Make a Katyusha war machine out of paper. Katyusha is a unique combat vehicle of the USSR (interesting). Characteristics of the combat vehicle

The fate of the developers:

Origin of the name Katyusha

There is no single version of why the BM-13 began to be called “Katyusha”. There are several assumptions:
1. Based on the name of Blanter’s song, which became popular before the war, based on the words of Isakovsky “Katyusha”. The version is convincing, since the battery first fired on July 14, 1941 (on the 23rd day of the war) at a concentration of fascists on Bazarnaya Square in the city of Rudnya, Smolensk region. She was shooting from a high, steep mountain - the association with the high, steep bank in the song immediately arose among the fighters. Finally, the former sergeant of the headquarters company of the 217th separate communications battalion of the 144th Infantry Division of the 20th Army, Andrei Sapronov, is alive, now a military historian, who gave it this name. Red Army soldier Kashirin, having arrived with him at the battery after the shelling of Rudnya, exclaimed in surprise: “What a song!” “Katyusha,” answered Andrei Sapronov (from the memoirs of A. Sapronov in the Rossiya newspaper No. 23 of June 21-27, 2001 and in the Parliamentary Gazette No. 80 of May 5, 2005). Through the communications center of the headquarters company, the news about a miracle weapon called “Katyusha” within 24 hours became the property of the entire 20th Army, and through its command - the entire country. On July 13, 2011, the veteran and “godfather” of Katyusha turned 90 years old.

2. There is also a version that the name is associated with the “K” index on the mortar body - the installations were produced by the Kalinin plant (according to another source, by the Comintern plant). And front-line soldiers loved to give nicknames to their weapons. For example, the M-30 howitzer was nicknamed “Mother”, the ML-20 howitzer gun was nicknamed “Emelka”. Yes, and the BM-13 was at first sometimes called “Raisa Sergeevna,” thus deciphering the abbreviation RS (missile).

3. The third version suggests that this is what the girls from the Moscow Kompressor plant who worked on the assembly dubbed these cars.
Another, exotic version. The guides on which the projectiles were mounted were called ramps. The forty-two-kilogram projectile was lifted by two fighters harnessed to the straps, and the third usually helped them, pushing the projectile so that it lay exactly on the guides, and he also informed those holding that the projectile stood up, rolled, and rolled onto the guides. It was allegedly called “Katyusha” (the role of those holding the projectile and the one rolling it was constantly changing, since the crew of the BM-13, unlike cannon artillery, was not explicitly divided into loader, aimer, etc.)

4. It should also be noted that the installations were so secret that it was even forbidden to use the commands “fire”, “fire”, “volley”, instead they sounded “sing” or “play” (to start it was necessary to turn the handle of the electric coil very quickly) , which may also have been related to the song “Katyusha”. And for our infantry, a salvo of Katyusha rockets was the most pleasant music.

5. There is an assumption that initially the nickname “Katyusha” was a front-line bomber equipped with rockets - an analogue of the M-13. And the nickname jumped from an airplane to a rocket launcher through shells.

In the German troops, these machines were called “Stalin’s organs” due to the external resemblance of the rocket launcher to the pipe system of this musical instrument and the powerful, stunning roar that was produced when the missiles were launched.

During the battles for Poznan and Berlin, the M-30 and M-31 single-launch installations received the nickname “Russian Faustpatron” from the Germans, although these shells were not used as an anti-tank weapon. With “dagger” (from a distance of 100-200 meters) launches of these shells, the guards broke through any walls.

If Hitler's oracles had looked more closely at the signs of fate, then surely July 14, 1941 would have become a landmark day for them. It was then in the area of ​​​​the Orsha railway junction and the crossing of the Orshitsa River Soviet troops For the first time, BM-13 combat vehicles were used, which received the affectionate name “Katyusha” among the army. The result of two salvos at the accumulation of enemy forces was stunning for the enemy. German losses fell under the “unacceptable” heading.

Here are excerpts from a directive to the troops of Hitler's high military command: "The Russians have an automatic multi-barrel flamethrower cannon... The shot is fired by electricity... During the shot, smoke is generated..." The obvious helplessness of the wording testified to the complete ignorance of the German generals regarding the device and technical characteristics new Soviet weapons- rocket mortar.

A striking example of the effectiveness of the Guards mortar units, and their basis was “Katyushas,” can be seen in the lines from the memoirs of Marshal Zhukov: “The rockets, by their actions, caused complete devastation. I looked at the areas where shelling was carried out and saw the complete destruction of defensive structures... "

The Germans developed a special plan to seize new Soviet weapons and ammunition. In the late autumn of 1941 they managed to do this. The “captured” mortar was truly “multi-barreled” and fired 16 rocket mines. His firepower was several times more effective than the mortar used by the fascist army. Hitler's command decided to create equivalent weapons.

The Germans did not immediately understand that the Soviet mortar they had captured was a truly unique phenomenon, revealing new page in the development of artillery, the era of rocket systems volley fire(MLRS).

We must pay tribute to its creators - scientists, engineers, technicians and workers of the Moscow Jet Research Institute (RNII) and related enterprises: V. Aborenkov, V. Artemyev, V. Bessonov, V. Galkovsky, I. Gvai, I. Kleimenov, A. Kostikov, G. Langemak, V. Luzhin, A. Tikhomirov, L. Schwartz, D. Shitov.

The main difference between the BM-13 and similar German weapons was its unusually bold and unexpected concept: mortarmen could reliably hit all targets in a given square with relatively inaccurate rocket-propelled mines. This was achieved precisely due to the salvo nature of the fire, since every point of the area under fire necessarily fell into the affected area of ​​one of the shells. German designers, realizing the brilliant “know-how” of Soviet engineers, decided to reproduce, if not in the form of a copy, then using the main technical ideas.

It was in principle possible to copy the Katyusha as a combat vehicle. Insurmountable difficulties arose when trying to design, test and establish mass production of similar missiles. It turned out that German gunpowder cannot burn in the chamber of a rocket engine as stably and steadily as Soviet ones. German-designed analogues Soviet ammunition behaved unpredictably: either sluggishly left the guides only to immediately fall to the ground, or began flying at breakneck speed and exploded in the air from an excessive increase in pressure inside the chamber. Only a few successfully reached the target.

The point turned out to be that for effective nitroglycerin powders, which were used in Katyusha shells, our chemists achieved a spread in the values ​​of the so-called heat of explosive transformation of no more than 40 conventional units, and the smaller the spread, the more stable the gunpowder burns. Similar German gunpowder had a spread of this parameter, even in one batch, above 100 units. This led to unstable operation of the rocket engines.

The Germans did not know that ammunition for the Katyusha was the fruit of more than ten years of activity by the RNII and several large Soviet research teams, which included the best Soviet gunpowder factories, outstanding Soviet chemists A. Bakaev, D. Galperin, V. Karkina, G. Konovalova, B Pashkov, A. Sporius, B. Fomin, F. Khritinin and many others. They not only developed the most complex formulations of rocket powders, but also found simple and effective ways their mass, continuous and cheap production.

At a time when at Soviet factories, according to ready-made drawings, the production of guards rocket mortars and shells for them was expanding at an unprecedented pace and literally daily increasing, the Germans had yet to conduct research and design work by MLRS. But history has not given them time for this.

But our toy army also needs equipment to transport infantrymen and support the offensive with armored vehicles. We will now begin to fill this gap. Today we have to learn how to make cars from matchboxes.

To work, we will need several empty matchboxes, cardboard, an awl, a knife, PVA glue, scissors, a ruler, a compass and a simple pencil.

We will also need empty pen refills and insulated aluminum wire to make ours.

Well, let's get to work. Take and remove the box from it. In the box itself, make side cuts according to the dimensions indicated in Figure 1a. and bend it up at a slight angle. The part that is shaded must be trimmed. We put the box back into the box. We got the future car cabin.

Now take another box and cut its lid in half. Cut the removed one according to the dimensions indicated in the figure (Fig. 1b). Insert both parts of the cut box into the half box on both sides. Glue the resulting part to the cabin (Fig. 1c). Cut out two benches from the second half of the box (Fig. 1d) and secure them in the body with glue.

Next we will do chassis car. and with a compass draw twelve circles with a diameter of twenty millimeters on it (Fig. 1e). The circles should be cut out and glued together in four pieces (Fig. 1e). Cover the resulting wheels with prepared colored paper, as shown in the figure (Fig. 1g, H.).

Now take the pen rods and make two wheel pair axles out of them (Fig. 1k). Pierce all the wheels with an awl in the center and place them on the resulting axles. To prevent the wheels from flying off the axle, secure them with pieces of insulation from aluminum wire, carefully pulling it off with a knife.

Now we need to make bearings so that the wheelsets rotate freely and our homemade car can drive. We make bearings from cardboard (Fig. 1i). Bend the part along the dash-dot lines in the form of a triangle (Fig. 1k), insert the wheels there and glue them to the bottom of the car. That's it, our matchbox car is ready to transport soldiers. You can make any number of such cars, as long as there are enough boxes.

To make an armored personnel carrier from matchboxes, you need to carefully consider Figure 2. Its structure differs from a car only in that those boxes that are intended for making the hood (Fig. 2a, b) and making the turret (Fig. 2d, e) are cut diagonally And .

After you assemble the hood (Fig. 26), the body of the armored personnel carrier (Fig. 2c), and the turret (Fig. 2e), you need to cut out several round side and top rectangular hatches for the turret (Fig. 2g). We will also make motorized blinds (Fig. 2h).

The machine gun barrel can be carefully rounded off with a knife (Fig. 2e). Make a thickening by wrapping a thin copper wire around the base of the trunk and cover it with a strip of colored paper. Now take the metal tip of the rod and first pierce a hole in the thickening of the machine gun with an awl, attach it to the turret by inserting it into the turret hole pierced with the same awl.

Figures 3 and 4 show how to make a Katyusha and a rocket launcher. The principle of their manufacture is the same as that of the machines described above. They are similar to trucks, only instead of a body they are equipped with special platforms (Fig. 3e and 4d), consisting of two parts. One part is made from the box lid (bottom part).

For Katyusha it is made rotary. It rotates using a round piece, which can be made from a piece of paper or folded paper. One end of the tube is fixed motionless at the bottom of the platform (Fig. 3e), its other end is inserted into the hole “o” of the second platform, which remains motionless (Fig. 3h).

Glue the next part (e) to the inclined part of the platform (d), as shown in the figure (Fig. 3e).

We make six Katyusha barrels using a pencil, wrapping glued paper strips around it. Now you need to attach the trunks, three in a row, to the part (d.) (Fig. 4)

The platform, or rather its upper part (in) rocket launcher It's done a little differently. A longitudinal cut is made in the middle of the box, which bends inward and is secured with a clerical clip. Then the top honor is glued to the bottom of the platform (Fig. 4d).

Glue the entire platform assembly to the back of the Katyusha. For the rocket launcher we do the same.

For a rocket launcher. Make its body as follows: wrap a paper strip around a pencil (Fig. 4b) and glue its edge. Make the warhead and stabilizers as shown in the figure (Fig. 4e, f). All that remains is to glue them to the rocket body and secure it in the recess of the rocket platform.

All models made by us military equipment, you can paint it with paints or paste it over with colored paper.

Our army was replenished with powerful armored vehicles, which we made with our own hands from ordinary matchboxes.

"Katyusha"- the popular name for rocket artillery combat vehicles BM-8 (with 82 mm shells), BM-13 (132 mm) and BM-31 (310 mm) during the Great Patriotic War. There are several versions of the origin of this name, the most likely of which is associated with the factory mark “K” of the manufacturer of the first BM-13 combat vehicles (Voronezh Comintern Plant), as well as with the popular song of the same name at that time (music by Matvey Blanter, lyrics by Mikhail Isakovsky).
(Military encyclopedia. Chairman of the Main Editorial Commission S.B. Ivanov. Military Publishing House. Moscow. in 8 volumes -2004 ISBN 5 - 203 01875 - 8)

The BM-13 received its baptism of fire on July 14, 1941, when the battery fired the first salvo from all installations railway station Orsha, where it was concentrated a large number of enemy manpower and military equipment. As a result of a powerful fire strike by 112 rockets simultaneously, a fire glow rose above the station: enemy trains were burning, ammunition was exploding. Another hour and a half later, Flerov’s battery fired a second salvo, this time at the crossing of the Orshitsa River, on the outskirts of which a lot of German equipment and manpower had accumulated. As a result, the enemy's crossing was disrupted and he was unable to develop his success in this direction.

First experience of using a new missile weapons showed its high combat effectiveness, which was one of the reasons for its rapid commissioning and equipping the Ground Forces with it.

The restructuring of industry associated with the production of missile weapons was carried out in a short time; a large number of enterprises were involved in its production (already in July-August 1941 - 214 factories), which ensured the supply of this military equipment to the troops. In August-September 1941, serial production of BM‑8 combat installations with 82-mm rockets was launched.

Simultaneously with the deployment of production, work continued to create new and improve existing models of missiles and launchers.

On July 30, 1941, a special design bureau (SKB) began work at the Moscow Kompressor plant - the main design bureau for launchers, and the plant itself became the main enterprise for their production. This SKB, under the leadership of the chief and chief designer Vladimir Barmin, developed 78 samples of launchers during the war years various types, mounted on cars, tractors, tanks, railway platforms, river and sea ​​ships. Thirty-six of them were put into service, mastered by industry and used in combat.

Much attention was paid to the production of rockets, the creation of new ones and the improvement of existing models. The 82-mm M-8 rocket was modernized, and powerful high-explosive rockets were created: 132-mm M-20, 300-mm M-30 and M-31; increased range - M-13 DD and improved accuracy - M-13 UK and M-31 UK.

With the beginning of the war, the USSR Armed Forces created special troops For combat use missile weapons. These were rocket troops, but during the war they were called guards mortar units (GMC), and subsequently - rocket artillery. The first organizational form of the MMC was separate batteries and divisions.

By the end of the war, rocket artillery had 40 separate divisions (38 M-13 and 2 M-8), 115 regiments (96 M-13 and 19 M-8), 40 separate brigades(27 M-31 and 13 M-31-12) and 7 divisions - a total of 519 divisions with over 3,000 combat vehicles.

The legendary Katyushas took part in all major operations during the war.

The fate of the first separate experimental battery was cut short at the beginning of October 1941. After a baptism of fire near Orsha, the battery successfully operated in battles near Rudnya, Smolensk, Yelnya, Roslavl and Spas-Demensk. During three months of hostilities, Flerov’s battery not only inflicted considerable material damage on the Germans, it also contributed to the rise morale among our soldiers and officers, exhausted by continuous retreats.

The Nazis staged a real hunt for new weapons. But the battery did not stay long in one place - after firing a salvo, it immediately changed position. The tactical technique - salvo - change of position - was widely used by Katyusha units during the war.

At the beginning of October 1941, as part of a group of troops on the Western Front, the battery found itself in the rear of the Nazi troops. While moving to the front line from the rear on the night of October 7, she was ambushed by the enemy near the village of Bogatyr, Smolensk region. Most of the battery personnel and Ivan Flerov were killed, having shot all the ammunition and blown up the combat vehicles. Only 46 soldiers managed to escape from the encirclement. The legendary battalion commander and the rest of the soldiers, who had fulfilled their duty to the end with honor, were considered “missing in action.” And only when it was possible to discover documents from one of the Wehrmacht army headquarters, which reported what actually happened on the night of October 6-7, 1941 near the Smolensk village of Bogatyr, Captain Flerov was excluded from the lists of missing persons.

For heroism Ivan Flerov posthumously in 1963 awarded the order Patriotic War, 1st degree, and in 1995 he was awarded the title of Hero Russian Federation posthumously.

In honor of the battery’s feat, a monument was built in the city of Orsha and an obelisk near the city of Rudnya.

Both children and many men like to create models of military equipment with their own hands. This exciting hobby can be applied in the process of collecting crafts from wartime equipment, in working with school students for or at an exhibition, dedicated to the Day Great victory.

Many children preschool age They love to play with cars and tanks, planes and armored vehicles. Also, the guys will be happy to provide all possible assistance in creating a model of military equipment with their own hands. For very young children, dads or older brothers can build equipment of such a size that the baby can fit in and play with friends in the room.

Corrugated cardboard tank

To create military equipment from waste material you need to find an old packaging cardboard box. Product from corrugated cardboard it will be tight and it will be easier to play with it. For the main part you will need a strip of cardboard 16-20 cm wide and 60 cm long. This strip is rolled into a tube, gluing the thin sides of the rectangle together. The result is a tank body. Next, create the shape of a small box and attach it to the top. This is a tank turret.

Then we begin work on the tracks. Carefully remove from cardboard upper layer paper so that the corrugated part remains on top. Then we cut out two strips 4 cm wide, the length corresponding to the perimeter of the body. The wavy part of the element is placed outward, and the smooth side is smeared with PVA glue and glued to the edges of the body on both sides. The caterpillar is ready.

The wheels are created from twisted strips, 3 pieces on each side. They need to be glued tightly into the middle of the track. For the layout, all that remains is to create the cannon. First we do triangular base, where the muzzle cylinder will be inserted. It can be rolled up from plain cardboard or from a thin layer of the same box from which the entire layout was made.

Another tank model

This version of the tank is also made from thick packaging cardboard. When making military equipment from paper, craftsmen often take advantage of significant cost savings. And it’s not difficult to assemble such layouts. This option The tank is made in one piece by folding and folding cardboard. The body is assembled together with the tower. To do this, take a wide strip and bend it to form the hull and turret. Then the sides are cut out along the contour, they are glued to tape or from the inside to strips of paper. A square hole is cut from the top with a sharp knife. This is a tank hatch into which a child can put soldiers.

Caterpillars are made according to the same principle and are attached to the sides. All that remains is to roll up a triangular barrel from cardboard and, having made a hole of the same shape in the front of the turret, insert the gun barrel there. That's it, the model of military equipment is made with your own hands! You can start the game.

Big plane

Such a large combat vehicle is made for children. They can sit there and fly the plane while playing in the room. Making such a toy is easy. You need to take a large box and cut off the closing part - the lid. On the sides you need to cut out semicircular entrance places so that the child can climb into it comfortably.

On both sides there are two slots where the wings are inserted. As you can see in the photo, making them is as easy as shelling pears. A screw is attached to the front. You can attach it with a bolt, then the baby can twist it. Children love dynamic toys.

The final touch when completing the work will be the tail. For such a structure, you need to glue a rounded triangle to a strip of cardboard in the center.

DIY paper machines

Schemes of various machines, including military equipment, can be found on sale - in stationery and toy stores. There are a number of magazines that publish ready-made diagrams that are bought by both children and military equipment collectors.

The purchased version is enough to cut out with scissors and glue together, spreading white corners with PVA glue. If you don’t have such a diagram, you can use the drawing of a combat vehicle presented in the article and, after redrawing it, assemble a finished layout.

The paper modeling magazine Paper Modeling, number 20, presents patterns for the BM-13 Katyusha multiple launch rocket system.

Katyusha is the unofficial collective name for mobile rocket launchers BM-8 (82 mm) and BM-13 (132 mm). Such installations were actively used by the USSR during the Second World War.

Back in 1916 a combat rocket using smokeless powder (a prototype of a later rocket) was invented by Ivan Platonovich Grave. In 1924 he received patent No. 122 for such a missile charge. Further work on the creation of rockets using smokeless powder continued until the Great Patriotic War. The development team included Sergei Korolev. In March 1941, successful field tests of BM-13 installations with the M-13 projectile were carried out, and on June 21 a decree on their mass production was signed. On the night of June 30, 1941, the first two combat weapons were assembled at the Comintern plant in Voronezh. launchers BM-13. Initially they were mounted on the ZIS-5 chassis, but the use of such a chassis was considered unsuccessful, and it was replaced by the ZIS-6. Subsequently, the BM-13 (BM-13N) was installed only on Studebaker (Studebacker-US6). An experimental artillery battery of seven vehicles under the command of Captain I. Flerov was first used against the German army at the railway junction of the city of Orsha on July 14, 1941. The first eight regiments of 36 vehicles each were formed on August 8, 1941. An improved modification of the BM-13N was created in 1943, and until the end of World War II, about 1,800 of these guns were manufactured. Range - about 5 km.

The weapon was inaccurate, but very effective when used in large numbers. The emotional effect was also important: during the salvo, all the missiles were fired almost simultaneously - within a few seconds, the territory in the target area was literally plowed up by heavy rockets. At the same time, the deafening howl that the rockets raised during the flight literally drove us crazy. Those who did not die during the shelling were often no longer able to resist, as they were shell-shocked, stunned, and completely psychologically suppressed. The mobility of the installation made it possible to quickly change position and avoid a retaliatory strike from the enemy.

Each vehicle had a box of explosives and a fuse cord. If there was a risk of the equipment being captured by the enemy, the crew was obliged to blow it up and thereby destroy the rocket systems.

The name Katyusha comes from the KAT (Kostikova Automatic Thermite) marking on the incendiary-filled rockets used. And since the appearance of weapons in combat units coincided with the popularity of the song Katyusha, this name stuck.

Here you can download the magazine Paper Modeling - 20 - Jet system BM-13 Katyusha multiple rocket launcher for free, without registration and SMS.