20.10.2019

How is garbage disposed of? Effective ways to dispose of waste What kind of garbage can be dealt with and what is most profitable

The environment has always been a source of resources for mankind, but for a long time its vital activity did not have a noticeable impact on nature. Only since the end of the last century, under the influence of economic activity noticeable changes in the Earth's biosphere began to occur. They have now reached alarming proportions.

Scale of the problem

The rapid growth of population and the level of consumption of natural resources, the current pace of material production lead to a thoughtless treatment of nature. With such an attitude, a huge part of the resources taken from nature is returned to it in the form of waste, harmful and unsuitable for further use.

Scientists have calculated that 5 tons of garbage are generated daily in the world, while its amount increases annually by 3% in volume. The accumulation of domestic waste on the surface harms the environment, polluting water, soil and atmosphere and threatens the possibility of the existence of all life on the planet in general. Therefore, one of important issues worldwide is the disposal of household waste.

Classification of household waste

Household waste can be classified according to several criteria.

So, according to the composition, household waste is conditionally divided into biological residues and non-biological waste (garbage).

rats;
cockroaches.

Cockroaches can be a peddler different kind diseases

Non-biological waste includes:

paper;
plastic;
metal;
textile;
glass;
rubber.

The process of decomposition of these wastes can last about 2–3 years and in most cases is accompanied by the release of toxic substances that harm the environment and humans.

According to the state of aggregation, waste is divided into:

hard;
liquid;
gaseous;
pastes;
gels;
suspensions;
emulsions.

By origin, waste is divided into:

Industrial - a type of household waste obtained as a result of production.
Construction - are formed during construction and installation work, the production of work on the repair of roads, buildings, as well as during their demolition.
radioactive waste.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in the residential sector, trade enterprises, educational, health and social facilities.

These are goods that have lost their consumer properties over time and turned into garbage, and also include road and yard garbage as MSW.

The most significant part of household waste is MSW. For each type of waste, there are special ways to dispose of waste.

Recycling

The process of disposal of solid waste occurs in several stages:

collection;
transportation;
accommodation;
neutralization;
burial;
storage;
processing;
disposal.

First of all, the process of getting rid of garbage involves its careful sorting. The task of pre-sorting waste and their disposal is greatly facilitated by the separate collection of waste, promoted in most European countries.

Methods for the destruction of municipal solid waste

There are various options for its destruction. So, the main way to dispose of solid waste is burial at special sites (landfills).

At landfills, irretrievable waste is destroyed - the processing of household waste, as a result of which they almost completely cease to exist as waste. The disposal method is not suitable for all types of MSW, but only for non-combustible waste or for substances that emit toxic substances during combustion.

The advantage of this method is that it does not require significant financial costs and the availability of large plots of land. But there are also disadvantages in the application of this method - this is the accumulation of gas during underground decay of waste.

Briquetting is a new, yet not very widely used in practice, way of getting rid of solid waste. It includes preliminary sorting and packaging of homogeneous waste into separate briquettes, and then their storage at specially designated sites (landfills).

Briquetting of waste makes it possible to significantly save space

The garbage packed in this way is pressed, which greatly facilitates its transportation due to a significant reduction in volume.

Briquetted waste is intended for further processing and possible use for industrial purposes. Along with such a method as the processing of municipal solid waste, when briquetting, they can be transported for disposal or disposal by heat treatment.

In fact, this method is similar to the burial method, but in practice it has a number of advantages over it. The disadvantages of the method are that the heterogeneity of the emitted waste and the preliminary severe contamination in the garbage containers and the change in some components of the waste creates a great difficulty in briquetting.

And the high abrasiveness of components such as stone, sand and glass interfere with the pressing process.

Since these methods of recycling have a number of disadvantages, despite their cheapness, the best option would be to completely get rid of garbage during its recycling and fuel, and also its possible reuse.

A new way to dispose of waste

Garbage disposal

When recycling garbage (the Latin root utilis is useful), the waste can later be used for various purposes.

Waste to be disposed of includes:

all types of metals;
glass;
polymers;
yarn and fabric products;
paper;
rubber;
organic household and agricultural waste.

The most efficient method of disposal today is recycling.

In other words, recycling is a special case of the concept of "utilization of municipal solid waste".

During recycling, waste is returned to the process of technogenesis. There are two options for recycling waste:

Reuse of waste for its intended purpose after appropriate safe handling and labeling. For example, reuse of glass and plastic containers.
Return of waste after processing to the production cycle. For example, tin containers - in the production of steel, waste paper - in the production of paper and cardboard.

Some types of waste that can no longer be used for their intended purpose are recycled, after which it is more expedient to return them to the production cycle as secondary raw materials. So, part of the waste can be used to produce heat and electricity.

In addition to those already listed, recycling solid waste can be done in several other ways. Each of them is applicable to a certain type of waste, and has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Thermal processing of waste

Under thermal processing there are several ways:

burning;
low temperature pyrolysis;
plasma treatment (high temperature pyrolysis).

The simple incineration method is the most common and one of the cheapest methods of waste management. It is during incineration that large volumes of garbage are utilized, and the resulting ash takes up less space, does not undergo decay processes, and does not emit harmful gases into the atmosphere. It is non-toxic and does not require specially equipped places for burial.

The main thing in this method is that when burning garbage, a large number of thermal energy, which Lately learned to use for autonomous operation of enterprises engaged in waste incineration. And its surplus is redirected to city stations, which makes it possible to provide entire areas with electricity and heat.

The disadvantage of this method is that during combustion, in addition to safe components, smoke saturated with toxic substances is formed, which creates a dense curtain over the earth's surface and leads to a significant violation of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, contributing to its thinning and the formation of ozone holes.

High temperature and low temperature pyrolysis

is a waste gasification process that takes place at a melting temperature higher than in a conventional processing plant (over 900°C).

As a result, a vitrified product is formed at the outlet, which is absolutely harmless and does not require further disposal costs. The scheme of this process makes it possible to obtain gas from organic components scrap, which is then used to generate electricity and steam.

The main advantage of this method is that it allows you to successfully solve the problem of environmentally friendly waste disposal without unnecessary costs for preliminary preparation, sorting, drying.

The advantages of low-temperature pyrolysis (temperature from 450 to 900°C) are:

use for processing almost all types of household waste, previously carefully selected;
obtaining pyrolysis oils used in the production of plastics;
release of pyrolysis gas suitable for further use.

In addition, there is such a waste disposal method as composting. Since most of the waste is made up of various organic residues, they are subject to rapid decay in natural environment.

The composting method is based on this property of organic substances. In the process of composting, not only does a huge part of the garbage that pollute the environment get rid of, but also substances useful for agriculture - fertilizers - are obtained in the process.

The presented methods of waste disposal allow waste processing with the least negative impact on the environment.

Video: A modern approach to waste disposal

Waste processing in Russia is hampered by the fact that the territorial and infrastructural features of the country do not yet allow efficient separate collection and transportation of waste. Experts believe that the development of local and regional markets for secondary raw materials and products made from it will help move this problem forward. This requires decisions of municipal authorities that would encourage entrepreneurial initiative in this area of production activity.

Another possible solution that will allow the development of the waste processing industry is to build specialized complexes near large cities, based on proven schemes and technologies that have been successfully used abroad for a long time. One of the obstacles here is the imperfection of Russian legislation in the field of ecology and the lack of common national standards for the processing and use of secondary raw materials.

It is assumed that by 2020 a full-fledged industry for the disposal of garbage and other waste will be created in Russia. In 2013, a special draft law was prepared amending the Law on Production and Consumption Wastes. Legislators believe that after the adoption of amendments affecting the interests of citizens and entrepreneurs, there will be additional incentives for the development of certain industries related to waste disposal.

How is waste disposal

In cities and other settlements of Russia, you can increasingly find containers for separate waste collection. Such a system makes further processing of waste more efficient and less costly. For some time now, the purchase of secondary raw materials by processing plants has been used, but such programs primarily concern only paper, certain types of plastic and polyethylene. The fact is that most often it is this raw material that is processed at specialized factories.

In 2013, there were about 250 waste recycling plants in Russia, but their number is steadily growing. The production cycle at such enterprises is all in more subjected to unification and standardization. Waste processing plants in Russia often have their own services for the transportation, sorting and disposal of waste. Special equipment for various purposes allows you to extract from household and secondary raw materials, which are easily stored, transported and turned into items that have value in the eyes of consumers.

From the point of view of recycling efficiency in Russia, “metal” waste remains the most promising. It is the easiest to sort because it is easily recognized. The second most important place is occupied by the processing of cardboard and paper. It is somewhat more difficult to sort and recycle plastic and plastic wrap. Completes the list of popular in the processing of raw materials glass containers. As a rule, entrepreneurs try to adhere to a certain specialization when recycling waste, guided by economic benefits and the availability of raw materials.

Under the natural conditions of a modern landfill, waste decomposes within a month, newspapers, cardboard, fallen leaves - up to 4 months, cans and old shoes - up to 10 years, and batteries, tires, plastic bottles and glass - up to 100, 140, 200 and 1000 years, respectively. Given their annually increasing volume, humanity will soon run the risk of drowning in the waste products of its life. Moreover, it is no longer possible to fight the problem by banal arson, since large-scale smog flows can cause irreparable harm to public health. In this light, the issue of recycling is of great importance.

The state is taking certain steps in this direction, but business is more able to cope with the task. In Europe, waste recycling generates huge revenues, which has become the reason for high competition in this area. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the industry is still underdeveloped, which gives excellent chances to eventually take a leading position, becoming one of the largest suppliers of secondary raw materials to industrial enterprises.

Industry Features

The profitability of a medium-sized waste processing plant can reach 30% or more. However, when organizing production, the entrepreneur will face a number of difficulties.

The cost of the complex, designed for the collection and delivery, acceptance, processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) of most types (excluding hazardous ones, which require separate licenses and high-tech equipment), will require more than tens of millions of dollars. And most of it will be the cost of the installations themselves. In addition, you will have to look for a production area larger than 500 m² and corresponding warehouses. In most cases, building from scratch is more profitable than renting, despite the high costs. One of the additional articles in this case will be the laying of communications, obtaining permits, licenses, approvals, and so on.

Government support, loans, grants and other ways to get additional funding will help make the start easier. When negotiating, remember that the introduction of modern and safe methods of recycling is beneficial to local authorities. This can be a good argument in favor of land acquisition or the provision of optimal premises.

Entrepreneurs who are not yet ready for such large-scale investments can find their niche with local projects. For example, organize the reception of already sorted garbage of a certain type. Or just processing it. In this case, you only need to purchase a complete line for working with one or another type of raw material (most often, we are talking about paper, glass or plastic).

Types of MSW in terms of profitability

IN ideal a full-fledged plant should perform the full range of functions for sorting and processing waste:

acceptance of municipal solid waste (sorted and mixed);
sorting and processing of suitable resources (waste paper, polymers, broken glass, textiles, scrap metal);
production of structural products from recycled secondary raw materials.

However, in practice, novice entrepreneurs most often choose a narrow direction of activity. At the same time, several typical “scenarios” of the enterprise operation can be distinguished, depending on the type chosen:

Cardboard and paper. In this case, you can organize a small enterprise that collects, presses and sells the resulting product, or open a full-fledged processing plant.
Polymers. Similar to the previous point. The most common waste collection and recycling companies secondary granules, which are then purchased by enterprises producing plastic products.
Glass. As a rule, entrepreneurs choose between the collection of containers (cullet) and the business of processing it.
Tires. Here most often in question about enterprises full cycle from collection to processing. Work can be carried out according to one of three algorithms: collection of worn-out goods from motor transport enterprises, purchase from the population with the organization of collection points, or paid acceptance for processing.

The priority work strategy and the type of raw materials are determined based on several factors that are individual for each locality. The most important of them is the norms of MSW accumulation. This indicator indicates their number, formed per unit of time in certain conditions. Knowing this, it is possible to accurately calculate how much raw material can be obtained by working in a certain area.

Speaking of profitability, we can cite the following data:

aluminum, steel, other metal - almost 100% of the raw materials obtained are processed;
textiles - depending on the type of fibers, up to 50% of the material is subject to processing;
waste paper - the share of useful raw materials in unsorted waste is about 35%;
glass - similar to waste paper.

Considering the prospects of this business, it is also necessary to take into account the liquidity of raw materials. It can be:

highly liquid- a class of secondary raw materials, from which, as a result of processing, under existing conditions, it is possible to obtain products demanded by customers and sell them profitably. This is scrap metal of all types, clean waste of paper and textile industries, cullet without impurities, etc.
Medium liquid- MSW of medium quality, suitable for obtaining demanded products, but not highly profitable (the cost of the finished material is approximately equal to the cost on the market). These are mixed waste paper, cardboard, plastic with impurities, textiles, large wooden elements, broken glass, tires.
Weakly liquid- requiring significant efforts for disposal and unprofitable for recycling. These are moisture-resistant cardboard and paper, polymer mixtures, bird fluff, cullet with significant contamination. In this case, you can earn income by recycling waste at the expense of the supplier.
Illiquid - hazardous waste not recyclable. For example, multilayer polymer packaging, laminated paper are not suitable for obtaining secondary raw materials, therefore they are processed at the expense of the customer or special sources of financing - municipalities, etc.

On this moment in the Russian Federation, about 93% of garbage is taken to landfills and landfills. Given the volume, many entrepreneurs have every chance to occupy a worthy niche in a growing business.

Where to get raw materials?

The simplest, but also the most labor-intensive way is to agree with the management of landfills or the municipality on the possibility of independently selecting the necessary garbage. As a rule, at this stage it is beneficial to involve an “asocial element” in the work.

A more "clean" technology is to conclude agreements with markets, institutions, enterprises for the removal of sorted waste of the category you need. In this case, "they" reduce the cost of garbage disposal, the entrepreneur receives the necessary materials. True, this does not work with all types of garbage.

Where to dispose of recycled waste?

One ton of processed and compressed polymer waste on the market costs about 15 thousand rubles, aluminum cans - about 50 thousand rubles, crumb rubber - about 16 thousand rubles, cardboard - about 12 thousand rubles. The daily productivity of the average capacity of the waste processing line is 8-10 tons of recyclables. Accordingly, the monthly turnover will be several million rubles, depending on other initial data.

For the most part, consumers of recycled waste paper, tin and polymers are various industries. Such companies are present in different regions and, as practice shows, they are happy to buy raw materials from local producers. However, it must be remembered that the consumer is already accustomed to comfort and prefers to receive high-quality cleaned and carefully pressed raw materials, which are easy to work with and convenient to store.

What documents are needed to register a business?

Each country and even region will have its own peculiarities of registering a waste processing enterprise. Therefore, it is necessary to visit a number of instances and consult with specialists from each of them. When opening a business abroad, it is advisable to immediately enlist the support of a qualified lawyer.

The priority form of business registration will be or its equivalent in your country. In the Russian Federation, for this, it is necessary to provide the company's charter, memorandum of association, minutes of the meeting of owners and an application (form 11001).

Large financial flows in the process of activity make the system of OSNO taxation optimal for the plant. In this case, income tax will be 20%, and VAT - 18%. At the same time, the entrepreneur is not threatened with restrictions on the number of personnel, the value of property, and others. When registering, code 38 is indicated, which allows you to deal with the processing and disposal of everything.

Since most types of MSW are classified as 4-5 hazard classes, it is necessary to obtain a processing license, which is issued by the district Rosprirodnadzor. Experts will conduct an environmental review and issue a permit. Further, permissions from the SES, water and communal services of the settlement, as well as fire protection authorities will be required. In total, registration issues take from 3 to 4 months.

Recruitment

Since waste sorting and recycling are "dirty" processes with low wages, there are not many applicants for a vacant position. However, to launch even a small plant, it is necessary to include 25-30 employees in the staff. And even if they are found from the first moment, you need to be prepared for a staff turnover - not everyone can withstand prolonged contact with garbage.

In order to retain existing and attract new personnel, an entrepreneur needs to optimize wages for a particular region, take care of comfortable conditions labor (uniforms, disposable protective items, showers), consider ways of motivation. Wages to employees are the main cost item, but at this stage in the development of the industry, without people, the enterprise simply will not function.

Processing technology

At a universal plant, the waste recycling process includes the following steps:

The waste delivered from the landfill is unloaded to the receiving area, where bulky waste is manually removed - construction, Appliances, pieces of furniture, etc.
By means of a loader, the remaining mass is transferred to a receiving hopper, from where it is fed to an inclined and then to a horizontal conveyor.
Waste is sorted by type on the horizontal conveyor. This operation is performed manually by employees in the amount of 8-15 people.
Sorted garbage through the hatches in the overpass is placed in carts and delivered to the presses (each for its own type of garbage).
Garbage is pressed into briquettes, tied and sent to the warehouse, and then to the customer, as a rule, for further processing.

Necessary equipment

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The complete set of the waste processing line depends on the type of solid waste and the scale of activity. A classic full-cycle plant (from waste reception to pressing and storage) includes a number of units:

Reception bunker. This can be a container or a concrete covered area where large-sized garbage is removed from the mass of waste. The supply of solid waste to the conveyor can be carried out automatically or using loading equipment.
Receiving hopper with apron conveyor. This node is necessary for the uniform supply of garbage for sorting.
Separator. Here small fractions of garbage are eliminated.
Horizontal Belt Conveyor. In most cases, it is serviced by operators who select certain fractions and dump them into separate containers. Depending on the types of waste selected for recycling, the number of operators (and the containers themselves) may be different.
Main separator for collecting ferrous metal(usually placed at the end of the pipeline).
Receiving hopper for non-recyclable waste.
storage bins for sorted.
Baling presses- for each type of garbage separate.
Storage device for bulky waste.

In addition to the equipment listed, consumables may be required for recycling. For example, to prevent delamination and scattering of finished briquettes at the pressing stage, special compounds are introduced into the mass. Another option to make transportation more comfortable is to purchase a knitting line, where the briquettes are wrapped with strap tape or polyester film.

How much does the whole complex cost?

Building from scratch a universal plant designed to collect and process the maximum possible number of types of waste (from waste paper and plastic to rubber and glass) will cost about $20 million. A small workshop designed to work with some a certain kind raw materials can be arranged for 50-200 thousand dollars.

A couple of years ago, people from RAO UES decided to get into the "garbage business". The total investment in the company GK "Eco-system" amounted to 16 billion rubles. The profitability of this area is estimated at 30%, which, together with the required volume of cash injections, makes it unbearable and uninteresting for small and medium-sized businesses. Contrary to popular belief, in Europe, the construction of plants for the disposal and processing of solid waste is also mainly carried out by energy giants. For example, not the largest plant in Cardiff is being built by the German E. On.

For the last year I have been living in the most natural back corner - at least, that is the impression after a good dozen stores within walking distance, stacks of shopping centers and other "benefits of civilization", which are extremely rare, but still had to be visited. Now this is not the case - the nearest store is a couple of kilometers from the house, a bus stop, a school and a pharmacy are even further away.

It is not difficult to overcome this distance lightly, with two small children it is already more difficult, but this is not about that, but about the fact that garbage containers also somewhere on the horizon.

The city is small, and there is no question of sorting garbage here, and it will not help either: there are no waste processing enterprises in my area. However, this is the case almost throughout the country, with very rare exceptions. In supermarkets, a huge row is occupied by plastic disposable tableware, intended for picnics, where it ends up in most cases. And in the European Union, which is usually scolded, they want to approve a directive to combat plastic waste. They are going to completely abandon disposable items, the production of which uses plastic. Statistics provided by the EU says: more than 70% of all waste generated is plastic. The EU plans to ban as many as ten categories of goods (yes, this is a drop in the bucket in the general abundance, but Moscow was not built right away), among which are sticks for balloons, cotton swabs, cocktail tubes, and so on in the same vein. For these things, it is easy to find analogues made from natural materials, or at least those that have a more benign effect on the environment. The same European Union sets a goal: by 2025, to find a way to recycle and then use for 95% of all plastic produced. But what now?

Of the total amount of resources extracted by mankind, only 10% are used to make products that we really need and benefit, and another 90% are future waste. I remember a phrase from some speech by Mikhail Zadornov - "We did not miss the quality, but the bright cover, the packaging!" Apparently, the statistics are right, and in some cases frankly lousy quality is forgiven for a beautiful box. Yes, and God would be with her, with that packaging, if it were, where to put it, but there is nowhere! MSW, they are - solid household waste - tend to accumulate. Proper disposal and recycling are still the exception rather than the rule, although it should be quite the opposite.

In many European countries, there is an interesting system: instead of outweighing the headache of waste disposal on the municipal authorities, the legislation decided once and for all that the manufacturer himself is responsible for recycling the packaging of his product. A consumer can come to any supermarket and hand over absolutely any container, which will be sent back to the manufacturer for further processing, and the store is obliged to accept it and give out a certain penny at the checkout. The logic is simple to disgrace: if you have to spend resources on processing the containers you made, then you will try to use packaging materials as economically as possible. Even if you invest the cost of processing in the price of the goods, this stage still cannot be avoided. And here are the consequences: in Russia, municipal enterprises, not businesses, are responsible for the removal and disposal of waste. There is no need to talk about the cleanliness of cities in Europe and in Russia. I really want to stay in rose-colored glasses - for now I believe that it's all about the problem of garbage disposal, and not the ability to calmly screw up on the street / in nature and go on about your business.

Be that as it may, but the disposal of waste, whether raw materials from enterprises or residential areas, is a very painful issue for Russia. Waste recycling plants are far from being in every city: in some places they are, of course, but basically these are enterprises that can offer only banal waste incineration, and not its full processing. All manipulations with waste at such enterprises are most often carried out manually, which increases the complexity and duration of the process. And the West, for the most part, refused such a method - environmentalists proved a long time ago that when burning garbage, no less (or even more) is emitted into the environment. harmful substances than due to the work of any industrial enterprise. The path of simplification is not always the most correct one, but for some reason it is precisely along this path that Russian public utilities are skipping, and I do not mean ordinary hard workers, but the higher stratum. Where is the garbage usually taken? to the nearest landfill. Cities are overgrown with such dumps, which from time to time are covered with a thick layer of clay and earth to give them a more or less decent appearance. But you can’t constantly increase the height of the dump, right? And there are less and less free places where another landfill can be placed every day, especially around megacities. But the garbage is not getting smaller, rather, the opposite is true. Small-town managers cannot or do not want to solve this problem, so it came to a question to the president during hotline. The question was asked last year, and the landfill in Balashikha was closed. But, probably, it would be more correct to say that it was simply transferred from Balashikha.

And here's what's interesting. If in European countries they are concerned about where to put the accumulated garbage, how to recycle it, and how not to harm the environment, then some Asian and European states do exactly the opposite: for them, garbage, even their own, even someone else’s, is a way to earn money. In pursuit of replenishing the treasury, they buy waste in neighboring countries in order to dispose of it on their territory. For example, the capital of Ghana, Accra - one of the districts of the city is a natural cemetery of electronic waste. Broken electronic devices, used batteries, computers - almost 215 thousand tons of this good are annually imported to Ghana from Western Europe to rest in a "personal" landfill. Add here almost 130 thousand tons of your "good", and do not forget to take into account that local waste processing enterprises are very far from the level of modern and environmentally friendly plants. Yes, some of the waste is recycled, receiving the status of recyclables, but the lion's share is simply buried in the ground. And let it be buried, be it paper or food waste, but no - for the most part it is plastic of all stripes, and heavy metals. Burying this "wealth" again and again, Ghana is gradually becoming an environmental time bomb.

Using the example of the Chitarum River in Indonesia, one can talk about a situation that has long ceased to be something terrifying for a number of countries, and, so to speak, has become a habit with them, turning into something ordinary. So, Chitarum is a full-flowing stream running past Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, towards the Java Sea. It is very important not only for the five million people permanently residing in its basin, but for the whole of West Java as a whole - the water from Chitarum is used in agriculture, organization of water supply industry, and much more. But, as it usually happens, several dozen textile enterprises lined up on the banks of this river, which "gift" Chitarum with waste in the form of dye residues and other chemicals. If this could be dispensed with, then the trouble is small: treatment facilities could solve this problem at least a little. The fact is that the river is very difficult to see, and not to be confused with another landfill: its surface is completely covered with a variety of garbage, most of which is the same plastic. In 2008, the Asian Development Bank allocated half a billion dollars in loans to clean up the river: Chitarum was named the most dirty river peace. The grant went as intended, but things are still there. While those in power were deciding what to do with the river, the people were so accustomed to throwing everything superfluous into it that the proverb about the hunchback and the grave comes to mind. Moreover, the fishermen who were left out of work due to the pollution of the Chitarum (fish that managed to survive and adapt to living conditions in such a sewer are simply dangerous to eat) have found a new way to earn money: they collect plastic garbage from the surface of the river and handed over to recycling centers, where they are paid a small penny for this. So everyone is happy - some "laundered" the money, the second continue to earn money, the third do not bother with a place where you can throw garbage. The fish are just unhappy. But she is silent, so everything is in order.

She is silent in the Pacific Ocean, where from plastic waste formed a real island. I have already mentioned it on this resource, I will provide a link at the end of this article. Dozens of "entrepreneurs" gather here every day, collecting everything of value from the garbage patch. It's a shame that for many of them this way of earning is the only one.

All over the world, researchers of this problem unanimously repeat: we must be more economical, this is the only solution to the "garbage issue". Instead of tossing a tin can or shampoo bottle into a landfill, where they are rolled into the ground and left to decompose on long years, you can recycle them into something useful. This option is especially respected in the West, because recycling means that you can earn / save money on conditional garbage again, or even more than once.

In Russia, South America, Africa and Asia, people have not yet developed a rule for themselves - to sort garbage. Despite the fact that it is outrageously simple, we still throw everything into one container - construction and cooking waste, read newspapers, glass bottles, and so on, so on, so on. We do not yet have containers with the inscriptions "For glass", "For food waste", "For plastic", and so on - what kind of "specialized" containers can we talk about, if ordinary ones can not be found everywhere, as now in my place of residence. Western Europe and North America have been practicing this method for a long time, because they realized that it is easier and more economical to sort waste right away in residential areas, and the resources that are freed up at enterprises freed from sorting can be sent for recycling.

An interesting system exists in Germany. In addition to the usual here separate collection garbage, there is also Duales System Deutschland GmbH - in fact, a statutory requirement, according to which any manufacturer is obliged not only to reduce the amount of material spent on product packaging, but also to develop it either quickly decomposing in the natural environment or not causing much trouble when processed into the respective enterprise. If only we had such a law! But while a similar level is only in Germany, even other European countries have not kept up with it - theoretically, the Germans can even dispose of garbage from other countries, not only their own.

Not bad "garbage issue" is solved in Australia: quarterly in each locality up to 350 Australian dollars are allocated specifically for waste collection and recycling. Yes, landfills exist, but rather as a temporary storage, sort of transshipment base: waste sorting also takes place here, but in a more global sense. Construction waste is transported in one direction, waste products from livestock farms in the other. Each landfill has its own purpose, and each type of waste has its own processing method and options for further use.

However, as the most original way waste disposal, I would like to highlight Semakau - one of several dozen Singaporean islands. The reason for the selection is simple: the fact is that this piece of solid earth is not earth at all, more precisely, not all of it consists of it. Semakau is an artificial island that began construction in 1999 and is scheduled to be completed by 2035. Since Singapore is a lot of islands, it is simply not possible to organize a landfill in the truest sense of the word, but this garbage does not get any smaller. The islanders found an interesting solution: approximately 38% of the waste produced can be burned, another 60% is recycled, and the remaining 2% of the waste that cannot be either burned or somehow usefully disposed of is sent to Semakau. Now its area is 350 hectares, and continues to grow. The construction of Semakau took 63 million cubic meters of waste: before being sent to the "construction site", they were filled in strong plastic blocks, subsequently securely tightened with a fabric impermeable membrane. The blocks are poured into a closed "bay", fenced with a kind of dam, preventing their spread across the ocean. The resulting surface is fastened, covered with a fair layer fertile soil, is planted with trees and turns into several hundred more square meters of a completely inhabited, beautiful zone. The quality of the water in the water area around Semakau is continuously monitored: over all these years it has not been affected, so the local ecological situation inspires confidence - you can swim here, and the fish caught in the vicinity of the "garbage island" can be eaten.

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What is waste disposal? Waste disposal is a priority for all mankind.

Along with the growth of the world's population and the level of consumption, the amount of household waste in Russia is also growing. In the near future, it may reach alarming proportions. There is an obvious question about elimination, and ideally subsequent recycling ( reuse). But this is affected by the lack of organizations that are engaged in the export, disposal of household and industrial waste.

Naturally, this problem of household waste disposal cannot be solved at the local level, it is possible to overcome them with the establishment of clear norms and rules, strict control over their implementation at the state level. The legislation regulates the export of household working off, but does not clearly monitor it. Therefore, it is not known whether they are disposed of or simply stored in landfills, polluting the surrounding land and residential areas.

Stages of household waste disposal

Before the final elimination of unnecessary remnants of people's vital activity, one should clearly know the action plan and present the sequence of their implementation.

Collection and removal of household waste. You can not just collect and burn all the garbage without sorting. You should first sort it by type, for this, containers with the name of the corresponding waste are located near most residential areas. Under each such container there must be an appropriate machine for loading and transporting the contents. Separate collection and garbage disposal is an effective way of collection. How it actually happens can be seen from the outside. Often, all containers are cleaned by the same machine, and the efforts of citizens come to naught. After all, for sure, when arriving at a landfill, everything is loaded into one heap and, at best, sorted on the spot. A should be sent to the appropriate places for the disposal or processing of previously separately collected waste. Therefore, it is so important to develop legal documents that will specify the nuances and propose solutions that provide for the separate removal and collection of household waste.
Garbage storage. There are special landfills or landfills for the accumulation of garbage, according to city standards, the terms of its maintenance, volumes and the area allotted for them are provided. Naturally, the faster it is disposed of, the less land will be used for it.
Transportation of waste from landfills. Loading mechanisms and vehicles are needed to deliver garbage to certain places and enterprises for liquidation.
Disposal. It is implemented in each region in its own way, based on available firms and implementation resources. IN developed countries There are many ways to dispose of household and industrial waste. Based on the results obtained by them, and adopting their experience, it is possible to find the optimal solution to the environmental problem that has arisen. So far, the most common types are: incineration, burial and briquetting. Each of them has its negative and positive sides. To understand the reasons for this, it is necessary to consider each of the methods separately.

Waste disposal methods

Before using them, one should clearly understand the scale of various garbage stored first in a single apartment, and then in a district, city and in the whole country. It immediately becomes clear that it is necessary to create and master alternative methods for the processing of this recyclable material, starting with sorting and ensuring proper waste disposal.

Burning

It is a cheap and common disposal option. It can be produced in several ways:

chamber
layered
in a fluidized bed

The application of this method consists in the thermal elimination of industrial waste at very high temperatures that will burn industrial waste without residue and partially absorb toxic substances.

The problem of disposal in this way is that the residues of substances adversely affect the air in the vicinity of this place. Modern industrial waste incinerators are equipped with cleaning systems and power generators. As a rule, the ash left after burning industrial raw materials subjected to further removal and disposal.

Advantages of the method:

Small financial outlay
The released heat is used to generate electricity or for heating.
A significant reduction in the volume of mining

The main and probably the only drawback is toxicity, so burning is unsafe for the environment. To eliminate this shortcoming, it is necessary to use systems for cleaning gases released during the burning of garbage.

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of garbage without air, this method helps to reduce the damage to the environment.

burial

The essence of the procedure is the usual burying of waste in the ground. This is done at special landfills, the requirements for which are specified in the relevant documents. Landfills provide environmental protection. Special requirements apply to such sites, such as compliance with sanitary rules, as well as SNiP.

Polygons allowed:

Outside residential area
Medical institutions
Recreational areas
Water protection zones
Public recreation areas

Not suitable for disposal at landfills are radioactive, toxic waste, as well as those suitable for recycling. As a result of the decomposition of graves, harmful gases and vapors are formed. Due to their composition, these formations harm the soil, ground and surface water, air and human life.

There is a possibility of fires, explosions and, less dangerous, the spread of odors. Based on the above, it is clear that landfill gas also requires collection and disposal, which is practiced at landfills.

Currently, cases of garbage removal and disposal at unauthorized landfills are recorded, which is prosecuted by law. It is for this legislation that the requirements for landfills are clearly regulated.

This method is cheap, but requires the availability of land, which subsequently can not be used for economic work. To restore them will require much more money and time than when they are contaminated.

Composting

The process of decomposition of the organic part of consumption waste by microorganisms occurs in two ways:

Aerobic - in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic - in the absence of oxygen

The output is compost organic fertilizer also releases carbon dioxide. The place for composting should be sufficiently moist and shady, soil drainage should be ensured, i.e. removal of moisture.

Advantages:

An easy-to-implement way
low cost
Subsequent use of raw materials
Increases the number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil

Flaws:

Briquetting

This new method involves first sorting the garbage, then arranging it into briquettes. And then their storage at the sites designated for this. So far, its feasibility has not been fully proven. It serves as the next step before processing and possibly further industrial application or sent for export and disposal.