§49. Timber industry complex. Where and why are wood processing enterprises located? It consists of several industries

Answer from Alexey Popov (Ocean)[guru]
enterprises of the complex associated with the processing of wood are combined into a group with common name –
timber industry, it is also called forest complex..to the most
significant include logging, woodworking, pulp and
paper and wood chemical industries. pulp and paper enterprises focus on forest resources near large water sources. They are mainly located in the European part of the country.
The first place in the production of paper belongs to the northern economic
area in which Karelia stands out especially (Kondopoga and Serzhsky
PPM). Solombala pulp and paper mill is located in the Arkhangelsk region. Large pulp and paper mills
located in Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Syktyvkar.
Second place is occupied by the Ural economic region. Production almost
entirely concentrated in the Perm region: Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk,
Perm, etc. In the Sverdlovsk region, pulp and paper mills are located in Turinsk and Novaya Lyala.
In third place is the Volga-Vyatka region. The largest enterprises
operate in Nizhny Novgorod region(Pravdinsky Balakhninsky Pulp and Paper Mill), in
Republic of Mari El (Mari Pulp and Paper Mill in Volzhsk).
The pulp and paper industry is also developed in the Northwestern
economic region, mainly in Leningrad region(cities
Syassk and Svetogorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Bratsky, Ust-Ilimsky,
Krasnoyarsk, Selenginsky, Baikal pulp and paper mills). On Far East
production is concentrated in the cities of Korsakov, Kholmsk, Uglegorsk, Amursk
and etc.
Paper production has historically originated in the Central Economic
area close to consumers of raw materials. It is currently the most
developed:
In the Northern economic region, especially in the Republic of Karelia,
giving 20% ​​of the total production of Russia, in the Komi Republic, whose share
is 12%;
In the Ural economic region, mainly in the Perm
the region, which provides 15.1% of the total production of Russia;
In the Volga-Vyatka economic region, primarily in
the Nizhny Novgorod Region, which produces 8.6% of all paper in the country;
The highest indicators for the production of cardboard are characterized by:
Northern economic region, mainly Arkhangelsk
an area that provides 21.4% of all cardboard in Russia;
Northwestern economic region, primarily Leningradskaya
region - 7.8% of the total production;
East Siberian economic region, where
Irkutsk region, giving 7.3%, and Krasnoyarsk region – 4,8%;
Far Eastern economic region, especially Khabarovsk region,
producing 4.6% of the country's total cardboard;
Central economic region, including the Moscow region,
giving 2.0%.
Timber industry complexes are especially promising for areas with
rich forest resources, but characterized by a lack of labor resources, weak
degree of mastery, severe climatic conditions. It is predominantly
Siberia and the Far East.

Forest resources and their importance.

Russia accounts for 22% of the world's forest resources - 770 million hectares - 45% of the entire territory of the country. Timber reserves - 82 billion m 3, which exceeds the total reserves of the United States and Canada by 3.5 times. Forests are distributed unevenly throughout the country. In the western zone (European north), 30% of the area covered by forest is concentrated. In the eastern zone (Northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East) - 70% of the territory is covered with forest - these are territories with the exception of tundra and forest tundra. Mature wood is 50%. In general, the eastern macroregion contains 75% of timber reserves. (see tab. 34 Dronov, p. 151).

The density of forest resources is inversely proportional to the density of population (see Figure 49 Dronov, p152). In some areas, forest cover (the share of the area occupied by forest vegetation in relation to the entire area) is 2/3 of the territory - these are the Irkutsk region, the Komi Republic, Primorsky Krai, the Arkhangelsk region. But there are areas completely treeless - the Astrakhan region.

In the eastern regions, coniferous species predominate (cedar, fir, larch, less spruce and pine). In the European part - spruce, pine, which are of the greatest value for construction, as well as deciduous forests (more than in the east).

Areas of the European part of the country are intensively exploited. In the future, the exploitation of the eastern part will increase more and more.

Wood is used in many sectors of the economy: in construction (in the form of a fastening forest, for finishing), in the mining industry (in the form of mining racks), in furniture production, in chemical industry, upon receipt of pulp, paper, cardboard, goes to the production of containers. The forest is a recreation center, a hunting base, a source of berries, mushrooms, medicinal herbs.

Timber industry. - one of the oldest industries producing structural materials and consisting of the following interrelated industries, which differ from each other in production technology, the purpose of the products, but use the same raw materials:

logging, felling, trailing (delivery to the consumer)

mechanical processing - includes sawmilling, production of plywood, lumber, furniture, matches, parquet, etc.

wood chemistry includes the production of cellulose, paper, and other products.

the pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position, where chemical technologies are combined with mechanical processing, and includes the production of cellulose, rosin, wood alcohol, fodder yeast.

logging . From a seasonal industry, it has become an industry industrial production with permanent, qualified personnel and high-quality equipment. This industry belongs to the mining industry. The bulk of logging falls on the forest surplus regions of the European north, the northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, except for the tundra and forest tundra. But the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the north-east of Russia are far from the consumer - there is no wood harvested there. In Krasnoyarsk - an exception - the zones along the rivers and south.

The main forest-forming species is larch, the processing of which is always difficult. The greatest load falls on the European north, south of Siberia and the Far East.

The first place in timber harvesting is occupied by the European North (Republic of Komi and Karelia, Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions) - more than 20%. There is an extensive network of rivers, logging roads (Kotlos - Vorkuta, Vologda - Arkhangelsk, Petrozavodsk - Murmansk), timber export port - Arkhangelsk. The important role of this area was predetermined by the main consumers - the Center, the Volga region.

The second place is occupied by the East Siberian region (south Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk Territory). Part of the forest is rafted along the Yenisei to the port of Igarka, and most of it is rafted along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the European part.

The third place is occupied by the Urals (Sverdlovsk and Perm regions) - 18%.

These 3 regions harvest 60% of Russia's timber. IN Lately there is a noticeable shift to the east in the location of logging, which increases the distance of transportation, which has increased from 750 to 1700 km and is the longest among the transport of bulk goods on the railway in the world.

sawmilling - the main consumer of industrial wood at the stage of logging, from which wood makes up 25% (boughs, bark, needles) in sawmilling - sawdust, shavings, pinkies, slats (they increase to 40%).

Sawmilling centers are located not only in logging areas (Arkhangelsk, Lesosibirsk on the Yenisei), but also in the sparsely forested Volga region (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan). A huge mass of roundwood is transported by rail.

Sawmilling serves as the basis for the subsequent processing of raw materials. In close connection with it, standard housing construction, the production of furniture, DRSP, plywood, and matches were widely developed. Enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood have historically been concentrated in the center of Russia (Center, Central Chernozem region, Volga region), which now produce most of the sawn timber using imported raw materials. The location of industries for the mechanical processing of wood should take into account such features of the forest industry as high specific costs of raw materials for the manufacture of products (1 ton of wood pulp - 3 m 3), and waste at the stages of logging and sawmilling. With such specifics, it is necessary to bring production closer to the sources of raw materials.

In the areas of distribution of raw materials, enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood are located as follows:

at the places of intersection or approach of the railway to the rafting tracks (Omsk, Kotlas, Novosibirsk), where raw materials are delivered by river, and finished products are delivered by railway;

in the lower reaches or mouths of large raftable rivers with access to the sea (Arkhangelsk, Mezen, Naryan-Mar, Igarka);

on forest roads.

For furniture production used beech, oak and others valuable breeds tree. Transportation of furniture is more expensive than transportation of wood, and its production requires a highly skilled workforce. As a rule, the production of furniture is located at the consumer.

Match production satisfies the needs of the population - there is one factory for each district. The raw material for the production of matches is aspen. Centers: Kaluga, Rybinsk, Kirov, Tomsk, Blagoveshchensk

Plywood production(from birch) and parquet(made of oak and beech) is located in areas rich in mixed forests.

Placement factors :

raw material

• fuel and energy

  Disposal wood waste This is something everyone has done at least once in their life. In the spring, for example, all Russians clean the territory of an enterprise or a residential building from last year's foliage, broken branches, dead trees and shrubs. Cleaned up, sent with a garbage truck to a landfill and forgotten. A wise owner would not do that.

  Since ancient times, people have been using the most affordable natural resource- wood. A stick for digging, protection, searching for food, making fire, an unpretentious couch on the flexible branches of a bush - minor scratches on the body of nature of a primitive man.

  In our time, the intensive use of forest resources, primarily in Siberia and Brazil, is a deep bleeding wound. People living in the Amazon Valley, like all living things in this region, are already suffocating from lack of oxygen. A legitimate question arises: "Is it really necessary to use the gifts of the forest on such a scale?" Modern man uses wood as fuel, and wood products for housing construction, sleepers, telegraph poles, bast, paper, fiber, and about 1,500 other products. In any case, approximately 40% of the waste remains after sawmilling in the cutting area. These are needles, leaves, green shoots, bark, branches, twigs, sawdust. Waste is also generated during the processing of wood: slats, short lengths, shavings, sawdust, wood dust. Maybe these wastes, after their processing and disposal, will replace woodworking products? Then the forest will be clean and the trees will remain alive!

  Law on Compulsory Disposal of Wood Waste

  The State Duma amended the law on the mandatory processing of wood waste. It was previously assumed that this law would come into force in 2018, but this date was postponed to 2022. By law, it will not be possible to throw away or obtained at a sawmill.

  Wood processing plant specialists have four years to think about their production and how to benefit from what is now littering nature.

  Wood waste disposal methods

  It is impossible to produce lumber without sawdust, chopped branches, branches and bark. Even the prudent Chinese, who recycle what others throw away, lose 20 to 30 percent of their wood in waste. The term "waste wood" suggests that the part of the tree that is not used should be thrown away. There is also the concept of wooden waste, for example, old furniture, used packaging. Let's figure out how you can dispose of such garbage.

  Today there are different effective methods recycling of wood waste and wood residues:

  1. Incineration of waste in special furnaces in order to obtain energy. This procedure allows the use of tree branches and sawdust, which not only improves ecological situation, but also allows you to save on the purchase of briquettes.
  2. Getting charcoal is a priority method for the disposal of waste generated in the cutting area. In this case, pyrolysis is used - the decomposition of wood raw materials in the absence of oxygen.
  3. The production of charcoal briquettes is the mixing of crushed wood waste with coal using binders, such as oil refinery waste, wood and coal tar, etc.
  4. Production of technological and fuel granules (pellets) without binding components. This method good not only because the territory of the plant is cleared of garbage, but also because the subsequent burning of pellets does not form toxic sulfur oxides.
  5. Gasification is the transformation of wood into gas when it is heated with partial access to oxygen. The resulting mixture of gases is a fuel for cars that can be used instead of gasoline.

  You can see how it is made into flour at one of the Russian enterprises in the following video:

  From this list methods, it can be seen that forest and woodworking waste is mainly burned to generate thermal energy. In addition, waste can be made Construction Materials, toys, furniture, do various crafts.

  

  Wood burning stoves

  So, the most cost-effective this moment method - the destruction of wood waste in furnaces. At the same time, workers do not complicate their work by pressing, briquetting and other troubles. For direct combustion, mainly cone-shaped furnaces are used, equipped with a horizontal movable or inclined grate (grate). The released heat can be used for heating or water heating, etc.

  The photographs show different kind woodworking waste incinerators:

  

  

  

  

  Do I need a license to burn wood waste?

  There is a regulation “On Licensing Activities for the Collection, Transportation, Processing, Disposal, Neutralization, Disposal of Hazard Class I-IV Waste”, established by the Government of the Russian Federation on October 3, 2015, which explains the conditions for obtaining a license for waste processing. A waste disposal company must be licensed. An enterprise must also have a license if it does not specialize in recycling, but burns wood waste, for example, to generate thermal energy.

  Disposal of trees, stumps and wood

  Do unnecessary trees interfere with you on the site, or their overgrown crowns, stumps, waste from previously cut down trees? This problem is completely solvable. Here are some ways to get out of this situation:

  1. Uprooting trees.
  2. Tree cutting is cutting down a tree and leaving a stump. If you cut down a tree flush with the ground, then the remaining stump will decompose itself within 5-8 years. Note! If it is necessary to dispose of, for example, a fallen tree in a territory accountable to an enterprise, institution, organization, then two documents must be prepared: “Act on the write-off of a fixed asset (tree)” and “Act on the disposal of a fallen tree”.
  3. Stump uprooting. Methods:
     • with wedges and a sledgehammer, you should split the dug-in stump into pieces and pull out each part separately;
     • pulling out a stump with a winch;
     • the use of a crusher, which goes deep into the ground by 30 cm and crushes the stump into chips that mix with the soil;
     • the use of saltpeter or gasoline, which are placed in drilled holes in the stump and burn it from the inside.
  4. Tree trimming is the partial removal of branches and limbs from a tree.
  5. Tree crowning is the removal of a part of the crown in order to rejuvenate the plant or reduce the static and wind load on the tree. There are types of reservations:
     • thinning;
     • down kronirovanie - removal of the upper branches;
     • increasing kronirovanie - removal of the lower branches;
     • topping - removal of tree tops to a level of 4-9 m from the ground.

  Disposal of wooden pallets

  During transportation and storage of products at the enterprise, pallets are used as containers. Over time, they wear out, litter the territory, create a threat of fire. The part of the pallets that cannot be repaired can be recycled. To do this, they are placed in a rotary shredder for the purpose of grinding, and then the resulting chips are passed through a magnet to “pull out” the metal inclusions. Briquettes can be made from the peeled wood chips and further receive heat when they are burned.

  So, the intensive use of wood may well be combined with efficient disposal sawmill and woodworking waste. Today, in our country, the most economically profitable is the use of production waste as fuel.

  1. Wood is a versatile raw material. How was wood used in the economy in different historical periods?

  In our northern country wood has long been used not only for buildings, but also for heating, and in everyday life, and as a material for folk art. Later, wood began to be used in many industries, primarily as a raw material for the chemical industry. IN modern time chemical processing of wood allows you to recycle waste from sawmilling and woodworking: sawdust, shavings, chips. Ethyl alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, tar and other products can be obtained from this cheap raw material.

  2. Choose the correct answer. The structure of the timber industry complex includes: a) wood chemistry and metallurgy; b) woodworking and wood chemistry; c) woodworking and mining industry.

  The correct answer is b) woodworking and wood chemistry.

  3. Where and why are enterprises located, wood processing?

  Mechanical processing of wood is carried out both in the areas of logging and in areas of consumption.

  The pulp and paper industry is characterized by high material consumption, large water capacity and significant energy intensity. This industry is most developed in the European North, which produces more than half of all pulp. The Arkhangelsk region stands out in particular, where three huge pulp and paper mills operate. In second place is the Irkutsk region, in the third place is the Republic of Komi.

  Thus, timber processing is mainly concentrated in the same place as its harvesting. Additional placement factor - water resources, so the largest pulp and paper mills are located on major rivers.

  4. Name the main centers of the pulp and paper industry. Explain the features of their placement.

  There are three huge pulp and paper mills in the Arkhangelsk region: in Arkhangelsk itself, in its suburb of Novodvinsk, and near Kotlas (Koryazhma). In the Irkutsk region, factories are located in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk and Baikalsk. In the Komi Republic, factories are in Syktyvkar, in Karelia - in Segezha and Kondopoga. All settlements provided with the necessary amount of raw materials and water resources.

  5. What industries are most closely related to the forest industry? Why?

  The timber industry complex consists of industries - logging (felling, skidding), woodworking (sawmill, plywood, furniture, house building), wood chemical (rosin, hydrolysis), pulp and paper (cellulose, paper production), where the chemical processing of wood is combined with mechanical processing . The names of these industries reflect the three stages of production: timber harvesting, its mechanical processing and chemical processing.

  6. What are the problems facing the timber industry? What do you think possible ways their decisions?

  Lumberjacks are far from managing forest resources in a prudent manner. In some forests, closer to the centers and highways, - "overcut", they are exhausted, and in others, in remote areas, the wood rots on the vine. A lot of wood deteriorates during the logging process. A lot of waste remains in the cutting areas, and along the timber transportation routes, and during sawmilling.

  Another problem is the incomplete processing of wood raw materials. Russian exports are dominated by either just roundwood or a semi-finished product - pulp. The developed countries they take out finished products several times the cost.

  In addition, the protection of forests from fires, pests and poachers remains a very acute problem.

  7. Why do you think products made from solid natural wood are especially valued now?

  Nowadays, they are valued due to the fact that they are durable, environmentally friendly and very beautiful.

  8. What folk crafts related to the use of wood do you know? What areas are they in?

  The village of Bogorodskoye (Moscow region, Sergiev Posad district). Sculptural carving. Specialization: wooden toy.

  Villages: Abramtsevo, Kudrino, Akhtyrka and pos. Khotkovo. (Sergiev Posad district) Flat-relief carving. It originated at the end of the 19th century. Subject: plants and birds. Main product: box.

  The city of Kirov is the main center. The industry originated in the early 19th century. Also in the city of Ufa (Bashkiria) Specialization: art products from burl and kapokorn, (growths on the trunks and roots of birch, walnut and elm. Main products: caskets, boxes, cigarette cases, watch cases

  Veliky Ustyug (Vologda region), Semenov (Nizhny Novgorod region), Arkhangelsk, Tomsk regions and Yakutia: products from birch bark. Main products: baskets, caskets, tuesas, boxes, vessels for storing honey and sour cream. Birch bark is harvested at the turn of spring and summer.

  Sergiev Posad. Painting on wood with burning. It originated in the late 19th century, early 20th century. Products: caskets and boxes depicting the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the cities of the "Golden Ring" of Russia.

  Kirov, Sergiev Posad, Semyonov, the village of Polkhov-Maidan: matryoshka.

  20.05.2016 12:18

  Illustration:

  
  

  The Russian Federation is the world leader in terms of forest reserves, it owns twenty-two percent of the world's forest reserves. Wood reserves in our country amount to more than eighty billion cubic meters, more than forty billion cubic meters are suitable for use.

  Timber industry of the Russian Federation

  The industrial sector, whose enterprises are engaged in the harvesting and processing of wood, is called the forest industry or the forestry complex. It is one of the oldest industrial branches and has a complex structure. Each part of this structure is responsible for one of the stages of processing raw materials from wood.

  The structure of the timber industry is as follows:

  1. The logging industry, which includes logging, cutting wood (extracting resin and harvesting stump resin), rafting logs, transferring wood from one type of transport to another, using non-valuable tree species and waste (sawmill, sawing sleepers, making wood chips, boards for containers). It is the largest timber industry in the world.
  2. Woodworking industry.
  3. The pulp and paper industry mechanically and chemically processes wood raw materials.
  4. The wood chemical industry processes raw materials from wood in a dry way, is engaged in charcoal burning, the creation of rosin and turpentine. This industry includes the manufacture of varnish, ether, plastic, non-natural fibers, hydrolysis (creation of ethyl, tar, turpentine from waste in the manufacture of pulp and paper products).

  The forestry and woodworking industry in Russia is conditionally divided into the following groups:

  1. creation of lumber and furniture items (machining);
  2. wood chemical industry and the creation of pulp and paper products ( chemical method processing).

  Industrial enterprises related to the forestry and woodworking industry are engaged in:

  1. harvesting wood material;
  2. processing of wood material;
  3. wood-chemical industrial processing of forest raw materials;
  4. production of pulp and paper products.

  These factories and factories produce roundwood, boards, various wooden items, wood chemicals and paper.

  Conditions for the distribution of enterprises that belong to the forest industry

  To locate businesses related to the timber industry, the following conditions must be taken into account:

  1. so that the raw material base is located close;
  2. there must be sources of energy supply and water sources near the enterprise;
  3. availability of transport and transport roads is necessary;
  4. it is better to create forest products in close proximity to its consumer;
  5. create jobs.

  The territory of our state is dominated by coniferous trees, they are more valuable to industry than trees with leaves. Our forests grow unevenly geographically. Most of the forests are in several regions: in the Northern, Ural, Volga-Vyatka, Far Eastern and Siberian regions.

  This industry consumes a lot of wood raw materials and a large amount of waste remains. Twenty percent of the waste comes from the wood harvesting stage, and from forty percent to seventy percent of the waste remains as a result of the processing of raw wood.

  The most important condition for placement industrial enterprises wood processing is the availability of raw materials from wood. Therefore, all processes for the harvesting and subsequent processing of "business" wood are carried out in those regions of Russia where there are many natural forests. The northern, Siberian, Ural and Far Eastern territories of the country provide four-fifths of all industrial wood.

  Sawmills and other wood processing (production of parts for construction needs, plywood, matches, furniture) can be located both in those places where timber is harvested, and in places where there are no forests (already cut trees are brought there). Basically, enterprises for sawing wood and its processing are located near rivers (lower reaches and mouths) and places where rivers, along which logs are rafted, cross railroads.

  Most lumber is produced in Siberia (its eastern and western parts, namely: in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Irkutsk Region, Tomsk region And Tyumen region), the North (in the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk region), the Urals (in Udmurt Republic, Sverdlovsk Region, Perm Region), the Far East (Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory), in the Kirov Region, in the Nizhny Novgorod Region.

  Woodworking industry of the Russian Federation

  This industry performs mechanical, chemical-mechanical processing of wood.

  It includes several industries:

  1. sawmill (creation of sleepers and lumber);
  2. making houses from wood;
  3. production of wooden parts for construction;
  4. production of wood-based boards (blocks for doors and windows, parquet boards, wood fiber boards, wood chip boards, carpentry products);
  5. production of containers from wood;
  6. production of plywood, including parts that are glued and bent, as well as veneer;
  7. making matches;
  8. furniture manufacturing;
  9. production of other wood products (wood flour, skis, greenhouse frames).

  Problems of the forest industry

  Today there is a crisis in the timber industry. Russia, although it is the first in the world in terms of reserves forest resources, but the wood, forestry and pulp and paper industries account for just over three percent of total production. This is due to a decrease in demand for such products in the domestic market of Russia. The commonwealth market is also in decline. independent states, resulting in reduced purchases of forest products and pulp and paper products in Russian Federation. This branch of industry in Russia has become dependent on the external market. But for last years we began to export more "business" wood, cardboard, paper, plywood to other countries. Seventy-one percent of the forest products of the Russian Federation are exported.

  Forest stocks are affected by excessive economic activity people and emergencies(fires). Unauthorized felling of trees is the main problem for the development of the forest industry in our country. There is currently no clear forest policy. To prevent such cuttings, it is necessary to eliminate the social disorder of the inhabitants of the regions where they are engaged in harvesting and processing wood (increasing the number of jobs, opening new enterprises, using alternative energy sources).

  Another problem was to reduce the loss of raw materials during the harvesting and processing of wood. Wood raw materials should be used rationally (reduce wood waste and losses due to untimely or improper transportation, effectively use wood waste).

  It should be remembered that woodworking plants and factories pollute environment. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to protect the environment (use treatment facilities, improve production technologies and upgrade equipment).

  Directions in which it is necessary to develop the timber industry

  In order to save raw materials from wood and increase forest reserves, the forest industry must develop in several directions:

  1. apply non-waste technologies;
  2. reduce the loss of raw materials from wood during its harvesting and alloying;
  3. reduce the consumption of wood for the manufacture of sleepers by replacing them with reinforced concrete sleepers and increasing the service life of wood sleepers;
  4. change wooden containers to plastic containers;
  5. use coniferous raw materials exclusively for their intended purpose;
  6. restore forest land;
  7. protect the forest from fires and unauthorized felling;
  8. to develop an optimal model of wood resource management;
  9. improve legislation for the protection of forest lands.

  Thus, we can conclude that in the Russian Federation, the forestry and woodworking industries are mainly concentrated in Siberia, the Urals, the North and the Far East. We provide ourselves with sawmill materials, cardboard, paper and plywood. And in order to continue to meet our needs in products made from wood raw materials, we need to restore woodlands and minimize environmental pollution during wood processing.