Types of air defense positions, requirements for regiment order of battle, air defense forces. Fundamentals of the combat use of air defense systems and military air defense systems Scheme of organization of the training center

Depending on the quality of air defense forces and means and the nature of the defended areas and objects, the principle of organizing air defense can be:

object;

zonal;

zonal-object.

The objective principle of air defense organization is to cover only individual, most important objects with air defense means. Such cover is created with a limited number of air defense systems and often takes place deep in the territory;

At zonal The principle of organizing air defense provides continuous cover by air defense forces and means of a larger area (zone). Such cover is created if there is enough large quantity fighter-interceptors or long-range (medium-range) air defense systems or both;

When zonal-objective principle of air defense organization, air defense forces and means cover individual directions, creating a kill zone. In other directions, individual objects are covered.

The combat formations of the NATO air defense anti-aircraft missile forces are deployed as follows:

A zone of destruction of medium-range air defense systems is created in the front-line zone. “U-Hawk” is located battery by battery. Depending on the number of batteries, they can be located in one, two or even three lines, respectively, the depth of the affected area can be from 50 to 100 km , and in some areas even more. Minimum distance from the front line 10–15 km .

The Nike-Hercules air defense system is located behind the U-Hawk air defense system from the depths 70–80 km and with a sufficient number of them, a continuous destruction zone is created to a significant depth or even the entire depth of enemy territory.

Thus, the U-Hawk, Nike-Hercules, Patriot air defense systems and fighter aircraft can provide continuous cover throughout the entire front.

Along with this, the battle formations of the ground forces, airfields, launch sites and other individual objects are covered by short-range air defense systems, MZA and anti-aircraft machine guns. At the same time, combat formations and objects of the ground forces are covered by regular and assigned means of the ground forces, and to cover other objects, air defense systems are allocated from both the Air Force and the ground forces.

Direct cover of a mechanized (armored) division of the US Army from low-altitude air strikes is provided by the Chaparral-Vulcan anti-aircraft missile division and units (sections) of the Stinger air defense system. The division operating in the main direction can be reinforced by a separate Chaparral-Vulcan anti-aircraft division from the air defense systems of the army corps.

In addition to the standard air defense systems of the ground forces against enemy air strikes from low altitudes, it is carried out by anti-aircraft machine guns of 12.7 mm (7.62 mm) caliber, as well as automatic small arms. Anti-aircraft machine guns are installed on tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, and armored personnel carriers.

Conclusion

Thus, a fairly strong air defense group has been created on the ETVD. Air defense received the greatest development in the CE theater of operations. More than 60% of the anti-aircraft missile forces and about 40% of the fighter aviation forces of the NATO joint air defense are deployed in this theater. Here the principles of zonal and zonal-objective air defense construction were fully demonstrated.

The NATO command pays significant attention to improving the combat training of units and subunits of the joint air defense system. To this end, numerous exercises and maneuvers are carried out by the air forces, ground forces and navies of NATO countries in Europe, as well as special exercises of air defense forces. During them, issues of transferring the NATO air defense system from a peaceful to a military position, assessing the air situation, interaction between air defense units and subunits, as well as controlling the forces of fighter aircraft and anti-aircraft missile units when repelling an air attack at various altitudes in conditions of active electronic countermeasures of the enemy are worked out. . A significant part of the forces and assets of the NATO joint air defense system are on round-the-clock combat duty. To check the combat readiness of air defense systems on duty, drill drills are regularly conducted.

But, despite the creation of a fairly strong air defense group in Europe, it has quite major disadvantages:

complete dependence of air defense on the operation of the air defense system;

absence of a continuous r/l field in all directions;

insufficient effectiveness of identification systems and the impossibility of actions of missile defense systems in one zone;

greater vulnerability of management bodies and means of r/l support;

a sharp decrease in the effectiveness of air defense systems when using electronic warfare systems and low-altitude flights.

All this allows us to successfully carry out an air defense breakthrough with our aviation, with a deep knowledge of the combat capabilities and air defense systems, their strengths and weaknesses.

The order of battle of subunits and units of the air defense missile forces, the requirements for it

To carry out a combat mission, air defense units are deployed in battle formation in their positional areas.

Positional area- this is a section of terrain on which a regiment, a group of divisions, or an air defense force is deployed into battle formations at pre-selected positions. In the positional area, positions of anti-aircraft missile divisions (batteries), technical batteries, command posts, routes for maneuver and delivery of missiles, ammunition supply points, communication and power lines, places for dispersing materiel. The boundaries of the positional areas of a regiment, group of divisions and air defense forces are indicated in the combat mission.

Order of battle- this is the formation of units on the ground for combat. (Fig.1.1.1).

Rice. 1.1 Graphic representation of the order of battle and position

ZRP district

The order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile regiment (AAMR) includes the combat formations of the anti-aircraft missile regiment, the position of the armored battalion troops and the regiment command post.

The anti-aircraft missile battalion is deployed into battle formation at a position that includes:

· positions of radio engineering and starting batteries;

· position of reconnaissance and target designation means;

· positions of direct cover and ground defense means;

· visual and chemical observation posts (PVCS);

· platforms (shelters) for traction means;

· missile dispersal sites;

· shelters (shelters) for personnel.

For long-range missiles, depending on its equipment with reconnaissance and target designation means, as well as missiles for various tactical purposes, a system of positions is created, which includes:

· position area of ​​a multifunctional radar station (MRLS);

· positional area of ​​reconnaissance and target designation equipment (SRTS);

· positional area of ​​launchers with long-range missiles (PU DD);

· positional area of ​​launchers with short-range missiles (PU MD);

· positions of direct cover and ground defense means.

MRLS position area is selected in accordance with the requirements for the selection of positions of multi-channel medium-range air defense systems (ADMS). In addition, it must provide:

· safe removal from the line of combat contact with the enemy;

· implementation of the capabilities of air defense systems (ADMS) to destroy the most important enemy air defense systems in accordance with their tactical purpose.

Position area of ​​the SRC ADMC (AAMS) long-range is selected in the direction of the enemy air strike, taking into account the firing of air defense targets at maximum range, including beyond the radio horizon.

Position area PU DD is selected based on the following conditions:

· ensuring the preservation of launchers from fire damage by ground means enemy;

· implementation of the maximum capabilities of the air defense system (ADMS) to destroy air defense systems various types;

· implementation of a special SAM firing mode (interception of SAMs in flight to control a neighboring long-range division).

Launchers Medium-range missiles are usually located at the same position as the radar.

The positional area of ​​the MD PU is selected based on the conditions for ensuring the required multiplicity of coverage of air defense missile systems (MRLS, SRC) on the MV and PMV.

It is allowed to use MD launchers to increase the capabilities of an anti-aircraft missile fire system in enemy air strike directions, where they are reduced due to the influence of the terrain.

The positions of the air defense missile systems are divided according to their main purpose in solving the problems of protecting objects from air strikes, combat duty and combat training in peacetime, respectively, into combat, duty, training and decoy.

On combat positions anti-aircraft missile battalions are deployed for anti-aircraft combat. The combat position must provide maximum use of the combat capabilities of the anti-aircraft missile division. For each medium- and short-range air defense missile system in its positional area, as a rule, at least three combat positions are selected in advance.

Zrdn occupy combat positions when brought into higher degrees combat readiness.

For each combat position of the air defense system, the entire range of topographic and geodetic support work is carried out, an assessment of the implemented visibility zones of radio-electronic systems of air defense systems (ADMS) and the capabilities of the air defense system to destroy targets at extremely low altitudes is carried out, the required heights for raising the antennas (cabins) of radio-electronic equipment are determined.

Access roads and combat positions of the air defense system are kept in readiness for immediate deployment of the air defense system (providing the required elevation height of the radar antennas).

Duty positions intended for combat duty in peacetime. They are prepared in the brigade's positional area according to the number of air defense systems on combat duty. They provide the possibility of simultaneous deployment of two air defense systems during a change of duty (replacing the duty air defense system) and living conditions for combat crews when they are on combat duty. The selection of duty positions is carried out in such a way that in border, coastal areas in the most likely directions of enemy action (violations of Russian airspace), a fire system of duty air defense systems is created at extremely low and low altitudes, ensuring the fulfillment of combat duty missions. Duty positions are equipped in the field version and are camouflaged, weapons and military equipment connects to the industrial network.

Training positions intended for everyday combat training zrdn. They are selected near military camps in such a way that, if necessary, their use can increase the composition and capabilities of the fire system of the brigade duty forces.

False positions are being created to mislead the enemy regarding the nature of the battle formation and composition of the regiment, the diversion of part of its forces from attacks on the defended object and positions of the air defense forces. The number of false positions created in the positional area is determined based on tactical expediency. When maneuvering zrdn the abandoned combat position is equipped as a false one.

Duty, training and decoy positions in war time can be used as combat.

The technical battery is deployed to a position that includes sites (structures) for storing missiles, sites (shelters) for propulsion equipment, a radio relay communications position, a control post, a position of direct cover and ground defense equipment, visual and chemical observation posts, shelters (shelters) for personnel. For each tbatr, two spare positions are selected.

The air defense command post can be stationary or mobile (self-propelled, towed).

Stationary control point placed on a position that includes:

· a complex of specially equipped and protected structures with control, communication and power supply facilities located in them, as well as rest areas for combat crew personnel;

· position of radar reconnaissance equipment (if present in the regiment);

· positions of transmitting and receiving radio communication centers;

· position of radio relay communications;

· platforms (shelters) for ground defense;

· visual, chemical and biological observation posts.

For mobile gearbox Several positions are selected in the regiment's positional area. They are equipped in engineering terms to ensure its constant readiness for maneuver. The locations of the command post positions are selected taking into account the possibility of providing it with combat radar information, communications with the superior and interacting command posts and subordinate units, and reliable cover in the general fire system.

Regimental order of battle, zrdn must correspond assigned task.

The regiment's order of battle should be built taking into account:

· expected actions of enemy air forces;

· the nature and importance of the object being defended;

· features of the positional area;

· composition and capabilities of allocated funds.

The battle formation of the air defense system must ensure:

· maximum implementation of division destruction zones and detection zones of reconnaissance and target designation equipment throughout the entire altitude range, especially at extremely low altitudes;

· stable communication with the regiment command post;

· maximum use of the protective and masking properties of the terrain and installation of engineering equipment;

bringing the division into combat and stowed position on time;

· the possibility of timely delivery, storage of missiles and their transfer to final readiness mode;

· organization of direct cover and ground defense;

· dispersal and shelter of personnel, reserves of missiles and other materiel.

Regimental order of battle must provide:

· maximum use of opportunities to create a fire system;

· high survivability and maneuverability of units;

· noise immunity of fire, reconnaissance and control systems;

· radio-electronic compatibility of means;

· convenience and reliability of control.

Air defense units deployed in combat formations in a certain area, in accordance with the plan for the joint execution of combat missions, form group of anti-aircraft missile forces.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMBAT ORDER. The order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile division armed with air defense systems "TOR" and "OSA" The order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile division includes: - battle formations of batteries, 3/15 air defense brigade - command post, 5 air defense brigade - technical support point. KP from 06.00 3.06 1 3 2/5 zrbr from 06.00 3.06 2 msr msb msr 1 20 omsbr msr KP msb PTO zrdn from 06.00 3. 06 msr 2 3 TB

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMBAT ORDER. The order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile battalion armed with the "TOR" and "OSA" air defense systems. The order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile battery armed with a short-range air defense system (TOR M-1) includes: 5 zrbr KP 1 3 2/5 zrbr from 06.00 3.06 2 msr msb msr 1 20 omsbr msr kp msb PTO zrdn from 06.00 3. 06 msr 2 3 TB 3/15 zrbr from 06.00 3. 06

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMBAT ORDER. Order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile battalion armed with air defense systems "TOR" and "OSA" Order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile battery armed with short-range air defense systems (TOR M-1) in a line of groups BM TZM up to 500 m 15 -20 m TZM up to 500 m up to 1000 m 9 C 912 V up to 1000 m UBKP MTO up to 5 km up to 1000 m Spare parts up to 1000 m up to 4 km TZM up to 500 m TZM

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMBAT ORDER. Order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile division armed with air defense systems "TOR" and "OSA" Order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile battery armed with short-range air defense systems (OSA-AKM) in a line of pairs BM 200 - 500 m TZM up to 500 m 15 -20 m PU-12 up to 1000 m V up to 5 km BKP up to 1000 m MTO up to 1000 m Spare parts up to 1000 m 200 - 500 m up to 3000 m up to 500 m TZM

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMBAT ORDER. Order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile battalion armed with air defense systems "TOR" and "OSA" Order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile battery armed with short-range air defense systems (OSA-AKM) in two lines up to 500 m BM up to 3 km TZM up to 5 km up to 3 km up to 5 km 15 -20 m up to 1000 m In MTO up to 1000 m PU-12 up to 1000 m BKP up to 1000 m TZM up to 3 km Spare parts up to 500 m

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMBAT ORDER. The order of battle of an anti-aircraft division armed with the Tunguska, Strela-10 air defense systems and MANPADS The order of battle of an anti-aircraft division includes: - the order of battle of an anti-aircraft missile artillery battery; orders of anti-aircraft missile batteries; 5 zrbr 3/15 zrbr - combat command post - division command post; 1 - technical support point. 3 from 06.00 3.06 2/5 zrbr from 06.00 3.06 2 msr msb msr 1 PPRU PTO msb 20 omsbr KP PTO zrdn from 06.00 3. 06 msr 2 3 TB

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMBAT ORDER. The combat order of a radar unit (using the example of elements of a command post of an air defense brigade armed with 3/15 air defense brigades of the BUK M-1 air defense system) includes: 5 air defense brigades from 06.00 3.06 CP 1 3 2/5 air defense brigades from 06.00 3 06 2 msr msb msr 1 PPRU PTO msb 20 omsbr KP PTO zrdn from 06.00 3. 06 msr 2 3 TB

1 21 MSBR From 06.00 03.06 3 2/5 zrbr from 06.00 3. 06 Fence “C” +0.55 111 Change “C” +0.20 111 pt in Alder “C” +0.25 111 msr with TV Fence “C” +0, 55 331 msbr msr with TV 3 1 20 msbr Shift “C” +0, 15 112 S 06.00 03. 06 POZ technical battalion 20 omsbr PTRez ssb Shift “C” +0, 15 221 MSB zrdn from 06.00 3. 06 2 No. 1 TB 3 KP Br. AG msr with TV 2 PDRez Shift “C” +0, 15 332 tb Fence- No. 2 “C” +0, 55 332 tb Shift “C” +0, 15 112 Fence “C” +0, 55 222 Forward brigade- forces from one or two battalions of reinforcement and is intended for destruction. The second echelon - consists of 2-3 artillery battalions and units for the strip. Artillery detachment consists of up to a battalion intended for action for the First echelon - regular and attached with means intended to provide support for the enemy who has broken through in the depths and forward replacements in the event of a penetration enemy troops on the approaches to the defense, in advancing the defense and suppressing the edge of destruction with the aim of delaying his advance before deployment, and repelling the enemy’s offensive, destroying the enemy, forcing his artillery to hold their positions and attacking tanks. deploy in battle order and in order to create conditions for its defeat. attack in a direction unfavorable for him by the first echelon units. in defense, enemy participation

- starting point, line of deployment into company columns (4 -6 km from the front edge)

MILITARY THOUGHT No. 3/1990, pp. 22-26

OPERATIONAL ART

Principles of military art and tactics of air defense forces

Major GeneralF.K.NEUPOKEV ,

Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor

The author, continuing the conversation begun on the pages of the magazine, develops the idea of ​​​​implementing the basic principles of military art in the tactics of anti-aircraft missile forces in relation to modern conditions of warfare fight against an air enemy.

The DYNAMISM and depth of the process of confrontation between air attack forces and air defense systems today have no analogues in history. An extremely diverse arsenal of means of attack and destruction from the air has been created. In its development, the transition to the massive use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and aircraft carrying high-precision long-range weapons is increasingly visible. The NATO armies have adopted reconnaissance and strike complexes (RAS) that implement the principle of “reconnaissance - shoot - kill”. Electronic warfare has ceased to be just a type of support and has turned, according to foreign experts, into a unique form of combat operations.

The fundamental changes currently taking place in the material basis and conditions of confrontation between air attack and air defense forces necessitate a dialectical analysis of the content and features of the implementation of the main principles of military art in the tactics of the branches of the Air Defense Forces, including anti-aircraft missile forces.

Let's consider some aspects of the implementation of these principles.

High principle combat readiness in conditions where the main way the aggressor starts wars is to launch surprise air strikes, air defense is of particular importance for groups. In addition, the Air Defense Forces are entrusted with the task of protecting the state border of the USSR in airspace in peacetime. Any attempts to violate it must be resolutely suppressed.

The complex nature of the content of combat readiness requires an appropriate approach to the organization and implementation of all activities to ensure it. Taking into account the specifics of the tasks solved by the anti-aircraft missile forces, they are based on the creation of fire, reconnaissance and control systems through the advance deployment of units and subunits into combat formations and preparing them for combat operations and combat duty; establishing deadlines for the readiness of troops (including forces on duty) to carry out combat missions based on the available time. However, the conditions for the struggle of air defense groups with the latest means of air attack (AEA) and high-precision weapons make them contradictory, and these seemingly unshakable provisions for the implementation of the principle of combat readiness require a dialectical approach to all aspects of the preparation of their combat operations.

The effectiveness and sustainability of air defense of objects (areas) depend on many factors. Thus, the advance deployment of units into combat formations in the face of the threat of a surprise attack from the air, on the one hand, helps to increase their combat readiness, on the other hand, leads to a violation of the secrecy of their grouping and the suddenness of the opening of fire. With modern reconnaissance capabilities, the secrecy of groups created in advance due to the pronounced unmasking signs of their activities cannot be long-lasting, even if all the requirements of operational and military camouflage are met. Therefore, having complete coordinate information about the elements of the group, the enemy can take effective actions to neutralize it and achieve significant results.

Consequently, it is impossible to implement the principle of high combat readiness of an air defense group only through the advance deployment of units in combat positions. At present, the dynamism of the combat activity of troops is the most important factor in ensuring high efficiency and sustainability of defense. The carrying out of combat duty by part of the forces in positions must be combined with the covert movement from places of deployment and deployment into combat formations within the established time limits of all units and units with the task of covering objects (areas) from air strikes. With this method of transferring an air defense group into readiness to repel an aggressor’s attack, the mobility of troops, i.e., their ability to quickly and secretly move and deploy into combat formation, and advance preparation of position areas, become of paramount importance.

Destruction of enemy air on the approaches to objects up to the boundaries of their mission- the fundamental principle of organizing air defense and conducting air defense combat operations. The enemy’s mission execution line is understood as a conditional line, upon reaching which his aircraft can use weapons against the defended object that are not destroyed (destroyed with insufficient effectiveness) by the air defense group. In essence, this line is also the line of mission accomplishment by the air defense group, since only when air targets are hit before it is protection of objects and troops from air strikes ensured.

This principle underlay the organization of air defense of large objects during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. The anti-aircraft artillery group was structured in such a way as to inflict a decisive defeat on the air enemy on the approaches to the defended object up to the so-called probable bombing line. However, the content and conditions for its implementation have now changed radically.

The priority in the choice of means of attack and destruction, the option of striking a defended object belongs to the enemy. Therefore, the distance of the task completion line relative to the object varies widely. When repelling aviation strikes at low altitudes using free-falling bombs, it is close to the boundaries of the defended object, and in the case of fighting aircraft carrying long-range precision weapons (air-to-ground missiles, guided bombs) it coincides with the line of their launch (dropping) and is located at a considerable distance from the object, exceeding the reach of anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) not only of medium range, but also in the range of low altitudes, as a rule, long-range. Removing the positions of anti-aircraft units from the defended objects (where possible) by an amount that ensures the removal of the air defense missile systems' destruction zones beyond the enemy's mission line under various variants of his actions, allows for the protection of objects from air strikes, but requires their all-round defense a large amount of effort and resources. Therefore, the implementation of the principle of destroying an air enemy up to a given point is a complex matter, requiring the integrated use of various types of air defense systems and the search for new operational-tactical solutions when organizing air defense. In this regard, the objectivity of such principles of tactics of anti-aircraft missile forces, such as the coordinated joint use of anti-aircraft missile systems (complexes) of various types and purposes, close interaction of air defense forces with other troops and air defense forces, becomes obvious.

The creation of mixed air defense missile forces with a common fire system for anti-aircraft weapons for various purposes is the most important direction for improving the air defense system from the point of view of taking into account the dependence of methods of armed struggle on the properties of the weapons of the warring parties. Based on the nature of the formation of groupings, air defense missile forces are usually divided into object-based, boundary, zonal, and object-boundary (object-zonal).

Object groupings are created for the direct defense of important objects and are built on the principle of all-round defense, concentrating efforts on the most likely directions of enemy air action. The destruction of aircraft and cruise missiles before the mission completion line is ensured by the removal of the air defense missile systems' kill zones. However, it is not always possible to fully ensure reliable protection of an object when enemy air forces use long-range weapons. At the same time, such groups are characterized And certain advantages: relatively high stability of defense (in order to strike, the enemy is forced to break through the air defense of each object); the possibility of resolutely concentrating forces on the defense of the most important objects and organizing effective air defense in the low altitude range with limited forces; clear delineation of tasks and combat areas of interacting units of fighter aircraft and air defense missile forces.

The boundary grouping carries out the defense of specific air directions by creating strips of continuous anti-aircraft missile fire, as a rule, on the distant approaches to the defended objects, i.e., in principle, the fight against air attack weapons is carried out until the lines where they carry out their tasks. Its main drawback is its low stability. To reach enemy air strike targets, it is enough to break through the created air defense line.

Zonal air defense forces are built on the principle of all-round defense of important economic regions(several objects) located at insignificant distances from each other. Their creation helps to increase the efficiency and stability of anti-aircraft missile defense the existing composition of air defense forces and means.

Object-boundary (volume e who-zonal) air defense forces groupings of mixed composition combine the direct defense of the most important objects with the defense of air directions (regions). Possessing the advantages of both sides, they make it possible to implement to the greatest extent the basic principles of the combat use of air defense missiles and solve the problem of protecting facilities and troops when the enemy has a diverse arsenal of attack and destruction weapons from the air.

The reliability of the air defense system is ensured by the joint use of troops and air defense forces of various branches of the Armed Forces to combat the air enemy, and their close interaction. The main types of tactical interaction are information, fire, and logistics.

Information interaction is organized in the provision of command posts (control posts) of units with the most complete and reliable information about the enemy air force, the condition and actions of friendly troops. IN tactical level Mainly methods such as coupling (technical, structural) of elements are used information systems units (units), combining command posts (control posts) and periodic exchange of information between them via interaction communication channels. When connecting information systems, techniques such as receiving decentralized notification of targets have found widespread use in units (units); receiving data on the air situation from nearby sources of information (radar or electronic reconnaissance); creation of television channels for transmitting and receiving data; coupling of automation equipment complexes of interacting parts into a single automated control system.

Fire interaction is carried out by distributing fire (efforts) on air targets to inflict maximum losses on the enemy, concentrating it on air force groups (targets) for their reliable destruction, and providing fire cover for interacting forces and means during combat. In the general case, the implemented variant of fire interaction of heterogeneous air defense forces must ensure that the distribution of efforts corresponds to the degree of relative importance of air targets.

The issues of joint use of anti-aircraft missile forces and fighter aircraft and ensuring the safety of their aircraft are particularly difficult to resolve. The spatial characteristics of both the fire zones of air defense groups and air battles of air defense fighters have sharply increased. Sometimes it is almost impossible to distribute the actions of air defense missile forces and fighter aircraft across zones and boundaries. When organizing air defense, there is a need to determine the order of their actions in space with overlapping zones, to exclude the possibility of mistakenly firing at their aircraft in the fire zones of a group of mixed anti-aircraft missile forces. Such joint fighting Air defense and air defense systems can only be based on the use of high technical capabilities of enemy air reconnaissance systems, situation assessment, identification of air objects and command and control.

The principle of resolutely concentrating efforts on the defense of the most important objects (main groupings of troops), on the most likely directions and altitudes of enemy air action is a specific definition of the general principle of the military art of resolutely concentrating efforts on the most important directions (in areas) at the decisive moment for the accomplishment of the main tasks. The experience of the Great Patriotic War and local wars shows that when making decisions on air defense issues, the commander always experiences a lack of forces (there are more cover targets and tasks than capabilities). Therefore, the principle indicates the need to take into account the relative importance of objects (areas), the danger of directions and altitude ranges of enemy air actions, since he, guided by a similar principle, will first of all strike the most important objects (main groupings of troops), massing his forces and funds. However, his choice of directions and heights of air defense operations is largely determined by the nature of the created air defense system. The latter circumstance, when implementing this principle, as well as the principle of combat readiness, brings to the fore the problem of increasing the mobility of air defense, its flexibility, i.e., the ability to counter various options for enemy actions with fairly effective actions of friendly troops.

The mobility of air defense is directly related to the implementation in air defense tactics of such principles as surprise, activity and decisiveness of actions; maneuver by forces and means. Therefore, there is a need to consider the essence and some aspects of this problem in more detail. In theoretical terms, mobile should be understood as a defense that is created on the basis of mobile forces and means of anti-aircraft missile forces and is carried out with extensive use of their maneuver both before and during combat operations. Tactical maneuver of forces and means includes maneuver of subunits (units), fire and missiles.

Maneuver by subunits (units) has the following goals: ensuring the secrecy of the fire system, surprise fire against an air enemy, and the survivability of the group; misleading the enemy regarding the true nature of the defense and the intent of the battle; concentration of forces on decisive directions and boundaries in accordance with the current situation and their use with the greatest efficiency; prompt restoration of the damaged fire and control system; regrouping of troops to solve newly emerging problems. Conducting mobile air defense involves the use of all possible methods of maneuver. These can be: moving out from the areas of location and occupying positions for combat (provided that the efficiency of maneuver is ensured and the enemy is ahead of the enemy in actions); reorganization of the battle formation in accordance with the plan of defense (contrasted with the actions of the enemy in choosing a strike option, taking into account weak points in defense); withdrawal of units from attack; periodic change of positions (a system of positions selected in advance in the position area is used); “ambush” actions; advance to the line of destruction of enemy air defense systems; maneuver according to the situation to restore the damaged fire system, etc.

Fire maneuver is carried out by the decision of unit commanders in accordance with the plan of conducting anti-aircraft combat (repelling an exposed enemy air strike) and consists of transferring the fire of long-range and medium-range air defense systems to new or more important group and single targets for their priority or guaranteed destruction.

The exceptional transience and intensity of anti-aircraft battles, the organic fusion during their conduct of actions aimed at protecting the defended objects and preserving the combat effectiveness of the air defense missile system group, a certain equivalence of these factors (it is impossible to complete the task without maintaining one’s combat capability) and at the same time the need to achieve success in the first battle determine the inconsistency of the problem of implementation the principle of creating and skillful use of air defense missile systems reserves at the tactical level. The question is this: is it advisable, in conditions of repelling a massive, fleeting enemy air strike, to withdraw part of the forces of the air defense group to reserve, that is, to some extent exclude it from this battle? And if so, then in what composition and for solving what problems?

Modeling of modern anti-aircraft battles allows us to conclude that the allocation of tactical reserves from combat-ready forces is advisable for the long-term nature of military operations (several enemy air strikes must be repelled). They are, as a rule, created to solve unexpected problems and maintain the combat effectiveness of the air defense group at the required level throughout the entire forecast period of air defense of objects. Units assigned to reserve are kept in readiness to open fire and march. Particular attention is paid to ensuring their survivability.

Modern weapons pose complex challenges when put into practice the principle of firm and continuous control of combat operations of air defense forces. Centralized control is the main method of controlling the combat operations of anti-aircraft missile units and subunits. When fighting a modern air enemy in the absence of automated control systems, it is almost impossible to quickly and with high quality solve the problems of collecting and analyzing data on the air situation, the state and capabilities of one’s units (units), assessing the optimality of decisions made, communicating them to the executors without wasting time, etc. i.e. effectively, centrally control the fire of the air defense group. At the same time, when organizing air defense, it must be realized the principle of combining centralized control with independent conduct of combat operations. This is determined primarily by the exceptional transience of each anti-aircraft battle.

The battle is underway different ways. Based on the order of fire, the following are widely used (when using automated control systems): firing during target designation (automatic, automated) from command posts of air defense units; coordination with the command post of units of independent firing by units (based on information about their actions at the command post); independent firing by anti-aircraft units against an air enemy. The first two methods make it possible to implement simultaneous and sequential concentration of fire on enemy air defense groups (the most important targets), dispersal to inflict maximum losses on the enemy air force. The third method is achieved by using such tactics as priority firing in the main firing sectors and critical sectors at low altitudes; firing with the selection of targets according to the priority criteria for the air defense system or according to established rules, etc.

Anti-aircraft units and subunits must have such a composition of weapons and organization that would ensure the ability to conduct them in the event of a violation or insufficient effectiveness of automated centralized control and autonomous combat work. The most important factor here is the ability to independently lead radar reconnaissance air enemy. It is also necessary to emphasize that the centralization of control on the basis of automated control systems should not lead to the “stationaryization” of air defense forces groups. Carrying out a maneuver of forces is always associated with the introduction of new position coordinates and other constants into the system, which places increased demands on the flexibility of the automated control systems themselves, as well as communication systems, and their ability to quickly change the structure and location of elements.

The experience of local wars shows that derogating from the principle of combining centralized control and independent combat operations ultimately leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of air defense of objects (regions).

These are the essence and features of the implementation of the basic principles of tactics of anti-aircraft missile forces. Their use in a complex, as a single system, is a complex, dialectically contradictory matter, requiring in-depth analysis and consideration of all elements of the situation, assessment of possible options for enemy actions, and anticipation of the prospects for their development. The ability of commanders and staffs to creatively apply principles in practice is where the art of commanders and staffs manifests itself.

Military thought. - 1988. - No. 9. - P. 22-30.

Military thought. - 1989. - No. 1. - P. 36.

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