 2011, Iran announced the start of mass production of its own Bavar-373 systems, but the timing of the adoption of systems for service has not yet been reported.

Another “independently developed” Iranian air defense system was the Raad medium-range air defense system. The anti-aircraft missile system is made on a chassis with a 6X6 wheel arrangement. Which outwardly very much resembles a Belarusian-made chassis of the MZKT-6922 type.

SPU medium-range air defense system Raad

Three anti-aircraft guided missiles are placed on the launcher of the Raad air defense system, outwardly similar to the Russian 9M317E series air defense missiles supplied to Iran for the modernization of the Kvadrat air defense system, but differ in some details. At the same time, on the self-propelled launcher of the Raad air defense system, unlike the Buk-M2E, there is no radar for target illumination and guidance.

Russia remains a recognized leader in the creation of medium and long-range air defense systems. However, compared to Soviet times the pace of design and adoption of new systems has slowed down many times over.

The most modern Russian development in this area is the S-400 Triumph air defense system (). It was put into service on April 28, 2007.

S-400 air defense system is an evolutionary variant further development Air defense systems of the S-300P family. At the same time, the improved principles of construction and the use of a modern element base make it possible to provide more than a twofold superiority over its predecessor. The command post of the anti-aircraft missile system is able to integrate it into the control structure of any air defense system. Each air defense system of the system is capable of firing up to 10 air targets with up to 20 missiles aimed at them. The system is distinguished by the automation of all combat work processes - target detection, their tracking, distribution of targets between air defense systems, target acquisition, missile type selection and preparation for launch, evaluation of firing results.

The S-400 air defense system provides the ability to build a layered defense of ground facilities from a massive air attack. The system potentially ensures the defeat of targets flying at speeds up to 4,800 m / s at a distance of up to 400 km, with a target height of up to 30 km. At the same time, the minimum firing range of the complex is 2 km, and the minimum height of the targets hit is 5-10 m. combat readiness is 5-10 minutes.

All elements of the system are based on off-road wheeled chassis and can be transported by rail, air or water.

To date, the Russian S-400 air defense system is certainly the best among the existing long-range systems, but its real potential in practice is far from being fully realized.

Currently, as part of the S-400 air defense system, variants of the missile defense system created earlier for the S-300PM air defense system are used. There are no promising long-range missiles 40N6E in the ammunition load of divisions carrying combat duty yet.

The layout of the S-400 air defense system in the European part of the territory of the Russian Federation

According to information from open sources, as of May 2015, 19 S-400 fire divisions were delivered to the troops, in which there are 152 SPUs. Some of them are currently under development.

In total, by 2020, it is planned to acquire 56 divisions. The Russian Armed Forces, starting in 2014, should receive two or three regimental sets of S-400 anti-aircraft missile systems per year with an increase in the pace of deliveries.

Satellite image of Google earth: S-400 air defense system in the Zvenigorod area

According to Russian media, S-400 air defense systems are deployed in the following areas:
- 2 divisions in Elektrostal;
- 2 divisions in Dmitrov;
- 2 divisions in Zvenigorod;
- 2 divisions in Nakhodka;
- 2 divisions in the Kaliningrad region;
- 2 divisions in Novorossiysk;
- 2 divisions in Podolsk;
- 2 divisions on the Kola Peninsula;
- 2 divisions in Kamchatka.

However, it is possible that these data are not complete or not entirely reliable. So, for example, it is known that the Kaliningrad region and the Baltic Fleet base in Baltiysk are protected from air attack by the S-300PS / S-400 mixed regiment, and the S-300PM / S-400 mixed regiment is stationed near Novorossiysk.

The use in the air defense system of especially important objects located in the depths of the country's long-range air defense systems of the S-300PM and S-400 types is not always justified, since such systems are expensive, redundant in a number of non-critical characteristics and, as a result, according to the cost-effectiveness criterion, it is significantly lose to defense systems based on medium-range air defense systems.

In addition, replacing sufficiently heavy TPK S-300 air defense systems of all modifications and S-400 with SPU is a very difficult procedure that requires some time and good training of personnel.

At the MAKS-2013 air show, the S-350 Vityaz anti-aircraft missile system was first demonstrated to the general public (). According to the developers, this promising medium-range anti-aircraft missile system should replace the early series S-300P air defense systems currently in service.

The S-350 anti-aircraft missile system is designed to defend administrative, industrial and military facilities from massive attacks by modern and advanced air attack weapons. It is capable of simultaneously repelling strikes of various EOS in a circular manner over the entire range of heights. The S-350 can operate autonomously, as well as as part of air defense groups when controlled from higher command posts. Combat work of the system is carried out completely automatically - the combat crew provides only preparation for work and controls the course of hostilities.

The S-350 air defense system consists of several self-propelled launchers, a multifunctional radar and a combat control center, located on a BAZ four-axle wheeled chassis. The ammunition load of one SPU includes 12 missiles with ARGSN, presumably 9M96 / 9M96E and / or 9M100. According to other data, along with the indicated missiles, medium-range aviation missiles of the R-77 type can be used. There were suggestions that a self-defense missile with a range of up to 10 km could also be created for the Vityaz.

Compared with the S-300PS air defense systems, which currently account for more than 50% of all long-range air defense systems in the air defense and air force, the S-350 has several times greater capabilities. This is due to the large number of missiles on one launcher "Vityaz" (on the SPU S-300P - 4 missiles) and target channels capable of simultaneously firing at air targets. The time for bringing air defense systems to combat readiness from the march is no more than 5 minutes.

In 2012, the Pantsir-S1 short-range anti-aircraft missile and gun system () was officially adopted by the Russian army.
ZPRK "Patsir-S1" is a development of the project ZPRK "Tunguska-M". Externally, anti-aircraft systems have a certain similarity, but are designed to perform different tasks.

"Pantsir-S1" is placed on the chassis of a truck, trailer or stationary. Management is carried out by two or three operators. The defeat of targets is carried out by automatic guns and guided missiles with radio command guidance with infrared and radio direction finding. The complex is designed to protect civilian and military facilities or to cover long-range air defense systems such as the S-300P / S-400.

The complex is capable of hitting targets with a minimum reflective surface at speeds up to 1,000 m/s and a maximum range of 20,000 meters and a height of up to 15,000 meters, including helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, cruise missiles and high-precision bombs. In addition, the Patsir-S1 ZPRK is capable of combating lightly armored ground targets, as well as enemy manpower.

ZPRK "Pantsir-S1"

Fine-tuning of the "Shell" and launching into mass production in 2008 were carried out thanks to funding from a foreign customer. To speed up the fulfillment of the export order, this Russian complex used a significant number of imported components.

As of 2014, there were 36 Patsir-S1 air defense systems in service in the Russian Federation, by 2020 their number should increase to 100.

At present, anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes of medium and long range are in service with the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO), Air Defense and Air Force and air defense units of the Ground Forces. The S-400, S-300P and S-300V air defense systems of various modifications in the armed forces of the Russian Federation have more than 1,500 launchers.

The Aerospace Defense Troops have 12 anti-aircraft missile regiments (ZRP) armed with air defense systems: S-400, S-300PM and S-300PS. The main task of which is to protect the city of Moscow from air attacks. For the most part, these air defense systems are equipped with the latest modifications of the S-300PM and S-400 air defense systems. The regiments belonging to the VVKO, which are armed with S-300PS, are on combat duty on the periphery (Valdai and Voronezh).

Russian troops Air defense (those that are part of the Air Force and Air Defense) have 34 regiments with S-300PS, S-300PM and S-400 air defense systems. In addition, not so long ago, several anti-aircraft missile brigades converted into regiments were transferred to the Air Force and Air Defense from the air defense of the ground forces - two 2-divisional S-300V and Buk brigades and one mixed (two S-300V divisions , one Buk division). Thus, in the troops we have 38 regiments, including 105 divisions.

This formidable force, it would seem, is quite capable of providing reliable protection of our sky from air attack weapons. However, with a very impressive number of our ZRV, things in them are not brilliant everywhere. A significant part of the S-300PS divisions are not on combat duty at full strength. This is due to a malfunction of equipment and expired storage of missiles.

The transfer of anti-aircraft missile brigades to the air defense-air force from the air defense of the ground forces is associated with insufficient staffing and the upcoming inevitable mass write-off due to wear and tear of equipment and weapons in the anti-aircraft missile units of the air defense and air force.

The deliveries of the S-400 air defense system to the troops that have begun are not yet able to make up for the losses incurred in the 90s and 2000s. For almost 20 years, the air defense forces on combat duty to protect our skies have not received new complexes. This led to the fact that many critical facilities and entire areas were completely uncovered. In a significant part of the country's territory, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants remain unprotected, air strikes on which can lead to catastrophic consequences. Vulnerability from air attack of the deployment points of Russian strategic nuclear forces provokes “potential partners” to attempt a “disarming strike” with high-precision means of destroying non-nuclear equipment.

This is clearly seen in the example of the Kozelsk Missile Division, which is currently being re-equipped with the RS-24 Yars complexes. In the past, this area was well covered by various types of air defense systems (pictured). At present, all the positions of the air defense systems indicated in the picture have been liquidated. In addition to the ICBMs of the Kozelskaya Missile Division, to the north is the Shaikovka airfield, where Tu-22M3 missile carriers are based.

Satellite image of Google earth: ICBM combat deployment area of ​​the Kozelsk Missile Division

If the old S-75 and S-200 air defense systems, covering this area vital for the country's security, were eliminated in the early to mid-90s, then the curtailment of the positions of the S-300P air defense systems occurred relatively recently, already under the new leadership of the country, in "well-fed years of ups and downs. However, we can observe the same thing in almost the entire territory of the country, except for Moscow and St. Petersburg.

On the vast territory from the Urals to the Far East, there is practically no anti-aircraft cover. Beyond the Urals, in Siberia, only four regiments are deployed on a gigantic territory, one S-300PS regiment each near Novosibirsk, in Irkutsk, Achinsk and Ulan-Ude. In addition, there is one regiment of the Buk air defense system each: in Buryatia, not far from the Dzhida station, and in the Trans-Baikal Territory in the village of Domna.

Satellite image of Google earth: layout of medium and long-range air defense systems in the Russian Far East

Among some of the inhabitants, there is a widespread opinion, supported by the media, that in the "bins of the motherland" there is a huge number of anti-aircraft systems, which, in case of anything, can effectively protect the expanses of our vast country. To put it mildly - it's "not quite right." Of course, there are several “framed” S-300PS regiments in the armed forces, and S-300PT and S-125 are “stored” at the bases. However, it should be understood that all this equipment, released more than 30 years ago, is usually very worn out and does not correspond to modern realities. One can only guess what coefficient of technical reliability the missiles produced in the early 80s have.

You can also hear about "sleeping", "hidden" or even "underground" fire divisions hidden in the remote Siberian taiga hundreds of kilometers from the nearest settlements. In these taiga garrisons, heroic people have been serving for decades, living on "grass", without basic household amenities and even without wives and children.

Naturally, such statements by "specialists" do not stand up to scrutiny, since they are devoid of the slightest sense. All medium-range and long-range anti-aircraft systems in peacetime are tied to infrastructure: military camps, garrisons, workshops, supply bases, etc., and most importantly, to protected objects.

Satellite image of Google earth: S-300PS positions in the Saratov region

Anti-aircraft systems located in positions or in "storage" are quite quickly opened by modern means of space and electronic intelligence. Even the Russian reconnaissance satellite constellation, inferior in its capabilities to the technology of "probable partners", allows you to quickly monitor the movements of the air defense system. Naturally, the situation with basing anti-aircraft systems changes dramatically with the advent of the "special period". In this case, the air defense systems immediately leave the permanent deployment and deployment sites well known to the enemy.

Anti-aircraft missile forces are and will be one of the cornerstones in the foundation of air defense. The territorial integrity and independence of our country directly depends on their combat capability. With the advent of the new military leadership, one can observe positive developments in this matter.

At the end of 2014, Defense Minister General of the Army Sergei Shoigu announced measures that should help correct the existing situation. As part of the expansion of our military presence in the Arctic, it is planned to build and reconstruct existing facilities on the New Siberian Islands and Franz Josef Land, reconstruct airfields and deploy modern radar stations in Tiksi, Naryan-Mar, Alykel, Vorkuta, Anadyr and Rogachevo. The creation of a continuous radar field over the territory of Russia should be completed by 2018. At the same time, it is planned to deploy new S-400 air defense divisions in the European North of the Russian Federation and in Siberia.

According to materials:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru
http://geimint.blogspot.ru/
http://www.designation-systems.net/
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Div-ADS.html

ZRS S-300VM "Antey-2500"

The only mobile air defense system in the world that can intercept short and medium range ballistic missiles (up to 2500 km). Another "Antey" can shoot down a modern aircraft, including the stealth Staelth. The Antey target can be hit simultaneously by four or two 9M83 (9M83M) missiles (depending on the launcher used). In addition to the Russian army, the Almaz-Antey concern supplies Antey to Venezuela; also signed a contract with Egypt. But Iran in 2015 abandoned it in favor of the S-300 air defense system.

ZRS S-300V

The S-Z00V military self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system carries two types of missiles. The first is 9M82 in order to shoot down ballistic Pershings and SRAM-type aircraft missiles, as well as far-flying aircraft. The second - 9M83, to destroy aircraft and ballistic missiles such as "Lance" and R-17 "Scud".

Autonomous air defense system "Tor"

Bearing the proud name of the Scandinavian deity, the Thor air defense system can cover not only infantry and equipment, but also buildings and industrial facilities. "Thor" protects, among other things, from high-precision weapons, guided bombs and enemy drones. At the same time, the system itself controls the designated airspace and independently shoots down all air targets that are not identified by the “friend or foe” system. Therefore, they call it autonomous.

Anti-aircraft missile system "Osa" and its modifications "Osa-AK" and "Osa-AKM"

Since the 60s of the XX century, the Osa has been in service with the Soviet, and later the Russian army and the armies of the CIS countries, as well as more than 25 foreign countries. It is capable of protecting ground forces from enemy aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles operating at extremely low, low and medium altitudes (up to 5 m at a distance of up to 10 km).

SAM MD-PS increased secrecy of functioning

The secrecy of the MD-PS is ensured through the use of optical means for detecting and guiding the missile by infrared radiation of the target in the 8-12 micron wavelength range. The detection system has an all-round view and can simultaneously find up to 50 targets and select the most dangerous ones. Guidance is carried out on the principle of "shot and forget" (missiles with homing heads that "see" the target).

"Tunguska"

The Tunguska anti-aircraft cannon missile system is a short-range air defense system. In combat, it covers infantry from helicopters and attack aircraft operating at low altitudes, and fires at lightly armored ground and floating equipment. She opens fire not only from a place, but also in motion - if only there was no fog and snowfall. In addition to the ZUR9M311 missiles, the Tunguska is equipped with 2A38 anti-aircraft guns, which can turn to the sky up to an angle of 85 degrees.

"Pine - RA"

The light mobile towed Sosna-RA anti-aircraft gun-missile system, like the Tunguska, is equipped with an anti-aircraft gun that hits targets at an altitude of up to 3 km. But the main advantage of Sosna-RA is the 9M337 Sosna-RA hypersonic missile, which already shoots at targets at a height of up to 3500 meters. The range of destruction is from 1.3 to 8 km. "Pine-RA" - light complex; this means that it can be put on any platform that can withstand its weight - trucks Ural-4320, KamAZ-4310 and others.

New

Anti-aircraft missile system of long and medium range S-400 "Triumph"

The defeat of targets at long range in the Russian army is provided, among other things, by the S-400 Triumph air defense system. It is designed to destroy aerospace attack weapons, and is capable of intercepting a target at a distance of more than 200 kilometers and at an altitude of up to 30 kilometers. The Triumph has been in service with the Russian army since 2007.

"Pantsir-S1"

ZRPK "Pantsir-S1" was adopted in 2012. Its automatic cannons and radio-guided guided missiles with infrared and radar tracking can neutralize any target in the air, on land and on the water. Pantsir-S1 is armed with 2 anti-aircraft guns and 12 surface-to-air missiles.

SAM "Pine"

The Sosna short-range mobile anti-aircraft missile system is the latest Russian novelty; The complex will enter service only at the end of this year. It has two parts - armor-piercing and fragmentation-rod action, that is, it can hit armored vehicles, fortifications and ships, shoot down cruise missiles, drones and high-precision weapons. "Pine" is guided by a laser: the rocket flies along the beam.

Anti-Aircraft Missile Systems of Air Defense of Ground Forces

Sergey Petukhov

Igor Shestov

Rostislav Angelsky

For many decades, and especially in connection with the advent of atomic weapons, the leadership of our country considered the improvement of air defense as one of the most important tasks. Unfortunately, despite the huge expenditures on the development of air defense forces and means, until the end of the fifties, it was not possible to stop the shameful practice for our Armed Forces of unpunished flights of US reconnaissance aircraft over the territory of the USSR. Ceiling Soviet fighters and the height reach of anti-aircraft artillery guns did not provide the possibility of hitting U-2 aircraft. The only exception was the area around Moscow, covered by the first domestic anti-aircraft missile "System-25" (S-25). Only in 1958, the first domestic mobile anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) "System-75" was adopted by the Air Defense Forces. From the position of today, all the numerous modifications of this complex (SA-75, S-75, S-75M - hereinafter conditionally referred to as S-75) were not an anti-aircraft missile system, since they did not have centralized combat control facilities. Main performance characteristics The air defense systems provided the ability to intercept all aircraft of that time, which was soon confirmed by the well-known episodes of downing U-2 aircraft over the territory of the USSR and its allies.

In accordance with the decisions of the party and state leadership of the country, the production of anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAMs) and ground equipment for S-75 air defense systems began to be carried out in large series by wide cooperation of factories, which made it possible to deploy anti-aircraft missile divisions in a few years to cover the country's largest cities and a number of other important objects. The deployment of S-75 air defense systems also began in the territories of the Warsaw Pact countries, where they carried out the tasks of covering the most important objects of groups of Soviet troops located outside the USSR. The S-75 complex, created for the country's Air Defense Forces, also entered the supply of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces.

In peacetime (during the years of the Cold War, this was a somewhat arbitrary concept), the S-75 air defense systems quite successfully solved the tasks they faced, preventing flights of reconnaissance aircraft from NATO countries. It was envisaged that with the start of hostilities by the opposing sides, groups of troops transformed into fronts, in a favorable course of events, crushing the enemy, would rush to the West. It was assumed that anti-aircraft missile units would follow the avalanche of tanks, providing them with cover from air strikes.

But with the relocation of the air defense system, serious troubles could be expected.

The S-75 air defense system was considered mobile, but in reality it was only in comparison with the clearly stationary first-born of the domestic anti-aircraft missile weapons- "System-25" with its dug into the ground and concrete structures.

To some extent, mobile in the S-75 air defense system were its firing units - anti-aircraft missile divisions (srdn). But their ammunition provided only the beginning of hostilities. Further, its replenishment with missiles was provided by the technical division, where the following were carried out:

- assembly of missile marching stages with docking of aerodynamic surfaces and installation of warheads and fuses;

– equipping boosters with solid propellant charges and installing stabilizers on them;

- docking of march stages with boosters;

- checking the equipment of the missile defense system;

- refueling rocket compressed air and fuel components.

Long before the start of the mass practical use of air defense systems in local wars, it became clear that the high density of enemy tactical aviation raids would require accelerated preparation of missiles to replenish ammunition, so that part of the missiles of the technical division must be brought to the highest degree of readiness even before the start of hostilities.

Of all the listed operations, most could have been carried out in advance - there would have been sufficient storage in part. But refueling with an oxidizer had to be carried out already in combat conditions - the rocket could not stand for a long time with nitric acid in the tank. In addition to being aggressive towards the SAM propulsion system, the acid was simply dangerous for people - refueling was carried out by crews dressed in chemical protection kits. These robes were poorly compatible with the domestic climate and weather. In our mentality, frequent violations of safety rules led to tragic consequences - respiratory poisoning, acid ingress to the skin and further into the human body.

The assembled and refueled missile was transported to the anti-aircraft missile division on a transport-loading vehicle (TZM) - a rather bulky and clumsy road train consisting of a truck tractor with a semi-trailer - on which missiles were repeatedly demonstrated at parades on Red Square. To reload the rocket onto the launcher, a lot of dexterity and skill was required both from the driver and from the personnel of the starting battery.

During relocation, the launcher on rolling docked wheels was also towed by a tractor - a car. During deployment, to ensure the stability of the launcher (PU) at the launch of the rocket, it was necessary to carry out laborious manual operations to put the launcher on jacks and remove the wheel travel, and when folding the complex, do everything in reverse order. During combat work, the cabs "D" and "P" placed in the bodies of cars or on trailers with the equipment of the complex remained on wheels, but for the start of the functioning of the missile guidance station, it was necessary to mount large-sized massive antennas on the roof of its cab "P", which was carried out using crane of national economic sample. During the exercises, there were cases of overturning of this crane. Power sources were placed on separate trailers, so that when deploying an anti-aircraft missile division, it was necessary to stretch, dock to the machines and launchers a lot of cables. Management and information exchange between the units was also carried out via a docked cable network.

All facilities of the complex were placed on wheels, which seriously limited the patency, and in bad weather conditions, also the speed of movement. In a number of regions, tracked tractors were used instead of automobile tractors, for example, MT-LB multi-purpose tractors were used to tow transport-loading vehicles, which, however, did not solve the problem of ensuring cross-country ability.

Thus, the complex, developed for the Air Defense Forces of the country, did not meet the requirements for mobile means of covering the Ground Forces in conditions of maneuverable combat operations.

Looking ahead, we note that the following practical use The S-75 air defense system in Vietnam and the Middle East was carried out in conditions close to the use of military air defense systems. To ensure survivability in the conditions of enemy air supremacy, frequent changes of positions were required, and "ambush" shooting was widely used. Often, the division changed its position immediately after the very first missile launches. Otherwise, with a high degree probability was followed by a raid by enemy aircraft with the incapacitation of equipment and personnel. To survive, rocketmen often had only to undock the cables and throw them in the left position.

S-75 SAM with B-750 missile in Vietnam

And the targets for the S-75 complexes in combat use during local wars - highly maneuverable fighters, fighter-bombers, reconnaissance and jammers based on them - were more consistent with the tasks facing the military air defense. Missile launches at strategic

B-52 bombers, considered as a typical target for the country's air defense forces, were the exception rather than the rule. All these circumstances testified to the low suitability of the S-75 air defense system for the air defense of the Ground Forces. In addition, during local wars there was no large-scale movement of their troops, who needed to be covered by maneuverable and mobile air defense systems. Therefore, the march to positions and the deployment of complexes could be carried out at a convenient time - at night or in non-flying weather. Mobility and deployment time were not indicators of success combat use complexes. With sufficient camouflage, technical divisions could not even change positions, unlike anti-aircraft missile divisions, which reveal themselves by radiation from missile guidance stations and launches of missiles.

For the first time, the task of creating a military air defense system was set by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 27, 1956, which provided for the development of a complex for destroying aircraft flying at altitudes from 2000 m to 12000-15000 m at speeds up to 600 m / s at a slant range up to 20 km. Unlike the process of creating other complexes, where, as a rule, missilemen acted as the parent organization, when developing domestic air defense systems, responsibility for the complex as a whole was assigned to the radio engineering organization. This procedure was established even during the creation of Sistema-25, which was developed by the cooperation of organizations headed by SB-1 (since 1951 renamed KB-1), in which S.L. Beria, son of the notorious L.P. Beria. The only known exception was an unsuccessful attempt to create the Dal complex by a cooperation led by the rocket-building OKB-301 S.A. Lavochkin.

The lead developer of the military air defense system was NII-20, an organization from which SB-1 once stood out. A rocket with a launch weight of no more than a ton was entrusted to the chief designer of the Sverdlovsk OKB-8, L.V. Lyulyev, who had developed a number of anti-aircraft guns (KS-1, KS-12, KS-18, etc.)

However, the development of a military air defense system that began at this stage did not leave the design stage, since the requirements of the Customer - the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) changed in accordance with the increased capabilities of air attack weapons.

In 1957, the development of tactical and technical requirements for military air defense system, which received "geometric" names - "Circle" (long range) and "Cube" (medium range). The inclusion of two types of air defense missile systems in the anti-aircraft missile armament of the army-front link of the Ground Forces of the Ground Forces was the optimal solution according to the "cost-effectiveness" criterion, since it was impractical to use relatively expensive long-range missiles to hit targets at low altitudes and medium ranges. To some extent, such a weapon system was justified by the creation in the United States, along with the Nike family of air defense systems, of the Hawk low-altitude complex. With regard to the air defense system of the Ground Forces, it was also envisaged to link the air defense systems being created to organizational structure covered troops. It was assumed that the cover of the most important objects of the front and army levels would be carried out by formations of long-range and medium-range air defense systems, and a part of short-range air defense systems would be included in the tank division. To provide direct cover for motorized rifle divisions and regiments, it was planned to organize anti-aircraft units and subunits with missile and artillery means of hitting targets at short ranges.

The development of tactical and technical requirements (TTT) for the Krug and Kub air defense systems was carried out by a small group of employees of the NII-3 GAU under the leadership of B.V. Orlov, in which A.I. Bakulin and R.D. Kogan played the main role. The main requirements were successfully agreed with the industry and adopted by the GAU.

By 1960, requirements were developed for the Osa autonomous self-propelled air defense system and the Strela portable air defense system.

S-125 SAM with V-600P SAM in the Middle East