Forest complex of Russia. Wood waste processing as a profitable business Where and why are wood processing enterprises located?

Disposal wood waste– this is something that every person has done at least once in their life. In the spring, for example, all Russians clean the territory of an enterprise or residential building from last year's leaves, broken branches, dead trees and shrubs. They cleaned it, sent it with a garbage truck to a landfill and forgot about it. A prudent owner will not do this.

Since ancient times, people have used the most accessible natural resource– wood. A stick for digging, protection, searching for food, making fire, a simple bed on the flexible branches of a bush - minor scratches on the body of the nature of primitive man.

Nowadays, the intensive use of forest resources, primarily in Siberia and Brazil, is a deep bleeding wound. People living in the Amazon Valley, like all living things in this region, are already suffocating from lack of oxygen. A legitimate question arises: “Is it really necessary to use the gifts of the forest on such a scale?” Modern man uses wood as fuel, and wood processing products for housing construction, sleepers, telegraph poles, to produce bast, paper, fiber and about 1,500 other products. In any case, after sawing, approximately 40% of waste remains at the cutting site. These are needles, leaves, green shoots, bark, branches, twigs, sawdust. Waste is also generated during wood processing: slats, short lengths, shavings, sawdust, wood dust. Maybe this waste, after its processing and disposal, will replace woodworking products? Then the forest will be clean and the trees will remain alive!

Law on mandatory recycling of wood waste

The State Duma introduced amendments to the law on mandatory recycling of wood waste. It was previously assumed that this law would come into force in 2018, but this date was postponed to 2022. According to the law, it will not be possible to throw away or obtained from a sawmill.

Wood processing plant specialists have four years to think about their production and how to take advantage of what is currently littering the environment.

Wood waste disposal methods

It is impossible to produce lumber without sawdust, cut branches, branches and bark. Even the thrifty Chinese, who recycle what others throw away, lose 20 to 30 percent of their wood in waste. The term "waste wood" suggests that the portion of wood that is not used should be discarded. There is also the concept of wooden waste, for example, old furniture, used containers. Let's figure out how to dispose of such waste.

Nowadays there are different effective methods recycling of wood waste and wood residues:

1. Burning waste in special furnaces to produce energy. This procedure allows you to use tree branches and sawdust, which not only improves the environmental situation, but also allows you to save on the purchase of briquettes.
2. Producing charcoal is a priority method of recycling waste generated at the cutting site. In this case, pyrolysis is used - the decomposition of wood raw materials in the absence of oxygen.
3. The production of charcoal briquettes is the mixing of crushed wood waste with coal using binding materials, for example, oil refinery waste, wood and coal tars, etc.
4. Production of technological and fuel granules (pellets) without binding components. This method It is good not only because the territory of the plant is cleared of garbage, but also because the subsequent combustion of pellets does not form toxic sulfur oxides.
5. Gasification is the conversion of wood into gas by heating it with partial access of oxygen. The resulting mixture of gases is a fuel for cars, which can be used instead of gasoline.

You can see how flour is processed at one of the Russian enterprises in the following video:

From this list methods, it is clear that timber and wood processing waste is mainly burned to produce thermal energy. In addition, waste can be used to make building materials, toys, furniture, and various crafts.

Wood burning stoves

So, the most cost-effective this moment method - destruction of wood waste in furnaces. At the same time, workers do not complicate their work with pressing, briquetting and other problems. For direct combustion, mainly cone-shaped furnaces are used, equipped with a horizontal movable or inclined grate (grate). The generated heat can be used for heating or heating water, etc.

The photographs show different types furnaces for burning wood waste:

Do I need a license to burn wood waste?

There is a regulation “On licensing activities for the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, and disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes,” established by the Government of the Russian Federation on October 3, 2015, which explains the conditions for obtaining a license for waste processing. A waste disposal company must have a license. A company must also have a license if it does not specialize in recycling, but burns wood waste, for example, to produce thermal energy.

Recycling of trees, stumps and wood

Are you bothered by unnecessary trees on your site, or by their overgrown crowns, stumps, or waste from previously cut down trees? This problem is completely solvable. Here are ways to get out of this situation:

1. Uprooting trees.
2. Tree lopping is cutting down a tree and leaving behind the stump. If you cut down a tree flush with the ground, the remaining stump will decompose on its own within 5 to 8 years. Note! If it is necessary to dispose of, for example, a fallen tree on the territory accountable to an enterprise, institution, or organization, then two documents must be prepared: “Certificate of write-off of a fixed asset (tree)” and “Certificate of disposal of a fallen tree.”
3. Uprooting stumps. Methods:
   • Using wedges and a sledgehammer, you should split the dug-in stump into pieces and pull out each part separately;
   • pulling out a stump using a winch;
   • using a stump crusher, which goes 30 cm into the ground and crushes the stump into wood chips that mix with the soil;
   • the use of saltpeter or gasoline, which is placed in drilled holes in the stump and burns it from the inside.
4. Tree filing is the partial removal of branches and twigs from a tree.
5. Tree crowning is the removal of part of the crown in order to rejuvenate the plant or reduce the static and wind load on the tree. There are different types of booking:
   • thinning;
   • reduction crowning – removal of the upper branches;
   • increasing crowning - removal of lower branches;
   • topping – removal of tree tops to a level of 4-9 m from the ground.

Recycling wooden pallets

During transportation and storage of products at the enterprise, pallets are used as containers. Over time, they wear out, litter the area, and create a fire hazard. The part of the pallets that cannot be repaired can be recycled. To do this, they are placed in a rotary shredder for the purpose of grinding, and then the resulting chips are passed through a magnet to “pull out” metal inclusions. Briquettes can be made from cleaned wood chips and subsequently receive heat when they are burned.

So, the intensive use of wood may well be combined with the effective disposal of sawmill and woodworking waste. Today in our country the most economically profitable way is to use industrial waste as fuel.

Russia has the most significant forest reserves, almost a quarter of the world's total.

The forests of our country represent a colossal resource base.

Wherein no more than half is used of all wood waste, and in Siberia, that is, in the most “forest” region of our country, no more than 35% of wood raw materials.

The rest is simply thrown away without any attempt at recycling.

The following remain unprocessed:

• woody greens;
• bark;
• sawdust;
• shavings.

Thus, the figures indicate that there are opportunities for business development in this industry.

In the recent past, sawmill waste was simply destroyed. A business built on the processing of wood waste is:

• promising;
• not requiring significant investments;
• having an accessible production organization.

Waste production in the woodworking and forestry industries they represent lump and soft waste:

• woodworking;
• plywood production;
• furniture production;
• sleepers;
• sawmilling.

These also include:

• branches;
• branch;
• woody greens;
• tops;
• roots;

The scope of use of wood waste is very extensive.

1. Sawdust can be used in hydrolysis industries, for the production of gypsum sheets, and for heating.
2. From shavings it is possible to produce particle boards and cement particle boards, which are used in the construction of houses.
3. From wood waste paper is made; they are also used in agriculture.
4. wood chips predominantly coniferous species are used to produce products that are unique in their characteristics building material.

Where to get wood waste inexpensively or free of charge

When using wood in any field, be it furniture production, construction, etc., wood waste can make up from 35 to 50%.

Disposal of wood waste in cities is serious problem. They are formed during tree care and during sanitary cutting of green spaces on the street, in parks, forest parks, and squares. This waste is low-quality medium-sized wood:

• branch;
• tops;
• edgings of deciduous and coniferous species.

A significant problem in terms of recycling is waste lumber during the renovation of premises and buildings, wooden products that are no longer in use, furniture, and containers. A huge amount of wood waste is generated when sawmilling.

Under the condition of self-pickup, almost all types of wood waste can be obtained absolutely free of charge.

Cost-effective options for using sawdust

There are many ways to make money from wood waste, particularly sawdust. We list the main options, and below we will consider some of them in more detail:

• production of sawdust concrete. Possible both in enterprises and privately;
• on livestock farms, sawdust can be used as livestock bedding;
• in greenhouses and industrial greenhouses, sawdust can act as a component of the soil, plant nutrition;
• sawdust on its own excellent fuel;
• sawdust – compost in agriculture;
• for private houses sawdust is used as insulation in attics and basements;
• production of chipboard, fibreboard, MDF, furniture structures, sawdust is the main raw material;
• for wastewater treatment plants in industry, sawdust can serve as waste water filter;
• sawdust mixed with peat - great composting toilet filler.

During the cooking of pine and cedar bark, woody greens, condensation accumulates at the bottom of the distillation tank, which is called VAT residue.

One of the inexpensive productions is its processing at pine extract.

Coniferous extract has a lot of biologically active substances that dissolve during prolonged cooking in water.

This condensate contains a large number of substances that have a beneficial effect on living organisms, including humans:

• vitamins;
• chlorophylls;
• organic acids.

Concentrating the condensate turns it into a pine extract with high consumer properties.

The extract can be successfully used as a feed additive for livestock and poultry in agriculture, as well as in the form of a preparation for taking medicinal baths. Coniferous extract can also be used for the industrial production of antibiotics for animals.

Feed meal

After digestion of the extract, approximately 90% of the initial raw materials (pine and cedar bark, woody greenery) remains in the form of waste solid waste. Business income can be increased with further processing of solid waste into feed meal.

Feed flour has bactericidal and anti-tuberculosis properties. It can be used as an alternative to roughage.

Fertilizers

Fertilizer can be prepared from wood waste using a fairly simple composting process.

The main costs of implementation of this project laying and equipping trenches for preparing compost mass.

It would be advisable to use such compost to improve the fertility of highly mineralized and loamy soils.

Charcoal

Wood waste processing is a promising area with many areas for implementation. Many technologies that are based on the processing of wood waste are successful in the market.

– one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly fuels, consisting of almost one hundred percent carbon. When burned, it does not poison the air with toxic fumes and is quite convenient for instant cooking food. It can be used not only on the farm, but also in industrial production.

A number of chemical and metallurgical industries, from small to large, operate on it. In construction it is used as an insulating material. Just like other wood waste derivatives, it is successfully used in agriculture as a feed additive for livestock and poultry.

The waste wood waste can be used for further processing as fuel.

The use of modern and environmentally friendly fuels will help provide the population with inexpensive energy resources, while reducing the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

Thus, the negative impact on the environment is reduced and the sanitary condition of forests is improved.

In recent years, EU countries have been experiencing a very active transition to organic fuel. The market is stimulated by government agencies, turning towards:

• fuel pellets;
• briquettes;
• firewood

Energy sources from wood waste are currently purchased in significant quantities.

We purchase equipment

Of course, for processing you need:

• equipment;
• electricity;
• premises;
• warehouses for storing raw materials and finished products.

Equipment for the production of briquettes and fuel pellets is available on the market in sufficient variety, both from foreign and domestic factories. With equal quality, Russian equipment costs a little cheaper.

The equipment delivery set includes:

• wood chipper(machine for grinding raw materials), from 180 thousand rubles to 2.3 million rubles;
• granulator. Cost from 50 thousand rubles. up to 2.1 million rubles. The price for the OGM-1.5 granulator model is about 1 million rubles;
• Dryer. The price range ranges from 150 thousand rubles. up to 2.5 million rubles;
• packaging machine. Price – from 80 thousand rubles. up to 2 million rubles

In general, equipment for producing, for example, pellets can be an industrial line or a mini-granulator.

Approximate cost:

1. an industrial line that produces 1 ton/hour costs about 132 thousand dollars;
2. with a capacity of 2 tons/hour will cost 196 thousand dollars;
3. the price of a 4.5 ton/hour line is about 408 thousand dollars.

The price for a finished line, providing a productivity of 300 kg of product per hour, is about 1 million rubles. In the same case, if you have premises (your own suburban area) and raw materials (wooden waste at a minimum price or free for pickup), then the investment, taking into account organizational issues, will amount to a little more than 1 million rubles.

Sales and expansion of production

Sales of manufactured products can be carried out through the following channels:

• wholesale companies that export goods abroad;
• you can open your own online store;
• sales through own retail outlets in construction and household markets;
• sales to organizations that sell at construction markets and supermarkets.

One of the most profitable ways business expansion for the sale of sawdust-based products is cooperation with municipalities.

The fact is that in many formations, fuel oil boilers are installed. Their efficiency is many times lower than that of pellet boilers. If you agree with local authorities to replace fuel oil with pellet boilers(at the expense of budgetary funds) and the supply of your products, then everyone benefits.

Local authorities receive significant cost savings during the heating season, and fuel producers receive a significant channel for marketing their own products.

It is also worth paying attention to areas where there is no gas supply.

In such areas you can sell with considerable success for business fuel briquettes.

But first we will have to explain the advantages of boilers running on fuel briquettes.

Opportunities for business expansion will thus be achieved by increasing the number of sales of manufactured products.

Difficulties

Difficulties that may arise when implementing this business usually come down to several points:

• transportation of finished products over long distances is not always profitable;
• When certifying, for example, fuel pellets, certain difficulties may arise. The second point is the composition of the fuel: it should not contain more than 30% bark;
• To fully sell finished products, you will need to independently search for consumers;
• control over workers in production is a must for any type of business.

On the other hand, the domestic market of our country is increasingly in need of various wood processing products, and demonstrates full readiness for their use.

Where to start and the price of the issue

Production activity requires the presence of an individual entrepreneur or LLC under the system taxation simplified tax system(6% or 15%, respectively). To operate the enterprise you need:

• 2-3 general workers;
• driver;
• accountant;
• sales manager.

A business based on the use of wood waste, if properly organized, can bring significant profit. In this case, the level of investment can vary from the most insignificant to the largest. Which production to choose depends on the level of capabilities and aspirations.

Due to the huge amount of wood waste to be processed in our country and its affordability, it makes sense to start Earn Money in this business sector.

Using such waste as raw materials, business will help solve a number of pressing environmental problems:

• cleaning forest areas from wood waste and preventing their decay;
• forest fire prevention;
• when used as fuel, there are no harmful emissions into the atmosphere;
• promotes conservation forest areas.

conclusions

IN Western Europe and many other countries in recent decades have turned to environmental fuels, as well as waste-free types of production in general.

With the active support of the state and its subsidies in support of these types of businesses, we can soon expect more active development of commercial projects based on the processing of wood waste.

Trends developing in the West are always, or almost always, harbingers of commercial trends in our country, so it may be worth taking a closer look at them.

Considering the ever-increasing global demand for environmentally friendly and cheap energy resources, people with a commercial spirit should hurry to take this most profitable and promising business niche, which has just begun to fill.

This is how a wood waste shredder works:

In contact with

1. Is it possible to replace wood with other materials?

Most wood products can be made from other materials, and in some cases, substitute products can be even better. For example, plastic skis have now almost completely replaced wooden skis.

However, wood is still widely used in everyday life and industry, both for economic (as a material it is often cheaper than substitutes) and for environmental reasons. For example, in a wooden house, surrounded by furniture made of pure wood, a person feels much better.

Synthetic materials cause allergic reactions in many people. It is estimated that a person spends an average of 100 m 3 of wood during his life. There are products in which replacing wood with another material radically changes their properties (for example, wooden musical instruments).

2. Where and why are large forestry complexes and the main enterprises of the pulp and paper industry located? Match the picture with the population density map.

Large forestry complexes are located in the zone of the European North (Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar), in the south of Western and Central Siberia (Asino, Lesosibirsk, Bratsk, etc.), which is associated with the availability of forest resources.

The main enterprises of the pulp and paper industry are located in forest-abundant areas near rivers, because this industry is characterized by significant material, water and energy intensity. The leading paper producing regions (as of 2004) are shown in Table 9.

3. Wood is a universal raw material. How did the use of wood change as the economy developed?

The use of wood began with the manufacture of simple tools and lighting fires for heating and cooking. Gradually, these raw materials penetrated into many sectors of the economy. In the 18th century wood was actively used in metallurgy: to smelt 1 pood (16.4 kg) of cast iron, 3-5 poods of charcoal were required, to produce 1 pood of iron, 8 poods of charcoal were needed. By analogy with oil (“black gold”) and natural gas (“blue gold”), forests are called “green gold,” emphasizing the exceptional value of this resource.

Despite the wide variety of applications, even now about a third of the wood produced is used for fuel. The use of wood depends on the properties of a particular type of wood. Table 10 shows the areas of application various breeds, supplement it by giving your own examples.

4. Which industries is most closely associated with? forest industry and why?

The forestry industry is now a powerful and diverse field of activity, closely connected with suppliers and consumers of products. About 1.4 million people are employed in the wood industry in Russia. And it would be more correct to talk not about industry, but about the forestry complex. By analogy with the agro-industrial complex (p. 35, Fig. 18), draw up a diagram of the forestry complex, including transport (transportation of products), chemical industry (production of plant protection products and chemical wood processing products), mechanical engineering (forest harvesting equipment: saws, tractors, skidders), light industry (textile enterprises - consumers of artificial silk and wool), as well as science and education ( scientific developments and personnel training).

Further development of intersectoral ties will allow Russia to overcome its main problems forest complex. For example, irrational use of resources. Russia loses from 25 to 75% of extracted timber, i.e. from 0.5 to 1.5 million hectares are cut down in vain, and it takes considerable time to restore the forest fund. Most valuable species trees are slow growing. Almost all young trees grow quickly at first, then growth slows down, and the maturity of the tree, i.e., the state in which cutting can be done, is achieved in birch and aspen after 50-70 years, in conifers in the north - after 150 years, in the central and southern taiga - in 80-100 years.

5. Show the largest timber industry complexes on the map. Evaluate their placement from the point of view of economic feasibility and environmental friendliness.

Timber industry complexes are located on large rivers in forested areas. The main ones are located in the cities of Arkhangelsk, Syktyv-kar, Asino, Lesosibirsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Bratsk, Amursk.

This arrangement is economically justified - forestry complexes combine all stages of production: procurement, processing and chemical processing of raw materials.

However, the active use of forest resources inevitably entails their depletion. Therefore, we should not forget about the need to increase forest productivity and improve methods of their restoration. If production technology is not followed, rivers also suffer.

6. Why do you think products made from solid natural wood are especially valuable now?

Their manufacturers will eloquently tell you about the advantages of wooden products over their analogues. For example, manufacturers of windows and wooden houses.

Among the main points we emphasize the following:

a) Wood breathes.

In the construction industry, wood is of great value. Compared to other building materials, it does not interfere with air circulation, since constant air exchange takes place in the internal structure of wood. Wood also ensures an optimal level of humidity in the house without the use of any air conditioners. The absence of drafts in combination with the special freshness of living wood creates a unique microclimate of a log house.

b) Wood retains heat.

Despite providing free

air exchange, the log house is a warm and durable structure. Due to the ability to accumulate and retain heat at a level optimal for life, log walls provide the best heat retention compared to brick and concrete walls of the same thickness. Even in conditions of extremely severe frosts, a log house effectively retains heat and, at the same time, thanks to

its remarkable properties, maintains a favorable temperature on hot summer days.

c) Wood remains healthy.

IN modern construction artificial materials are often used that interfere with the necessary air exchange inside the house. The air is sometimes too dry and oversaturated with carbon dioxide. Excessive concentration Carbon dioxide can cause headaches and other unpleasant sensations. In a log house, problems of this kind do not arise, since wood breathes and is a pure natural product that meets all environmental standards for building materials.

d) Ease of disposal.

From an environmental point of view, an important advantage of wooden products is the ease of their disposal after the end of their service life. Disposal of similar steel or concrete products is more expensive. This property of wood becomes especially relevant with the development of such areas as industrial ecology and the adoption of laws according to which the manufacturer is obliged to ensure that after a product becomes unfit for use, it can be processed into harmless substances. Material from the site

7. What folk crafts related to the use of wood do you know? In what regions of Russia are they developing?

Wood carving has always occupied an honorable place in the work of Russian folk craftsmen. The Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk carvings and products of Talashkino craftsmen and the Kizhi complex of wooden buildings became especially famous. In many ancient Russian cities there are museums of wooden architecture where you can get acquainted with the best examples folk art, for example, Malye Karely near Arkhangelsk.

At the end of the 19th century. in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow, on the initiative of I. D. Polenova, a carpentry and carving workshop arose in the estate of S. I. Mamontov, in which carvers from the surrounding villages studied and worked - Khotkova, Akhtyrka, Kudrin, Mutovki. The products of the masters of this school (ladles, boxes, salt shakers, decorative dishes and vases covered with rhythmic floral patterns) are distinguished by a variety of toning that emphasizes the natural beauty of wood. The floral patterns are based not only on examples of carved peasant products and home decor, but also on ornamental headpieces of early printed books.

Currently, the center of the craft is located in the city of Khotkovo, Sergiev Posad region, where a factory of carved artistic products operates. Masters of Abramtsevo-Kudrin carving are trained by the Abramtsevo Art and Industry College named after. V. M. Vasnetsova.

Another center of peasant artistic crafts was the former estate of Princess M.K. Tenisheva, located 18 km from Smolensk - Talashkino. Educational and artistic-industrial workshops for ceramics, wood carving and painting, carpentry, embroidery, etc. were organized on the estate. Artists S. V. Malyutin, M. A. Vrubel, N. K. Roerich, worked in Talashkino. A. N. Benois, M. V. Nesterov, K. A. Korovin, I. E. Repin, sculptor P. P. Trubetskoy. Now it is a historical and artistic reserve, in which a park, the building of M. K. Tenisheva’s art workshop, and wooden buildings in the Russian style have been preserved.

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On this page there is material on the following topics:

• show the largest complexes on the map
• large LPK are located in
• why are natural wood products valued?
• why solid wood products are valued
• where and why are enterprises of the wood processing complex located?

The forestry industry is one of the oldest industries National economy. Its significance is determined by the huge timber reserves in Russia (25% of world reserves), the wide distribution of forests throughout the territory and the fact that modern conditions There is practically no area of ​​the national economy where wood and its processed products are not used. For hundreds of years, Russian timber has been supplied to the world market and serves as an important source of foreign exchange earnings.

What sectors are included in the forestry complex?

Almost 80% of operational forests suitable for logging are located east of the Ural Mountains in the so-called forest surplus areas. However, they are underused - due to the lack of transport routes and distance from the main consumers. Throughout the vast expanse of Siberia and the Far East, a little more than 40% of the country’s timber is harvested, while in the European North alone it is about 1/3.

In the European part of Russia, deforestation is carried out more intensively, which often leads to a catastrophic reduction in forest area in a number of regions. Unfortunately, reforestation work lags behind the pace of logging, and in some areas it has practically stopped altogether.

Rice. 21. Use of wood in everyday life and in the national economy

Can wood be replaced with other materials?

Who is the main consumer of wood?

The largest consumer of wood is the wood processing industry, which consists of a number of industries: sawmilling, production of particle boards and fiberboards, plywood, prefabricated houses, furniture and matches.

The most important branch of the forestry complex is the pulp and paper industry, which produces mainly pulp, paper and cardboard. Historically, paper production originated in Central region, however, currently most paper is produced in the Northern, Ural and Volga-Vyatka regions. This industry is characterized by high material intensity, high water intensity and significant energy intensity. To produce 1 ton of cellulose, about 5 m3 of wood and up to 350 m3 of water are consumed. At pulp and paper mills, a whole range of products are made from cellulose: artificial fiber, cellophane, varnishes, linoleum and even gunpowder.

Chemical wood processing allows you to recycle waste from sawmilling and woodworking: sawdust, shavings, chips. From these cheap raw materials you can obtain ethyl alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, tar and other products.

In general, the country's forestry complex is characterized by a discrepancy between the distribution of forest resources, logging and wood processing.

Rice. 22. Forest complex

Where and why are large forestry complexes and the main enterprises of the pulp and paper industry located? Compare Figure 22 with the population density map.

In forest-rich regions of the country - in the Northern, Siberian and Far East - forestry complexes (LPCs) arose, representing territorial combinations of all three stages of production: harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical treatment wood

Enterprises located in the forestry complex have close production ties based on the joint use of raw materials, transport, and joint waste processing.

What are the objectives of the development of the forestry complex?

The most important task is a more complete use of forest resources (waste from logging and wood processing reaches 25-75%). In terms of efficiency in the use of raw materials, our country lags behind economically developed countries. Thus, in Finland, from 1 m 3 of harvested wood, 190 kg of paper and cardboard are obtained, in the USA - 135 kg, and in our country - 35 kg (the majority of the products of our forestry complex exported are unprocessed wood and cellulose). A lot of waste remains at logging sites, along transportation routes, which causes significant damage to the environment. Therefore, comprehensive measures for forest growing, harvesting and processing are necessary.

Equally important is increasing forest productivity and improving methods of their restoration. This is primarily needed in areas with long-term or intensive logging, where forest resources are most depleted.

conclusions

The forestry complex unites a group of sectors of the national economy associated with the procurement, mechanical and chemical processing of wood raw materials. A pattern can be traced in the location of enterprises in the complex (common to many industries): each subsequent stage of wood processing is less and less tied to the raw material base. We cut down forest not where there is most of it, but where it is more convenient; sawmilling - not so much in logging sites, but at a distance from them; finally, the production of pulp and paper is even closer to the consumer or to export ports.

Questions and tasks

1. Wood is a universal raw material. How did the use of wood change as the economy developed?
2. Which industries is the forest industry most closely associated with and why?
3. Show the largest timber processing complexes on the map. Evaluate their placement from the point of view of economic feasibility and ecology.
4. Why do you think products made from solid natural wood are especially valued now?
5. What folk crafts related to the use of wood do you know? In what regions of Russia do they develop?

Forestry and wood processing industry - totality industrial production national economies specializing in the procurement and processing of wood material, the production of furniture structures, various semi-finished wood products, paper, cardboard and pulp products, various chemicals based on wood waste. All these industries are combined into larger inter-industry complexes, such as forestry, forestry and forestry.

Forestry industries

The main branches of the forest industry are:

Logging industry

It is the largest industry and includes the direct process of harvesting wood raw materials and its removal (or rafting) for further processing, as well as the disposal of logging waste, carried out by special forestry enterprises: forest districts or forestry enterprises. Thanks to the presence of large taiga tracts of Siberia and the Far East on the territory of the former Soviet Union, it occupied one of the leading positions in the state economy; by 1972, the USSR came out on top in world timber exports, in other countries of the socialist camp (Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania) also exported wood abroad, but in much smaller quantities. The leading positions in the countries of the capitalist world were occupied by the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, France, Germany, and Japan. Today, the major producing countries of wood raw materials are the USA, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, Sweden, Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and Nigeria.

Wood industry

Carries out mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing of incoming wood raw materials and its further processing. Products of this industry - plywood, sleepers, various wood sheets and slabs, beams, wooden blanks, finished wooden elements, which are used in various types of mechanical engineering (production of cars, ships, cars, aircraft, etc.), spare parts for furniture structures , matches, wooden containers, etc. During the period of post-war development in the USSR of almost all sectors of the national economy, the Soviet woodworking industry experienced an unprecedented rise; since 1957, the country ranked first in the world in terms of lumber production. Also, other socialist countries had a developed woodworking industry at that time - Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and even Mongolia, and capitalist countries did not lag behind them: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Canada, etc. Today, the largest manufacturers of wood processing products are the USA, Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, France, Sweden, Finland, Germany;

Pulp and paper industry

The most complex branch of the forest industry. The basis of the activities of enterprises in this industry is the production of paper, cardboard and cellulose products from the remains of wood raw materials, using mechanical and chemical processing. In the USSR, pulp and paper mills were located on the territory of the Belarusian and Russian socialist republics. Soviet Union was among the top ten leading countries in terms of output of paper and cardboard products; traditional competitors are the USA, Canada, Sweden and Finland. Now the production of cellulose in on a large scale established in developed countries northern hemisphere: USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Japan and in one single country in the southern hemisphere, Brazil. Countries that produce paper in large volumes for export are Canada, the USA, and Japan. The production of paper and cardboard products in Asia (China, Thailand, Korea, etc.) is growing rapidly;

Wood chemical industry

It is based on the chemical processing of wood waste: production of rosin, phenol, alcohol (both ethyl and methyl), production of glue, acetone, camphor, etc. Since 1932, the USSR occupied second place in the world (1st place USA) in the production of camphor and rosin; many forest chemical enterprises producing charcoal, camphor, rosin and turpentine were located in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia. Capitalist competitors are the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Mexico, Portugal, France and Greece. Currently, the leading positions in the export of forest chemical products are occupied by the USA, Great Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Italy, Poland, Hungary, etc.

Russian forest industry

It plays one of the main roles in the economy of the state, on whose territory ¼ of all forest resources of our planet are located. The structure of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation includes about 20 industries, the main ones:

• Forestry complex. Is the basic direction of everything timber industry complex RF. Previously, the USSR was second in wood exports, now Russia is sixth or seventh, supplying wood raw materials to Europe and Asia. Geographically, logging is carried out in the Far East, the European North of the Russian Federation, the Urals, and in the regions of Eastern Siberia;

• Woodworking. It is the most labor-intensive industry, the range of products is wide and varied. Plywood is made mainly from birch; enterprises in this industry are located in the Northern (Arkhangelsk region), Northwestern and Ural (Perm and Sverdlovsk regions) regions. Most of the sawmilling enterprises operate in the European part of Russia; the production of sheets and boards from wood chip waste is located near logging sites and sawmills, furniture production in major cities, matches (from aspen) - in the areas where the raw material base is located.

• Pulp and paper industry. The raw materials for it are coniferous trees, the leading production areas are Karelian, Volgo-Vyatka and Ural;
• Timber chemical complex. It consists of two main areas: the hydrolysis industry (production of alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, rosin, etc.), the main raw material is waste from the woodworking industry, and the production of various plastics, synthetic fiber, linoleum, cellophane, etc., raw materials - waste from pulp and paper mills.

World development trends

Depending on the places of concentration of forests on our planet, the following zones are distinguished:

• Northern. This is the territory of taiga forests on the Eurasian and North American continents, where coniferous timber is harvested. A number of developed countries of the Eurasian and North American continents (USA, Russia, Finland, Canada, Sweden) specialize in the supply of wood raw materials on an international scale.
• Southern. Hardwood timber harvesting takes place in three main areas globe- forests of Brazil, tropical Africa and southeast Asia. Huge reserves of wood raw materials are concentrated on the South American continent, from where it is exported to Europe and Japan for further processing, or used as fuel for heating homes. In countries located in the southern hemisphere, alternative raw materials (not wood) are widely used for the production of paper products: bamboo branches are processed in India, sisal in Brazil and Tanzania, jute in Bangladesh, and sugar cane pulp in Peru.

The uneven distribution of forest resources, which are classified as renewable, poses the threat of their excessive use, which can lead to total deforestation of territories. Like, for example, uncontrolled felling of wet equatorial forests have already led to large-scale environmental problems in Brazil and Mexico.

The developing countries of Asia, Africa and South America are increasing the procurement of wood raw materials every year, and China and India have already appeared among the traditional developed countries (USA, Canada, Finland, etc.), which were previously among the top ten procurement countries , Brazil and Indonesia, Nigeria and Congo. However, in developed countries, the percentage of industrial (high-quality) wood exceeds the share of firewood (used for fuel) several times, and in countries Latin America And in Asia this picture is completely opposite. In the USA, Sweden, Finland, Canada, etc. in the structure of fuel consumption, firewood takes up from 3 to 12%, while in African countries - up to 78%, in China - up to 65%, in South America About 57% of all harvested wood raw materials are used for firewood.