Galina Nevolina: “Evil can be stronger, but up to a certain point. When its concentration becomes excessive, it will begin to consume itself. Children's memory and its features What helps develop memory

Job source: Solution 2450. Unified State Exam 2018. Russian language. I.P. Tsybulko. 36 options.

Task 15. Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The sparkling waves laughed mysteriously and ran onto the shore and crashed loudly against the stones.

2) Be silent, hide and hide your feelings and dreams.

3) The whirlwind raged for about an hour or an hour and a half and then suddenly died down.

4) Childhood memory turned out to be tenacious and the first meeting with the theater remained in it forever.

5) In his work, M. Voloshin tried not only to comprehend Russia’s past but also to predict its future.

Solution.

In this task you need to put commas in a complex sentence or with homogeneous sentences.

1. Let’s determine the number of grammatical bases in these sentences: a simple sentence or a complex one.

1) Sparkling waves mysteriously laughed And ran up to the shore and loudly crashed about the stones. Simple.

2) Shut up and hide And thai and your feelings and dreams. Simple.

3) Vortex raged about an hour or an hour and a half and then suddenly poem. Simple.

4) Children's room memory turned out to be tenacious and the first meeting with the theater stayed in it forever. Complex.

5) In your creativity M. Voloshin had tried Not only comprehend Russia's past but also predict her future. Simple.

2. Determine the placement of commas in a complex sentence. Rule: comma at the boundary of parts complex sentence is put in case simple sentences do not have a common minor member.

4) Children's room memory turned out to be tenacious (,) and the first meeting with the theater stayed in it forever. Complex, there is no common minor member, a comma is needed. ONE comma.

3. Determine the placement of commas in simple sentences. Rule: one comma is placed before the second homogeneous member in the absence of conjunctions, before a single adversative conjunction or before the second part of a complex conjunction (both... and etc.).

1) The sparkling waves laughed mysteriously and ran onto the shore and crashed loudly against the stones. Homogeneous predicates are connected by the repeated conjunction “and” (they laughed, and ran, and crashed). TWO commas.

2) Be silent (,) hide and hide your feelings (,) and dreams. Homogeneous predicates are connected by the conjunction “and” (be silent, hide and hide). Homogeneous objects are connected by the repeated conjunction “and” (both feelings and dreams). TWO commas.

3) The whirlwind raged for about an hour or an hour and a half and then suddenly died down. Homogeneous predicates are connected by the conjunction “and” (rage and verse). NO commas.

Without going into details about the reasons for the appearance of these lines, I only want to assure those to whom they come across that I am far from the idea of ​​convincing (or convincing) anyone of anything or giving any assessment of events. Simply because at the time when these events took place, I was too young.

So, briefly about the reasons for the appearance of these lines.

The more we move away from the war years, the more people want to reassess and revise the events of that time. What was, in the full sense of the word, sacred for the people of my generation is being questioned.

What goal can the “businessmen from public education” pursue when they offer eleventh-grade students an essay on the topic: “Was the assault on Sapun Mountain necessary in May 1944?” What kind of patriotic education can we talk about? Who needs to sow doubt and nihilism in the souls of the younger generation? Basically these are people who know about the war only from books and films.

My generation is the generation of “CHILDREN OF WAR”! And we know about it firsthand.

A very good American short story writer, O. Henry, whom I love, said: “...he didn’t live life to the fullest, who did not know poverty, love and war." I read this relatively recently and tried it on for myself: I survived the war, poverty too, but love lives in me and with me even now...

And now - about the war.

On June 22, 1941, I was less than 5 years old. Ask yourself: what do you remember about being five years old? Not everything, but what is remembered first is everything unusual and extreme. And this extreme began on the night of June 21-22, 1941: searchlights rummaging across the night sky, the hum of airplane engines, the barking of anti-aircraft guns, the knock of fragments falling on the metal roof and, finally, two powerful explosion, one of which thundered a few hundred meters from our house. In the afternoon, when we learned from the conversations of our elders that people had died, I realized for the first time that they could kill me too. And I began to be afraid. It turns out that even very young children really want to live! And they understand that every bomb, every shell can take this life away from them. I had to be afraid for a long time: it lasted for 250 long days and nights of the defense of Sevastopol!

Of course, I didn’t see much of what I’m talking about here with my own eyes, but I heard about it from my elders back then, back in 1941-42. And I remember the fact that we, children (me and my brother, 7 years older), were going to be evacuated from Sevastopol literally in the first days of the war.

In the book of memoirs of the secretary of the Sevastopol city party committee B.A. Borisov's "Feat of Sevastopol" says this: "... the regional party committee demanded that we immediately evacuate mothers with children. The headquarters created for this purpose by the city party committee attracted great asset housewives, teachers, Komsomol members, and on the very first day of the war he took several thousand women and children out of the city." The trouble is that children were evacuated most often without their mothers, since they worked and were needed by the city. And who and where were waiting for these refugees? (Then this word was firmly in common use.) Omitting details, B. Borisov himself concludes: “Many of us on this day said goodbye to our families for a long time, long years".

My mother became the guardian angel of our entire family: she quickly took my brother and me to Bakhchisarai, where she lived Native sister, and left it there until the situation changed. In the future, she always opposed evacuation, believing that we should all be together. She herself worked at Voenflottorg (current Voentorg). At the beginning of the war, my father worked in the Repair Department of Krymenergo and had a reservation. In December 1941, he was transferred to the position of repairman for high-voltage equipment of the Electric Power Supply utility trust. Translated into simple language, the trust was engaged in ensuring an uninterrupted supply of electricity to the city, which was a very difficult task in the conditions of constant bombing and shelling.

The elder of our family was my paternal grandmother Olga Grigorievna - the widow of my grandfather Ivan Nikolaevich, whose last name I bear. A non-commissioned officer of the Russian Imperial Navy, who served conscript service on battleships and rose to the rank of mine-vehicle quartermaster 1st class, after retiring he worked in a military port as a fireman, died literally in the first days of the defense of Sevastopol at the age of 66 years. Here is an example of how you can fit a person’s entire biography into one phrase. My grandmother inherited a house (it’s loudly said, since it was a typical house for Sevastopol, standing, however, on a basement) on Drozdova Street, 14. Directly opposite, in house No. 15, our family lived, also in a small house taken by my rented by the father from the state. It came out as follows.

Before the war, many Greeks lived in Sevastopol, some of whom were subjects of the Republic of Greece. After the restoration of the monarchy in Greece in 1935, all of them were asked to either accept Soviet citizenship or leave the country. Those who left left their housing to the state. We lived in one of these houses. The fact that our houses were located directly opposite each other turned out to be very useful, since in my grandmother’s yard there was a cellar (we called it a basement) in which we hid during the bombings. The basement was dug under the street at a depth of about 2 meters. From direct hit He, of course, could not save a serious high-explosive bomb. And yet it was OWN bomb shelter. Why do I talk so much about this notorious basement? Now he is the "notorious" one. And then it was my life, my hole! When I was in my basement and holding my mother's hand, I was, of course, afraid, but... not very afraid.

In addition to basements, Sevastopol residents took refuge from bombing in air-raid shelters. These were solid, sometimes even with filter-ventilation installations, structures against gas attacks), but there were very few of them. They mostly hid in cracks. These were simply trenches, covered on top with some kind of ramp made of boards or logs. And there were a lot of them.

Until the end of October 1941, German aircraft regularly carried out raids on Sevastopol. The airfields were located far from Sevastopol. An air raid signal was given 10-15 minutes before the start of the raid. It was a very long whistle from the Morzavod (factory named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze) and a powerful siren installed at the SNIS (surveillance and communications service) post located on the building of the hydrographic department of the Black Sea Fleet. This service is now located in the same building on Suvorov Street (formerly Proletarskaya), literally a hundred meters from our former home on Drozdova street.

In addition, the radio sounded: “Air raid warning!” Our fighters appeared in the sky and began to work flak, which prevented the Germans from conducting targeted bombing and sometimes shot down bombers. Got started air battles between our fighters and the Me-109 escort fighters, which we boys watched with interest.

By the beginning of November, when German aviation began to be based at airfields near Sevastopol, large formations of heavy bombers began to appear over the city at any time of the day and often without announcing an alarm. Often the alarm signal was given after the Germans, having been bombed, flew away. It was very unpleasant.

The war taught us children things that modern children had never even heard of. For example, how to quickly and correctly put on a gas mask (fortunately, this was not needed), to know that during a bombing, if you find yourself at home, you need to hide under the bed, under the table or in the doorway. I knew how to distinguish my planes from German ones by the sound of their engines, I knew that if a bomb separated from the plane above you, it would fall far, but if when it fell, the whistle of the bomb turned into a loud hiss, this bomb could be yours. And he clearly distinguished “Junkers-87” from “Junkers-88” and “Me-109” from “Heinkel-111”.

Of course, during the defense of Sevastopol, only a small group of command and leadership of the city knew the true situation on the front line, the plans of the Germans, and the population of the city felt those very three assaults by the amount of “iron” that fell on our heads. We did not know about the landing operations that were carried out to relieve Sevastopol, we only felt that we were being bombed more or less.

The second assault on Sevastopol (this was the second half of December 1941) was memorable for the fact that we had to literally live in the basement. The bombings followed one after another, and the city was constantly bombarded with heavy artillery. Constantly staying in the basement did not improve anyone's health, especially for us children.

And the New Year of 1942 was also remembered for the fact that we celebrated it at home, where almost all the windows were broken. Broken glass main caliber the battleship Paris Commune, which on December 29, together with several other ships that came from the Caucasus, fired at German positions on the Mekenzie Mountains and other critical defense areas, anchored in the South Bay near the refrigerator.

For us, these volleys were music.

Then came a period of relative calm. For five whole months! How did the city live during this time, what did the residents do, what was the situation on the front line? This is written very well and fully in the book of the secretary of the city party committee during the period of defense B.A. Borisov, which he entitled simply and modestly - “The Feat of Sevastopol. Memories.” I re-read it several times, and it evoked a certain resonance in me as a person of THAT generation. I don’t want to retell or quote anything from this book, except for a few numbers that I will mention a little later. Anyone who wants can read it themselves. It became clear to me why Sevastopol was able to resist Hitler’s colossal machine for 250 days!

Nothing grows out of nowhere - the people of Sevastopol had a great inspiring example of the first heroic defense. And this example served as a role model. The descendants turned out to be worthy of their ancestors!

And finally, the third assault.

Historians write that it began on June 2, 1942. I can't help but believe them. I remember that from some point on, the bombings followed one another almost continuously - the air raid warning was not announced, since the previous one had not been cleared. And so on for days! They bombed with high-explosive bombs, incendiary bombs, and at the same time they were shelled with long-range heavy artillery. With the aim of psychological impact The Germans began to use sound sirens on the city defenders when diving on the Yu-87 target, and also dropped high altitude various metal objects(rails, leaky metal barrels, etc.), making heartbreaking sounds when falling.

And here I want to quote B.A. this time. Borisov: “From the second to the seventh of June, according to conservative estimates, enemy aircraft attacked the city and battle formations our troops flew nine thousand sorties, dropping forty-six thousand high-explosive bombs. During the same period enemy artillery fired more than a hundred thousand shells at the city and our troops."

What did we see, what did we hear, what did we feel, sitting in the basement?

We didn't see anything. We heard a continuous roar. We felt that the ground was not just shaking, but was literally swaying and bouncing from nearby explosions. And then even we, children, understood how unsteady and unreliable our shelter was.

According to the stories of the elders, the most difficult day was June 19. The bombing and shelling began at 5 o'clock in the morning. Obviously, the Germans set a goal to destroy and burn the city on this day. Lighters rained down on the city center by the thousands. We were forced to look for another shelter, as my grandmother’s house, which caught fire, threatened to block the entrance to our basement. What I remember well: my mother grabbed me in her arms, wrapped me in a blanket and ran out into the street. From this place we could see houses on Tolstoy Square (now Lazarev) and the adjacent Karl Marx and Frunze streets (now B. Morskaya Street and Nakhimov Ave., respectively). All this and our street was also on fire! We ran along the street for several tens of meters and found shelter in a standard bomb shelter. My father and my brother, who was not even 13 years old, remained on the roof of my grandmother’s house, throwing down lighters that continued to fall.

Borisov’s book describes the facts that my father and brother told us that day: German fighter planes flew at low level over the city and shot those who were on the roofs and trying to fight the fire. From one of these “hunters”, the father and brother managed to hide behind a chimney, along which the “Messer” slashed with a burst.

Then fighting the fire became useless, since the house was already burning from the inside. Our house also burned down. After some time, my father and brother were brought to our bomb shelter by a man who happened to be on our street and saw two “blind men” sitting under the supporting wall - the smoke and smoke blinded them completely for several hours.

And a few more words about our guardian angel - my mother. As soon as there was relative calm (and it came when the Germans transferred the main air strike from the city to the front line and made further attempts at an offensive), my mother insistently demanded that my father clear the entrance to our basement and return there. So we didn’t stay in the bomb shelter for long. The whole family returned to their shelter.

And the bombing and shelling continued. And what was it like for us to find out that in one of the next raids, everyone who was in the air-raid shelter was killed by a direct hit from a heavy bomb!

On the night of June 30 to July 1, when our troops were retreating to Cape Chersonesos, and the Germans were not on their shoulders, the city remained a nobody's place for some hours.

On the morning of July 1, two German machine gunners appeared in our yard. They took all the men and took them with them. And so on throughout the city. All the men were herded to Kulikovo Field - it was an airfield starting from the recent DOSAAF building and stretching to the recent Ocean store. Some space was promptly fenced off by the Germans with barbed wire, and the entire male population of the city was driven there (and there was very little of it left), and prisoners were driven there from Cape Chersonesus for several more days.

One can only imagine the whole nightmare of those days: July, heat, masses of wounded and the worst thing - lack of water.

By the way, water (or rather, the lack of it) is one of the reasons why the city could not continue to hold on. By the end of the last assault, the city was left without water supply: only wells remained. Plus, it must be added that as the prisoners of war arrived, the Germans immediately shot the commissars and Jews. This also did not lift my spirits.

Then all the civilians were sorted by age, they were told that any underground activity or sabotage would be punishable by execution on the spot, and they were partially released. My father also ended up in this “unit”.

And then many months of that same occupation dragged on, which cast a Cain’s mark not only on my parents, but also on my older brother, who, I repeat, was not even 15 years old at the end of the occupation. Government officials told my parents on occasion: “You must atone for your guilt” (?!).

Well, that was the time...

So, in conclusion, once again (now in a little more detail) about the reasons for the appearance of these lines.

I recently saw one documentary, in which the author (or authors) is in strict accordance with wise saying from the poem by Sh. Rustaveli “The Knight in the Skin of a Tiger”: “Everyone fancies himself a strategist, seeing the battle from the outside...”, tries to prove that Sevastopol could have resisted if not for... And two circumstances are named that led to the surrender cities: the death of the 35th coastal defense battery and the explosion of adits with naval ammunition in Inkerman (special plant No. 2 and a champagne wine factory were also located there).

In relation to Sevastopol, we are more familiar with the word “defense”. First defense, second defense... So, during the first defense, Russian troops abandoned Sevastopol, and in the second, the Germans occupied Sevastopol. The reason for this was the blockade. The city was blocked from land and sea, the defenders were deprived of the most important things: the supply of ammunition, replenishment of people, evacuation of the wounded (in last days blockade of the wounded, who could not be evacuated, accumulated about 23 thousand people).

In principle, the abandonment of Sevastopol came as a surprise both to the high command and to the defenders themselves.

Here is a timeline of policy guidance and responses from the last week of defense. On the afternoon of June 22, the commander of the SOR received a directive from S.M. Budyonny, Marshal, Commander of the North Caucasus Front: “Your task remains the same - the strong defense of Sevastopol. Further withdrawal stop... You need to speed up sea transportation... Everything you need is concentrated in Novorossiysk. To provide assistance 21.06. 20 Douglass will start operating (at night only). Ensure landing, speed of unloading and loading." Based on the content of the directive, it can be judged that the front command and the Supreme High Command Headquarters, despite the German breakthrough to the North Side, considered it possible to hold Sevastopol.

On the same day, Oktyabrsky sent a telegram to the Caucasus for orientation: “Most of my artillery is silent, there are no shells, a lot of artillery was killed.

Enemy aircraft fly all day at any altitude, search all bays for watercraft, sink every barge, every boat.

Our aviation is essentially not working, there is continuous shelling, Me-109s are constantly flying.

The entire southern shore of the bay is now the front line of defense.

The city is destroyed, destroyed hourly, burning.

The enemy is choking, but still advancing.

I am completely confident that by defeating the 11th German Army near Sevastopol, we will achieve victory. Victory will be ours. She's already behind us."

Judging by the telegram, the SOR command also did not consider the situation in Sevastopol hopeless.

On June 23, 1942, Oktyabrsky reported: “To Budyonny, Kuznetsov, the General Staff: ... The most difficult defense conditions are created by enemy aviation; aviation paralyzes everything with thousands of bombs every day. It is very difficult for us to fight in Sevastopol. 15 aircraft are hunting for a small boat in the bay. All ships (watercraft) were sunk."

In fact, over the last 25 days of the siege, as is clear from reliable sources, German artillery fired 30 thousand tons of shells at the fortifications, and the planes of the 8th air fleet Richthofen carried out 25 thousand sorties and dropped 125 thousand heavy bombs.

The strength of the city's defenders was thinning, there were no reserves, and the delivery of reinforcements and ammunition could not make up for the losses. The enemy managed to actually blockade Sevastopol from the sea with the actions of a strong aviation group, depriving the city of replenishment and supplies from the mainland.

Despite the heavy losses in manpower and equipment, ships, despite the overwhelming superiority of the Germans, the defenders of Sevastopol, the command of the fleet and the Primorsky Army did not think about leaving the city, everyone was convinced that Sevastopol would survive. But hopes were not destined to come true.

After the capture of the Northern side, the enemy, without weakening his attacks on the city’s targets, secretly prepared an operation to land an amphibious assault force through the bay using improvised means to the rear of the main defense centers, where he was not expected.

On the night of June 28-29, after a hurricane of fire along the southern shore of the Northern Bay, the Germans, under the cover of a smoke screen, began landing troops on boats and boats in the direction of the Troitskaya, Georgievskaya and Sushilnaya beams with the aim of breaking through to the rear of the main strongholds of our defense. The possibility of landing troops across the bay using available means was considered unlikely. The surprise factor worked. The sudden small naval landing did its job: it caused panic and confusion in some areas of the defense. Subsequently, powerful attacks from the front and rear disrupted communication and interaction between the defense units. The leadership of the SOR and the Primorsky Army lost control of their subordinate troops in a few hours. The enemy broke through to the city.

In the memoirs of the People's Commissar of the Navy N.G. Kuznetsov has a phrase that is key to understanding the current situation: “The enemy’s breakthrough from the Northern side to Korabelnaya was unexpected for us.”

This is where the “dog is buried”!

In the bloody battles of June, moral superiority was undoubtedly on the side of the city’s defenders. But as soon as shouts were heard in the battle formations: “There are Germans all around! We are surrounded!”, a spontaneous and irreparable violation of the defense began. The brave defenders, deprived of reliable information about the enemy, were forced to leave their inhabited impregnable fortifications and seek salvation in the area of ​​​​Cape Chersonesus, on the last piece of Soviet land not occupied by the enemy.

So much has been written about this that I certainly have nothing to add.

The line from the famous song “The last sailor left Sevastopol...” can be considered purely conventional and pathetic. According to some estimates, about 40 thousand of these “last” remained in captivity of the Germans in Sevastopol. They are not to blame for anything.

The people remained heroes!

Vladimir Pavlovich TKACHENKO, retired captain 2nd rank, resident of besieged Sevastopol, member of the Black Sea Fleet Military Scientific Society

It's decided! You are going to the theater! At first glance, everything is quite simple. The choice of children's performances is tempting and varied, and now your smart preschooler is proudly sitting in the front row of the stalls... Take your time. Theater for a child is not just another “object” in a series of various cultural entertainments, and buying a ticket to even the most “fashionable” children’s performance does not always mark the birth of a new avid theatergoer. RAMT teacher A.E. talks about how to make the first meeting with the theater meaningful and memorable. Lisitsina.

What age of a child is favorable for systematic communication with the theater? The “age of theater” comes when the need for transformation and imitation manifests itself, when the child’s ability to perceive theatrical conventions has already been trained in the process. Simply put, as soon as your child starts playing “princesses” or “princes” and mother’s hats, scarves, and “heels” are used, you should think about visiting the theater.

In front of you is a theater poster. What to choose for your first trip? Of course, it is better if it is a children's performance of a traditional, academic theater. In Moscow, for example, there are few such theaters, but they still exist. Opt for the Russian Academic Youth Theater (RAMT), which has been staging performances for children for more than 80 years. Today's playbill includes two performances for young preschoolers - "Dunno the Traveler" (N. Nosov) and "A Dream with a Continuation" (S. Mikhalkov) based on the fairy tale about the Nutcracker.

If you're lucky, you might be able to attend the Spectator Induction Festival, which takes place 3 times a year during the school holidays. As a rule, there are two such holidays during the autumn and spring holidays, and three or four such holidays during the winter holidays. Then a special exhibition is set up for children - “Wizards Creating a Fairy Tale”. On it, little guides (children from the audience) talk about the creators of the play, show the scenery, lighting installations, costumes, makeup, and props. And in the auditorium, just before the start of the performance, the leading actors of the theater perform the interlude “Dedication to the Spectator.” Such holidays leave vivid impressions on children for many years and provide an opportunity to touch the mystery of creating a performance.

If you were unable to attend the festival, there is another opportunity to make your visit to the theater unforgettable. The theater operates spectator clubs for children and teenagers. The youngest spectators come to the "Family Club". At the end of the performance, children and their parents have the opportunity to take pictures (and then receive photographs by mail) on stage with the actors in the scenery, and after a short rest and tea, the theater teacher will unobtrusively, in a playful way, help you and the children understand their impressions and pay attention to the main thing in the performance. Children will be happy to draw the most vivid and memorable images of the performance for the artists. This first visit to the theater will not be forgotten!

But perhaps you were unable to get to either the holiday or the Family Club. How to interest your computerized, television child in the theater? What questions to ask to awaken interest and imagination?

The most common parental question is: “Did you like the performance?” As a rule, children answer unequivocally: “Yes-ah!” And this answer no longer requires discussion. But you can find a topic for conversation after any performance.

The very first question that a director asks himself when starting work is: “What will I stage this play about? About friendship, love, loneliness, justice?” Ask your child this question, and immediately there will be a reason for conversation. I will allow myself to give you a small list of universal questions suitable for any performance, hoping that you yourself will choose the right direction for the conversation.

• What is the name of the performance? What is the name of the main character of the play? What are the names of the main character's friends and does he have any enemies? Who would you like to be friends with?
• What action of the main character did you like (dislike)? Who did you feel sorry for?
• What would you do in a similar situation?
• What was the hero (anti-hero) like at the beginning of the play and what did he become by the end? Did the clothes of the characters in the play change?(This can be associated with the characters’ characters and their changes.)
• Who, besides the actors, is involved in the play?(Look into the program, select, for example, an artist.)
• What colors in the costumes and scenery of the performance do you remember, and why are they that way?
• Did colors influence your mood? What about the music? How did they influence?
• Do you think the play is named correctly, or could it be called something else? How? Which of your friends would you recommend to watch it?

We can talk about all this on the way home. During this time, the performance will “ripen” in the child’s soul. And at home, all your impressions can be translated into drawings with paints, pencils, and crayons. Invite your child to draw a character he likes and at the same time remember what clothes he was wearing and what color. Or maybe you can try to come up with a poster for this performance together? Or would you like to make a gift for your favorite character with your own hands? And what? It can be transferred to the theater. And how proud your baby will be!

Many parents have another question: do they need to prepare their child to watch a performance? Do they need to read or re-read the fairy tale they are going to see? If it is for ballet, then yes, it is necessary, there is a special “language” here - the language of dance. And a dramatic performance, for example, in our theater can be watched without any preparation. In conclusion, I want to remind you that a child is a tireless researcher not only in life, but also in the theater. And if he asks you a thousand questions “why” and “how”, it means he wants to comprehend in the theater theater.

I was 1.5 years old when the war began, and 5 years old when Victory came. Children's memory turned out to be tenacious for some events and - especially - for the state in which civilians were when they met the enemy.

My roots are in Kuban, in the Abinsk region Krasnodar region. My grandparents and parents lived there. I was also born there, in the village of Mingrelskaya (as recorded in the documents). More precisely, the maternity hospital was in the village of Abinskaya (now the city of Abinsk), and my grandmother lived in Mingrelskaya, to whom my mother came from Leningrad before giving birth.

I was born on January 10, 1940 in Krasnodar region, and soon my mother went with me to Krasnogvardeysk (now Gatchina) near Leningrad, where my father Alexey Grigorievich Kravets served there since 1938. Mom, Kravets Efrosinya Mikhailovna, arrived there in 1939, rented a room, got a job as a teacher in kindergarten No. 4 and entered the evening department of the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute. She went to my mother to give birth to me and now she has returned. She found a nanny for me – a 14-year-old girl. Mom worked, studied, raised me. Dad served in the Red Army and became the commander of the 2nd division of the 94th IPTAP ( anti-tank fighter artillery regiment). I grew up as a healthy, strong child.

But in May-June I fell ill with a disease that was then difficult to cure - dyspepsia (now called dysbacteriosis). She was in the hospital for a long time. And suddenly this started terrible war. I, like other similar children, was discharged as hopeless. Imagine my mother’s despair! Dad, at her insistence, turns to a military doctor and he decides on a bold and risky method: a complete direct blood transfusion from donors, if any are found. Dad turned to his colleagues: volunteers are needed. Many responded. The doctor selected four and performed this operation in a military hospital. Everything worked out, my blood was replaced with donor blood, and I began to recover. This is how death passed me by for the first time.

The Germans rapidly advanced and within a month they were on the outskirts of Leningrad. A hasty evacuation of state valuables began from museums, as well as factories, industrial equipment. Residents were not evacuated because... there were not enough trains. Many people left and left as best they could. Mom, taking a certificate that she was the wife of an officer, with incredible persistence made her way through the cordoned-off platform to the already overcrowded train, holding me, one and a half years old and weak, in one arm, and in the other a bundle of clothes and crackers. She managed to hand me and the bundle to the people through the carriage window, and then break through those besieging the door and squeeze into the vestibule and carriage, finding me. The train was already heading towards the Volga, to the east. We were lucky we didn't get bombed like my mother did. younger brother Zhora and was mortally wounded. My mother and I “ran away” from hostilities, but not from the war.

Then new difficulties began. Everyone was taken without fail beyond the Urals, and my mother decided to get to her home, to the village of Mingrelskaya. We left the train before the Volga. Along the river, on passing boats, barges, etc., bypassing control posts in every possible way - only military cargo and soldiers were allowed through to the west - we finally reached Stalingrad. Then, also hitchhiking, we finally got to my grandmother’s house a month later. We ate as needed, with help from soldiers and other people we met. But crackers and water saved me - I couldn’t eat anything else. The disease passed and did not return. This overcoming – the road home – was my mother’s victory in the war, her feat. She saved us both.

We lived in the village of Mingrelskaya with our grandmother Polina Ivanovna, treated ourselves with home remedies, gained strength and did not yet know what awaited us ahead.

We hoped that the war would end soon and were looking forward to meeting dad. We didn’t know anything about him, because... he defended the city of Leningrad, which was under siege. The mail didn't arrive. Anxiety for him, for my mother’s brothers who fought: Sergei, Gabriel, Nikolai, Zhora was constantly with us. But the war did not subside, the Germans approached Stalingrad and captured the North Caucasus.

In the autumn of 1942, we also fell under occupation. Life immediately turned upside down: my mother had no job, no money, the necessary products could only be exchanged for other products or things. Adults tried to make supplies from the garden and garden, and carried the harvest to the market in the village. Sometimes my mother made it to the bazaar in Krasnodar. There, one day my mother got involved in an “action” - intimidation of the population for sabotage by partisans. It was a raid - people surrounded at the bazaar were driven with dogs to standing “gas chamber” cars. People already knew that everyone who got into them was suffocated by gas. Then they were taken straight to the pits, where they dumped everyone; the people were already dead.

Mom miraculously escaped this fate, falling in this run. German soldiers and dogs ran past. She was often exposed to such mortal risk.

We lived under occupation for a whole year. Probably my earliest memories date back to the autumn of 1943, when I was about 4 years old. I remember two episodes related to my intense fear. We were all always afraid of the Germans. After all, in our family there were six men, including our partisan grandfather, who fought in the Red Army. Such families, especially those of officers, if the Germans found out, could have been arrested, taken away and even killed. Here was a case. Grandmother went to the market, and locked my mother and me in the hut, hanging a large padlock so that it was clear that there was no one in the house. Suddenly we hear voices breaking down the door. Mom hid in the bedroom with me. We climbed into bed. I was under the blanket, and my mother put a wet towel on her forehead: she pretended to be sick. The Germans entered the kitchen and began looking for food in the stove. They pulled out the cast iron with boiled corn and cabbage soup. They ate everything and went into the bedroom. We were taken aback; we didn’t expect to see anyone. Mom explained with signs that she was sick, at her own peril and risk. The Germans were very afraid of getting infected and, if they suspected cholera or plague, they burned houses along with people. But God protected us. Mom and I survived again. The Germans simply left.

There was another case. Hearing the barking of the neighbor’s dogs, I hung on the boards of the gate, curious about who was walking along the street, usually deserted. I see men walking: young, cheerful. They are approaching. Suddenly, the thought flashes through my mind: “These are the Germans!” I fly head over heels from the gate and run for cover, under a lilac bush. She froze. We passed by. But fear settled in my head, and for many years later I dreamed at night that the Germans were coming, and I had to run and hide. War is scary!

During the war, my toys were multi-colored pieces of glass from bottles and jars, some boxes, and wooden blocks. I hid all this “wealth” of mine under a lilac bush. That was my “home”. I had a rag doll, sewn by my mother, with a celluloid head, and a pre-war bear, covered with blue fabric. I learned about sweets and white rolls much later, after the war, in 1946.

When our army won in Stalingrad in the fall of 1943, encircling the German army of Paulus, the Germans fled. They rolled away from North Caucasus for Don, fearing encirclement. And somehow the Germans suddenly disappeared from our village. None of local residents Then I didn’t know what was happening, everyone sat quietly and waited for a day or two. Suddenly other Germans appeared - in black uniforms. They fussed, looked for something and quickly, finding nothing, left. Much later it became clear that this was a punitive SS unit, and they were looking for prepared lists of people to be shot. But it turned out that they were carried away by the retreating units. These lists were found later by village residents. Apparently, the Germans abandoned them and other documents along the road when they fled. Our family, as it turned out, was also on these lists. So, in Once again death passed me and my mother by.

When the war ended, the soldiers began to return to their families. And we waited for dad. But when he finally arrived, this is what happened. I see that my military uncle has come. Everyone is happy to welcome him, treat him. But not me. I watch from afar, I’m surprised, I hide. This uncle tells me: “I am your dad!” I didn’t know him, so I didn’t believe him. I said: “You are not my dad, I have a different dad,” and ran away. Everyone is at a loss. And I took the only photograph of my dad from the chest of drawers, a small one, with a beard. I carry it and show it: “Here is my dad.” Everyone laughed, but I was offended and cried.

Dad brought me a gift, some white object. He gives it, and I hide and ask: “What is this?” “Bun, eat!” This is how I first saw and tried white bread.

It was 1946, and dad, a military man, came only to take us to his place of service - to the city of Omsk, in Siberia. We got there by train, and everything was extraordinary.

At first we were accommodated in a woodshed, in a fenced-off room. Then we moved to another room - in the basement. We also lived in a real dugout. Once upon a time there was heavy rain, and we were flooded. It was scary and interesting at the same time. Later we were given a tiny room on the third floor of a 3-story building in a military town. I slept on chairs pushed together, and when sister Lyudmila appeared, she was sleeping in a trough. In the summer, dad took us “to camps.” This military unit went on training exercises.

In the winter of 1947, in Omsk, I went to the 1st grade of an elementary school in a military town. After 2nd grade we moved to Far East, to a military town near the city of Iman. There in 1950 my brother Zhenya appeared. I graduated from the town primary school, and in 5th grade, in high school, I went to the city of Iman. We were taken there every day for a long ride military vehicle with canvas top. And a year later - another school again.

In 1952, dad was transferred to serve in the GDR. Families were not accepted, and my mother went with us, 3 children, to her homeland, to Krasnodar. She rented a room in a private house and enrolled me in a girls' school, in the 6th grade. Soon we had to change rooms and schools. After 7th grade - moving again. In the GDR, military personnel were allowed to bring their families. I studied 8th and 9th grades in Stendal. Despite frequent moves, I always studied well. I attended a photo club, a dance club, played sports, read a lot... My parents decided that I should finish 10th grade in Russia in order to then go to college. That's why Last year I studied in Krasnodar. She graduated from school with a gold medal.

In 1957 she entered the Moscow Energy Institute. She graduated from it in 1963. While studying, she married a student at the same institute, Ivan Ivanovich Tatarenkov, and in 1962 gave birth to a son, Alexei.

My husband graduated from the institute with honors, and he himself chose the place of assignment - the city of Serpukhov. He worked as the head of the boiler room at the MUZ plant (assembly units and workpieces). Later the plant became known as KSK (Building Structures Combine). I came here to my husband in 1963, after graduating from college. In 1964, our daughter Tatyana was born. Now our children live in Moscow with their families.

From 1963 to 1998 I worked at the Metalist plant. She worked for 22 years as a design engineer, then as a group leader, bureau chief, and site manager.

I have always been involved in social work: trade union organization, wall newspaper, participation in tourist rallies. For the last 15 years at the plant, she was the head of the culture section of the party office. I went to seminars on cultural issues in Moscow. Conducted classes with political informants of workshops and departments on all types of culture: art (literature, music, art, cinema), family and raising children, relationships in society, in the workforce. She was a lecturer at the Knowledge Society. She gave lectures on art in workshops and departments, in dispensaries, at propaganda sites, and in courtyards. For 10 years she sang in the choir of the Teacher's House under the direction of Inna Evgenievna Pikalova.

After finishing work at the plant at the end of 1998, social work continued at the Veterans House, in the Mashinostroitel club. From 2000 to 2007, I was a member of the Veterans Council of the Metalist plant, and since 2007 I have been the chairman of the Friendship club.

Material provided by Tamara Alekseevna Tatarenkova.

The material was processed by Olga Anatolyevna Bautina.

Memory - main factor development of the child’s cognitive sphere. Therefore, special attention should be paid to its development. As the child grows up, he remembers his grandmother's face, words and colors, the names of his friends in kindergarten, poems that his parents read to him and much more.

When a child memorizes the alphabet, it is the first step toward learning to read. As he gets older, he memorizes the multiplication tables, new foreign words, names of capitals of countries of the world, poems. He keeps in mind the activities planned for the day, messages that come to him during the day, the football training schedule and much more. And all this time he remembers the events that have already happened to him, both pleasant and unpleasant.

If you add together everything that a person remembers (information, practical skills and life events), it becomes clear what important role Memory plays a role in our life. It is thanks to memory that we are who we are.

The older a child gets, the more he can remember. Memory is an extremely useful thing, and it would be great if we could make it work more efficiently. But, according to psychologists, this is impossible, and all games and exercises for developing memory in children do not give a noticeable effect. Memory is not like a muscle; it cannot be developed through training. On the other hand, if you understand the mechanisms of memory development (what, when and why children remember), you can follow them and develop the child's memory in accordance with his abilities.

Young children

Most of us do not remember events that happened before we were two years old. Psychologists call this period “childhood amnesia.” They argue that we access and store memories through speech. Since children under two years old have not developed speech, and they cannot record their impressions, hugs and kisses from parents, smells and tastes - everything that happened to a child under two years old. All this is not remembered, although it has an impact on later life child.

Scientists have proven that the ability to remember events appears quite early in a child. Research has shown that six-month-old babies can be taught to make sounds using a rattle attached to a stroller, and they will remember it after a few days.

Preschool-aged children remember best what interests, frightens or delights them, and these memories last for about 10 months. Children do not remember the details of their last visit to the doctor, but they can remember their impressions of that visit: “The doctor told me something I didn’t like.”

Children tend to generalize even isolated events from the past: both good and bad. They think that if an event happens once, it will happen again and again. Scenarios that are remembered by the baby can be pleasant (“If you go to visit grandma, you can eat sweets”), unpleasant (“If the nanny comes, it means mom will leave soon”) or cause stress (“When we go to visit our parents , they leave me alone with these terrible children").

Provide your child with activities that promote memory. Play games with your child before bed. Play along with your child as he puts his favorite teddy bear to bed. Children's poems captivate children so much that they prompt individual sounds and syllables, even if they don’t yet know how to pronounce words. Accompany the poems with movements - and the child will repeat them after you.

Practical advice

• The child should perform as many activities independently as possible. In this case, these actions are more likely to be remembered.
• Remind your child of images in the form of pictures. For example, if he hasn’t seen his grandmother for a long time, show him a photo of her.

From 2 to 7 years

At this age, memory development is influenced not only by the ability to speak, but also by the ability to tell stories. Children remember events that have a certain plot better.

Preschoolers remember the most vivid details. For example, a child is more likely to say: “I remember my parents buying me a mask and snorkel for scuba diving. I went to the beach with them and met my cousin there" than "I remember going to the beach." Children remember events by creating stories from them.

IN preschool age children are already able to remember abstract concepts - colors, numbers from one to ten, the alphabet and others. This information is stored in short-term memory, and the child makes an effort to remember it when necessary. Over time, this process becomes automatic, and there is no longer any need to make efforts to remember. The child no longer remembers the names of flowers, he just knows them.

When a child frequently recalls abstract concepts, they become knowledge. For example, a child knows how to ride a bicycle. First he remembers what needs to be done, and this takes all his attention. After some time, the information is reproduced automatically by the child, and he masters the skill of riding a bicycle.

A preschooler remembers what interests him (for example, he remembers his sister’s doll, which he is not allowed to touch). In remembering more complex concepts the best method is repetition. When a child asks to read the same fairy tale to him over and over again, he unconsciously remembers it. And if the text is easy to remember (it is rhymed, rhythmic or illustrated), the child will easily be able to remember it completely.

What helps in memory development

Repetition, although it helps you remember information, does not develop memory skills. Scientists say that parents who teach children how to tell stories correctly help them develop memory.

To help your child develop memory, tell him stories. Encourage him to tell himself interesting stories. Let him start with small events: a walk in an amusement park or a day spent in kindergarten. Ask your child questions such as, “Did you have cookies for breakfast today?”

Practical advice

• Remember the details of events. If a child says at breakfast that he has lost his favorite toy, help him remember when and where he last time I was playing with it when I discovered that the toy was lost. Check to see if the toy has fallen behind the sofa.
• Come up with melodies and rhymes. Help your child remember their home phone number by making up a song about it. In the same way, you can teach your child to remember names, titles and much more.
• A child can be taught safety rules in the same way as the alphabet or color names. Incorporate the concepts you want to teach your child into his daily activities. Recognize familiar letters on signs or food packaging at the supermarket. Remind your child to repeat the phone number out loud at home.

From 5 years and older

At this age, children learn to read and do simple arithmetic calculations. This creates a large memory load. At the same time, children usually perform simple chores around the house. When faced with the need to cope with new tasks, memory develops. Changes in the brain make it easier for the baby to remember information.

All children remember different information in different ways. Like adults, they remember better what interests them; what they understand; and also something they know a lot about. Psychologists say that six-year-old children demonstrate amazing ability remember information from their hobbies. They can accurately name the results of matches of their loved ones football teams, player data and other data.

Having the ability to remember information from one area of ​​knowledge, a child may not demonstrate it in other areas. An experiment was conducted in which children and adults took part. During the experiment, it was necessary to remember the positions of chess pieces on the board. Children coped with this task better than adults. But when the same participants were asked to memorize a series of numbers, the adults performed better. The children's abilities manifested themselves only in the field of chess.

But how do children remember information that is not part of their interests? When they forget something they need to remember, they make an effort to remember it necessary information. Children over 5 years old begin to understand that remembering information requires effort.

What helps develop memory

Although children aged 6-7 years show good memory abilities in a certain area, they cannot apply them to other areas. And kids who understand and can explain how they remember something are able to use this method V different areas. Therefore, if you help your child understand how he remembers information, you will help realize his ability to remember in different areas.

• Prepare in advance. For example, teach your child to pack his school bag in the evening so that he doesn’t forget anything in the morning.
• Place things in the designated place. Explain to your child that if he collects toys after playing with them, not a single toy will get lost. You should also put keys and other things in their place.
• Visualize. If a child wants to receive several gifts for New Year, invite him to draw them so that he doesn’t forget anything.
• Give me a hint. Leave the child's shoes near the dog's bowl - this way the child will not forget to feed the dog before he goes for a walk.

Practical advice

• Encourage your child to make lists of important things to do and mark upcoming events on the calendar.
• Create the appropriate environment. The child remembers better what is interesting to him and what he is already familiar with. Therefore, if you want your child to remember something from the field of music, create an appropriate environment at home: play the musical instruments, go to concerts with your child, read books about great composers to him.
• Break tasks into parts. It will be easier for your child to learn a poem if you break it into several passages and start learning from the most difficult one. This strategy works well for many tasks, from memorizing the causes of World War II in history class to packing for a trip.

At the age of 12, children already remember information in the same way as adults. Their memorization abilities develop as their knowledge and experience increase. Of course, parents will have to work hard before their child develops this skill.